Standard Names for Vertebrates and Invertebrates

Classification of Vertebrates and Invertebrates

NatureServe Explorer reports standard vertebrate and invertebrate names for particular taxon circumscriptions as defined by NatureServe zoologists who use a set of major references generally accepted by researchers working on a given taxonomic group. However, many of these major references are updated infrequently. Because taxonomy is a dynamic field, NatureServe zoologists review numerous journals and monographs each year for taxonomic and nomenclatural changes, and they may accept these changes before the major source(s) for each group are updated to reflect them. In addition, undescribed taxa of conservation concern (i.e., taxa for which scientific names have not yet been published) may be tracked in the NatureServe Central Databases. The process of incorporating taxonomic and nomenclatural updates from the most recent (e.g., 2004) of these references into NatureServe’s databases is still ongoing.

Major References for Vertebrate and Invertebrate Names and Taxonomy Used for Animals in the Natural Heritage Network (October 2004)

Higher Taxonomy

Phyla:

Margulis, L., and K. V. Schwartz. 1998. Five kingdoms: an illustrated guide to the phyla of life on Earth. Third edition. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York.

Subphyla:

Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Integrated Taxonomic Information System: Biological Names. Available online at: http://www.itis.usda.gov/itis/status.html.

Ruppert, E. E., and Barnes, R. D. 1994. Invertebrate zoology. Sixth edition. Saunders College Publishing, New York.

Phylum Craniata (Vertebrates)

Class Mammalia (Mammals)

American Society of Mammalogists. 1969-2004. Mammalian species. Cumulative index available online: http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/biology/vhayssen/page4.html [ASM publishes 25-30 species accounts each year; each summarizes the current understanding of a species' biology.] Baker, R. J., L. C. Bradley, R. D. Bradley, J. W. Dragoo, M. D. Engstrom, R. S. Hoffman, C. A. Jones, F. Reid, D. W. Rice, and C. Jones. 2003. Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico, 2003. Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University (229):1-23. [Used for North American common names and for updates of scientific names based on information published after Wilson and Reeder (1993).Da Fonseca, G., G. Herrmann, Y. Leite, R. Mittermeier, A. Rylands, and J. L. Patton. 1996. Lista anotada dos mamíferos do Brasil. Conservation International, Washington, D.C. Emmons, L. H., and F. Feer. 1997. Neotropical rainforest mammals: a field guide. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Hall, E. R. 1981. The Mammals of North America. Second edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York. [Used for North American mammal subspecies names, within the framework of the species classification of the major sources cited here.]Reid, F. A. 1997. A field guide to the mammals of Central America and southern Mexico. Oxford University Press, New York.Wilson, D. E., and F. R. Cole. 2000. Common names of mammals of the world. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder, editors. 1993. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Available online at: http://www.nmn h.si.edu/msw/ .

Wilson, D. E., and S. Ruff, editors. 1999. The Smithsonian book of North American mammals. Smithsonian Institution Press, in association with the American Society of Mammalogists, Washington, D.C.

Class Aves (Birds)

American Ornithologists’ Union. 1957. Checklist of North American birds. Fifth edition. Port City Press, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland. [Used for North American bird subspecies names, within the framework of the species classification in AOU checklist.]American Ornithologists’ Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American birds. Seventh edition. American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C. [as modified by subsequent supplements and corrections published in The Auk]. Also available online: http://www.aou.org/aou/birdlist.htmlCornell Lab of Ornithology. The Birds of North American Online. Available at: http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/BNA/Monroe, B. L., Jr., and C. G. Sibley. 1993. A world checklist of birds. Yale University Press, New Haven. [Used only for scientific and common names of birds occurring in South America; higher taxonomy for South American birds follows the AOU checklist.] Remsen, J. V., Jr., A. Jaramillo, M. Nores, M. B. Robbins, T. S. Schulenberg, F. G. Stiles, J. M. C. da Silva, D. F. Stotz, and K. J. Zimmer. Version [13 October 2004]. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithologists' Union. http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htmlRidgely, R. S., and G. Tudor. 1989. The birds of South America. Volume 1. University of Texas Press, Austin.Ridgely, R. S., and G. Tudor. 1994. The birds of South America. Volume 2. University of Texas Press, Austin.

Willis, E. O., and Y. Oniki. 1991. Nomes gerais para as aves Brasileiras. Gráfica da Região, Américo Brasiliense, Brazil. [For Portuguese common names.]

Classes Chelonia, Crocodylia, and Reptilia (Turtles, Crocodilians, and Reptiles)

Collins, J. T., and T. W. Taggart. 2002. Standard common and current scientific names for North American amphibians, turtles, reptiles, and crocodilians. Fifth edition. The Center for North American Herpetology, Lawrence, Kansas. iv + 44 pp.

Crother, B. I., J. Boundy, J. A. Campbell, K. de Queiroz, D. R. Frost, R. Highton, J. B. Iverson, P. A. Meylan, T. W. Reeder, M. E. Seidel, J. W. Sites, Jr., T. W. Taggart, S. G. Tilley, and D. B. Wake. 2000. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Herpetological Circular No. 29. Update: Crother et al., 2003, Herpetological Review 34:196-203.Ernst, C. H., and R. W. Barbour. 1989. Turtles of the world. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.Ernst, C. H., R. W. Barbour, and J. E. Lovich. 1994. Turtles of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.Ernst, C. H., and E. M. Ernst. 2003. Snakes of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Books, Washington, D.C.Iverson, J. B. 1992. A revised checklist with distribution maps of the turtles of the world. Privately printed, Earlham, Indiana.King, W. F., and R. L. Burke. 1989. Crocodilian, tuatara, and turtle species of the world. Association of Systematics Collections. Available online at: http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/natsci/herpetology/turtcroclist/. McDiarmid, R. W., J. A. Campbell, and T. A. Touré. 1999. Snake species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Volume 1. The Herpetologists' League, Washington, D.C. Schwartz, A., and R.W. Henderson. 1988. West Indian amphibians and reptiles: a check-list. Milwaukee Public Museum, Contributions in Biology and Geology. No. 74:1-264. [Major source for West Indian reptiles] Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 1971 et seq. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles. (Published by the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, 1963-1970.)

Stebbins, R. C. 2003. A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians. Third edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.

Class Amphibia (Amphibians)

Collins, J. T., and T. W. Taggart. 2002. Standard common and current scientific names for North American amphibians, turtles, reptiles & crocodilians. Fifth edition. The Center for North American Herpetology, Lawrence, Kansas. iv + 44 pp. Crother, B. I., J. Boundy, J. A. Campbell, K. de Queiroz, D. R. Frost, R. Highton, J. B. Iverson, P. A. Meylan, T. W. Reeder, M. E. Seidel, J. W. Sites, Jr., T. W. Taggart, S. G. Tilley, and D. B. Wake. 2000. Scientific and standard English names of amphibians and reptiles of North America north of Mexico, with comments regarding confidence in our understanding. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Herpetological Circular No. 29. Update: Crother et al., 2003, Herpetological Review 34:196-203. Duellman, W. E. 1993. Amphibian species of the world: additions and corrections. University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Special. Publication No. 21. Frost, Darrel R. 2004. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 3.0 (22 August, 2004). Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html. American Museum of Natural History, New York. Petranka, J. W. 1998. Salamanders of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. 1971 et seq. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles. (Published by the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, 1963-1970.)

Stebbins, R. C. 2003. A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians. Third edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.

Classes Myxini, Cephalaspidomorphi, Elasmobranchii, Holocephali, Actinopterygii, and Sarcopterygii (Fishes)

Eschmeyer, W. N., editor. Catalog of fishes. California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. Online version. http://www.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/

Lee, D. S., C. R. Gilbert, C. H. Hocutt, R. E. Jenkins, D. E. McAllister, and J. R. Stauffer, Jr. 1980. Atlas of North American freshwater fishes. North Carolina State Museum of Natural History, Raleigh. [Used for North American fish subspecies names, within the framework of the species classification of the major source above.]

Lee, D. S., S. P. Platania, and G. H. Burgess. 1983. Atlas of North American freshwater fishes. 1983 supplement. North Carolina State Museum of Natural History, Raleigh.Nelson, J. S., E. J. Crossman, H. Espinosa-Pérez, L. T. Findley, C. R. Gilbert, R. N. Lea, and J. D. Williams. 2004. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Sixth edition. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 29.

Page, L. M., and B. M. Burr. 1991. A field guide to freshwater fishes: North America north of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin, New York.

Freshwater Invertebrates (general)

Smith, D. G. 2001. Pennak’s freshwater invertebrates of the United States. Fourth edition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.

Thorp, J. H. and A. P. Covich (eds.). 2001. Ecology and classification of North American freshwater invertebrates. Second edition. Academic Press, California.

Phylum Mollusca

Cowie, R. H. 1998. Catalog and bibliography of the nonindigenous nonmarine snails and slugs of the Hawaiian Islands. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 50: 1-66.

Cowie, R. H., N. L. Evenhuis, and C. C. Christensen. 1995. Catalog of the native land and freshwater molluscs of the Hawaiian Islands. Backhuys Publications, Leiden, Netherlands.

Hawaii Biological Survey Web Site. 9 April 2002. Native snail list. Available: http://www.bishop.hawaii.org/bishop/HBS/hbs1.html

Hawaii Biological Survey Web Site. 22 January 1997. Alien snail list. Available: http://www.bishop.hawaii.org/bishop/HBS/hbs1.html

Turgeon, D. D., J. F. Quinn, A. E. Bogan, E. V. Coan, F. G. Hochberg, W. G. Lyons, P. M. Mikkelsen, R. J. Neves, C. F. E. Roper, G. Rosenberg, B. Roth, A. Scheltema, F. G. Thompson, M. Vecchione, and J. D. Williams. 1998. Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: mollusks. Second edition. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 26: 1-509.

Phylum Cnidaria

Cairns, S. D., D. R. Calder, A. Brinckmann-Voss, C. B. Castro, D. G. Fautin, P. R. Pugh, C. E. Mills, W. C. Jaap, M. N. Arai, S. H. D. Haddock, and D. M. Opresko. 2002. Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: Cnidaria and Ctenophora. Second edition. American Fisheries Society Special Publication, 28: 1-115.

Phylum Ctenophora

Cairns, S. D., D. R. Calder, A. Brinckmann-Voss, C. B. Castro, D. G. Fautin, P. R. Pugh, C. E. Mills, W. C. Jaap, M. N. Arai, S. H. D. Haddock, and D. M. Opresko. 2002. Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: Cnidaria and Ctenophora. Second edition. American Fisheries Society Special Publication, 28: 1-115.

Phylum Crustacea

Freshwater crustaceans other than those groups listed below:

Fitzpatrick, J. F. Jr. 1983. How to know the freshwater Crustacea. Wm. C. Brown Company Publishers, Iowa. [Used as a source for names of non-decapod crustaceans]

Class Malacostraca, Order Decapoda (Crayfishes and other decapods)

Belk, D. 1975. Key to the Anostraca (fairy shrimps) of North America. The Southwestern Naturalist 20(1); 91-103.

Crayfish Home Page: Brigham Young University. Available: http://crayfish.byu.edu/index.htm

Hobbs, H. H., Jr. 1989. An illustrated checklist of the American crayfishes (Decapoda: Astacidae, Cambaridae & Parastacidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 480: 1-236.

Williams, A. B., L. G. Abele, D. L. Felder, H. H. Hobbs, R. B. Manning, P. A. McLaughlin, and I. P. Farfante. 1989. Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: decapod crustaceans. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 17: 1-77.

Class Branchiopoda (e.g., Fairy, Clam, and Tadpole Shrimps)

Jass, J. and B. Klausmeier. 2000. Atlas and bibliography of the first state and county records for anostracans (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) of the contiguous United States. Contributions in Biology and Geology, Milwaukee Public Museum 94: 1-158.

Phylum Chelicerata

Order Araneae (Spiders)

Platnick, N. I. 2002. The world spider catalog, Version 2.5. The American Museum of Natural History. Online. Available: http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog81-87/index.html

Phylum Mandibulata (insects, centipedes, millipedes)

Groups not covered by other sources listed below:

Arnett, R. H. 2000. American insects: A handbook of the insects of America north of Mexico. Second edition. CRC Press, New York.

Nishida, G. M. editor. 2002. Hawaiian terrestrial arthropod checklist. Fourth edition. Bishop Museum Technical Report 22, iv + 310 p. Available online: http://www2.bishopmuseum.org/HBS/checklist/query.asp?grp=Arthropod

Poole, R. W., and P. Gentili (eds.). 1996-97. Nomina Insecta Nearctica. A checklist of the insects of North America. Entomological Information Services, Rockville, MD. Four volumes. Available online: http://www.nearctica.com/nomina/nomina.htm

Order Coleoptera, Family Cicindelidae (Tiger Beetles)

Freitag, R. 1999. Catalogue of the tiger beetles of Canada and the United States. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6.

Pearson, D. L., T. G. Barraclough, and A. P. Vogler. 1997. Distributional maps for North American species of tiger beetles (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae). Cicindela 29: 33-40.

Pearson, D. L. 2004. A list of suggested common English names for species of tiger beetles occurring in Canada and the U.S. Cicindela 36(1-2):31-40. [Used for North American common names]

Order Ephemeroptera (Mayflies)

McCaffrey, W. P. 14 July 2004. The mayflies of North America. Available: http://www.entm.purdue.edu/Entomology/research/mayfly/contents.html

Order Hymenoptera, Superfamily Apoidea (Bees and Sphecoid Wasps), Apiformes (Bees)

Michener, C. D. 2000. The bees of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD. [Used for higher taxonomy through genus and subgenus.]

Order Diplura

Allen, R. T. 2002. A synopsis of the Diplura of North America: keys to higher taxa, systematics, distributions and descriptions of new taxa (Arthropoda: Insecta). Transactions of the American Entomological Society 128(4):403-466.

Order Lepidoptera, Superfamilies Papilionoidea (True Butterflies) and Hesperioidea (Skippers)

Cassie, B., J. Glassberg, P. Opler, R. Robbins, and G. Tudor. 1995. North American Butterfly Association (NABA) checklist and English names of North American butterflies. North American Butterfly Association, Morristown, NJ. Online. Available: http://www.naba.org/pubs/checklst.html. [Used only for English common names.]

Emmel, T. C., ed. 1998. Systematics of western butterflies. Mariposa Press, Gainesville, Florida. [Source for many subspecies names and circumscriptions.]

Ferris, C. D., editor. 1989. Supplement to: A catalogue/checklist of the butterflies of America north of Mexico. The Lepidopterists' Society Memoir No. 3.

Layberry, R. A., P. W. Hall, and J. D. Lafontaine. 1998. The butterflies of Canada. University of Toronto Press, Toronto.

Miller, L. D., and F. M. Brown. 1981. A catalogue/checklist of the butterflies of America north of Mexico. The Lepidopterists' Society Memoir No. 2.

Opler, P. A., and A. D. Warren. 2002. Butterflies of North America. 2. Scientific Names List for Butterfly Species of North America, north of Mexico. C.P Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity, Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. 79 pp. [Source for almost all NatureServe species concepts for North American butterflies and skippers]

Opler, P. A., and A. B. Wright. 1999. Western butterflies. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, MA. [Used for English common names. This list mostly follows Cassie et al.]

Order Lepidoptera, Suborders Zeugloptera and Glossata (except two Superfamilies listed above [butterflies and skippers] and except certain sub-groups listed below):

Hodges, R. W., T. Dominick, D. R. Davis, D. C. Ferguson. J. C. Franclemont, E. C. Munroe, and J. A. Powell, Eds. 1983. Check list of the Lepidoptera of America North of Mexico. E. W. Classey Lmtd. and The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, D.C.

Order Lepidoptera, Superfamily Geometroidea

Ferguson, D. C. 1985. Geometroidea, Geometridae (Part): Fascicle 18.1: Geometrinae. The Moths of America North of Mexico (Lepidoptera). E. W. Classey Ltd. and R. B. D. Publications, London, England. 153 pp.

Hodges, R. W., T. Dominick, D. R. Davis, D. C. Ferguson. J. C. Franclemont, E. C. Munroe, and J. A. Powell, Eds. 1983. Check list of the Lepidoptera of America North of Mexico. E. W. Classey Lmtd. and The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington, D.C.

Wagner, D. L., D. C. Ferguson, T. L. McCabe, and R. C. Reardon. 2001. Geometroid Caterpillars of Northeastern and Appalachian Forests. USDS, Forest Service, Forest Health and Technology Transfer Team FHTET-2001-10. 239 pp.

Order Lepidoptera, Families Saturniidae (Silk Moths) and Sphingidae (Sphinx Moths)

Opler, P. A. 1995. Lepidoptera of North America: 1. Distribution of silkmoths (Saturniidae) and hawkmoths (Sphingidae) of eastern North America. Contributions of the C. P. Gillette Insect Biodiversity Museum, Department of Entomology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins.

Peigler, R. S., and P. A. Opler. 1993. Moths of western North America: 1. Distribution of Saturniidae of western North America. Contributions of the C. P. Gillette Insect Biodiversity Museum, Department of Entomology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins.

Smith, M. J. 1993. Moths of western North America: 2. Distribution of Sphingidae of western North America. Contributions of the C. P. Gillette Insect Biodiversity Museum, Department of Entomology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins.

Tuskes, P. M., J. P. Tuttle, and M. M. Collins. 1996. The wild silk moths of North America. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY.

Order Lepidoptera, Family Arctiidae (Tiger Moths)

Ferguson, D. C. 1996. Checklist of the Arctiidae of the United States and Canada. Systematics Entomology Laboratory, U.S.D.A., unpublished manuscript, Washington D.C. 16 pp.

Ferguson, D. C., P. A. Opler, M. J. Smith, and J. P. Donahue. 2000. Moths of Western North America 3: Distribution of Arctiidae of Western North America. Part 1. Text, maps, and references. Contributions of the C. P. Gillette Arthropod Biodiversity Museum, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado. 170 pp.

Forbes, W. T. M. 1960. Lepidoptera of New York and Neighboring States, Noctuidae, Part IV. Memoir 371. Cornell Agricultural Experiment Station, Ithaca, New York. 188 pp.

Order, Lepidoptera, Family Lymantriidae (tussock moths in part)

Ferguson , D.C. 1978. The Moths of America North of Mexico. Fascicle 22.2: Noctuoidea, Lymantriidae. Curwen Press, London

Order Lepidoptera, Family Noctuidae, Genus Catocala (Underwing Moths)

Gall, L. F. 1995. Unpublished database containing county level data for the North American species of Catocala. Entomology Division, Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8118, USA.

Order Lepidoptera, Family Noctuidae, Genus Papaipema (Papaipema Moths) and related undescribed genera (mainly cane borers)

Eric L. Quinter, Department of Entomology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th St., New York, NY 10024-5192

Order Lepidoptera, Family Noctuidae, general.

Forbes, W. T.M. F, 1954. The Lepidoptera of New York and neighboring states, part III, Noctuidae. Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, Ithaca, NY. Mem. 329. [no longer useful for genera but still very useful for species concepts and circumscriptions and more accurate than 1983 Checklist for species in some genera]

Lafontaine, J. D. and R. W. Poole. 1991. Noctuoidea, Noctuidae: Fascicle 25.1: Plusiinae. The Moths of America North of Mexico (Lepidoptera). E. W. Classey Ltd. and R. B. D. Publications, London, England. 182 pp.

LaFontaine, J. D. 1998. Noctuidea, Noctuidae (part-Noctuini). In Dominick, R.B. et al. The Moths of America North of Mexico. Fascicle 27.3. The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation. 348 pp.

Lafontaine, J. D. 1987. Noctuoidea, Noctuidae (Part): Fascicle 27.2: Noctuinae (Part-Euxoa). The Moths of America North of Mexico (Lepidoptera). E. W. Classey Ltd. and R. B. D. Publications, London, England. 237 pp.

Poole , R. W. 1994. Noctuoidea, Noctuidae: Fascicle 26.1: Cuculliniinae, Stiriinae, Psaphidinae (Part). The Moths of America North of Mexico (Lepidoptera). E. W. Classey Ltd. and R. B. D. Publications, London, England. 250 pp.

Poole , Robert W., 1989. Lepidopterorum Catalogus (new series) Fascicle 118: Noctuidae. E.J. Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands. 1314 pp in 3 volumes.

Order Odonata (Dragonflies and Damselflies)

Hawaii Biological Survey Web Site. 9 April 2002. Damselfly list maintained as part of the Hawaiian Arthropods Checklist. Available: http://www.bishop.hawaii.org/bishop/HBS/hbs1.html

Needham, J. G., M. J. Westfall, Jr. and M. L. May. 2000. Dragonflies of North America. Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Florida.

Paulson, D. R., and S. W. Dunkle. July 2004. A checklist of North American Odonata including English name, etymology, type locality, and distribution. Slater Museum of Natural History Occasional Papers 56. Available online at: http://www.ups.edu/biology/museum/NAdragons.html.

Westfall, M. J., Jr., and M. L. May. 1996. Damselflies of North America. Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, Florida.

Order Orthoptera (Grasshoppers, Katydids, Crickets)

Naskrecki, P., and D. Otte. 9 October 1999. Orthoptera species file online. University of Connecticut. Available: http://viceroy.eeb.uconn.edu/Orthoptera

Otte, D. 1981. The North American Grasshoppers. Volume 1. Acrididae. Gomphocerinae and Acridinae. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.

Otte, D. 1984. The North American Grasshoppers. Volume 2. Oedipodinae. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.

Otte, D. 1994-1995. Orthoptera Species File. Volumes 2-5 (Grasshoppers: Acridomorpha). The Orthopterists' Society and the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

Otte, Daniel. Department of Entomology, The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, PA 19103.

Order Plecoptera (Stoneflies)

Stark, B. P. 12 October 1998. North American stonefly list. Online. Available: http://www.mc.edu/~stark/stonefly.html.

Stark, B. P. and B. J. Armitage (eds.). 2000. Stoneflies (Plecoptera) of eastern North America. Volume 1. Pteronarcyidae, Peltoperlidae, and Taeniopterygidae. Bulletin of the Ohio Biological Survey New Series 14(1): 1-99.

Order Trichoptera (Caddisflies)

Morse, J. C. 1993. A checklist of the Trichoptera of North America, including Greenland and Mexico. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 119(1): 47-93. [Updates available from Trichoptera World Checklist at: http://entweb.clemson.edu/database/trichopt/]

Morse, J. C. 2004. Trichoptera World Checklist online. Available at: http://entweb.clemson.edu/database/tricopt/