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" # $ %e() As VarianVOn Error GoTo _( 'Pull the " vcurrent as of" dafrom&tblMetaQ,es l'(Thi imported 4@EcoARTEa.mdb and should be up/d with each refresh.tDim hP, RspRecordseqMaxK 9, K&Se"t&= CrDb, (= .OHpen+(" w") 1= 0M0o UnH.EOF eqonly 1 row,  make su&PA_max e,=![/Z]ICIf5> #ThenA(E^IfRs.MoveNexNLoopFNothingFFHÄExittrrƙ:C@/.Number <@> 30244en 'don't w@ to e­if haveŋlin ksC:m@{m@ETC2%0e53 888,,,,,,," @/0m@Vvm@Distribution2%0e5@ AAA5555555+ @m@Vvm@ALLIANCE_Historic2%0e5@ FFF:::::::0 @I9m@3vm@ALLIANCE2%0e5 @ ===1111111' @  /˽m@/˽m@utilities2%0e52222222222( ʽm@ ʽm@Copyright2%0e52222222222(  v m@v m@UserDefined2%0e54444444444*  v m@Vغm@SummaryInfo2%0e5@ @@@4444444* @  m@ m@SysRel2%0e5//////////%  m@ m@Scripts2%0e50000000000&  m@ m@Reports2%0e50000000000&  m@ m@Modules2%0e50000000000&  v m@v m@MSysRelationships22222222220 v m@um@MSysQueries,,,,,,,,,,* v m@um@MSysACEs))))))))))' v m@v m@MSysObjects,,,,,,,,,,* v m@=]zںm@MSysDb2%0e5@ ;;;///////% @v m@v m@Relationships.........., v m@v m@Databases**********( v m@v m@Tables''''''''''% VCN 2    TableNameRefresh?Note  PrimaryKey3.N.bGRAYIA SPINOSA - EPHEDRA VIRIDIS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESpiny Hop-sage - Mormon-tea Shrubland AllianceYM.S. REID}||N   A.1055CSoutheastIII.C.2.N.fZENOBIA PULVERULENTA - CYRILLA RACEMIFLORA SATURATED WOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEHoneycups - Titi Saturated Wooded Shrubland Alliance@KYM.P. SCHAFALE/A.S. WEAKLEȯn    A.1054CSoutheastIII.C.2.N.eZENOBIA PULVERULENTA - LYONIA LUCIDA - ILEX (CORIACEA, GLABRA) SATURATED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEHoneycups - Shining Fetterbush - (Big Gallberry, Little Gallberry) Saturated Shrubland Alliance@KYA.S. WEAKLEY/M.P. SCHAFAL{    A.1053CSoutheastIII.C.2.N.cJUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA - LEPTOPUS PHYLLANTHOIDES INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEEastern Red-cedar - Maidenbush Intermittently Flooded Shrubland AllianceT@KYJ. CAMPBELL/D. ZOLLNERx    em@em@Copyright(((((((((((  em@em@UserDefined***********  em@em@SummaryInfo***********  em@em@AccessLayout+++++++++++ em@em@SysRel%%%%%%%%%%% em@em@Scripts&&&&&&&&&&& em@em@Reports&&&&&&&&&&& em@em@Modules&&&&&&&&&&& em@em@Forms$$$$$$$$$$$ em@em@MSysRelationships22222222220 em@em@MSysQueries,,,,,,,,,,* em@em@MSysACEs))))))))))' em@em@MSysObjects,,,,,,,,,,* em@em@MSysDb2%0e5//////////% em@em@Relationships.........., em@em@Databases**********( em@em@Tables''''''''''% S{qg@brs}ujhiwd`w`a`vfvgruovordxmfv ufm`wjrpvijsvufsruwv vbujswv v}vufm w`amfvov}v`bfvov}vrakfbwvov}vtxfujfvov}vufm`wjrpvijsv`bbfvvm`}rxw ov}vdavxoo`u}jpgrxvfudfgjpfdCWestIV.A.1.N.aSADLERIA CYATHEOIDES - METROSIDEROS POLYMORPHA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEAmaumau Fern - 'Ohi'a Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSa   A.1066CWestIV.A.1.N.aOSTEOMELES ANTHYLLIDIFOLIA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE'Ulei Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSolkkM   A.1065CWestIV.A.1.N.aMETROSIDEROS POLYMORPHA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE'Ohi'a Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSmjiiJ   A.1063CSoutheastIV.A.1.N.aLEIOPHYLLUM BUXIFOLIUM DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESand-myrtle Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@RYA.S. WEAKLEY/K.D. PATTERS~rN   A.1062CEastIV.A.1.N.aHUDSONIA TOMENTOSA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWoolly Beach-heather Dwarf-shrubland Alliance\@QYA.S. WEAKLEY/L.E. MORSE~rE   A.1061CSoutheastIV.A.1.N.aCHRYSOMA PAUCIFLOSCULOSA DWARF-SHRUBLA @@2LVALtH@@ @ brs}ujhiwxwjmjwjfvd`w`a`vfvgruovordxmfv ufm`wjrpvijsvufsruwv vbujswv v}vufm w`amfvov}v`bfvov}vrakfbwvov}vtxfujfvov}vufm`wjrpvijsv`bbfvvm`}rxw ov}vdavxoo`u}jpgrxvfudfgjpfd ANGUSTIFOLIA) SEASONALLY FLOODED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCELeatherleaf - (Sheep Laurel) Seasonally Flooded Dwarf-shrubland Alliance0@dYMCSx   A.1090CSoutheastIV.A.1.N.fHYPERICUM BRACHYPHYLLUM SEASONALLY FLOODED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCECoastal Plain St. John's-wort Seasonally Flooded Dwarf-shrubland AllianceV@dYA.S. WEAKLEYĸb   A.109CWestI.A.8.N.aSEQUOIA SEMPERVIRENS - PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII FOREST ALLIANCERedwood - Douglas-fir Forest Alliance@cYJ. KAGAN, MOD. K. SCHULZyT   A.1089CWestIV.A.1.N.eCASSIOPE MERTENSIANA TEMPORARILY FLOODED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWestern Moss Heather Temporarily Flooded Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@bYM. DAMM[   A.1088CSoutheastIV.A.1.N.eHYPERICUM REDUCTUM TEMPORARILY FLOODED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEPineland St. John's-wort Temporarily Flooded Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@bYA.S. WEAKLEY^   A.1087CEastIV.A.1.N.eHUDSONIA TOMENTOSA TEMPORARILY FLOODED DWAusually. Delete all fields after SaOpt6. Also delete unused non-ICEC records.Delete all fields except ProvCode and ProvNameDelete all fields after AssocStatus and before Archive_dateDelete all fields after RoundedGrank, plus Level, System, SubformationName, Acronym, UsCrosswalked, and GcrosswalkedDelete all fields after AllianceStatus and before Archive_dateDelete FormationKey, AllianceDesc, System, Edition, AllianceOrigin, and Updateuj]G A.1106CWestIII.A.5.N.aARTEMISIA PYGMAEA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEPygmy Sagebrush Shrubland Alliance@nYD. SARRunma?   A.1105CWestIII.A.4.N.aARTEMISIA NOVA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBlack Sagebrush Shrubland AlliancemYD. SARRrkj^<   A.1104CWestIV.A.2.N.aKRASCHENINNIKOVIA LANATA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWinter-fat Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@lYK. SCHULZ{znK   A.1103CWestIII.A.5.N.aARTEMISIA BIGELOVII SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBigelow Sagebrush Shrubland AlliancejYK.A. SCHULZ}rqeA   A.1102CWestIV.A.2.N.aAMBROSIA DUMOSA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWhite Burrobush Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@iYK. SCHULZwvjB   A.1101CSoutheastIV.A.2.N.aTIQUILIA HISPIDISSIMA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCERough Tiquilia Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@iYD. DIAMOND, MOD. K. SCHULtM   A.1100CWestIV.A.2.N.aHELIOTROPIUM ANOMALUM DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEHinahina Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSmjiiH   A.110CWestI.A.8.N.aSEQUOIA SEMPERVIRENS FOREST ALLIANCERedwood Forest AllianceF@hYM. SCHINDELk`_S<   jA.11CLatin AmericaI.A.1.N.bTHESPESIA GRANDIFLORA FOREST ALLIANCEMaga Forest Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYrfeYE    A.1099CWestIV.A.2.N.aCHENOPODIUM OAHUENSE DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE'Aweoweo Dwarf-Shrubland AllianceYWCSlihhG   A.1098CWestIII.A.5.N.aARTEMISIA ROTHROCKII SHRUBLAND ALLIANCERothrock's Sagebrush Shrubland Alliance@gYM. SCHINDELvuiB   A.1097CWestIV.A.2.N.aARGYROXIPHIUM SANDWICENSE DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIATNCCsReg tblMetaDatesalways SUBSECTDelete Update field'StatusSOURCESO@SECTDelete Update field$PROV.@PatternETC_Historic;@ ETC_ConsecoregETCt@Distribution Alliance_Historic>@ALLIANCEN@ ;@ @  `mmj`pbf`mmj`pbf,ijvwrujbdjvwujaxwjrpfwbfwb,brpvfbrufhfwb,ijvwrujbs`wwfupsurzvfbwvrxubfv vw`wxv vxavfbw wamofw`d`wfv wpbbvufh tInfoShort RmtInfoLongLvLvPropLvModuleLvExtrasetni   Id ParentIdName        j qƽm@Im@Status2%0e5@ ;;;///////% @: 1m@ԁm@Pattern2%0e5@ <<<0000000& @dm@m@ETC_CONSECOREG2%0e5>@ CCC7777777- @m@um@@Tables to Refresh after each exchange2%0e5p@ [[[OOOOOOOE @ 9Ym@9Ym@AccessLayout2%0e5*@ @ MAA5555555+ @v m@v m@Forms2%0e5..........$  v˽m@v˽m@{F1103EC6-DDC9-4082-B422-44D671CEAC1F}2%0e5OOOOOOOOOOE nVCUSN SZSSS                   AllianceKeyAllianceStatusLeadresp FormationCode AllianceNum AllianceNameAllianceNameTrans AllianceDescAssocDefEdauthor  AllianceNum FormationCode PrimaryKeyENTA - LYONIA LUCIDA - ILEX (CORIACEA, GLABRA) SATURATED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEHoneycups - Shining Fetterbush - (Big Gallberry, Little Gallberry) Saturated Shrubland Alliance@KYA.S. WEAKLEY/M.P. SCHAFAL{    A.1053CSoutheastIII.C.2.N.cJUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA - LEPTOPUS PHYLLANTHOIDES INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEEastern Red-cedar - Maidenbush Intermittently Flooded Shrubland AllianceT@KYJ. CAMPBELL/D. ZOLLNERx    em@em@Copyright(((((((((((  em@em@UserDefined***********  em@em@SummaryInfo***********  em@em@AccessLayout+++++++++++ em@em@SysRel%%%%%%%%%%% em@em@Scripts&&&&&&&&&&& em@em@Reports&&&&&&&&&&& em@em@Modules&&&&&&&&&&& em@em@Forms$$$$$$$$$$$ em@em@MSysRelationships22222222220 em@em@MSysQueries,,,,,,,,,,* em@em@MSysACEs))))))))))' em@em@MSysObjects,,,,,,,,,,* em@em@MSysDb2%0e5//////////% em@em@Relationships.........., em@em@Databases**********( em@em@Tables''''''''''% [1E#mb A.1131CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.bANDROPOGON BICORNIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBarbas de Indio Herbaceous AllianceNLACDqmllI"   A.1130CSoutheastV.A.1.N.aPENNISETUM PURPUREUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEElephantgrass Herbaceous Alliance'@YA.S. WEAKLEYtsgF   A.113CWestI.A.8.N.aTSUGA MERTENSIANA - ABIES AMABILIS GIANT FOREST ALLIANCEMountain Hemlock - Pacific Silver Fir Giant Forest AllianceYD. SARR/K. SCHULZP   A.1129CWestIV.B.3.N.aSALVIA DORRII DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEGray Ball Sage Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@YM.S. REID}tsg@   A.1128CWestIII.B.3.N.aPICROTHAMNUS DESERTORUM SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBud Sagebrush Shrubland Alliance@YM.S. REID, MOD. J. KAGAN,rqeE   A.1127CWestIII.B.3.N.aARTEMISIA PEDATIFIDA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBirdfoot Sagebrush Shrubland AllianceYK. SCHULZ}tsgB   A.1126CWestIV.B.3.N.aERIOGONUM CORYMBOSUM?@< Gg<0)2 A.1192CMidwestV.A.5.N.aANDROPOGON GERARDII - (SORGHASTRUM NUTANS) HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBig Bluestem - (Yellow Indiangrass) Herbaceous Alliance YMCRiverside thickets dominated by dense stands of ~Gynerium sagittatum$.Human-altered grasslands dominated by ~Cyperus heterophyllus$, along gravelly montane and submontane creeks and rivers in Cuba.Montane wet meadows in Martinique.Herbaceous vegetation dominated by the exotic grass ~Urochloa maxima (= Panicum maximum)$. This vegetation now covers large parts of Puerto Rico, particularly in southwestern Puerto Rico.Tall bunch grasslands dominated by ~Leptochloopsis virgata$.Maritime grasslands dominated by ~Cenchrus myosuroides$, occurring in southwestern Puerto Rico.Alpine tundra community of exposed wind-blown areas where snow cover is slight or absent.Forests on hill slopes, dominated by ~Thespesia grandiflora (= Montezuma speciosissima)$. These forests are often nearly monospecific, and are particularly prevalent following disturbance.Mixed deciduous-evergreen shrublands of the central Appalachian Mountains, ranging south into the Cumberlands of Kentucky, dominated by various mixtures of shrubs, especially ~Kalmia latifolia$ and ~Gaylussacia baccata$.This alliance includes planted stands of ~Pinus virginiana$ with little understory, but they may have admixtures of other native or off-site pines (e.g., ~Pinus echinata, Pinus strobus, Pinus taeda$). These are cultivated forests and are not considered natural or near-natural vegetation. They are maintained as plantations for the harvest of forest products. Stands have suffered some damage from the Southern Pine Beetle (~Dendroctonus frontalis$). Stands are planted in the Inner Coastal Plain for Christmas tree production.Disturbed areas, especially in lowland coastal zones, dominated by the exotic ~Terminalia catappa$.These are disturbed successional forests, with ~Cecropia schreberiana$ and ~Ochroma pyramidale$ as major components.LVAL"jMonodominant community dominated by ~Paspalidium geminatum var. paludivagum$, of semipermanently flooded zones of freshwater lakes.This alliance consists of calcareous wetlands characterized by, and dominated or codominated by, ~Schoenus nigricans$.Tropical marshes dominated by ~Phragmites australis$.These communities are located in the moderate to high-elevation (1200-3000 m) seep habitats of the Cascade Range where deep snow accumulations are common. They usually occur in shallow but deeply sloping ravines that receive moisture from snowmelt or groundwater discharge throughout the growing season. Often the ravines where these communities occur are also avalanche tracts. The wet soils and/or avalanche disturbance act to discourage colonization by coniferous trees and allow full sunlight to reach the ground at these sites. Soils are often composed of unstable talus, but may also be similar in structure to adjacent forest soils. A dense tall-shrub cover of ~Alnus viridis ssp. sinuata$ characterizes these communities. ~Acer circinatum$ and/or ~Alnus incana$ may be codominant in the tall-shrub layer in some stands. ~Acer glabrum, Spiraea douglasii$, and ~Sorbus scopulina$ may also be present. Low cold-deciduous or ericaceous shrubs may be abundant, including ~Rubus spectabilis, Rubus parviflorus, Oplopanax horridus, Paxistima myrsinites$, and ~Vaccinium$ spp., particularly west of the Cascade crest. A lush herbaceous layer is usually present, including forbs such as ~Aconitum columbianum, Veratrum viride, Senecio triangularis, Urtica dioica, Osmorhiza berteroi (= Osmorhiza chilensis), Achillea millefolium$, and large ferns, including ~Athyrium filix-femina$ and ~Polystichum munitum$. Adjacent vegetation is usually montane or subalpine coniferous forest dominated by ~Abies amabilis, Tsuga mertensiana, Pinus contorta, Picea engelmannii$, or other forest species.LVAL1.sa9= A.1215CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cIMPERATA CYLINDRICA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECogongrass Herbaceous Allianceg@This alliance includes tropical and subtropical freshwater marshes dominated by ~Schoenoplectus californicus (= Scirpus californicus)$.This widespread alliance occurs throughout much of the western U.S. at elevations from 1320-2800 m. Sites include valley bottoms on swales, banks, and occasionally terraces of stream channels which receive surface water for extended periods of time, especially during the early part of the growing season. Stands adjacent to the stream channel receive moisture from overland and lateral stream flows, and are often associated with beaver ponds. Stands occur on terraces that have a continually high water table. Vegetation in the alliance is also located adjacent to seeps on gently sloping toeslopes, and occasionally in bogs or fens. Soils generally have a deep organic layer with some minerals, fine sands, loams, and clays and gravel or cobbles below. Communities within this shrubland alliance are characterized by a moderately dense to dense ~Salix boothii$-dominated tall-shrub layer. Other shrubs may codominate, including ~Salix geyeriana, Salix planifolia$ or ~Salix drummondiana$. ~Salix wolfii$ may occasionally form a relatively sparse, low-shrub layer. Other shrubs may include ~Lonicera involucrata, Betula nana (= Betula glandulosa)$, and~Ribes$ spp. The moderately dense to dense herbaceous layer is dominated by graminoids and includes ~Carex aquatilis, Carex utriculata, Carex nebrascensis, Deschampsia caespitosa, Juncus balticus$, and ~Trisetum wolfii$. Forb cover is sparse to moderately dense. Common forbs are ~Symphyotrichum foliaceum (= Aster foliaceus), Hedysarum sulphurescens, Geum macrophyllum, Mertensia ciliata, Trollius laxus$, and ~Urtica dioica$. Diagnostic of this wetland alliance is a ~Salix boothii$-dominated or -codominated tall shrubland that is flooded for extended periods during the growing season.nLVAL\\ GY A.1231CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cSPOROBOLUS SIThis alliance consists of seminatural vegetation dominated by the introduced grass ~Pennisetum ciliare (= Cenchrus ciliaris)$. It is abundant in the South Texas Plains (Tamaulipan Mezquital) region of southern Texas.Tidally flooded grasslands dominated by ~Sporobolus virginicus$. Stands may also contain ~Paspalum vaginatum$.Littoral grasslands dominated by ~Bothriochloa pertusa$, with scattered shrubs of ~Capparis flexuosa, Lantana involucrata, Rauvolfia nitida, Coccoloba uvifera$, and ~Sesuvium portulacastrum$.This alliance includes subtropical marsh vegetation dominated (usually essentially monospecific) by ~Zizaniopsis miliacea$. Its overall distribution, associates, and abundance are poorly understood at this time.This alliance includes tropical marshes dominated by ~Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (= Scirpus tabernaemontani)$.Communities within this uncommon alliance occur in cold bogs, fens, or wet meadows, often where alkaline or marl soils are present. Stands are restricted to anchored organic mats along pond and lake margins. They range in elevation from 1475-2805 m. Soils are characterized by organic horizons greater than 1 m. Water tables normally remain at or near the soil surface throughout the growing season. Communities within this alliance are defined as seasonally flooded cold-deciduous shrublands. They are dominated by ~Salix candida$, a short shrub that can reach heights of 3 m, but usually is less than 1 m. The short-shrub layer is characterized by scattered clumps of ~Salix candida$ over a dense (25-60%) stand of ~Carex utriculata, Carex simulata, Schoenoplectus acutus (= Scirpus acutus)$, and ~Carex aquatilis$. The forb layer is sparse and consists of ~Triglochin maritima, Menyanthes trifoliata$, and ~Polygonum amphibium$. Adjacent upslope communities are typically ~Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda (= Pentaphylloides floribunda)$ with ~Deschampsia caespitosa$.LVAL<n\D?: A.1246CWestV.A.5.N.dPLEURAPHIS RIGIDA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBig Galleta Herbaceous Alliance@YM. SCHINDELuji]>   A.1245CWestV.A.5.N.dFESTUCA ARIZONICA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEArizoBamboo thickets dominated by the naturalized ~Bambusa vulgaris$, generally very dense and nearly monospecific in the 10- to 25-meter tall canopy.This alliance includes shortgrass grasslands of rocky slopes and flats in western Texas, Mexico, and possibly southern New Mexico, strongly dominated by ~Bouteloua ramosa$.Vegetation dominated by ~Schizachyrium cirratum$ on rocky, mountain slopes and in canyons of the Trans-Pecos of western Texas.Communities found within the ~~Salix commutata$ Seasonally Flooded Shrubland Alliance (A.1003)$$ are found in the subalpine zone. Stands are confined to narrow riparian zones along upper reaches of streams and to elongated openings in higher elevation forests. Stands are typically found at moderate to high elevations between 2065 and 2220 m. Microtopography is usually hummocky to undulating. Slopes range from 2-4%. Soils in the Idaho stands are wet to saturated at the surface by flowing groundwater for most or all of the growing season. Soils are poorly to very poorly drained due to accumulation of organic material. Vegetation stands within this alliance are classified as seasonally flooded cold-deciduous shrublands. ~Salix commutata$ dominates the shrub canopy with cover of >25%. ~Salix planifolia$ and ~Lonicera caerulea$ may also be present. ~Carex scopulorum$ dominates the herbaceous layer with ~Calamagrostis canadensis$. ~Galium trifidum$ has high constancy, and some stands contain a complement of wet site forbs such as ~Aconitum columbianum$ and ~Caltha leptosepala ssp. howellii (= Caltha biflora)$. Adjacent communities may be herbaceous bogs dominated by ~Eleocharis quinqueflora (= Eleocharis pauciflora)$. In some stands, a fringe of ~Vaccinium uliginosum (= Vaccinium occidentale)$ separates the bog from the willow stands.bLVAL\%thX;3d A.1271CWestThis alliance consists of seasonally flooded (non-tidal) wetlands dominated by ~Spartina patens$, occurring from northeastern United States south and west to Tamaulipas, Mexico.This alliance is reported from the Upper Midwest region of the United States. Stands are dominated by tall sedges. ~Carex lacustris$ is the characteristic sedge. ^This alliance includes temporarily flooded riverbanks, as along the Rio Grande in Texas and adjacent Mexico, dominated by the exotic ~Arundo donax$.Communities within the ~~Salix drummondiana$ Seasonally Flooded Shrubland Alliance (A.1004)$$ occur on alluvial terraces adjacent to mountain rivers and streams. Occurrences occupy gentle undulating surfaces with slopes ranging from 5-30%. They range in elevation from 2135-3300 m. These communities are often associated with beaver activity. They are typically located adjacent to beaver ponds, lakes, seeps and springs, and on alluvial terraces adjacent to mountain rivers and streams. Soils are usually peaty with organic matter accumulation. Soil textures range from silt to clay loam. Water tables are usually at or near the surface. Gleyed soil is common at any depth. Soil texture is fine-loamy, loamy-skeletal, and sandy. The soils classify as Cryaquolls and Cryaquepts. Vegetation types within this alliance are classified as seasonally flooded, cold-deciduous shrublands. ~Salix drummondiana$ dominates the tall-shrub layer with open, corridor-like canopies with a dense graminoid layer in the understory. ~Salix monticola, Salix planifolia$, and ~Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda (= Pentaphylloides floribunda)$ are often present in the shrub layer. The graminoid layer is typically dominated by ~Carex utriculata$ with cover of 50-75%. Forb cover is relatively low. Species can include ~Geum macrophyllum$ and ~Epilobium ciliatum$ with 1-10% cover. ~Pinus contorta$ and ~Populus tremuloides$ forests occur on adjacent hillslopes.LVALq/%7} A.1298CWestV.A.5.N.gCAREX SICCATA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEDry-spike Sedge Herbaceous Alliance;@Short forests and thickets composed of the exotic ~Syzygium jambos$.This alliance is provided to accommodate inland salt flats, known only from Virginia, which are dominated by ~Juncus gerardii$ and ~Schoenoplectus robustus (= Scirpus robustus)$.Short graminoid vegetation of semipermanently flooded zones of coastal plain pondshores.Forests dominated or codominated by the exotic ~Mangifera indica$.Communities within the ~~Salix eastwoodiae$ Seasonally Flooded Shrubland Alliance (A.1005)$$ are scattered throughout the high-elevation, late snowmelt areas. They are found within glacial valley bottoms (e.g., seeps, toeslopes, benches, and stream benches), wet mountain meadows, and streambanks with gentle slopes (3%). Elevations range from 2300-3200 m. Sites that support these communities contain surface waters that collect in rivulets or are fed by seeps with water flowing at or near the surface. Soils are characterized by organic surface horizons. Textures of the underlying mineral horizons range from silty clay loam to loam sand. Vegetation types within this alliance are characterized as cold-deciduous seasonally flooded shrublands. They are dominated by ~Salix eastwoodiae$. ~Salix planifolia, Salix boothii$, and ~Betula nana (= Betula glandulosa)$ also occur in the shrub layer. Total shrub cover varies from 30 to over 75%. ~Carex scopulorum, Carex aquatilis$, and ~Carex utriculata$ are usually dominant in the understory with at least 40% cover. ~Carex cusickii (= Carex obovoidea)$ and ~Carex luzulina$ are frequent and abundant. ~Calamagrostis canadensis$ is a dominant graminoid in their Idaho stands. Forb cover is low with ~Mertensia ciliata, Saxifraga odontoloma$, and ~Thalictrum occidentale$. Adjacent upland communities are dominated by ~Pinus monticola, Pinus contorta$, and ~Abies concolor$.LVAL8@' A.1324CWestV.A.5.N.hJUNCUS DRUMMONDII HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEFern thickets on high elevation landslides and other disturbances, dominated or codominated by ~Sticherus bifidus$.Rocky shores of limestone or sandstone, with moderately dense to very sparse pockets of shrubby and herbaceous plants. ~Chamaesyce mesembrianthemifolia$ and ~Fimbristylis thermalis$ are characteristic and frequently dominant in stands of this type.Communities within this temporarily flooded, cold-deciduous shrubland alliance occur from the foothills to high elevations in the mountains of the western United States. Elevation ranges from 1320-2900 m. Landforms include broad benches and alluvial terraces of streams, springs, and seeps. Stands often develop on abandoned and sediment-filled beaver ponds. Soils are composed of deep, fine-textured alluvium over subsurface soils of various textures and origin. Surface textures are silt to silty clay loam with mottling near the surface. Soils have a high water-holding capacity. Organic matter may accumulate on the surface. The communities are characterized by a tall-shrub layer dominated by ~Salix geyeriana$. Occasional codominants include ~Salix monticola, Salix boothii, Salix lemmonii$, or ~Salix eriocephala$. Some stands have shorter willows in the understory, including ~Salix wolfii$ and ~Salix planifolia$. Other shrub species include ~Lonicera utahensis, Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda (= Pentaphylloides fruticosa)$, and ~Ribes$ spp. ~Calamagrostis canadensis, Calamagrostis stricta, Poa palustris, Deschampsia caespitosa, Carex aquatilis$, and ~Carex utriculata$ are the dominant graminoid species with 10-60% cover. The forb layer is minor with 10-20% cover and includes ~Geum macrophyllum, Pyrola asarifolia, Galium trifidum$, and ~Epilobium ciliatum$. ~Populus tremuloides, Pinus contorta$, and ~Pinus ponderosa$ forests occur on surrounding hillslopes.LVAL@vG1 A.1345CSoutheastV.A.5.N.jPHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECommon Reed Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@4YA.S. WEAKLEYZ   A.1344CSoutheastVLow intertidal marshes, characterized by sparse to more dense vegetation of ~Sagittaria subulata$ and ~Limosella australis$.Forests dominated by ~Clusia minor, Henriettea squamulosum$, and ~Ocotea leucoxylon$.Vegetation in this alliance occurs on flats in upper reaches of artificial impoundments and is dominated by monospecific stands of ~Ludwigia grandiflora$ ~sensu lato$ (= ~Ludwigia uruguayensis$ includes ~Ludwigia hexapetala$), an apparently exotic species.This vegetation occurs in disturbed wetland areas. Stands are dominated by ~Colocasia esculenta$, with ~Cyperus$ spp.This alliance consists of marshes dominated by ~Sagittaria lancifolia$. These marshes occur in shallow freshwater with little variation in water level.Communities within this cold-deciduous, seasonally flooded shrubland alliance occur on alluvial terraces adjacent to mountain rivers and streams. They occupy broad floodplains (0-6% slope), stream and river edges, ditches, seeps, and moist alluvial terraces. Stands are associated with beaver ponds or lakes. Elevations range from 1100-3600 m. The soils are typically peaty Histosols. Soils texture ranges from sandy clay loam to silt. These soils are saturated early in spring and often remain moist throughout the growing season. The tall-shrub canopy is continuous and dominated by ~Salix lutea$ with varying amounts of ~Salix exigua, Salix bebbiana$, and ~Salix boothii$. The short-shrub layer cover is typically 25% or greater and consists of ~Ribes aureum, Ribes inerme$, and ~Rosa woodsii$. The graminoid layer ranges from sparse to dense canopy cover. Major herbaceous species include ~Calamagrostis canadensis, Carex utriculata, Calamagrostis stricta$, and ~Carex microptera$. Adjacent upland communities include ~Pinus contorta$ and ~Populus tremuloides$.LVALg0]qT5 A.1388CSoutheastV.A.5.N.kSPARGANIUM AMERICANUM SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAmerican Bur-reed Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@XYA.S. WEAKLEYZ   A.1387CMidwesBroad, flat, seasonally flooded basins within maritime dunes, vegetation dominated by ~Bacopa monnieri$.Communities within the ~~Salix planifolia$ Seasonally Flooded Shrubland Alliance (A.1008)$$ are common and abundant in the upper montane and subalpine zones (above 1525 m) throughout the western United States. They occur in wide, wet valleys on snowmelt-fed swales. They also occur in narrow valleys with sinuous streams and wet floodplains associated with beaver ponds. Snowmelt is the primary source of moisture during the growing season. Soils have an organic peat top layer over mineral silty clays, heavy silty clay loams, silty loams, sandy loams, or loamy sands. Mottling is often evident. The water table at several stands is usually near the surface throughout the growing season and may be perched by a clay horizon. Still other stands occur on deep, dark clay loams with high organic content or a fibric or hemic layer on top. Soil pH levels are acidic, ranging from 4.8-7.8. ~Salix planifolia$ dominates the shrub layer with at least 70% cover. Other willows can include ~Salix monticola, Salix wolfii, Salix boothii, Salix geyeriana$, and ~Salix drummondiana$. The undergrowth is dominated by graminoids and can include ~Carex aquatilis, Carex utriculata, Calamagrostis canadensis$, and ~Deschampsia caespitosa$. Forb cover is typically less than 20% of the total undergrowth cover and may include ~Caltha leptosepala, Cardamine cordifolia$, and ~Pedicularis groenlandica$. Adjacent riparian and wetland vegetation includes ~Carex aquatilis, Carex utriculata$, or ~Calamagrostis canadensis$ wet meadows. ~Salix brachycarpa$ shrublands occur on higher ground. At higher elevations, ~Abies lasiocarpa - Picea engelmannii$ or ~Pinus contorta$ forests occur on adjacent hillsides.]LVAL4kEq j? &A.1399CMidwestV.A.5.N.kLEERSIA ORYZOIDESubmerged aquatic vegetation of white-sand wetlands of western Cuba, essentially monodominant with ~Cabomba piauhyensis$. Vegetation dominated by the submerged ~Cabomba piauhyensis$ in lakes and ponds.Communities within this cold-deciduous shrubland alliance occur in moderately narrow to wide valleys and glacial basins in saturated peat wetlands and on floodplains with lateral seepage of groundwater. Valley slopes range from 3-7%, and stream channels that run through the valleys vary from deep, narrow, and sinuous to shallow, broad, and gently meandering. Beavers are often active within the stands. Some stands occur on seeps, which remain wet throughout the growing season. Elevation ranges from 1950-3350 m. Soils vary from highly organic or peat to mineral based. Soil textures include silty clay loams, silty loams, and sandy clay loams with mottling. Some stands occur on deep sandy clays, often with a high organic content, while other stands occur on shallow silty clays over gravels and rocks. The shrub layer is typically dominated by at least 70% cover of ~Salix wolfii$. Other willow species may include ~Salix planifolia, Salix boothii, Salix monticola$, and ~Salix brachycarpa$. ~Betula nana (= Betula glandulosa)$ also occurs on wetter sites. The graminoid undergrowth is generally dense and rich, dominated by ~Carex aquatilis, Carex utriculata, Deschampsia caespitosa, Carex nebrascensis$, and ~Carex microptera$. Forb cover varies from sparse (<10%) to moderately dense (60%) and is generally diverse. Forb species include ~Caltha leptosepala, Ligusticum tenuifolium, Swertia perennis, Pedicularis groenlandica$, and ~Thalictrum alpinum$. At higher elevations, adjacent hillsides are often covered with ~Abies lasiocarpa - Picea engelmannii$ or ~Pinus contorta$ forests, ~Festuca thurberi$ subalpine meadows, or alpine tundra. At lower elevations, ~Artemisia tridentata$ scrub is often present on adjacent hillslopes.f _+bVri /A.1408CWestV.A.5.N.kDE A.1017CMidwestIII.B.2.N.gDASIPHORA FRUTICOSA SSP. FLORIBUNDA - MYRICA GALE - (CAREX LASIOCARPA) SATURATED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEShrubby-cinquefoil - Sweet Gale - (Wiregrass Sedge) Saturated Shrubland Alliance,@,YMCSс   A.1016CMidwestIII.B.2.N.gCORNUS SERICEA - PHOTINIA MELANOCARPA - TOXICODENDRON VERNIX SATURATED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCERed-osier Dogwood - Black Chokeberry - Poison-sumac Saturated Shrubland Alliance.@,YMCSw   A.1015CSoutheastIII.B.2.N.gBACCHARIS HALIMIFOLIA SATURATED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEGroundsel-tree Saturated Shrubland Alliance@+YA.S. WEAKLEY 12-95, MOD. }R    A.1014CSoutheastIII.B.2.N.gALNUS SERRULATA SATURATED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESmooth Alder Saturated Shrubland AllianceG@*YD.J. ALLARD 8-94, MOD. A.uL    A.1013CEastIII.B.2.N.fDECODON VERTICILLATUS SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESwamp-loosestrife Semipermanently Flooded Shrubland Alliance@(YECS[   A.1012CSoutheastIII.B.2.N.fFORESTIERA ACUMINATA SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESwamp Privet Semipermanently Flooded Shrubland Alliances@(YL.M. SMITH/A.S. WEAKLEY/J_    A.1011CMidwestIII.B.2.N.fCEPHALANTHUS OCCIDENTALIS SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEButtonbush Semipermanently Flooded Shrubland Alliance+)YD.J. ALLARDb   A.1010CEastIII.B.2.N.eMORELLA (CERIFERA, PENSYLVANICA) - VACCINIUM FORMOSUM SEASONALLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE(Wax-myrtle, Northern Bayberry) - Southern Highbush Blueberry Seasonally Flooded Shrubland Alliance@(YECSv   A.101CWestI.A.8.N.aSEQUOIADENDRON GIGANTEUM FOREST ALLIANCEGiant Sequoia Forest Alliance'YM. SCHINDELuji]@   A.1009CWestIII.B.2.N.eSALIX WOLFII SEASONALLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWolf Willow Seasonally Flooded Shrubland Alliance@%YD. CULVER~M  cLVALomrThis forest alliance occurs along the western slope of California's Sierra Nevada. Giant sequoias are limited by temperature in the upper elevations, and by deficient soil moisture at lower elevations. Elevations typically range from 1370-2130 m. Groves in the northern portion of the range tend to occur on southern aspects; those in the southern portion tend to occur on northern aspects. Most groves occur on granitic-based residual soils, alluvium or glacial outwash. Sequoias grow best in deep, well-drained, sandy loams with perennial soil moisture. Vigorous individuals can thrive in shallow, rocky soils if underground water is available. Soil moisture seems to be the limiting factor in the extent of a grove or stand of sequoias. Vegetation included in this forest alliance is characterized by the presence of ~Sequoiadendron giganteum$. This alliance intergrades with the typical mixed conifer forest of the region, and the subcanopy beneath the sequoias is composed of those species. Groves are often dominated by ~Abies concolor$, with emergent individuals of ~Sequoiadendron giganteum$, though at lower elevations ~Calocedrus decurrens (= Libocedrus decurrens)$ may dominate, and at higher elevations ~Abies magnifica$ may dominate. Other tree species from the mixed conifer forest include ~Quercus kelloggii, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus jeffreyi, Pinus contorta var. murrayana, Pinus ponderosa$, and ~Pinus lambertiana$. Shrubs may be infrequent to common and include ~Chrysolepis sempervirens (= Castanopsis sempervirens), Chamaebatia foliolosa, Ceanothus$ spp., ~Arctostaphylos patula, Rhododendron occidentale, Ribes$ spp., ~Rosa$ spp., and ~Rubus$ spp. Stand structure and composition vary considerably with elevation, latitude, exposure, soil moisture, and time since most recent fire or disturbance. Diagnostic of this forest alliance is the presence of large ~Sequoiadendron giganteum$ in the upper tree canopyLVAL@Dk A.145CWestI.A.8.N.cTSUGA HETEROPHYLLA FOREST ALLIANCEWestern Hemlock Forest AllianceYM.S. REID/D. SARRwfeY:   A.14Communities dominated by ~Decodon verticillatus$ are known from several New England states. These communities occur in association with the wettest portions of ~Sphagnum$ bog mats in southern New England, and on the shores of ponds and rivers. The status of these communities as an alliance remains in question. Further research is needed to determine the floristic relationship with similar vegetation. Communities of this alliance occur throughout the Eastern Region.This alliance contains swamp shrublands dominated by ~Forestiera acuminata$, often with ~Planera aquatica$ and ~Cephalanthus occidentalis$. These shrublands most commonly occur in bottomland sloughs as regeneration following cutting or natural blowdowns. There is very little to no herbaceous layer because standing water is present throughout much of the growing season.This alliance includes shrub wetlands of mid-Atlantic barrier islands. The two most characteristic shrubs are ~Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera)$ and ~Vaccinium corymbosum$. ~Rosa palustris$ and ~Morella pensylvanica (= Myrica pensylvanica)$ are two other common shrub associates. Unlike the ~Morella cerifera$ wetland alliance, this alliance is of generally shorter stature and total shrub cover; and, although quite variable, is usually considerably more open. Herbaceous composition is variable, but ~Panicum virgatum, Andropogon virginicus, Schizachyrium scoparium$, and other grasses are common. Other herbs include ~Juncus$ spp., ~Pluchea foetida, Triadenum virginicum, Drosera intermedia$, and ~Osmunda regalis$. Standing water is commonly found in the spring, but water levels may drop substantially toward the end of the summer. The southern range limit of this alliance is not well known, but it is confined to barrier islands from Delaware south.LVAL.VG A.1470CWestV.A.5.N.mCAREX MICROGLOThis alliance, which occurs throughout the eastern half of the United States and southern Ontario, Canada, contains semipermanently flooded stands dominated by ~Cephalanthus occidentalis$. Stands vary from dense, tall-shrub thickets to open shrublands. Tree canopy cover may reach 25% in some stands, with tree associates including ~Acer saccharinum$ and ~Quercus palustris$ in the North to ~Taxodium distichum$ in the South. Standing water may cover the ground layer. ~Cephalanthus occidentalis$ is often the sole dominant in stands of this alliance, particularly in deeper (>0.5 m depth) zones of groundwater basins or lake borders on deep organic soils. Occasional shrub associates in the northern parts of its range include any number of ~Salix$ spp. or ~Cornus$ spp., ~Viburnum dentatum, Rosa palustris, Ilex verticillata$, and ~Vaccinium corymbosum$. Floating aquatics, such as ~Lemna$ spp., can be common in deepwater habitats, whereas a variety of forbs and graminoids are associates under less flooded conditions. These include ~Boehmeria cylindrica, Scutellaria lateriflora, Sium suave$, and ~Bidens tripartita, Glyceria$ spp., ~Leersia oryzoides, Polygonum$ spp., and a wide variety of ~Carex$ spp. ^This shrubland vegetation occupies shallow water depressions, oxbow ponds, sinkhole ponds, and backwater sloughs of stream and river floodplains throughout swampy forested areas in the eastern United States. Inundation is usually continuous throughout the year, but these sites can become dry in mid or late summer or during periods of prolonged drought. ~Cephalanthus$ appears to be very tolerant of extended periods of inundation which, by slowing canopy closure of trees and maintaining higher light levels, may favor this shrub. Soils can vary in texture from clays to sands, with organic horizons overlying these soils.LVALdw?y A.1496CMidwestV.A.6.N.fPINUS STROBUS - QUERCUS (ALBA, RUBRA) WOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEEastern White Pine - (White Oak, Northern Red Oak) Wooded HerThis alliance consists of tropical and subtropical ~Nymphaea odorata$ communities.This alliance consists of tropical and subtropical ~Nuphar lutea$ communities.American lotus mat, characterized by the dominance of the emergent, large-leaved ~Nelumbo lutea$, and the presence of other emerged and submersed aquatic plants in both eutrophic and oligotrophic freshwater lakes.Characteristic communities of the centers of small white-sand lakes in western Cuba, dominated by ~Myriophyllum sparsiflorum$.Floating or rooted (by stranding) aquatic vegetation of tropical areas, occurring in more oligotrophic situations than ~~Eichhornia crassipes$ Herbaceous Vegetation (CEGL007671)$$.This alliance includes non-alluvial, palustrine vegetation strongly dominated by ~Alnus serrulata$, and often, but not always, with substantial ~Sphagnum$ cover. Occurrences of this alliance can have small to moderately large herbaceous openings, as well, but where open herbaceous patches are large and well-developed, communities in V.A.5.N.m should be considered. Communities in this alliance are saturated shrublands with ~Alnus serrulata$ as a strong dominant component, but other shrub species may be present. This alliance is found throughout the Southeast, but is currently defined only for the Cumberland Plateau, Ridge and Valley, and the Piedmont. Associations in this alliance lack the montane floristics of associations in the III.C.2.N.e ~~Alnus serrulata - Salix sericea - Rhododendron (catawbiense, maximum)$ Saturated Shrubland Alliance (A.1880)$$. Vegetation at Fort Benning, Georgia (East Gulf Coastal Plain - Upper East Gulf Coastal Plain transition region), on the upper ends of beaver ponds which are inclusions in a ~Nyssa biflora$ saturated forest apparently belong here.LVALM^Z A.1530CSubmerged or partially submerged plant community in deep water of dystrophic or eutrophic lakes with neutral to alkaline fresh water, with ~Utricularia foliosa$ as the dominant.This alliance, found in the eastern Midwest and northeastern United States and probably many of the eastern Canadian provinces, contains tall-shrub swamps dominated by ~Vaccinium corymbosum$. Further work is needed to characterize this alliance. ^These tall shrublands can occur at margins of kettles in glaciated regions, and in basins or at the heads of streams throughout the range. Soils are usually deep peats or mucks, and the water is often acidic.This alliance, ranging from Arkansas, Louisiana and Texas, includes natural and successional saturated wetlands dominated by ~Baccharis halimifolia$. It includes associations in both coastal and interior settings on saline/calcareous soils with a saturated hydrology. Interior settings include saline/calcareous natural areas, as well as weedy saline old fields. Coastal settings include shrublands dominated by ~Baccharis halimifolia$ that invade old fields and saline and non-saline prairies in the absence of fire. In these settings, ~Spartina spartinae, Andropogon virginicus, Andropogon glomeratus, Setaria parviflora (= Setaria geniculata)$, and ~Solidago sempervirens$ are often present in the herb stratum. A natural saline prairie association, found on outcrops of saline material from inland salt domes, has a shrub stratum dominated by ~Baccharis halimifolia$ with ~Crataegus berberifolia$ and ~Sideroxylon lanuginosum$. The herb stratum includes ~Eleocharis$ sp., ~Tridens strictus, Euthamia leptocephala, Ptilimnium$ sp., ~Tradescantia occidentalis, Nothoscordum bivalve, Eupatorium serotinum, Polygonum aviculare, Atriplex cristata (= Atriplex pentandra)$, and ~Heliotropium curassavicum$.LVAL /qPThis shrub fen alliance is found in the western Great Lakes region. It is dominated by low shrubs, sometimes with greater than 60% cover. Graminoids less than 1 m tall and mosses make up the remainder of the vegetation. The most abundant shrubs are ~Chamaedaphne calyculata, Myrica gale, Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda (= Pentaphylloides floribunda)$, and sometimes ~Salix$ spp. Typical herbaceous species include ~Calamagrostis canadensis, Carex aquatilis, Carex lasiocarpa$, and ~Carex rostrata$. ~Sphagnum$ spp. are common but not as abundant as in poorer shrub fens. ^This alliance is found on lakeshores and streamsides where wave action is limited. It occurs on peat. The ground is saturated for at least part of the growing season, although this alliance is somewhat drier than most other shrub fens.This shrub fen alliance occurs between the Ohio River and the southern Great Lakes. The vegetation is dense and dominated by shrubs, although herbaceous species are also abundant. Dominant shrubs are ~Alnus incana, Photinia melanocarpa (= Aronia melanocarpa), Cornus$ spp. (e.g., ~Cornus amomum, Cornus obliqua$, and ~Cornus sericea), Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda (= Pentaphylloides floribunda), Rhamnus lanceolata, Salix discolor$, and ~Viburnum lentago$. Common herbaceous species include ~Carex$ spp., ~Cypripedium reginae, Filipendula rubra, Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (= Scirpus tabernaemontani), Solidago patula$, and ~Thelypteris palustris$. Stands that are more prairie-like also contain ~Andropogon gerardii, Silphium terebinthinaceum$, and ~Sorghastrum nutans$. Peat forms in some stands. ^Stands of this alliance occur where calcareous groundwater seeps to the surface, often at the base of gravelly moraines or other glacial features. These sites are gently to moderately sloping. The minerals that are in the groundwater often form areas of marl.  hM%Z_Q0 A.1032CWestIII.B.3.N.aGLOSSOPETALON SPINESCENS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESpiny Greasebush Shrubland Alliance]@6YK. SCHULZvuiF   A.1031CWestIII.B.3.N.aPROSOPIS GLANDULOSA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEHoney Mesquite Shrubland Alliance@2YGREAT PLAINS PROGRAM 1-95onbA   A.103CWestI.A.8.N.aABIES CONCOLOR GIANT FOREST ALLIANCEWhite Fir Giant Forest Alliance5YD. SARRohg[<   A.1029CSoutheastIII.B.3.N.aACACIA FARNESIANA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEHuisache Shrubland Alliance@4YA.S. WEAKLEY/L.M. SMITH 4lk_D    A.1026CSoutheastIII.B.2.N.hBORRICHIA FRUTESCENS TIDAL SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESeaside Oxeye Tidal Shrubland Alliance@4YA.S. WEAKLEYsM    A.1025CSoutheastIII.B.2.N.hBORRICHIA ARBORESCENS TIDAL SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWest Indian Seaside Oxeye Tidal Shrubland Alliance@2YA.S. WEAKLEYN    A.1024CSoutheastIII.B.2.N.hALNUS (INCANA, SERRULATA) TIDAL SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE(Speckled Alder, Smooth Alder) Tidal Shrubland Alliance3YA.S. WEAKLEY, MOD. L.A. SR    A.1023CEastIII.B.2.N.hBACCHARIS HALIMIFOLIA - IVA FRUTESCENS TIDAL SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEGroundsel-tree - Maritime Marsh-elder Tidal Shrubland Alliance@2YD.J. ALLARD, MOD. A.S. WEZ   A.1022CEastIII.B.2.N.gMYRICA GALE SATURATED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESweet Gale Saturated Shrubland AllianceYECSnkjjC   A.1021CMidwestIII.B.2.N.gBETULA PUMILA - (SALIX SPP.) SATURATED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBog Birch - (Willow species) Saturated Shrubland Alliance^@1YMCSW   A.1020CEastIII.B.2.N.gALNUS INCANA SATURATED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESpeckled Alder Saturated Shrubland AllianceR@0YECS|{oD   A.102CWestI.A.8.N.aABIES AMABILIS GIANT FOREST ALLIANCEPacific Silver Fir Giant Forest Alliance9.YM.S. REID/D. SARRqpd<   A.1018CEastIII.B.2.N.gVACCINIUM CORYMBOSUM SATURATED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEHighbush Blueberry Saturated Shrubland Alliance@+YECS{L  LVAL /This giant conifer forest alliance occurs in montane habitats of the Pacific mountain ranges. These forests occupy a broad elevational band in the Cascades, extending from approximately 800-1500 m. In the Olympic Mountains and northward through British Columbia, elevations range from sea level to 1200 m. The climate is cool and wet with annual precipitation totals generally exceeding 200 cm, and deep (1-3 m) snow accumulations. A consistent winter snowpack of moderate duration along with frequent winter rains (rain on snow events) is one of the driving factors in occurrence of these forests. Podzolization is the dominant soil development process, and organic soil layers are generally well-developed. Stands typically occupy moderate to steep middle and upper mountain slopes and are often contiguous with the low-elevation ~Tsuga heterophylla$ and/or ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ forests and higher subalpine forests of ~Tsuga mertensiana$ and ~Chamaecyparis nootkatensis$. In this typically mixed conifer forest, ~Tsuga heterophylla$ is usually codominant with ~Abies amabilis$ in the overstory; however, ~Pseudotsuga menziesii, Abies procera$, or ~Tsuga mertensiana$ may all be present in the canopy, depending upon elevation, moisture, geographic location, and site history. ~Abies amabilis$ is the most shade-tolerant conifer and is dominant in all age classes. ~Chamaecyparis nootkatensis$ may be frequent in the upper elevations of the alliance and is occasionally codominant. Associated shrubs are primarily ericaceous. ~Oplopanax horridus, Vaccinium$ spp. are particularly widespread with ~Rhododendron albiflorum$ and ~Menziesia ferruginea$ common in higher elevation stands and ~Mahonia nervosa, Acer circinatum$, or ~Gaultheria shallon$ in low-elevation stands. The herbaceous layer is generally dominated by shade-tolerant species with northern affinities, including ~Linnaea borealis, Cornus canadensis, Clintonia uniflora$, and many others. Diagnostic of this forest alliance is the presence of a giant upper tree LVAL dN A.1739CSoutheastV.C.1.N.bTHALASSIA TESTUDINUM PERMANENTLY FLOODED - TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETurtle-grass Permanently Flooded - Tidal Herbaceous Alliance@=YA.S. WEAKLEY, MOD. J. TEAīb   A.1737CSoutheastV.C.1.N.bRUPPIA MARITIMA PERMANENTLY FLOODED - TIDAL TROPICAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBeaked Ditch-grass Permanently Flooded - Tidal Tropical Herbaceous Alliance"@=YSCSf   A.1736CSoutheastV.C.1.N.bHALOPHILA ENGELMANNII PERMANENTLY FLOODED - TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETufted Sea-grass Permanently Flooded - Tidal Herbaceous Alliancem@=YA.S. WEAKLEY, MOD. J. TEAɰc   A.1734CSoutheastV.C.1.N.bHALODULE BEAUDETTEI PERMANENTLY FLOODED - TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEShoal-grass Permanently Flooded - Tidal Herbaceous Alliance0@<YA.S. WEAKLEY, MOD. J. TEA©a   A.1732CSoutheastV.C.1.N.bCYMODOCEA FILIFORMIS PERMANENTLY FLOODED - TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEManatee-grass Permanently Flooded - Tidal Herbaceous Alliance(@<YA.S. WEAKLEY, MOD. J. TEAŬb   A.1731CSoutheastV.C.1.N.aVALLISNERIA AMERICANA PERMANENTLY FLOODED TROPICAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETape-grass Permanently Flooded Tropical Herbaceous Alliancel@0YSCSd   A.173CWestI.A.8.N.eCHAMAECYPARIS LAWSONIANA TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEPort Orford-cedar Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance.;YM.S. REID/D. SARRT   A.1728CLatin AmericaV.C.1.N.aUTRICULARIA FOLIOSA PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELeafy Bladderwort Permanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@+YLACD]"   A.1727CSoutheastV.C.1.N.aPISTIA STRATIOTES PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWater-lettuce Permanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@/YA.S. WEAKLEYW   A.1725CSoutheastV.C.1.N.aNYMPHAEA ODORATA PERMANENTLY FLOODED TROPICAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWhite Water-lily Permanentcanopy (>50 m tall) that is dominated or codominated by ~Abies amabilis$.@LVALB$ZEThis is technically not an alliance. It is a placeholder for a group of sparsely vegetated associations that do not have adequate vegetation descriptions, but do share certain substrate characteristics.This is technically not an alliance. It is a placeholder for a group of sparsely vegetated associations that do not have adequate vegetation descriptions, but do share certain substrate characteristics.This is technically not an alliance. It is a placeholder for a group of sparsely vegetated associations that do not have adequate vegetation descriptions, but do share certain substrate characteristics.This is technically not an alliance. It is a placeholder for a group of sparsely vegetated associations that may or may not have adequate vegetation descriptions, but do share certain substrate characteristics.This alliance consists of mats of the succulent ~Salicornia bigelovii$.Disturbed areas, dominated by ~Cleome spinosa$, found in Puerto Rico and possibly other areas in the West Indies.Submerged aquatic freshwater communities dominated by ~Vallisneria americana (= Vallisneria neotropicalis$).This alliance includes shrub swamps in which ~Alnus incana$ is dominant or characteristically present. These alder shrub swamps occur in numerous settings such as in upland marsh borders, at the edges of red maple swamps, or in acidic colluvium at bases of slopes. Typically they occur in saturated mineral soil with no significant peat deposits, although a few types do occur on shallow peat. Typical shrub associates include ~Salix$ spp., ~Myrica gale$, or ~Rosa palustris$. Saplings of ~Acer rubrum$ may be present. Typical herbaceous associates include ~Decodon verticillatus, Osmunda regalis, Thelypteris palustris, Galium$ spp., ~Typha latifolia, Peltandra virginica, Rhododendron viscosum$, and ~Carex stricta$. Communities of this alliance occur throughout the Eastern Region, and range into the Midwestern Region and the Southeastern Region.LVAL"rQ A.1820CSoutheastV.D.2.N.iSEDUM PULCHELLUM SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWidow's-cross Saturated Herbaceous Alliancev@PYK.D. PATTERSOIgneous talus at moderate to high elevations in mountain ranges of Trans-Pecos Texas. ~Pericome caudata$ is the primary species present, sometimes joined by 'strays' from adjacent communities.This alliance, found in the northeastern and midwestern United States and south-central Canada, is composed of poor and moderately rich shrub fens. Shrubs less than 2 m tall and graminoids comprise the majority of the vegetation. Short trees are found in some stands. ~Betula pumila, Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda (= Pentaphylloides floribunda), Salix discolor, Salix petiolaris$, and other ~Salix$ spp. are found throughout this alliance's range. In the northern part of its range, ~Andromeda polifolia, Chamaedaphne calyculata$, and ~Vaccinium oxycoccos$ can be common in poor fen examples. Typical graminoids include ~Calamagrostis canadensis, Carex$ spp. (including ~Carex pellita (= Carex lanuginosa), Carex lasiocarpa, Carex interior, Carex nebrascensis$, and ~Carex oligosperma$), and ~Eriophorum$ spp. Some of the forbs of this alliance include ~Doellingeria umbellata (= Aster umbellatus), Euthamia graminifolia, Eleocharis$ spp., ~Menyanthes trifoliata$ (in the North), ~Sarracenia purpurea$, and ~Thelypteris palustris$. ~Sphagnum$ spp. are ubiquitous in this alliance. When trees do occur, they are almost always ~Larix laricina$ and ~Picea mariana$ in the North and ~Fraxinus pennsylvanica$ in the Great Plains. Other tree species may be found in stands further east. ^This alliance is found where surface waters are slightly acidic to slightly alkaline with moderate nutrient levels. It is usually on peat but can be on mineral soils. The soil is saturated for much of the year and may flood periodically. In Nebraska, Tolstead found the water table to be within 15-30 cm and flooding to be less than 2 m deep.LVAL#>M1|This is technically not an alliance. It is a placeholder for a group of sparsely vegetated associations that do not have adequate vegetation descriptions, but do share certain substrate characteristics.This alliance includes shrublands dominated by ~Prosopis glandulosa$. Shrublands in this alliance can cover extensive areas, invading open grasslands and often forming thickets. The shrublands extend up to 4500 feet elevation. Associated species can include ~Atriplex canescens, Bouteloua curtipendula, Bouteloua gracilis, Muhlenbergia porteri, Sporobolus airoides, Sporobolus flexuosus$, and ~Buchloe dactyloides$.Tidal areas dominated by ~Borrichia arborescens$ that are part of zoned vegetation that grades up from mangrove swamps. The vegetation in this alliance occurs above the mean high water level. Other species that may be present include ~Batis maritima, Salicornia$ spp., ~Distichlis spicata$, and others. Seaward this vegetation grades into ~Juncus roemerianus$ marsh. In North America, this vegetation is restricted to Florida, and reaches its best development in Dade County and south.This alliance includes maritime scrub communities typically dominated by ~Iva frutescens$ or ~Baccharis halimifolia$ or both, growing in association with salt marshes. These communities occur primarily in estuarine margin situations, especially on the sound sides of barrier islands. Characteristically, these communities form an ecotone between salt marsh and upland vegetation or in areas within the salt marsh having slightly higher elevations and lower salinity levels than the surrounding marsh. Storm-induced disturbance causes periodic die-back of the shrubs restricting the extent of their spread. Characteristic species include ~Baccharis halimifolia, Iva frutescens, Rosa carolina, Spartina patens$, and ~Panicum virgatum$.?LVALKpD5$E ATidal freshwater, or perhaps also oligohaline, shrublands dominated by ~Alnus serrulata$ and/or ~Alnus incana$. In some examples one or both of these may be characteristically dominant or nearly so. Other examples may be more semi-open with a mixed canopy of ~Alnus$ with other shrubs such as ~Cornus amomum, Rosa palustris$, and ~Ilex verticillata$. Other woody plants which may be present include ~Sambucus canadensis, Salix$ spp., ~Amorpha fruticosa, Cephalanthus occidentalis$, and ~Toxicodendron radicans$. More northern examples may contain ~Viburnum recognitum$ and ~Spiraea alba var. latifolia (= Spiraea latifolia)$. This alliance occurs along tidal freshwater reaches of rivers. One association is recognized along the south Atlantic Coast to South Carolina and possibly elsewhere. This can occur as a fringing shrubland, zonal between ~Zizania aquatica$ tidal marshes and tidal cypress - gum forests. Less commonly it occupies large patches in freshwater marshes. Other species characteristic of tidal situations often occur, including ~Rosa palustris$ and ~Zizania aquatica$. Another association is recognized in coastal areas with tidally influenced river systems from Maine to Virginia. Flood waters are typically slightly acid (pH less than 5) and soils are usually mineral without significant peat deposits. In these examples, ~Carex stricta$ may also be present and there is a great deal of micro-relief (tussocks and furrows) leading to high species diversity. Some shrub associates include ~Decodon verticillatus$ and ~Toxicodendron vernix$; some herbaceous associates are ~Osmunda regalis, Thelypteris palustris, Galium$ spp., ~Typha latifolia, Peltandra virginica, Mikania scandens, Symphyotrichum novi-belgii (= Aster novi-belgii), Boehmeria cylindrica, Impatiens capensis, Triadenum walteri, Asclepias incarnata, Carex emoryi, Carex atlantica ssp. atlantica (= Carex incomperta), Eriophorum virginicum, Platanthera clavellata$, and ~Xyris torta$.LVAL9]qA A.1859CWestVII.C.1.N.bPINUS PONDEROSA SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCEPonderosa Pine Sparsely Vegetated Alliance@WYM.S. REID}|pF   A.1858CSoutheastVII.C.1.N.bVITIS ROTUNDIFOLIAThis alliance includes sparse to dense shrub thickets on coastal dunes and shell ridges along the western Louisiana and upper Texas coasts. It is dominated by thorny shrubs, including ~Acacia farnesiana (= Acacia minuta ssp. minuta), Opuntia stricta var. dillenii, Lycium carolinianum var. quadrifidum, Zanthoxylum clava-herculis$, and ~Yucca aloifolia$. ~Celtis laevigata$ is often present as a small tree. The herb layer contains various dune herbs, but is usually dominated by ~Spartina patens$, with ~Astragalus leptocarpus$ being common. It grades through widely scattered shrubs to herb-dominated dune vegetation. This alliance is commonly grazed, and the abundance of thorny and spiny species may be partly the result of grazing pressure.This alliance includes tidal areas in upper marsh edges and flats dominated by ~Borrichia frutescens$. It occurs at spatial scales ranging from narrow bands to flats in excess of 500 ha; it often occurs either just below ~Iva frutescens$ or ~Baccharis halimifolia$, or just above ~Juncus roemerianus$ or ~Spartina alterniflora$. Other characteristic species include ~Spartina patens, Iva frutescens ssp. frutescens, Iva frutescens ssp. oraria$, and ~Limonium carolinianum$. In Texas, the composition of this low-diversity, irregularly tidally flooded shrubland is variable and can include ~Spartina spartinae, Sporobolus virginicus, Monanthochloe littoralis, Sarcocornia perennis, Limonium carolinianum, Lycium carolinianum var. quadrifidum, Rayjacksonia phyllocephala$, and ~Batis maritima$. Here, these communities often occur just above the lower tidal flat communities ~~Batis maritima - Sarcocornia perennis$ Dwarf-shrubland (CEGL003956)$$ or ~~Sarcocornia perennis - Batis maritima - Distichlis spicata$ Dwarf-shrubland (CEGL002278)$$.)LVAL5;$Xh$This giant conifer forest alliance occurs in the lower montane zone of southwestern Oregon at elevations of 1000-1800 m. The climate is cool and wet with moderate to deep snow accumulations. Summers are usually dry, and soil moisture is dependent upon winter snowpacks. Stands are generally associated with somewhat moist, topographically protected microhabitats, which are less fire-prone than surrounding areas. Soils are usually deep and comprised of deep ash deposits and organic layers in the Cascades, and fractured granitics in the south. These forests are often mixed with several codominant conifers in the overstory. ~Abies concolor$ is usually dominant and is always present in the regeneration layer. Depending upon elevation, moisture, geographic location, and site history, one to many other conifers may be present or codominant, including ~Pseudotsuga menziesii, Abies procera, Abies grandis, Abies amabilis, Abies magnifica, Tsuga heterophylla, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Calocedrus decurrens, Picea breweriana, Pinus contorta, Pinus monticola$, or ~Pinus ponderosa$. Hardwoods, including ~Lithocarpus densiflorus, Arbutus menziesii, Quercus kelloggii$, and ~Chrysolepis chrysophylla$, may form an open subcanopy. ~Lithocarpus densiflorus$ trees may also occur as small stands or scattered individuals throughout these forests. Associated tall shrubs are typically ericaceous, but may include cold-deciduous species. Common shrubs may include ~Quercus sadleriana, Mahonia nervosa, Acer circinatum, Arctostaphylos$ spp., ~Mahonia nervosa, Gaultheria shallon, Holodiscus discolor, Rhododendron macrophyllum, Rosa gymnocarpa, Symphoricarpos mollis$, and ~Ribes$ spp. The herbaceous layer is variable and includes a diverse mixture of forbs, ferns and graminoids. Diagnostic of this forest alliance is the presence of a giant upper tree canopy (>50 m tall) that is dominated or codominated by ~Abies concolor$ typically with an ~Abies concolor$-dominated tree regeneration layer.LVAL?* dA.1881CSoutheastV.B.2.N.hPOLYGONUM SPP. (SECTION PERSICARIA) SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESmartweed species Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous AlliancehYSCThis is technically not an alliance. It is a placeholder for a group of sparsely vegetated associations that do not have adequate vegetation descriptions, but do share certain substrate characteristics.These sparse shrublands occur along the rims of the Snake River and Imnaha River canyons in Idaho and eastern Oregon. Elevations range from 550-900 m, and the climate is temperate, continental. Mean annual precipitation is approximately 25-30 cm. Precipitation primarily occurs in the winter as snow or rain. This moisture is stored in the soil and in fractures in the highly weathered bedrock, and utilized during the usually dry summers. Stands are typically found on steep upper canyon slopes, but may occur on the lower canyon slopes. Sites are predominantly on hot, dry southwestern aspects although the alliance may occur on all aspects. Soils are shallow, well-drained loams or sandy loams with a high percentage of rock fragments (greater than 35% by volume and 40% ground cover), and derived from loess and various bedrock types. Vegetation included in this minor alliance has a sparse woody layer (usually less than 1 m tall) that is dominated by the xeromorphic shrub ~Glossopetalon spinescens$ (15-23% cover). The herbaceous layer is also relatively sparse (typically 10-20% cover). It is dominated by the perennial bunchgrass ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$. Other characteristic species include the annual grass ~Vulpia myuros$ and forbs such as ~Achillea millefolium, Cerastium arvense, Erigeron pumilus, Opuntia polyacantha$, and ~Phacelia heterophylla$. Moss and lichen cover is moderate and averages 22% cover. Exotic species, namely ~Bromus tectorum, Bromus japonicus$, and ~Bromus briziformis$, are often present. Adjacent stands include grasslands dominated by ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$ on sites with deeper soils.mLVAL3Jb:This is technically not an alliance. It is a place-holder for a group of sparsely vegetated associations that do not have adequate vegetation descriptions, but do share certain substrate characteristics.Inland dune characterized by large expanses of exposed sand. Exposure of sand in the primarily forested landscape is a result of anthropogenic activity (poor farming practices), or in some cases as a result of past alluvial flooding.This is technically not an alliance. It is a placeholder for a group of sparsely vegetated associations that do not have adequate vegetation descriptions, but do share certain substrate characteristics.This alliance occurs on alluvial terraces along the drainages that dissect the upper bajadas and lower canyons in central and south-central Arizona and in southwestern New Mexico. Stands are restricted to the corridors of intermittent streams by the arid upland environment. Sites are typically flat to gently sloping with northern and eastern aspects. Substrates are generally well-drained, coarse-textured soils. This relatively mesic shrubland alliance utilizes moisture from the water table and is dependent on intermittent flows or occasional flooding of washes to supplement soil moisture and maintain groundwater levels. Vegetation included in this alliance has a sparse to dense upper canopy of deciduous shrubs that is dominated by ~Celtis laevigata var. reticulata$. Other tall shrubs may include~Prosopis velutina$ or~Quercus grisea$. A sparse to moderately dense understory of short and dwarf-shrubs is usually present, including~Celtis pallida, Lycium$ spp.,~Rhus trilobata, Mimosa$ spp., and many others. The herbaceous component is usually a sparse layer of mixed perennial graminoids and forbs, but seasonally may have dense cover of annual species. Diagnostic of this riparian shrubland alliance is the dominance of the tall shrub ~Celtis laevigata var. reticulata$. kXTA13 dA.1914 A.1045CWestIII.B.3.N.bGRAYIA SPINOSA INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESpiny Hop-sage Intermittently Flooded Shrubland Alliance@EYM.S. REID/D. SARRS   A.1044CWestIII.B.3.N.bCHILOPSIS LINEARIS INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEDesert-willow Intermittently Flooded Shrubland Alliance@DYK. SCHULZW   A.1043CWestIII.B.3.N.aPROSOPIS VELUTINA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEVelvet Mesquite Shrubland Alliance@CYK. SCHULZwnma?   A.1042CWestIII.B.3.N.aPROSOPIS PUBESCENS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEAmerican Screwbean Shrubland Allianceb@BYK. SCHULZ{rqe@   A.1041CWestIII.B.3.N.aSARCOBATUS VERMICULATUS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBlack Greasewood Shrubland AllianceOAYK. SCHULZ~uthE   A.1040CWestIII.B.3.N.aRHUS MICROPHYLLA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCELittleleaf Sumac Shrubland AllianceR@YK. SCHULZwnma>   A.104CWestI.A.8.N.aCHAMAECYPARIS LAWSONIANA FOREST ALLIANCEPort Orford-cedar Forest Alliance >YM.S. REID/D. SARRnma@   A.1039CWestIII.B.3.N.aPSOROTHAMNUS POLYDENIUS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCENevada Smokebush Shrubland Alliance#@=YK. SCHULZ~uthE   A.1038CWestIII.B.3.N.aGRAYIA SPINOSA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESpiny Hop-sage Shrubland Alliance@<YM.S. REID/D. SARR{ji]<   A.1037CWestIII.B.3.N.aACACIA NEOVERNICOSA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEViscid Acacia Shrubland Alliance@;YK. SCHULZwnmaA   A.1036CWestIII.B.3.N.aACACIA GREGGII SHRUBLAND ALLIANCECatclaw Acacia Shrubland Alliance@:YK. SCHULZsji]<   A.1035CWestIII.B.3.N.aALOYSIA WRIGHTII SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWright's Beebrush Shrubland AllianceL@9YK. SCHULZxonb>   A.1034CWestIII.B.3.N.aHYMENOCLEA MONOGYRA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESingle-whorl Cheesebush Shrubland Alliance@9YK. SCHULZxwkA   A.1033CWestIII.B.3.N.aCELTIS LAEVIGATA VAR. RETICULATA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCENetleaf Hackberry Shrubland Alliance@7YK. SCHULZ~rN  LVAL^OJf= dA.1934CLatin AmericaI.A.1.N.cALCHORNEA LATIFOLIA - SOLANUM ACROPTERUM FOREST ALBeach vegetation, with scattered ~Cakile lanceolata$.Shrublands in this Chihuahuan Desert alliance occur on lower foothills of mountains and piedmont hills and ridges in southern New Mexico, western Texas, and southeastern Arizona. Elevation ranges from 1280-1930 m. Soils on the footslopes of hills are coarse, loamy, and shallow. On hills and ridges, the soils are clayey and shallow, covered by rocky colluvium. Stands have a sparse to dense cover of shrubs 1-2 m tall, dominated by ~Aloysia wrightii$ with the understory dominated by ~Perityle staurophylla$. No other information is available on the species composition of this alliance.Shrublands in this southwestern alliance occur along drainages that dissect bajadas and mesas in the Chihuahuan and Sonoran deserts. Elevations range from 640-1030 m. Stands are restricted by the arid climate to arroyo riparian zones and adjacent floodplains. The alluvial soils are generally sandy often with cobbles and boulders. These shrublands utilize moisture from the water table and are dependent on the intermittent flows and flooding of the channel to supplement soil moisture and maintain the groundwater levels. The sparse to moderately dense shrub layer is dominated by ~Hymenoclea monogyra$ usually with significant densities of ~Baccharis sarothroides$. ~Ambrosia ambrosioides$ is also typically present in lesser amounts. Less frequent or abundant shrubs include ~Acacia greggii, Parkinsonia microphylla, Celtis pallida, Eriogonum fasciculatum, Olneya tesota$, and ~Prosopis velutina$. The herbaceous layer is typically sparse. Two common herbs are ~Mentzelia pumila$ and ~Polanisia dodecandra ssp. trachysperma (= Polanisia trachysperma)$. Adjacent vegetation includes stands of ~Prosopis$ spp. bosques or desertscrub dominated by ~Larrea tridentata$ or ~Prosopis$ spp.KLVAL0+am=nThis is technically not an alliance. It is a placeholder for a group of sparsely vegetated associations that do not have adequate vegetation descriptions, but do share certain substrate characteristics.This is technically not an alliance. It is a placeholder for a group of sparsely vegetated associations that do not have adequate vegetation descriptions, but do share certain substrate characteristics.This is technically not an alliance. It is a placeholder for a group of sparsely vegetated associations that do not have adequate vegetation descriptions, but do share certain substrate characteristics.Hypersaline salt pannes dominated by ~Sesuvium verrucosum$, occurring in the Trans-Pecos region of western Texas.This is technically not an alliance. It is a placeholder for a group of sparsely vegetated associations that do not have adequate vegetation descriptions, but do share certain substrate characteristics.Shrublands included in this Sonoran Desert alliance occur on upland flats above bajada and arroyo shrublands. Elevation ranges from 480-760 m. Climate is arid and hot with half to two-thirds of the 18-32 cm of annual precipitation falling during the summer monsoon season. Substrates are alluvium derived from granite and schist. Soils are shallow, gravelly clay and clay loams. The dominant shrub is ~Acacia greggii$. Other characteristic species are ~Parkinsonia microphylla, Opuntia acanthocarpa, Larrea tridentata, Ericameria laricifolia, Krameria grayi, Acacia constricta$, and ~Prosopis velutina$. The dominance of ~Acacia greggii$ and the lack of ~Lycium exsertum$ and ~Ambrosia deltoidea$ are key characteristics that separate these shrublands from the more common ~Ambrosia deltoidea$-dominated bajada shrublands. The herbaceous layer is typically sparse and includes seasonally present annual forbs such as ~Lasthenia californica$. Adjacent vegetation is composed of shrublands usually dominated by ~Ambrosia deltoidea$.LVAL.C= gA.1977CLatin AmericaI.A.7.N.dPINUS TROPICALIS - ILEX MICROWRIGHTIOIDES FOREST ALLIANCETropical Pine - Ilex Forest Alliance4@YWEST INThorn-scrub on rocky hillsides, following disturbance. May vary structurally towards woodland or savanna structure.This shrubland, dominated by ~Lantana camara$, is a disturbance type, following fire.Pine woodland with canopy dominated by ~Pinus caribaea var. caribaea$ on the ferritic soils and serpentine outcrops of western Cuba (Cajlbana hills).This is technically not an alliance. It is a placeholder for a group of sparsely vegetated associations that do not have adequate vegetation descriptions, but do share certain substrate characteristics.Shrublands in this Chihuahuan Desert alliance occur on hills and alluvial slopes from Trans-Pecos Texas and New Mexico to southeastern Arizona and adjacent Mexico. Stands have sparse to dense cover of shrubs 1-2 m tall, dominated by ~Acacia neovernicosa$. It may occur in nearly pure stands of ~Acacia$ at middle elevations, but generally the shrub layer is very diverse. Other characteristics shrubs include ~Aloysia wrightii, Atriplex canescens, Dasylirion wheeleri, Ericameria laricifolia, Flourensia cernua, Parthenium incanum, Prosopis glandulosa$, and ~Yucca baccata$. Grasses are generally sparse, but ~Bouteloua curtipendula, Muhlenbergia porteri, Stipa$ spp., and a few shortgrass species may grow abundantly, especially at higher elevation sites. At middle elevations, grasses are more patchy, often found growing under shrubs. At lower elevations, ~Larrea tridentata$ and other Chihuahuan desertscrub species intermix. Cacti, such as ~Opuntia imbricata, Opuntia phaeacantha$, and ~Mammillaria$ spp. are also common. This alliance occurs on lower foothills of mountains and piedmont hills and ridges at elevations from 1280-1930 m. Soils on the footslopes of hills are coarse loamy and shallow, while those on hills and ridges are clayey and shallow, covered by rocky colluvium.;LVAL2Ih+kTBRainforest community usually occurring below 400 m altitude, on yellowish-red mountain soils, with essentially monospecific 30- to 35-m tall upper canopy layer of ~Carapa guianensis$, with second and third species-rich canopy layers.Vegetation in this alliance occurs throughout the lower to middle elevations (600-1600 m) of the Great Basin and the eastern Mojave Desert, usually on mountain slopes or alluvial fans bordering intermountain basins. The climate is arid to semi-arid with precipitation ranging from 15-30 cm annually. Winter precipitation dominates in the western area, with summer rain becoming more important eastward. Soils are highly variable, but are generally coarse-textured and well-drained, and often alkaline. The vegetation is more drought-tolerant than ~Artemisia tridentata$-dominated communities and typically occurs where local climate or salty soils create high moisture stress. This alliance is characterized by a sparse to moderately dense shrub layer of ~Grayia spinosa$. Other shrub species are species of Mojavean or Great Basin affinities. Species found in southern stands include ~Menodora spinescens, Picrothamnus desertorum (= Artemisia spinescens), Ephedra nevadensis, Atriplex confertifolia, Atriplex canescens, Coleogyne ramosissima$, and ~Larrea tridentata$. Occasionally, scattered individuals of ~Yucca brevifolia$ may be emergent through the shrub layer. The herbaceous layer in these xeric southern stands is typically sparse with ~Achnatherum speciosum (= Stipa speciosa), Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii), Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Navarretia$ spp., and ~Eriogonum$ spp. being common associates. Northward, and at higher elevations, the Mojavean element drops out, and common shrub associates include ~Artemisia nova, Artemisia tridentata, Ephedra viridis, Chrysothamnus$ spp., and ~Prunus andersonii$. Herbaceous associates include ~Elymus elymoides, Poa secunda, Stipa$ spp., and ~Festuca$ spp.LVALgwE@.$zQF<epQEUEEe%%u$zQGepQResaca bottoms and other intermittently or temporarily flooded areas dominated by ~Acacia farnesiana (= Acacia minuta ssp. minuta), Parkinsonia aculeata, Mimosa pigra$, and ~Sesbania drummondii$.Tall evergreen forests of Hispaniola dominated by ~Mora abbotti$, occurring below 800 m altitude in areas with an average yearly rainfall of more than 2400 mm.Submontane forest community codominated by ~Laplacea haematoxylon$, occurring (at present) slightly above 600 m elevation in Jamaica, on dark-brown soils derived from shales or volcanic bedrocks.Tropical submontane rainforests dominated by ~Hyeronima nipensis$, on acid ferralitic soils derived from serpentine bedrocks, in eastern Cuba.Tree-fern forests of Puerto Rico, dominated by ~Cyathea arborea$ and other tree ferns, including ~Cnemidaria horrida$.This shrubland alliance is found in drainage bottoms in the Great Basin. Elevation ranges from 670-2250 m. Sites include sandy alluvial flats, plains and washes, typically are flat to undulating, and occur on all aspects. The soils are well-drained, moderately deep and coarse-textured with a sandy surface over sandy loams. Soils are derived from sandy/gravelly alluvium. Stands have a sparse woody layer dominated by the xeromorphic, deciduous, subdesert shrub ~Psorothamnus polydenius$. Other common shrubs and dwarf-shrubs present may include ~Atriplex canescens, Krascheninnikovia lanata, Tetradymia glabrata$, and occasional ~Artemisia tridentata$. The herbaceous layer ranges from sparse to possibly moderately dense, but no cover values are available. Frequent graminoids are ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Elymus elymoides$, and the exotic annual ~Bromus tectorum$. Common forbs consist of ~Phacelia$ spp., ~Abronia fragrans, Gayophytum ramosissimum, Mentzelia multiflora, Cleome lutea, Navarretia$ sp., and ~Sphaeralcea coccinea$.LVAL ?This coniferous forest alliance occurs in a very restricted range in the Klamath/Siskiyou mountain region of northern California and southern Oregon, but shows wide ecological amplitude within that range. Winters are cool and wet; summers are warm and dry. Coastal stands are usually associated with penetration of ocean fog events, and are particularly well-developed on moist toeslopes and valley bottoms of coastal river drainages. Disjunct inland stands occur at up to 2000 m elevation in the southern Cascades and inner Klamath Mountains where stands occur in moist microhabitats, often in association with streams or springs. Soils are often moist, coarse-textured, ultra-mafic soils with perched water tables derived from alluvium or colluvium. These mixed conifer forests are characterized by ~Chamaecyparis lawsoniana$ codominant in the tree canopy. ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ is codominant or common in most stands. Additional codominants include ~Tsuga heterophylla$ in northern stands and ~Picea sitchensis$ in coastal stands. Other conifers present may include ~Abies concolor, Abies magnifica, Taxus brevifolia, Picea breweriana$, and ~Chamaecyparis nootkatensis$. Northern stands often have a broad-leaved tree subcanopy of ~Acer macrophyllum, Chrysolepis chrysophylla (= Castanopsis chrysophylla), Lithocarpus densiflorus$, or ~Alnus rubra$, and a tall-shrub stratum of ~Acer circinatum, Rhododendron macrophyllum, Vaccinium parvifolium$, or ~Gaultheria shallon$. Shorter shrubs may include ~Leucothoe davisiae, Mahonia nervosa, Paxistima myrsinites, Chimaphila umbellata, Rubus ursinus, Vaccinium membranaceum$, or ~Rosa gymnocarpa$. Herbaceous layers commonly have shade-tolerant species such as ~Polystichum munitum, Clintonia uniflora, Goodyera oblongifolia, Linnaea borealis$, and ~Oxalis oregana$. The tree canopies of southern interior stands may include ~Lithocarpus densiflorus, Arbutus menziesii, Calocedrus decurrens$, and ~Umbellularia californica$. Ericaceous and other shrubs such as ~Quercus sadleriana, LVALIp jf A.2564CWestV.A.5.N.dELYMUS GLAUCUS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBlue Wild Rye Herbaceous AllianceY]]\\;   A.2563CWestIII.B.2.N.eSALIX ORESTERA SEASONALLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEGrayleaf Sierran Willow Seasonally Flooded Shrubland AllianceYO   A.2562CWestIII.B.2.N.eSALIX MELANOPSIS SEASONALLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEDusky Willow Seasonally Flooded Shrubland AllianceYQ   A.2561CWestI.A.8.N.cABIES MAGNIFICA - ABIES CONCOLOR FOREST ALLIANCECalifornia Red Fir - White Fir Forest AllianceYxxwwI   A.2560CWestI.A.8.N.bABIES CONCOLOR - PINUS LAMBERTIANA FOREST ALLIANCEWhite Fir - Sugar Pine Forest AllianceYrrqqK   ,A.256CSoutheastI.B.2.N.aROBINIA PSEUDOACACIA FOREST ALLIANCEBlack Locust Forest AllianceO@YD.J. ALLARDuji]A   A.2559CWestI.A.8.N.bPINUS PONDEROSA - CALOCEDRUS DECURRENS FOREST ALLIANCEPonderosa Pine - Incense-cedar Forest AllianceY~~}}O   A.2558CWestI.B.2.N.bQUERCUS KELLOGGII FOREST ALLIANCEBlack Oak Forest AllianceYWCSWTSS:   A.2557CWestIII.A.4.N.aARTEMISIA CANA (SSP. BOLANDERI, SSP. VISCIDULA) SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE(Bolander Silver Sagebrush, Mountain Silver Sagebrush) Shrubland Alliance~@YS. RUST, D. TART, D. SARR̳]   A.2556CWestV.A.7.N.eARTEMISIA TRIPARTITA SSP. RUPICOLA SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWyoming Threetip Sagebrush Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YG. JONESU   A.2555CWestV.A.7.N.eARTEMISIA TRIDENTATA SSP. SPICIFORMIS SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESpiked Big Sagebrush Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@ND. TART, M.S. REIDX   A.2554CWestV.A.7.N.eARTEMISIA CANA SSP. CANA SHRUB HERBACEOUQuercus vacciniifolia$, and ~Morella californica (= Myrica californica)$ dominate the shrub layer. Important herbs may include ~Xerophyllum tenax$, in addition to the species above. Diagnostic of this forest alliance is ~Chamaecyparis lawsoniana$ codominant in the tree canopy.LVALo> A.2579CWestIII.B.2.N.gSALIX FARRIAE SATURATED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEFarr's Willow Saturated Shrubland AlliaShrublands in this Chihuahuan alliance occur on upland and basin sites in southern New Mexico. Elevation ranges from 1250-1500 m. The climate is semi-arid with approximately two-thirds of the highly variable annual precipitation falling July through October. These shrublands are found on several landforms and substrates including gullied ancient river terraces. These 'badlands' were composed of decomposed rhyolite tuff and alluvium. Ground cover was 30% bare ground, 15% gravel, 5% rock, 45% litter, 2% basal vegetation, and 3% moss. This stand grades into ~Larrea tridentata$-dominated plains below and semi-desert grasslands at higher elevations. Communities in this alliance are described from sandy sites in the Tularosa Basin and Sacramento foothills, and on silty soils on upland piedmont swales. Sites are flat to moderately sloping, often with a cooler northwest aspect. There is a sparse to moderately dense short-shrub layer, dominated by the xeromorphic deciduous shrub ~Rhus microphylla$. The herbaceous layer is very sparse in some stands to luxuriant in others, and is typically dominated by perennial bunch grasses. One stand contained shrub canopy covers of 15%, 5%, and 1% for ~Rhus microphylla, Fallugia paradoxa$, and ~Parthenium incanum$, respectively, with scattered ~Nolina microcarpa, Yucca baccata$, and ~Yucca elata$. Graminoid canopy cover was sparse with 2% ~Bouteloua curtipendula$, and lesser cover of ~Aristida purpurea var. longiseta, Bouteloua eriopoda$, and ~Bouteloua hirsuta$. Forbs were also sparse with 1% canopy cover each of ~Pectis filipes$ and ~Croton$ spp., and <1% total canopy cover of 10 other forb species. Stands of ~Rhus microphylla$ have been reported with dense graminoid understories of ~Sporobolus wrightii$ or ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$, along with other sand-adapted and sand-tolerant species.LVALok-vs@ A.2590CWestI.A.8.N.fPINUS MONTICOLA SEASONALLY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEWestern White Pine Seasonally FlooThis widespread shrubland alliance has been described from badlands in the northern Great Plains, silt dunes around pluvial lakes in the Great Basin, and alluvial plains in north-central New Mexico. Sites are nearly flat to steep and are located on contouring microbenches on middle or lower slopes with generally southern aspects. The microbenches are the result of differential erosion of shale layers. Lowland sites may receive overland flow during intense summer thunderstorms, but drain and are not considered flooded. However, some sites have high water tables. Soils are generally fine-textured, poorly drained, calcareous, alkaline and saline. Soils from some sites have large amounts of rock. The soil surface is mostly bare ground often with white salt crust. Shrublands included in this alliance are dominated by ~Sarcobatus vermiculatus$. Other characteristic shrubs and dwarf-shrubs may include ~Artemisia tridentata, Atriplex canescens, Atriplex confertifolia, Chrysothamnus$ spp., ~Grayia spinosa, Gutierrezia sarothrae$, or ~Suaeda moquinii$. The herbaceous layer is absent to moderately sparse (<25%) and composed of scattered perennial grasses, such as ~Pseudoroegneria spicata, Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii), Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Sporobolus cryptandrus$, and ~Bouteloua gracilis$. Annual grasses, especially the exotics ~Bromus tectorum$ and ~Bromus japonicus$, may be present. Forbs are sparse except on disturbed, weedy sites. Forb species may include ~Eriogonum pauciflorum, Suaeda calceoliformis, Thelypodium sagittatum, Halogeton glomeratus$, and ~Lepidium perfoliatum$. Occasionally cacti, small trees or yucca may be present in New Mexican stands. Diagnostic of this alliance is the ~Sarcobatus vermiculatus$-dominated shrub layer in a shrubland that has a relatively shallow water table, but is not flooded.LVAL:L j\u A.2603CWESTV.A.5.N.gCAREX HELLERI HERBACEOUSThis alliance includes pastures and other disturbed areas, including many roadsides, dominated by ~Dichanthium annulatum$, either as the result of seeding (pasture improvement) or exotic invasion.This woodland alliance occurs in a blackland prairie landscape and occurs in deep mesic soils on level terrain, typically as relatively narrow communities adjacent to ephemeral streams.Inland saline and gypseous shrub communities characterized by ~Varilla texana$ and ~Castela erecta$.This shrubland alliance occurs in floodplains of a large river basin in the Chihuahuan Desert. It possibly occurs in sites along the lower Colorado River in California and Arizona, but more survey is need. Sites are typically upper terraces along perennial streams. Slope is level to gentle. ~Prosopis pubescens$ is able to reach deep groundwater; however, the presence of ~Distichlis spicata$ usually indicates a relatively shallow water table of less than 1.5 m. Spring floods may or may not reach individual stands every year. Soils are derived from alluvium. Some sites have moderate to high soil salinity. Vegetation included in this desert riparian alliance is characterized by a tall-shrub canopy dominated by the broad-leaved deciduous thorny shrub ~Prosopis pubescens$, which may reach heights of 10 m. Canopy cover of this species is highly variable, but typically between 30-60%. There is a sparse short-shrub layer, also composed of broad-leaved deciduous species, including ~Baccharis salicifolia, Lycium andersonii, Rhus trilobata, Suaeda suffrutescens$, and ~Pluchea sericea$. The most common species in the herbaceous layer are the perennial grasses ~Distichlis spicata$ and ~Sporobolus airoides$. There is also a component of weedy, annual forbs, many of them introduced. Diagnostic of this alliance is the dominance of ~Prosopis pubescens$ in the shrub canopy.LVALX]_LB A.2616CWESTVII.A.2.N.aPENSTEMON NEWBERRYI SPARSELCommunities dominated by a 4- to 5-m tall ~Conocarpus erectus$ tree layer, at the inner side of the mangrove belt, mostly in lagoons with concentrated saltwater.This shrubland alliance occurs in the Chihuahuan and Sonoran deserts. Sites include sandy plains, mesas, bajadas, drainage terraces and channels, floodplains and rocky slopes. Although ~Prosopis velutina$ is deep rooted, it typically occurs on sites with shallow water tables, especially along arroyos. Sites are generally flat or on gentle to moderate south-facing slopes. Substrates are generally coarse-textured, but may include gravelly clay loams. Some sites are moderately saline. Shrublands included in this alliance are dominated by the shrub/small tree ~Prosopis velutina$. ~Acacia greggii$ and~Celtis laevigata var. reticulata$ are frequent riparian scrub codominants. These shrublands often have high shrub diversity and may include ~Acacia constricta, Chilopsis linearis, Ericameria laricifolia, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Hymenoclea salsola, Isocoma tenuisecta, Juniperus monosperma, Larrea tridentata, Mimosa aculeaticarpa var. biuncifera (= Mimosa biuncifera)$, and ~Rhus$ spp. The herbaceous layer has sparse to moderate cover of medium-tall and short perennial grasses. Characteristic perennial grasses include ~Aristida$ spp., ~Bouteloua curtipendula, Bouteloua eriopoda, Dasyochloa pulchella (= Erioneuron pulchellum), Elymus elymoides, Hilaria belangeri, Muhlenbergia porteri$, and ~Sporobolus$ spp. Annual grasses are present, but have sparse cover. Forbs are also sparse, but may include species of ~Datura, Mentzelia, Polanisia$, and ~Rumex$. Succulents are often present and may include ~Agave$ spp., ~Ferocactus wislizeni, Opuntia$ spp., ~Yucca baccata$, or ~Yucca elata$ depending on geography. Diagnostic of this alliance is the dominance of ~Prosopis velutina$ in the shrub layer.LVAL`XYk D& gA.271CSoutheastI.B.2.N.aQUERCUS ALBA MONTANE FOREST ALLIANCEWhite Oak Montane Forest AllianceYD.J. ALLARD, MOD.onbA   A.27CLatin AmericaI.A.1.N.dCLUSIA PLUKENETII FOREST AThis alliance consists of sparsely vegetated saline flats in interior situations of the southeastern coastal plain.This alliance includes shrublands occurring along ephemeral, intermittently flooded streams in the southwestern United States, dominated by ~Chilopsis linearis$. Shrublands within this southwestern desert alliance occur within and along drainages that dissect bajadas, mesas and plains in the Chihuahuan, Sonoran, Colorado, Mojave and southern Great Basin deserts usually below 1600 m in elevation. Specific sites are known from western Texas, southern Nevada, southern California, and the Mexican state of Coahuila. They also occur in southern New Mexico and Arizona, and Sonora, Mexico. They are restricted by the arid climate to arroyo riparian zones and adjacent floodplains. The best examples of this community are in the lower portions of the arroyo where the streambed widens. This community is dependent on the intermittent flows/flooding of the channel to supplement soil moisture. In western Texas, these shrublands occur on cobble beds of intermittently flooded streams. These communities have a 2- to 5-m tall woody layer that is dominated by the xeromorphic, cold-deciduous shrub ~Chilopsis linearis$. Other characteristic shrubs may include ~Acacia greggii, Baccharis salicifolia (= Baccharis glutinosa), Baccharis pteronioides, Brickellia laciniata, Fallugia paradoxa, Hymenoclea monogyra, Indigofera lindheimeriana, Platanus occidentalis$, or ~Salix nigra$. The usually sparse herbaceous layer is dominated by annual grasses such as ~Bouteloua barbata$. In southern Nevada, stands are surrounded by Mojavean desertscrub dominated by ~Larrea tridentata$ or ~Coleogyne ramosissima$. In western Texas, stands are surrounded by Chihuahuan desertscrub dominated by ~Larrea tridentata$.LVAL :u A.286CMidwestI.B.2.N.dFRAXINUS PENNSYLVANICA - ULMUS AMERICANA - CELTIS (OCCIDENTALIS, LAEVIGATA) TEMPORARILY FLOODED FORETropical montane rainforests of Jamaica on limestone-derived soils, over 900 m elevation, with ~Alchornea latifolia, Solanum acropterum, Calyptronoma occidentalis, Piper discolor$, and other species.Herbaceous communities dominated by ~Carex barrattii$.This alliance is found in the transition zone between the Mojave Desert and the Great Basin in eastern California and southern Nevada at elevations from 1000-1800 m. Stands occur in areas with low topographic relief, such as ephemeral drainages and playa margins. Some sites may experience short-term flooding following precipitation or snowmelt. The affinity of this vegetation for basins and drainages may have more to do with winter cold-air drainage than soil moisture or other edaphic characteristics. Soils are generally medium-textured and often somewhat alkaline. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by a sparse to moderately dense shrub layer of ~Grayia spinosa$, usually in association with ~Lycium andersonii$ or ~Lycium pallidum$. Other shrub species include ~Atriplex canescens, Ephedra nevadensis, Krascheninnikovia lanata, Picrothamnus desertorum (= Artemisia spinescens)$, and ~Tetradymia axillaris$. The herbaceous layer is usually very sparse and is composed of perennial bunch grasses, including ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$ and ~Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii)$, with scattered forbs. Frequent perennial forbs include ~Calochortus kennedyi, Castilleja applegatei ssp. martinii (= Castilleja chromosa), Lomatium mohavense$, and ~Astragalus$ spp. Annual grasses and forbs include ~Bromus rubens, Oxytheca perfoliata, Eriogonum deflexum, Mentzelia$ spp., and ~Camissonia$ spp. Diagnostic of this desert alliance is the dominance of ~Grayia spinosa$ in the shrub layer with over 25% cover.LVAL=X- ,A.3006CEastVI.A.1.N.cSPHAGNUM CUSPIDATUM - CLADOPODIELLA FLUITANS SATURATED NONVASCULAR ALLIANCEToothed Peatmoss - Cladopodiella Moss Saturated Nonvascular AllianceZ@YL. SNEDDONe   ,A.3005CEThis widespread shrubland alliance occurs on lowland sites in plains, mountain valleys and intermountain basins throughout the arid and semi-arid western United States. Sites are generally flat, poorly drained and intermittently flooded with a shallow or perched water table often within 1 m depth such as alkali flats around playas and floodplains along stream channels. Substrates are generally shallow, calcareous, fine-textured soils derived from alluvium. Soils are alkaline and typically moderately saline. Shrublands included in this alliance are dominated or codominated by ~Sarcobatus vermiculatus$. Other shrubby codominants include ~Picrothamnus desertorum (= Artemisia spinescens), Artemisia tridentata, Atriplex confertifolia, Atriplex gardneri, Chrysothamnus$ spp., or ~Grayia spinosa$. In more saline environments, ~Nitrophila occidentalis$ and ~Suaeda moquinii$ may be present. If present, the sparse to moderate herbaceous layer is dominated by perennial grasses, such as ~Distichlis spicata$ and ~Pascopyrum smithii$, or the perennial bunch grasses ~Elymus elymoides, Hordeum jubatum, Leymus cinereus$, and ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$ will dominate. Perennial forbs are typically sparse and often include ~Grindelia squarrosa, Iva axillaris$, and ~Sphaeralcea coccinea$. Annual grasses, especially the exotic ~Bromus$ spp., may be present to abundant. Forbs are common on disturbed sites. Weedy annual forbs may include the exotics ~Descurainia$ spp., ~Helianthus annuus, Halogeton glomeratus, Lactuca serriola$, and ~Lepidium perfoliatum$. Diagnostic of this alliance is the ~Sarcobatus vermiculatus$-dominated shrub layer in a shrubland that has a relatively shallow water table and may be flooded intermittently during the growing season. G +;-XH ,A.3018CEastV.A.5.N.nACORUS CALAMUS TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESweetflag Tidal Herbaceous Alliance@!YS.L. NEIDzqp A.1057CWestIII.C.3.N.bGRAYIA SPINOSA - EPHEDRA VIRIDIS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESpiny Hop-sage - Mormon-tea Shrubland AllianceYM.S. REID}||N   A.1055CSoutheastIII.C.2.N.fZENOBIA PULVERULENTA - CYRILLA RACEMIFLORA SATURATED WOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEHoneycups - Titi Saturated Wooded Shrubland Alliance@KYM.P. SCHAFALE/A.S. WEAKLEȯn    A.1054CSoutheastIII.C.2.N.eZENOBIA PULVERULENTA - LYONIA LUCIDA - ILEX (CORIACEA, GLABRA) SATURATED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEHoneycups - Shining Fetterbush - (Big Gallberry, Little Gallberry) Saturated Shrubland Alliance@KYA.S. WEAKLEY/M.P. SCHAFAL{    A.1053CSoutheastIII.C.2.N.cJUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA - LEPTOPUS PHYLLANTHOIDES INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEEastern Red-cedar - Maidenbush Intermittently Flooded Shrubland AllianceT@KYJ. CAMPBELL/D. ZOLLNERx    A.1052CWestIII.C.2.N.aABIES LASIOCARPA - ACER GLABRUM SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESubalpine Fir - Rocky Mountain Maple Shrubland Alliance@JYK. SCHULZM   A.1050CEastIII.C.2.N.aKALMIA LATIFOLIA - GAYLUSSACIA BACCATA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEMountain Laurel - Black Huckleberry Shrubland Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYT   A.105CWestI.A.8.N.aPICEA SITCHENSIS GIANT FOREST ALLIANCESitka Spruce Giant Forest Alliance~IYM.S. REID/D. SARR~ml`>   A.1049CSoutheastIII.C.2.N.aJUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA - RHUS AROMATICA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEEastern Red-cedar - Fragrant Sumac Shrubland Alliance @HYJ.R. ALLISON/A.R. SCHOTZ/X    eA.1047CLatin AmericaIII.C.1.N.bCOLUBRINA ELLIPTICA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESoldierwood Shrubland AllianceYLACDmihhJ$   A.1046CWestIII.B.3.N.bSARCOBATUS VERMICULATUS INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBlack Greasewood Intermittently Flooded Shrubland AllianceFYK. SCHULZ\  LVAL7ERainforest vegetation dominated or codominated by ~Magnolia pallescens$, on the exposed summits and ridges of the Cordillera Central (Hispaniola), between 1100 and 1600 m elevation, on reddish or yellowish acidic montane soils.Montane rainforests dominated or codominated by ~Magnolia hamorii$ on the exposed summits of Sierra de Bahoruco Oriental (Hispaniola), between 950 and 1500 m elevation.Tropical montane rainforests dominated or codominated by ~Bonnetia cubensis$, on rather poor acid ferralitic soils, in the serpentine plateaus of eastern Cuba between 800 and 900 m elevation.This alliance, encompassing shrubland zones of calcareous glades and rocky cliffs, is a zonal component of these systems; it occupies deeper soil zones around herbaceous-dominated flatrock glades or exposed areas at the tops of cliffs. It may occur as islands in herbaceous-dominated areas or as a marginal zone varying from 5-30 m in width. Examples are known from the limestone glades of the Central Basin of Tennessee, limestone outcrops of the Alabama Cumberland Plateau, dolostone glades associated with the Cahaba River in Bibb County, Alabama, the Moulton Valley glade systems of northern Alabama, or rocky limestone cliffs in central Kentucky. Characteristic shrubs include ~Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana, Rhus aromatica var. aromatica, Frangula caroliniana, Forestiera ligustrina, Berchemia scandens, Hypericum frondosum, Sideroxylon lycioides$, and stunted individuals of ~Acer saccharum, Quercus muehlenbergii, Quercus shumardii$ (in Tennessee examples), ~Quercus austrina$ (in Bibb County, Alabama, examples), ~Fraxinus americana$, and ~Ulmus alata$. Typically grades into open, herbaceous-dominated glades or into woodlands or forests commonly dominated by ~Quercus muehlenbergii, Quercus stellata, Fraxinus americana, Fraxinus quadrangulata$, and/or ~Celtis laevigata$.rLVAL~KQo A.341CWestThis giant conifer forest alliance is found within the maritime climate-influenced region of the Pacific Northwest, from northern California to southern Alaska, usually within 50 km of tidewater and below 1000 m in elevation. Stands typically occur on coastal terraces, but extend up river valleys and seaward slopes of coastal mountains. Stands occur on moderate to steep slopes with shallow to moderately deep soils and on stabilized coastal dunes with sandy soils. Forests included of this alliance are dominated by ~Picea sitchensis$, but ~Tsuga heterophylla$ and ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ may codominate the canopy, especially at the most inland sites. Other common trees include ~Thuja plicata, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis$ in northern stands, ~Abies grandis, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana$, or ~Sequoia sempervirens$ in southern stands, and ~Pinus contorta$ on semi-stabilized dunes along the coast of Oregon and northern California. Broad-leaved trees include the shade-tolerant ~Acer macrophyllum$, which may form a sparse subcanopy in older stands, and the seral species ~Alnus rubra$ and ~Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa$ in disturbed stands. An ericaceous tall-shrub layer is common, with ~Vaccinium parvifolium$ or ~Menziesia ferruginea$ abundant at moist sites, and ~Rhododendron macrophyllum, Vaccinium ovatum$, or ~Gaultheria shallon$ more important at drier sites. ~Rubus spectabilis$ is common and persistent following disturbance, and the low-shrub ~Oplopanax horridus$ is common at very wet sites. The herbaceous layer is dominated by mesic, shade-tolerant ferns and forbs such as ~Polystichum munitum, Oxalis oregana, Maianthemum dilatatum, Blechnum spicant$, and ~Athyrium filix-femina$. Mosses and lichens are abundant on logs, snags, trees, or the ground surface. Diagnostic of this forest alliance is the presence of a giant upper tree canopy (>50 m tall) that is dominated by ~Picea sitchensis$.OLVAL7]\\6ijHumid montane rainforests of eastern Cuba forming a vegetation belt between 800 and 1600 m on mountain yellow tropical soils. Prevalent trees in these forests are ~Ocotea ekmanii$ and ~Magnolia cubensis ssp. cubensis$.These shrublands have been described from subalpine avalanche paths in mountains of Glacier National Park in northwestern Montana, but are likely throughout the northern Rocky Mountains. Elevations in northwestern Montana range from 950-2200 m. Stands are located on the lower portions of avalanche tracks and in the runout zones. Slopes range from 15-60%. These communities can occur on any aspect, but are more common where unstable snowpack conditions frequently occur, such as southeastern aspects where snow cornices develop because of prevailing northwesterly winds, and south- to southwest-facing slopes because of suncrust formation. Stands may be more common west of the Continental Divide where snowpack is heavier. Sites are often mesic because avalanche paths are often in stream gullies. Substrate is variable depending on parent materials, but is typically shallow and rocky. Vegetation is characterized by a moderately dense, woody canopy of dwarfed and damaged conifers and small, deciduous trees/shrubs. This canopy is codominated by ~Abies lasiocarpa$ and ~Acer glabrum$. Other common woody plants include ~Paxistima myrsinites, Alnus viridis ssp. sinuata, Alnus incana, Sorbus scopulina$, and on drier sites ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$. Where avalanches occur annually or more often, conifers are rare and brushy deciduous trees and shrubs are common. Where avalanches are less frequent, stands dominated by conifers less than 4 m tall develop. The herbaceous layer is moderately dense to dense and composed of a mixture of graminoids, forbs, mosses and ferns. Diagnostic of this alliance is the avalanched-disturbed, tall-shrub layer composed of dwarfed and damaged ~Abies lasiocarpa$ and ~Acer glabrum$ trees and shrubs.LVAL!1b A.3542CMidwestV.C.2.N.aMYRIOPHYLLUM SPP. PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWater-milfoil species Permanently Flooded Herbaceous AllianceYMCSThese are deciduous (actually mixed) high pocosins of the Coastal Plain of the Carolinas. This alliance is characterized by scattered ~Pinus serotina$ over dense deciduous and evergreen shrubs. Dominant shrubs include ~Zenobia pulverulenta, Cyrilla racemiflora, Lyonia lucida$, and ~Kalmia cuneata$. The deciduous component is typically the major portion of the shrub cover. It is placed in a mixed evergreen-deciduous formation because the shrubs are both deciduous and evergreen.Low pocosins of Outer Coastal Plain peat domes. ~Zenobia pulverulenta, Lyonia lucida, Ilex glabra, Ilex coriacea$, and sometimes ~Cyrilla racemiflora$ are characteristic species and usually codominant in various combinations. This alliance includes mixed evergreen-deciduous low pocosins of peat domes (ombrotrophic blanket bogs) of the Outer Coastal Plain of North Carolina. In these examples, the shrub height (0.5-2 m) is maintained primarily by extremely poor nutrient status, and secondarily by occasional fire. These typically have very scattered, stunted (less than 5 m tall) ~Pinus serotina$ (less than 10% cover). Other characteristic species include ~Ilex coriacea, Lyonia lucida$, and ~Woodwardia virginica$.This alliance includes mixed evergreen-deciduous shrublands on exposed bedrock in the highest portions of riverine scour zones. Species present include ~Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana, Leptopus phyllanthoides (= Andrachne phyllanthoides), Quercus nigra$, and ~Ilex vomitoria$. The shrub vegetation is maintained by flash flooding events. These areas are scoured by floods that reach 5 m or more above normal summer pools. This vegetation is currently defined only from the Ouachita Mountain region of eastern Oklahoma. More information is needed to better define the range of this alliance.LVALN=i(~ A.375CSoutheastI.C.2.N.aQUERCUS VIRGINIANA - QUERCUS PAGODA FOREST ALLIANCELive Oak - Cherrybark Oak Forest AllianMontane cloud forests of Hispaniola, with ~Magnolia pallescens$ and other tree species dominating the canopy, on the exposed summits and ridges of Cordillera Central, over 1700 m elevation.Montane cloud forests codominated by ~Didymopanax tremulus$ and ~Podocarpus aristulatus$, on the highlands of Hispaniola, between 1600 and 2200 m elevation.A shrubland in this alliance was described from the east-facing slope of Bishop's Cap Peak (elevation 1465 m) in southwestern New Mexico. It occurred on ledges below limestone cliffs in a habitat common in other limestone areas in the northern Chihuahuan Desert, and may occur elsewhere. Climate is arid to semi-arid with hot summers. Freezing temperatures may occur during the winter. Mean annual precipitation is approximately 28 cm. Precipitation can vary greatly from year to year with drought not uncommon. Annual precipitation has bimodal distribution with about a third of the annual precipitation occurring in late winter and two-thirds in July through October. The summer rain often occurs as high-intensity convective storms. The most arid season is late spring and early summer. The rocky, calcareous, alkaline soils are derived from limestone. The vegetation is moderately dense (50% cover), and is dominated by xeromorphic deciduous and microphyllous evergreen shrubs to 2 m tall. Stands are codominated by ~Lycium berlandieri$ and ~Larrea tridentata$ with 15% and 11% canopy cover, respectively. Other common shrubs include ~Atriplex canescens, Aloysia wrightii, Ephedra aspera, Flourensia cernua$, and ~Menodora scabra$ with 5.7%, 5.4%, 2%, 2% and 0.6% canopy cover, respectively. The herbaceous layer is usually sparse. The grass ~Muhlenbergia porteri$ and the forb ~Bahia absinthifolia$ are common perennials. Annuals are seasonally present. T;"`DJ1 A.1070CWestIV.A.1.N.aWIKSTROEMIA SPP. DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEAkia species Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSlihhC   A.107CWestI.A.8.N.aPSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII - TSUGA HETEROPHYLLA FOREST ALLIANCEDouglas-fir - Western Hemlock Forest AllianceSYD. SARRR   A.1069CWestIV.A.1.N.aVITEX ROTUNDIFOLIA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEKolokolo Kahakai Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSronnE   A.1068CWestIV.A.1.N.aSCAEVOLA CORIACEA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEDwarf Naupaka Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSnkjjD   A.1067CWestIV.A.1.N.aSADLERIA CYATHEOIDES - METROSIDEROS POLYMORPHA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEAmaumau Fern - 'Ohi'a Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSa   A.1066CWestIV.A.1.N.aOSTEOMELES ANTHYLLIDIFOLIA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE'Ulei Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSolkkM   A.1065CWestIV.A.1.N.aMETROSIDEROS POLYMORPHA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE'Ohi'a Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSmjiiJ   A.1063CSoutheastIV.A.1.N.aLEIOPHYLLUM BUXIFOLIUM DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESand-myrtle Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@RYA.S. WEAKLEY/K.D. PATTERS~rN   A.1062CEastIV.A.1.N.aHUDSONIA TOMENTOSA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWoolly Beach-heather Dwarf-shrubland Alliance\@QYA.S. WEAKLEY/L.E. MORSE~rE   A.1061CSoutheastIV.A.1.N.aCHRYSOMA PAUCIFLOSCULOSA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWoody-goldenrod Dwarf-shrubland Alliancey@PYA.S. WEAKLEYxP   A.1060CWestIV.A.1.N.aBIDENS SPP. DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBeggarticks species Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSnkjj>   A.106CWestI.A.8.N.aPSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII - LITHOCARPUS DENSIFLORUS FOREST ALLIANCEDouglas-fir - Tanoak Forest AllianceNYD. SARR{W   A.1059CWestIV.A.1.N.aARTEMISIA AUSTRALIS DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEOahu Wormwood Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSpmllF   A.1058CWestIII.C.3.N.bLYCIUM BERLANDIERI - LARREA TRIDENTATA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESilver Desert-thorn - Creosotebush Shrubland Alliance@LYK. SCHULZT  LVAL OThis forest alliance occurs in the maritime-influenced mountains of northern California and southern Oregon. This region has mild winter temperatures, hot summers, and receives winter rain followed by summer drought. Drought stress is ameliorated somewhat by fogs in coastal stands. These forests occur along low- to moderate-elevation (0-1300 m) mountain slopes and valley margins, with an increasing affinity for moist topographic positions away from the coast and southward. These forests are characterized by a tall (50 m), open canopy of ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$. Other coniferous trees that may be present in the upper tree layer include ~Sequoia sempervirens, Pinus lambertiana, Pinus ponderosa$, and ~Chamaecyparis lawsoniana$, depending upon location and stand history. The hardwood subcanopy is dominated by ~Lithocarpus densiflorus$. Other sclerophyllous or broad-leaved cold-deciduous trees. such as ~Umbellularia californica, Chrysolepis chrysophylla (= Castanopsis chrysophylla), Cornus nuttallii, Arbutus menziesii, Quercus chrysolepis$. and ~Acer macrophyllum$. may be present. The needle-leaved evergreen ~Taxus brevifolia$ may also be part of the subcanopy, particularly in moist ravines. The tall-shrub layer is usually species-rich, well-developed, and includes species such as ~Gaultheria shallon, Rhododendron occidentale, Quercus sadleriana, Vaccinium uliginosum, Vaccinium ovatum, Acer circinatum, Symphoricarpos albus, Lonicera hispidula, Toxicodendron diversilobum$, and ~Corylus cornuta var. californica$. The herbaceous layer is usually sparse and dominated by shade-tolerant forbs such as ~Achlys triphylla, Trientalis borealis ssp. latifolia (= Trientalis latifolia), Asarum caudatum, Trillium ovatum, Oxalis oregana$, and ~Maianthemum stellatum$. Common graminoids include ~Festuca occidentalis, Elymus glaucus, Bromus vulgaris, Luzula parviflora$, and ~Xerophyllum tenax$. Diagnostic of this forest alliance is an open upper tree canopy dominated by ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ with a sclerophyllous subcaLVAL ZWlP[e A.554CWestII.A.4.N.bCHAMAECYPARIS NOOTKATENSIS WOODLAND ALLIANCEAlaska Yellow-cedar Woodland AllianceYK. SCHULZtkjjE   A.553CWestII.A.4.N.bABIES CONCOLOR WOODLAND ALLIANCEWhite Fir Woodland AllianceYYD. SARRha`T9   A.552CWestII.A.4.N.bPSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII WOODLAND ALLIANCEDouglas-fir Woodland AllianceYK. SCHULZsji]@   A.551CMidwestII.A.4.N.bPICEA GLAUCA WOODLAND ALLIANCEWhite Spruce Woodland AllianceJ@YMCShedX:   A.550CWestII.A.4.N.bTSUGA MERTENSIANA WOODLAND ALLIANCEMountain Hemlock Woodland AllianceYWCSb_^^<   A.55CSoutheastI.A.4.N.aQUERCUS VIRGINIANA - (SABAL PALMETTO) FOREST ALLIANCELive Oak - (Cabbage Palmetto) Forest Alliance,YD.J. ALLARD, MOD. SCS~Q   A.549CWestII.A.4.N.bTSUGA HETEROPHYLLA WOODLAND ALLIANCEWestern Hemlock Woodland AllianceL@YK. SCHULZtkj^=   A.547CWestII.A.4.N.bPICEA SITCHENSIS WOODLAND ALLIANCESitka Spruce Woodland AllianceYWCS]ZYY;   A.546CEastII.A.4.N.bPICEA RUBENS WOODLAND ALLIANCERed Spruce Woodland Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYl`_S7   A.545CMidwestII.A.4.N.bJUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA WOODLAND ALLIANCEEastern Red-cedar Woodland Alliance@YD.J. ALLARD}rqeB   A.544CEastII.A.4.N.bTHUJA OCCIDENTALIS WOODLAND ALLIANCENorthern White-cedar Woodland Alliance@YD.J. ALLARD{poc=   -A.543CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS MONOPHYLLA - (JUNIPERUS OSTEOSPERMA) WOODLAND ALLIANCESingleleaf Pinyon - (Utah Juniper) Woodland AllianceF@YD. SARRU   ,A.542CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS LEIOPHYLLA WOODLAND ALLIANCEChihuahuan Pine Woodland AllianceYK. SCHULZrih\;   +A.541CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS JEFFREYI WOODLAND ALLIANCEJeffrey Pine Woodland Alliance,@YM. SCHINDELodcW9   *A.540CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS FLEXILIS WOODLAND ALLIANCELimber Pine Woodland Allianopy of ~Lithocarpus densiflorus$.LVALH92D A.567CWestII.A.4.N.dPICEA PUNGENS TEMPORARILY FLOODED WOODLAND ALLIANCEBlue Spruce Temporarily Flooded Woodland Alliance Pine forest with canopy dominated by ~Pinus caribaea var. caribaea$, on the ferritic soils of western Cuba (Cajlbana hills).Oak forests of west Cuba on deep, brownish-yellow soils derived from the "San Cayetano" slatey sandstone, rarely on white-sand areas.Seasonal evergreen forests of the regularly flooded alluvial plains and low, temporarily flooded basins at the edge of swamps in Cuba. This community depends upon the existence of a seasonal tropical climate with 2-4 dry months.Submontane forest community with ~Calophyllum antillanum (= Calophyllum calaba)$ and ~Calyptronoma occidentalis$, occurring between 500 and 800 m elevation in Jamaica, on yellowish-brown soils derived from limestone bedrocks.Lowland seasonal evergreen forest community dominated or codominated by ~Manilkara bidentata ssp. surinamensis$, occurring below 400 m altitude in areas of high rainfall in Puerto Rico. ~Dacryodes excelsa$ is not present in this vegetation type.Evergreen shrublands of sugar sands from southern Mississippi to Panhandle Florida, north to Georgia, and possibly to South Carolina. Most typically, this alliance occurs in coastal dune sands of the East Gulf Coastal Plain. It occupies stabilized dunes, usually strongly dominated by ~Chrysoma pauciflosculosa$, usually with a mixture of ~Conradina canescens$. Other characteristic species include ~Ceratiola ericoides, Galactia microphylla, Polygonella gracilis, Polygonella polygama (= var. polygama), Paronychia erecta$, and ~Schizachyrium maritimum$. ~Cladonia leporina$ is a typical lichen component. The ideal long-term natural successional pathway is from grasslands dominated by ~Schizachyrium maritimum$, to dwarf-shrublands dominated by ~Chrysoma pauciflosculosa$, to shrublands dominated by ~Ceratiola ericoides$; this pathway is often interrupted by hurricane events, however.LVAL.6\ j A.58CSoutheastI.A.4.N.gCLIFTONIA MONOPHYLLA SATURATELowland pine vegetation very rich in endemics, with a closed canopy strongly dominated by ~Pinus cubensis$, on deep, acidic ferritic soils.Submontane pine forests with canopy dominated by ~Pinus caribaea var. caribaea$, on slatey sandstone, in western Cuba.This alliance consists of sandy or rocky areas dominated by ~Hudsonia tomentosa$. This alliance is largely confined to maritime interdunes. This alliance occurs on well-drained sands of back dunes and interdunes, and is documented from Assateague Island; it is a maritime dwarf-shrubland characterized by ~Hudsonia tomentosa$, a species adapted to sand burial. ~Hudsonia tomentosa$ is dominant, occurring as discrete patches that may coalesce into a dense mat on older, more stabilized dunes. A number of other shrubs, such as ~Morella pensylvanica (= Myrica pensylvanica), Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Pinus taeda$ saplings, and ~Prunus maritima$, may occur but are low in abundance and cover. ~Morella pensylvanica$ shrubs and ~Pinus taeda$ saplings are almost non-existent but can occur as scattered individuals. Herbaceous vegetation is also quite sparse (less than 5% cover) but may include scattered individuals of ~Panicum amarum var. amarulum, Panicum amarum var. amarum, Solidago sempervirens, Nuttallanthus canadensis, Lechea maritima, Ammophila breviligulata, Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (= Gnaphalium obtusifolium), Schizachyrium littorale (= Schizachyrium scoparium ssp. littorale), Dichanthelium acuminatum, Oenothera humifusa, Cyperus grayi, Artemisia stelleriana, Chamaesyce polygonifolia$, and ~Diodia teres$. ~Toxicodendron radicans$ is a common vine. Scattered vines of ~Smilax rotundifolia$ and canes of ~Rubus argutus$ are occasional. The unstable substrate is influenced by wind-deposited sand and supports no soil development; large patches of sparsely vegetated or unvegetated sand are common.LVALV zT0 A.591CWestIIPlant associations in this alliance are typically located just above treeline in high mountains of the Pacific Northwest. The climate is cold with deep snow accumulations, a short growing season, and annual precipitation exceeding 150 (500) cm. Elevations typically range from 1700-2400 m in the Cascades. This alliance occurs on well-drained, moderately steep slopes. Aspects are typically southern or western in the northern Cascades, but tend to be northerly on Mount Rainier. Soils are composed of varied parent materials, but are usually young and poorly developed. Plant associations in this alliance form distinctive fell-field communities above treeline. These dwarf-shrub communities are dominated by ~Empetrum nigrum$ with a mixture of forbs and graminoids interspersed. ~Phyllodoce glanduliflora$ and ~Vaccinium scoparium$ may also occur in the shrub layer, but are usually not abundant. ~Lupinus arcticus ssp. subalpinus$ is the most characteristic forb species, and ~Carex spectabilis$ is the most abundant graminoid species. Other common herbaceous associates include ~Erigeron aureus, Pedicularis contorta, Oreostemma alpigenum (= Aster alpigenus), Solidago simplex var. spathulata (= Solidago spathulata), Festuca brachyphylla$, and ~Luzula spicata$. Adjacent vegetation is usually ~Tsuga mertensiana$- or ~Abies lasiocarpa$-dominated parklands, dry montane grasslands, wet sedge meadows, or rock and ice on higher elevation alpine slopes.Associations in this alliance occur as fairly sparse to essentially continuous mats in thin soils around high-elevation rock outcrops in the Southern Blue Ridge (largest occurrences to 1-2 hectares). This shrubland has a matted krummholz structure and occurs in northern parts of North Carolina. Dense ~Leiophyllum$ occurs also in New Jersey and North Carolina Coastal Plain, but probably only as part of woodland communities.LVAL TThis coniferous forest alliance occurs at low elevations (0-1500 m) within the maritime-influenced region of the Pacific Northwest, generally west of the Cascade Mountains. Stands are best represented on lower mountain slopes of the coastal ranges with high precipitation, long frost-free periods, and low fire frequencies. Sites include upper slope and ridgetop positions, moist, rich sites such as ravines or north-facing slopes, or in depressions, swales and east- or west-facing slopes. Slopes are gentle to moderately steep. Soil types are variable, but growth is decreased on heavy soils or soils with poor drainage. These forests are characterized by a mixed canopy of ~Tsuga heterophylla$ and ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$, often with trees exceeding 50 m in height and a complex, multi-tiered structure of multiple age classes. ~Thuja plicata$ may codominate on valley bottom sites with poorly drained soils, and ~Tsuga heterophylla$ is generally the dominant regenerating tree species. However, young stands may lack ~Tsuga heterophylla$ or ~Thuja plicata$. Other common tree associates include ~Abies grandis, Picea sitchensis, Pinus monticola$, and in southwestern Oregon ~Pinus lambertiana, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Calocedrus decurrens$, and occasionally ~Pinus ponderosa$. A subcanopy of ~Acer macrophyllum, Chrysolepis chrysophylla (= Castanopsis chrysophylla), Lithocarpus densiflorus, Umbellularia californica$, and/or ~Taxus brevifolia$ may also be present. The moderately dense shrub layer is commonly composed of ~Acer circinatum, Mahonia nervosa, Rhododendron macrophyllum, Gaultheria shallon, Holodiscus discolor, Vaccinium ovatum$, and ~Oplopanax horridus$. The herbaceous layer is dominated by shade-tolerant forbs and ferns, including ~Pteridium aquilinum, Polystichum munitum, Trientalis borealis ssp. latifolia (= Trientalis latifolia), Oxalis oregana, Achlys triphylla, Chimaphila umbellata, Linnaea borealis$, and many others. Diagnostic of this alliance is an upper tree canopy dominated by ~Tsuga heterophLVAL}UCW? A.702CWestIII.A.1.N.aMETROSIDEROS POLYMORPHA / DICRANOPTERIS LINEARIS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE'Ohi'a / Uluhe Shrubland AllianceYWCS~~]   A.700CLatin AmericaIII.A.1.N.aEUGENIA BORINQUENSIS - TABEBUIA RIGIDA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEGuayabota de Sierra - Roble de Sierra Shrubland Alliance@2YA.S. WEAKLEY\#   A.70CWestI.A.5.N.aPRITCHARDIA HILLEBRANDII FOREST ALLIANCELo'ulu Lelo Shrubland AllianceYWCSa^]]?   dA.7CLatin AmericaI.A.3.N.aCEIBA PENTANDRA - ROYSTONEA SPP. FOREST ALLIANCEKapoktree - Royal Palm species Forest Alliance@3YK. LINDSAY/B. HORWITH}O   A.699CWestIII.A.1.N.aDICRANOPTERIS LINEARIS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEUluhe Shrubland AllianceYWCS_\[[C   A.698CLatin AmericaIII.A.1.N.aDALBERGIA ECASTAPHYLLUM SHRUBLAND ALLIANCECoin-vine Shrubland AllianceNLACDnjiiM#   A.697CLatin AmericaIII.A.1.N.aCROTON LUCIDUS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEFirebush Shrubland AllianceNLACDd`__D#   A.696CLatin AmericaIII.A.1.N.aCOLUBRINA SPP. SHRUBLAND ALLIANCENakedwood species Shrubland Alliance@xNLACDyuthD#   A.695CSoutheastIII.A.1.N.aCOLUBRINA ASIATICA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEAsian Snakebark Shrubland Allianceo@3YA.S. WEAKLEYsrfD   A.694CLatin AmericaIII.A.1.N.aCLUSIA MINOR - CLUSIA CLUSIOIDES SHRUBLAND ALLIANCECupey Trepador - Cupeillo Shrubland AllianceYLACDV#   A.693CSoutheastIII.A.1.N.aCAESALPINIA BONDUC VINE-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEYellow Nicker Vine-Shrubland Alliance@wYA.S. WEAKLEY{znI   A.692CSoutheastII.C.3.N.cPINUS ELLIOTTII - TAXODIUM ASCENDENS SATURATED WOODLAND ALLIANCESlash Pine - Pond-cypress Saturated Woodland AllianceD4YA.S. WEAKLEY^   A.690CWestII.C.3.N.bPICEA SITCHENSIS - POPULUS BALSAMIFERA SSP. TRICHOCARPA SEASONALLY FLOODED WOODLAND ALLIANCESitka Spruce - Black Cottonwood Seasonally Flooylla$ and ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$.U,6V{ A.730CSoutheastIII.A.1.N.fSCHINUS TEREBINTHIFOLIUS SEASONALLY FLOODE A.1084CWestIV.A.1.N.bPHYLLODOCE GLANDULIFLORA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEYellow Mountain-heath Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@^YK. SCHULZyK   A.1083CWestIV.A.1.N.bPHYLLODOCE EMPETRIFORMIS DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEPink Mountain-heath Dwarf-shrubland Alliance2]YD. SARRwK   A.1082CWestIV.A.1.N.bERIOGONUM OVALIFOLIUM VAR. DEPRESSUM DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCECushion Wild Buckwheat Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@\YD. SARRW   A.1081CWestIV.A.1.N.bCASSIOPE MERTENSIANA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWestern Moss Heather Dwarf-shrubland Alliancek@[YD. SARRtG   A.1080CMidwestIV.A.1.N.bJUNIPERUS HORIZONTALIS DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCECreeping Juniper Dwarf-shrubland Alliance YYMCS, MOD. M.S. REIDuL   A.108CWestI.A.8.N.aPSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII GIANT FOREST ALLIANCEDouglas-fir Giant Forest AllianceWYM.S. REID/D. SARRqpdC   A.1079CWestIV.A.1.N.bARCTOSTAPHYLOS UVA-URSI DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEKinikinnick Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@VYD. SARR{znJ   A.1078CWestIV.A.1.N.bEMPETRUM NIGRUM DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBlack Crowberry Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@RYD. SARR~wvjB   A.1077CWestIV.A.1.N.bTRIBULUS CISTOIDES DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCENohu Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSfcbbE   A.1076CWestIV.A.1.N.bTETRAMOLOPIUM ROCKII DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEDune Tetramolopium Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSvsrrG   A.1075CWestIV.A.1.N.bSIDA FALLAX DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE'Ilima Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSa^]]>   A.1074CWestIV.A.1.N.bSESBANIA TOMENTOSA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE'Ohai Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSgdccE   A.1073CWestIV.A.1.N.bLIPOCHAETA SPP. DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCENehe species Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSkhggB   A.1072CWestIV.A.1.N.bCHAMAESYCE CELASTROIDES DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE`Ekoko Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSmjiiJ  LVAL7( e0. A.759CWestIII.A.2.N.cARCTOSTAPHYLOS GLAUCA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBPalm-dominated community with ~Acoelorraphe wrightii$, in the white-sand areas of Cuba.High-altitude montane pine forests with monospecific canopy of ~Pinus occidentalis$, in the central range of Hispaniola.Low-altitude pine forests of the hillsides of Isle of Pines (Cuba), dominated by ~Pinus tropicalis$ with substantial participation of ~Pinus caribaea$.These communities are typically located in the subalpine and lower alpine zones of mountains in the Pacific Northwest. The climate is cold and snowy with severe winds, snow abrasion, and a short growing season. Annual precipitation is often over 200 cm in the Cascades. These communities typically occur on droughty, exposed south-facing mountain slopes where snow blows off or melts relatively early. Elevations typically range from 1700-2400 m in the Cascades and up to 2600 m in the Rocky Mountains. Soils are composed of varied parent materials, including granitics, limestone, and basalt, but are usually skeletal and well-drained. These are dense dwarf-shrub communities strongly dominated by ~Arctostaphylos uva-ursi$, with a sparse mixture of forb and graminoid associates. In the Cascades, ~Empetrum nigrum$, another ericaceous shrub, may codominate stands. ~Minuartia obtusiloba$ is a characteristic forb associate in both Cascade and Rocky Mountain stands. Other common herbaceous associates across the range include ~Sedum lanceolatum, Achillea millefolium, Carex rupestris, Polygonum bistortoides, Festuca brachyphylla$, and ~Carex scirpoidea ssp. pseudoscirpoidea$. ~Carex spectabilis$ becomes a conspicuous graminoid associate in stands west of the Cascade crest. Adjacent vegetation is usually parkland or krummholz composed of ~Tsuga mertensiana, Pinus albicaulis, Larix lyallii$, or ~Abies lasiocarpa$, dry alpine grasslands, sedge wetlands, or bare rock and ice.LVAL XThis giant conifer forest alliance occurs in maritime climate-influenced mountains from northern California to southern British Columbia. This region has mild winter temperatures, hot summers, and receives winter rain followed by summer drought. Drought stress is ameliorated somewhat by fog events in coastal stands and by summer rains in the north. Sites include mountain slopes and valley margins, with an increasing affinity for moist topographic positions away from the coast and southward. Elevations range from 0-1300 m. These forests are characterized by a multi-tiered canopy of ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$, which is typically over 50 m in height. Other coniferous trees, such as ~Sequoia sempervirens, Abies concolor, Tsuga heterophylla, Thuja plicata, Pinus lambertiana, Pinus ponderosa$, and ~Chamaecyparis lawsoniana$, may be present in the upper tree layer, depending upon location and stand history. Common associates in the subcanopy are broad-leaved deciduous and evergreen trees, such as ~Umbellularia californica, Lithocarpus densiflorus, Chrysolepis chrysophylla (= Castanopsis chrysophylla), Cornus nuttallii, Betula papyrifera, Quercus garryana, Quercus kelloggii, Acer macrophyllum$, and ~Taxus brevifolia$. The forest understory is usually well-developed and species-rich, and can be dominated by either shrubs or a mixture of ferns and forbs. Common shrubs include ~Gaultheria shallon, Toxicodendron diversilobum, Rhododendron macrophyllum, Quercus sadleriana, Holodiscus discolor, Mahonia nervosa, Acer circinatum, Symphoricarpos albus, Lonicera hispidula$, and ~Corylus cornuta var. californica$. The herbaceous layer is usually dominated by shade-tolerant forbs and ferns, including ~Achlys triphylla, Trientalis borealis ssp. latifolia (= Trientalis latifolia), Asarum caudatum, Trillium ovatum, Oxalis oregana, Polystichum munitum, Adiantum pedatum, Maianthemum stellatum$, and many others. Common graminoid species include ~Festuca occidentalis, Elymus glaucus, Bromus vulgaris, Luzula parviflora$, and ~XLVAL+nYT.5 A.887CLatin AmericaIII.B.1.N.aLEUCAENA LEUCOCEPHALA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWhite Leadtree Shrubland AllianceNLACDqmllK#   A.886CWestIII.B.1.N.aGOSSYPIUM TOMENTOSUM SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEMa'o Shrubland AllianceYWCS\YXXA   A.885CWestIII.A.5.N.eCARNEGIA GIGANTEA WOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESaguaro Cactus Wooded Shrubland Alliance@YK. SCHULZzymE   A.884CWestIII.A.5.N.eYUCCA BREVIFOLIA WOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEJoshua Tree Wooded Shrubland AllianceG@YM. SCHINDEL, MOD. K. SCHUvuiD   A.883CWestIII.A.5.N.cPARKINSONIA MICROPHYLLA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEYellow Paloverde Shrubland Alliance@YK. SCHULZ}tsgD   A.882CWestIII.A.5.N.cPARKINSONIA FLORIDA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBlue Paloverde Shrubland Alliance@YK. SCHULZwnma@   A.881CWestIII.A.5.N.cYUCCA SCHIDIGERA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEMojave Yucca Shrubland Alliance@YM. SCHINDELtih\=   A.880CSoutheastIII.A.5.N.cOPUNTIA STRICTA - ACANTHOCEREUS TETRAGONUS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEFlorida Prickly-pear - Barbed-wire Cactus Shrubland Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEY\   A.88CSoutheastI.A.7.N.aCASUARINA (EQUISETIFOLIA, CUNNINGHAMIANA, GLAUCA) FOREST ALLIANCE(Australian-pine, Cunningham Beefwood, Brazilian Beefwood) Forest Alliance@YD.J. ALLARD]   A.879CWestIII.A.5.N.cOPUNTIA LITTORALIS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCECoastal Prickly-pear Shrubland AllianceO@YM. SCHINDEL~srf?   A.878CSoutheastIII.A.5.N.cOPUNTIA IMBRICATA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCECane Cholla Shrubland Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYznmaC   A.877CWestIII.A.5.N.cOPUNTIA BIGELOVII SHRUBLAND erophyllum tenax$. Mosses and lichens can be abundant, covering trees, logs, or the forest floor. Diagnostic of this forest alliance is a tree canopy over 50 m tall that is dominated by~Pseudotsuga menziesii$.LVAL ZThis alliance is found in the northern Great Plains and in the Great Lakes region. The dominant vegetation is dwarf-shrubs and graminoids and these often provide 80-100% canopy. Few of the plants in communities of this alliance grow taller than 1 m; many are 0.5 m or less. In the northern Great Plains, the most abundant species is the creeping shrub ~Juniperus horizontalis$. This species can cover 80% of the ground. ~Schizachyrium scoparium$ and ~Carex inops ssp. heliophila$ are typically the most abundant graminoids. In most stands these three species provide the great majority of the canopy. Other shrubs that may be present are ~Symphoricarpos occidentalis, Rosa arkansana, Rhus aromatica$, and ~Artemisia frigida$. Associated graminoids include ~Calamovilfa longifolia, Carex duriuscula (= Carex eleocharis), Carex filifolia, Elymus lanceolatus, Koeleria macrantha, Muhlenbergia cuspidata$, and ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$. Forbs are present but do not usually contribute greatly to the canopy. Common forbs are ~Pulsatilla patens ssp. multifida (= Anemone patens), Campanula rotundifolia, Dalea purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia, Galium boreale, Linum perenne, Packera plattensis (= Senecio plattensis)$, and ~Thermopsis rhombifolia$. ^This alliance is found on moderate to steep, rarely gentle, slopes. These are usually north-facing in the United States but south-facing in southern Canada. The soils are clay loams, silty loams, and sandy loams. Parent materials are siltstone, claystone, sandstone, and glacial till. ^In the Great Lakes region, on sand dunes the dwarf-shrubs form an open to closed mat layer. Dominant shrubs include ~Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Juniperus communis$, and ~Juniperus horizontalis$. ~Hudsonia tomentosa$ may also be present, along with a variety of other deciduous shrubs. On alvars the dominant shrubs are ~Juniperus horizontalis$, and/or ~Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda (= Pentaphylloides floribunda)$. Other characteristic species include ~Schizachyrium scoparium, CarexLVALX]TJ@* A.918CWestIII.B.2.N.aELAEAGNUS COMMUTATA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEAmerican Silverberry Shrubland Alliance@YMCS, MOD. M.S. REIDtsg@   A.917CWestIII.B.2.N.aCRATAEGUS DOUGLASII SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBlack Hawthorn Shrubland Alliance@YD. SARRunma@   A.916CWestIII.B.2.N.aAMELANCHIER UTAHENSIS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEUtah Serviceberry Shrubland Alliance@YD. SARRzsrfB   A.915CWestIII.B.2.N.aACER GLABRUM SHRUBLAND ALLIANCERocky Mountain Maple Shrubland Alliance@YK. SCHULZvml`9   A.914CMidwestIII.B.2.N.aBETULA OCCIDENTALIS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWater Birch Shrubland Alliance@YMCSqnmaC   A.913CWestIII.B.2.N.aAMELANCHIER ALNIFOLIA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESaskatoon Serviceberry Shrubland Alliance\@YD. SARRxwkB   A.912CMidwestIII.B.2.N.aPRUNUS PUMILA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESand Cherry Shrubland Alliance@YMCSkhg[=   A.911CSoutheastIII.B.2.N.aVITIS AESTIVALIS VINE-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESummer Grape Vine-Shrubland Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYxwkG   A.91CSoutheastI.A.8.C.xPICEA ABIES PLANTED FOREST ALLIANCENorway Spruce Planted Forest Alliance@~YM.P. SCHAFALE/A.S. WEAKLEqpd?   A.909CEastIII.B.2.N.aSMILAX SPP. - TOXICODENDRON RADICANS VINE-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEGreenbrier species - Poison-ivy Vine-Shrubland Alliance@YECSV   A.908CSoutheastIII.B.2.N.aRUBUS (ARGUTUS, TRIVIALIS) SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE(Southern Blackberry, Southern Dewberry) Shrubland Alliance@YM.J. RUSSO 2-97, MOD. M. L   A.907CSoutheastIII.B.2.N.aQUERCUS SINUATA VAR. BREVILOBA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWhite Shin Oak Shrubland AllianceI@YB. HOAGLAND~}qP richardsonii, Carex scirpoidea, Pinus banksiana, Thuja occidentalis, Danthonia spicata, Oligoneuron album (= Solidago ptarmicoides), Packera paupercula (= Senecio pauperculus), Clinopodium arkansanum (= Calamintha arkansana)$, and ~Tetraneuris herbacea (= Hymenoxys herbacea)$.LVAL>MD>  C A.930CSoutheastIII.B.2.N.bRUBUS ALLEGHENIENSIS - RUBUS CANADENSIS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEAllegheny Blackberry - Smooth BlackbeOpen pine woodlands of western Cuba, on white-sand soils and hard slate rocks, with a canopy dominated by ~Pinus tropicalis$.Palm-dominated community with ~Colpothrinax wrightii$, in the white-sand areas of Cuba.These communities are typically located in subalpine or low alpine habitats on high mountains of the Pacific Northwest, often in association with subalpine parkland. The climate is cold and snowy with annual precipitation exceeding 150 cm and a snow-free period of only 3-4 months. Elevations typically range from 1400-2500 m. These communities occur in areas of level or concave glacial topography, with late-lying snow, and subirrigation from surrounding slopes. In exceptionally wet areas, they may occur on convex slopes with better drainage. Soils are moist, but well-drained, strongly acid, and often with substantial peat layers. Some stands are found on deep deposits of volcanic ash. Within these communities ~Cassiope mertensiana$ is the dominant shrub, but ~Phyllodoce empetriformis$ is often common. ~Vaccinium deliciosum, Ledum glandulosum, Phyllodoce glanduliflora$, and ~Kalmia microphylla$ may also be shrub associates. The herbaceous layer is usually a lush mixture of forbs and graminoids, especially sedges, including, ~Erigeron$ spp., ~Luetkea pectinata, Antennaria lanata, Oreostemma alpigenum (= Aster alpigenus), Pedicularis ornithorhyncha, Castilleja parviflora, Deschampsia caespitosa, Erythronium$ spp., ~Juncus parryi, Luzula piperi, Carex spectabilis, Carex nigricans$, and ~Polygonum bistortoides$. These communities usually grade into herbaceous meadows dominated by ~Carex$ spp. at their wetter margin, and, in stands below treeline, into woodlands of ~Tsuga mertensiana, Abies lasiocarpa$, and/or ~Pinus albicaulis$ at their drier margins, and alpine fell-fields, rock, or ice on higher elevation alpine slopes.YLVALNkP QThis community occurs in hard-packed sand areas behind dunes. Characteristic species are ~Chamaesyce blodgettii (= Euphorbia blodgettii), Cassia lineata, Ambrosia hispida, Heliotropium nanum, Erithalis$, and ~Ipomoea imperati$.Monotypic stands dominated by ~Rhachicallis americana$. Occurs in extensive tidal flat areas.Mid-altitude pine woodland with essentially monospecific canopy of ~Pinus occidentalis$.This alliance occurs in southern Idaho in a semi-arid, continental region of relatively recent 'plains' volcanic activity. The area receives an average annual precipitation of 43 cm, with a peak in winter, during which most precipitation falls as snow. Temperatures are typically hot in summer and cold in winter. Communities in this alliance are early seral 'pioneer' types on barren volcanic cinders. The cinders are excessively drained and extremely hot in summer, presenting a very harsh microclimate for vascular plants. The volcanic activity necessary to generate substrate for this alliance is very limited and suitable habitat is rare. This is a very sparsely vegetated, dwarf-shrubland alliance. Total cover of all plant layers is typically less than 5% in midsummer, though cover may be higher in the spring due to the presence of annuals. The most important species is ~Eriogonum ovalifolium var. depressum$, a cespitose, evergreen dwarf-shrub, which forms mats 3-4 dm across. This species rapidly develops a deep root system (up to 1.2 m deep), allowing it to colonize the light, porous cinders. Several perennial forbs are common into July, including ~Phacelia hastata, Cryptantha interrupta, Machaeranthera canescens, Chaenactis douglasii, Stephanomeria spinosa$, and ~Stephanomeria minor (= Stephanomeria tenuifolia)$. The annuals ~Mimulus nanus$ and ~Mimulus suksdorfii$ are present during the spring and early summer before soil moisture is depleted, as are the perennials ~Allium simillimum$ and ~Lewisia rediviva$.LVAL+k,a A.951CEastIII.B.2.N.dBETULA NIGRA TEMPORARILY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCERiver Birch Temporarily FlooThis dwarf-shrubland alliance is found in alpine and subalpine parklands in high mountains of the Pacific Northwest and northern Rocky Mountains. The climate is cold and snowy with a snow-free period of only 3-4 months. Elevations typically range from 1400 m in the Olympic Mountains to over 3200 m in the mountains of southwestern Montana. These snowbed communities occur in protected, lee slope areas of level or concave glacial topography where late-lying snow and subirrigation from surrounding slopes saturates the sites. In exceptionally wet areas, sites include convex slopes with better drainage. Soils are always strongly acid, usually with substantial peat layers. These dwarf-shrublands often form part of a subalpine parkland mosaic just below the upper treeline. ~Phyllodoce empetriformis$ is the dominant shrub, but ~Cassiope mertensiana$ is usually present and often abundant. Shrub associates may include ~Vaccinium deliciosum, Vaccinium scoparium$, or ~Kalmia microphylla$. The herbaceous layer is usually a lush mixture of forbs and graminoids, especially sedges, and often includes ~Erigeron$ spp., ~Luetkea pectinata, Antennaria lanata, Sibbaldia procumbens, Pedicularis ornithorhyncha, Castilleja parviflora, Deschampsia caespitosa, Erythronium$ spp., ~Carex spectabilis, Carex nigricans, Juncus drummondii$, and ~Polygonum bistortoides$. These communities usually grade into herbaceous meadows dominated by ~Carex$ spp. at their wetter margin and into woodlands of ~Tsuga mertensiana, Abies lasiocarpa$, and/or ~Pinus albicaulis$ at their drier margins. Such changes are generally related to only minor changes in microelevation, and woodland, dwarf-shrubland, and herbaceous meadow communities may be strongly intermingled. Diagnostic of this alliance is a dwarf-shrubland layer dominated by ~Phyllodoce empetriformis$.LVAL!@? A.962CWestIII.B.2.N.dRHAMNUS ALNIFOLIA TEMPORARILY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEAlderleaf Buckthorn Temporarily Flooded ShrubA vicariant unit of the ~~Nymphoides aurea$ Permanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance (A.1969)$$, in the eutrophic water of the limestone pits of western Cuba. The differential dominant species is ~Nymphoides grayana$.Submerged or slightly emerged rooted vegetation dominated by ~Potamogeton$ spp., often forming dense communities in slow-moving eutrophic freshwaters.Free-floating freshwater vegetation formed by Lemnaceae and small water ferns, covering the surface of lakes, ponds, and slow streams.Communities dominated by species of ~Utricularia$, free-floating or partly rooted in shallow water of dystrophic or oligotrophic white-sand lakes with neutral to acidic freshwater.Permanently or semipermanently saturated herbaceous community, usually in standing or slow-moving water.Stands included in this alliance occur in alpine areas in the Washington Cascade Mountains. Elevations range from 1920-2135 m. This vegetation is found on depressions to gentle slopes with any aspect. Sites are moist areas that receive moisture from surrounding higher ground from melting snowdrifts or small streams. Some stands were found on the base of a lobe of soil formed by solifluction. Soils are poorly drained and derived from thick accumulations of pumice parent material. Mean bare ground was about 13%. Stands typically have a dense evergreen dwarf-shrub layer that is dominated by ~Phyllodoce glanduliflora$. The herbaceous layer is moderately dense to dense, and is codominated by the perennial forbs ~Oreostemma alpigenum (= Aster alpigenus), Lupinus sellulus var. lobbii$, and the perennial graminoid ~Carex spectabilis$. Other consistent species include ~Cassiope mertensiana, Potentilla flabellifolia$, and ~Antennaria lanata$. This is a relatively species-poor community.LVALA] {/A A.986CWestIII.B.2.N.eALNUS INCANA SEASONALLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESpeckled Alder Seasonally Flooded Shrubland Alliance~@YM. DAMMLMarine seagrass beds dominated by ~Limnobium laevigatum$, in shallow sublittoral zone of sandy beaches.Emergent aquatic vegetation dominated by the yellow swamp lily ~Limnocharis flava$, in the shallow eutrophic waters of slow-running rivers.Vegetation in this alliance occurs in the alpine tundra in the Rocky Mountains. The climate regime is continental, with long, cold winters and short summers with frequent afternoon thunderstorms. Strong westerly winds are common in the winter and spring. Stands are found between 3350 and 3750 m elevation. Stands are usually located on the eastern side of the Continental Divide on flat to gently sloping ridges and summits. The ridgetops are subject to extremely high winds and are blown free of snow in winter. The ground is covered with rocks that have been stabilized for a long period of time. The sites are called fell-fields and differ from talus or scree which are located on steeper slopes and are unstable and often moving. The soils are poorly developed, have little organic matter, and are classified as Inceptisols (Cryochrepts). The majority of the species are cushion- or mat-forming and spread horizontally over the ground surface to form a dense cover of foliage. ~Paronychia pulvinata, Silene acaulis, Minuartia obtusiloba$, and ~Trifolium nanum$ are the dominant species. ~Festuca brachyphylla, Geum rossii, Luzula spicata, Polygonum bistortoides$, and ~Selaginella densa$ are common vascular plant associates. The cryptogam layer has a high diversity of mainly lichen species. ~Candelariella aurella, Cornicularia aculeata$, and ~Allocetraria madreporiformis (= Dactylina madreporiformis)$ are the most common lichens, and ~Polytrichum piliferum$ is the most common moss species. Adjacent communities are often dominated by ~Carex rupestris$ or ~Polemonium viscosum$.3 h;~%S @ @ @ @ @ A.1094CEastIV.A.1.N.gVACCINIUM MACROCARPON SATURATED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCELarge Cranberry Saturated Dwarf-shrubland Alliance8@dYECSR   A.1093CWestIV.A.1.N.gMETROSIDEROS POLYMORPHA SATURATED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE'Ohi'a Saturated Dwarf-Shrubland AllianceYWCS~}}T   A.1092CEastIV.A.1.N.gCHAMAEDAPHNE CALYCULATA SATURATED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCELeatherleaf Saturated Dwarf-shrubland Alliance-eYECS/MCST   A.1091CMidwestIV.A.1.N.fCHAMAEDAPHNE CALYCULATA - (KALMIA ANGUSTIFOLIA) SEASONALLY FLOODED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCELeatherleaf - (Sheep Laurel) Seasonally Flooded Dwarf-shrubland Alliance0@dYMCSx   A.1090CSoutheastIV.A.1.N.fHYPERICUM BRACHYPHYLLUM SEASONALLY FLOODED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCECoastal Plain St. John's-wort Seasonally Flooded Dwarf-shrubland AllianceV@dYA.S. WEAKLEYĸb   A.109CWestI.A.8.N.aSEQUOIA SEMPERVIRENS - PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII FOREST ALLIANCERedwood - Douglas-fir Forest Alliance@cYJ. KAGAN, MOD. K. SCHULZyT   A.1089CWestIV.A.1.N.eCASSIOPE MERTENSIANA TEMPORARILY FLOODED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWestern Moss Heather Temporarily Flooded Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@bYM. DAMM[   A.1088CSoutheastIV.A.1.N.eHYPERICUM REDUCTUM TEMPORARILY FLOODED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEPineland St. John's-wort Temporarily Flooded Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@bYA.S. WEAKLEY^   A.1087CEastIV.A.1.N.eHUDSONIA TOMENTOSA TEMPORARILY FLOODED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWoolly Beach-heather Temporarily Flooded Dwarf-shrubland Alliance=@aYECSY   A.1086CEastIV.A.1.N.dKALMIA ANGUSTIFOLIA - LEDUM GROENLANDICUM DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESheep Laurel - Labrador-tea Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@aYECS\   A.1085CWestIV.A.1.N.cPARONYCHIA PULVINATA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCERocky Mountain Nailwort Dwarf-shrubland Alliance4@_YM. DAMMwG  LVAL 'B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!Subalpine microphyllous shrublands of Cuba.High-altitude mixed pine forests with canopy codominated by ~Pinus tropicalis, Magnolia pallescens$, and other broad-leaved tree species, on the exposed summits and ridges of Cordillera Central (Hispaniola), over 1700 m elevation.Submontane pine - oak mixed forests with canopy codominated by ~Pinus caribaea var. caribaea$ and ~Quercus oleoides ssp. sagraeana$, on the slatey sandstones of western Cuba.This alliance contains a single community of sandy beaches on the Saco River in Maine and New Hampshire. Annual early spring floods of short duration, rather than aeolian processes, maintain this community. ~Hudsonia tomentosa var. intermedia$ dominates this vegetation occurring on sandy river beaches of point bars.This alliance contains alpine and boreal dwarf-shrublands and other communities known as "boreal heathlands," characterized by a very open canopy of black spruce, generally at high elevations and on acidic bedrock. The canopy is characterized by stunted and widely spaced ~Picea mariana$, sometimes in association with ~Picea rubens, Betula papyrifera var. cordifolia (= Betula cordifolia), Sorbus americana$, and ~Abies balsamea$. The shrub layer, characterized by ericaceous species such as ~Ledum groenlandicum, Kalmia angustifolia, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Vaccinium uliginosum, Rhododendron canadense$, as well as ~Empetrum nigrum$, is generally quite dense, but may be patchy and interspersed with expanses of bare or lichen-covered bedrock. Herbaceous species, such as ~Paronychia argyrocoma (= var. albimontana)$ and ~Juncus trifidus$, are usually confined to crevices. This alliance occurs at high elevations, usually just above tree line, in Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York. It is also likely to occur in Canada.qLVALB!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!The vegetation in this alliance is found in the alpine tundra in mountain ranges of southwestern Montana. The alliance occurs in a narrow elevation band between 2800 and 2900 m on north- and east-facing slopes in snowbed habitats, or areas that accumulate snow in the winter and release snow slowly during the growing season. The vegetation is often located on solifluction lobes, which receive moisture from upslope, subsurface drainage. Consequently, soils are cold and nearly saturated for most of the growing season. Soils are derived from metamorphic and igneous rock types and are slightly acidic. Soil texture tends to be sandy clay. ~Cassiope mertensiana$ stands usually form a mosaic with ~Carex nigricans$ and ~Juncus drummondii$ snowbed communities. ~Salix arctica$ and ~Carex scirpoidea$ communities occur on adjacent unsaturated sites. ~Cassiope mertensiana$, a low-spreading, evergreen shrub, and ~Salix arctica$, a deciduous shrub, dominate the dwarf-shrub canopy. ~Carex paysonis, Carex scirpoidea, Geum rossii$, and ~Potentilla diversifolia$ are common herbaceous species that grow beneath the shrubs and in openings in the shrub canopy.Moist depressions (such as interdune swales and upland depressions in xeric sandhills) dominated by ~Hypericum reductum$. In southeastern North Carolina, examples of this alliance are found in upland depressions of extremely xeric sandhills. In these examples, ~Hypericum reductum$ dominates the shrub layer, while other scattered shrubs such as ~Lyonia mariana$ and ~Gaylussacia dumosa (= var. dumosa)$ may be present. ~Aristida stricta$ and ~Andropogon$ spp. are the dominant herbs. In this landscape, ~Aristida stricta$ is restricted to this community, apparently because of the extremely xeric conditions of the surrounding sandhills. Examples are also known from interdune swales in the Panhandle of Florida, and from limesink or karst ponds in southern Alabama.LVAL5^B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!BThis alliance currently represents seasonally flooded ponds and wet swales in the Gulf Coast Prairie and Marshes region of Texas, although this type could occur elsewhere.Forests (varying to woodland structure) of the exotic ~Casuarina equisetifolia$, generally in maritime situations, on beach sands.Pine forest plantations with ~Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis$ dominating the canopy.These giant mixed-conifer forests are restricted to the coastal fog belt in the extreme southwestern part of Oregon and northern California, with scattered sites south to the central coast. Elevations are below 500 m in elevation in Oregon and 900 m in California. Stands occupy steep slopes and ridges of coastal mountains on any aspect. In southwestern Oregon they also occur on moist toeslopes and valleys. These stands generally occur in the upper part of the coastal fog belt, inland of the very wet coastal stands of nearly pure ~Sequoia sempervirens$. Soils are shallow and well-drained. These giant conifer forests are found in the coastal fog zone of southwestern Oregon and northwestern California. The canopy of these forests is dominated by ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ and ~Sequoia sempervirens$ trees that often exceed 60 m in height. There is almost always a subcanopy of ~Lithocarpus densiflorus$, usually between 10-30 m tall, occasionally codominant with ~Umbellularia californica$. ~Lithocarpus densiflorus$ (1-70%) also dominates the shrub layer with both ~Rhododendron macrophyllum$ (2-60%) and ~Vaccinium ovatum$ (10-70%). ~Gaultheria shallon$ and ~Mahonia nervosa$ are common, and in moist pockets ~Polystichum munitum$ and ~Oxalis oregana$ can be found. In wetter northern stands, ~Polystichum munitum, Oxalis oregana$, and ~Clintonia andrewsiana$ dominate the herbaceous layer. Other forbs include ~Lotus crassifolius, Arnica cordifolia$, and ~Xerophyllum tenax$.sLVALzBB!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!This alliance consists of shrublands and low forests dominated by ~Prosopis tamaulipana$, with lesser amounts of ~Ebenopsis ebano (= Pithecellobium ebano)$. It occurs in Tamaulipas, Mexico.This alliance, found in parts of the northeastern United States, contains vegetation found in maritime dune-swale communities and mountain bogs of Central Appalachians (beyond the range of ~Chamaedaphne calyculata$), as well as cranberry bogs in Ohio. Further information is needed to characterize this alliance.This alliance, found in the Great Lakes area, is a wetland dominated by herbs and shrubs. ~Chamaedaphne calyculata$ is typically the dominant short shrub. Herbaceous species present include ~Carex oligosperma, Calamagrostis canadensis, Calamagrostis stricta, Eleocharis$ spp., ~Phalaris arundinacea, Scirpus$ spp., ~Eriocaulon aquaticum$, and ~Juncus$ spp. ~Sphagnum$ spp. are common nonvascular species. Often species with Coastal Plain affinities are present in stands of this alliance, especially south of the tension zone. ^This alliance is located along lakeshores or in depressions. It always occurs on sandy glacial lakeplains and outwash plains. Soils range from loamy sand and peaty sand to peaty muck and are strongly acid to very strongly acid. The water level fluctuates seasonally and from year to year.This alliance consists of seasonally flooded flats (characteristically interspersed with cypress domes) in central and southern peninsular Florida, and possibly southern Georgia and the Panhandle of Florida. ~Hypericum brachyphyllum$ is the dominant dwarf-shrub. The herb stratum is typically very well-developed and diverse, and includes abundant graminoid species, especially ~Rhynchospora$ spp., ~Scleria$ spp., and ~Fuirena$ spp. Additional associates include ~Andropogon capillipes, Amphicarpum muehlenbergianum, Panicum hemitomon, Panicum verrucosum, Eupatorium leptophyllum$, and ~Xyris$ sp.LVAL                                                           This alliance is found in the northern regions of the midwestern and northeastern United States as well as many regions of Canada in what are typically referred to as 'bogs.' In the peatlands of North Carolina, some elements are part of the pocosin landscape. The ground layer is dominated by ericaceous dwarf-shrubs (>25%). In the north, scattered and stunted (less than 10 m tall) ~Picea mariana$ and ~Larix laricina$ may be present, but tree cover is less than 25%. The ground layer is dominated by ~Chamaedaphne calyculata$, with ~Kalmia polifolia$ and ~Andromeda polifolia var. glaucophylla (= Andromeda glaucophylla)$ typical associates in sub-boreal and boreal regions. Other characteristic species in these regions are ~Drosera rotundifolia$ and ~Sarracenia purpurea$. The ground layer has a continuous mat of sphagnum mosses, usually dominated by ~Sphagnum magellanicum, Sphagnum fuscum$, or ~Sphagnum angustifolium$. In the southern portion of the range, vegetation of this alliance is found in mucky peat-burns or other openings which form a mosaic with various shrublands (e.g., ~Cyrilla racemiflora - Zenobia pulverulenta$ Shrubland) in low, medium, or high pocosins (including ombrotrophic blanket bogs) of the outer Coastal Plain of North Carolina. Other characteristic species include ~Eriophorum virginicum, Calamovilfa brevipilis, Carex striata var. striata, Utricularia subulata, Lysimachia asperulifolia, Peltandra virginica, Vaccinium macrocarpon, Rhynchospora alba, Polygala brevifolia$, and ~Nymphaea odorata$. Stands of this alliance occur both in areas that are truly ombrotrophic (receiving nutrients from rainfall only), with pH <4.2, and areas that are somewhat influenced by groundwater. In the north, this alliance often develops in areas on ~Picea mariana$ bogs that become too wet to support black spruce.wLVAL,This alliance includes stands of ~Phyllostachys aurea$ which have either been planted or naturalized. These stands occur in upland settings on a variety of soil types.Vegetation within this alliance is associated with moist subalpine and alpine meadows, snowbeds, lake margins, and other low-gradient depressions of the northern Rockies and Pacific mountain ranges from 1600-4000 m in elevation. These habitats are cold and snowy, with snowfields lingering into June or later. Soils are frigid, derived from bedrock or aggraded alluvium, usually high in organic matter, and strongly acid. These communities are often associated with hummocky topography, which provides a juxtaposition of saturated and somewhat drained microhabitats. Water tables are often at or near the surface for much of the growing season and organic decomposition is slow. A dominant dwarf-shrub layer of ~Kalmia microphylla$ typifies these communities. Other ericaceous shrubs, including ~Phyllodoce empetriformis, Phyllodoce breweri, Ledum glandulosum$, and ~Vaccinium$ spp., are common associates. Dwarf ~Salix$ spp. may also be present. The herbaceous layer is typically dominated by graminoids, of which Carices usually predominate. ~Carex scopulorum, Carex aquatilis, Carex canescens$, and ~Carex pellita (= Carex lanuginosa)$ are especially common. Grasses, such as ~Deschampsia caespitosa, Danthonia intermedia$, and ~Phleum alpinum$, may also be locally abundant. Mesic forbs are usually scattered through the graminoid matrix, including ~Symphyotrichum spathulatum (= Aster occidentalis), Pedicularis groenlandica, Caltha leptosepala, Gentiana$ spp., ~Dodecatheon$ spp., and ~Epilobium$ spp. Adjacent vegetation types are typically subalpine coniferous forests dominated by ~Abies, Tsuga$, or ~Picea$ spp., wet ~Carex$ meadows, wet heaths dominated by ~Cassiope mertensiana$ and/or ~Phyllodoce empetriformis$, or alpine fell-fields.LVAL 0?k jaXp`aXpForests on montane slopes dominated by ~Prestoea acuminata var. montana (= Prestoea montana)$.Laurel forests of montane situations in the Lesser Antilles. The concept and name may need some modification with additional information from more islands.Old fields and waste areas colonized by ~Albizia julibrissin$ with dense to rather sparse cover. Stands are mostly 3-7 m tall.Plantations of ~Taxodium distichum$, grown for timber.Plantations of ~Populus deltoides$, grown for hardwood pulp for the manufacture of paper products.Plantations of ~Platanus occidentalis$, grown for hardwood pulp for the manufacture of paper products.Stands of this alliance are dominated by ~Cyrilla racemiflora$ and ~Micropholis$ spp.Plantations of ~Liquidambar styraciflua$, grown for hardwood pulp for the manufacture of paper products.Vegetation in this alliance occurs in the upper reaches of artificial impoundments, as well as in slow-moving water of streams in the Coastal Plain, and is dominated by monospecific stands of ~Alternanthera philoxeroides$, an exotic species.This dwarf-shrubland occurs on slopes and ridges in the subalpine regions of California. It is generally present in the zone between meadow and forest, growing on gravelly, carbonate-rich soils. Elevations range from 2000-3100 m. The nominal species' growth occurs mainly early to mid summer, with flowering in late summer. The species is dormant in the fall, winter, and early spring due to cold. ~Artemisia rothrockii$ is the sole or dominant shrub in the canopy. Other shrubs present may include ~Ericameria discoidea, Ericameria suffruticosa, Penstemon heterodoxus$, and ~Monardella odoratissima$. Emergent conifers, such as ~Pinus balfouriana, Pinus contorta var. murrayana$, and ~Pinus albicaulis$, may be present.JLVALy\^ @ @ @ @ @ Saturated wetland of the New Jersey pine barrens. ~Calamovilfa brevipilis$ dominates this vegetation; scattered shrubs are most commonly ~Gaylussacia dumosa$, but other associated shrubs include ~Gaylussacia baccata, Lyonia mariana, Kalmia angustifolia$.Mixed hemlock - hardwood forest occurring along stream drainages and in wetland / upland ecotonal areas.Forests at low elevations in the north-central and northwestern limestone karst hills of Puerto Rico. Forest dominated by ~Clusia rosea$ and ~Manilkara bidentata ssp. surinamensis$.Palm forests of the Lesser Antilles dominated by ~Syagrus amara$.This alliance includes both upland sites and alluvial, streamside stands. Stands are found on all aspects and slopes as well as raised stream terraces and benches. Stands usually occur on soils derived from sandstone or schist. Stands are found between 10 and 600 m, and grow in areas which are inundated during the summers with coastal fog. Winters are quite wet, with precipitation averaging more than 150 cm/year. Nearly all the rain falls between November and May, though fog drip continues to provide moisture through the otherwise dry summer months. Stands of this alliance are characterized by ~Sequoia sempervirens$, which is an important or dominant species in the canopy. Other trees present may include ~Acer macrophyllum, Arbutus menziesii, Umbellularia californica, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Abies grandis, Lithocarpus densiflorus$, and ~Tsuga heterophylla$. On deeper, moister soils, redwood is the only canopy tree; on steeper slopes with shallower soils, redwood shares the canopy with other trees. Shrubs and forbs may be infrequent or common, and can include ~Vaccinium ovatum, Pteridium aquilinum, Polypodium californicum, Woodwardia fimbriata, Vicia sativa ssp. nigra, Blechnum spicant, Iris douglasiana, Mahonia nervosa, Marah fabaceus, Oxalis oregana, Carex globosa, Gaultheria shallon, Polystichum munitum$, and ~Trillium ovatum$.LVALx{                                                              This community type occurs as a distinct zone along fresh reaches of tidal rivers in the Coastal Plain. ~Nelumbo lutea$ forms a thin band of vegetation along the river in water that is 2-3 m deep at low tide.This alliance accommodates tidally flooded ~Taxodium distichum$ forests.This alliance includes forests dominated by naturalized ~Pinus thunbergiana$ and occurring in the northeastern coastal region and likely beyond.Floodplain forest of smaller rivers and headwaters.This sparse, desert sand dune alliance occurs on active to partially stabilized desert sand dunes in the northern Sonoran Desert, between 88 and 305 m (290-1000 feet) elevation. ~Ambrosia dumosa$ and ~Pleuraphis rigida (= Hilaria rigida)$ codominate, though a number of other dune-adapted, shrubby perennial plants may occur. Occasionally common are ~Ephedra trifurca, Croton californicus, Croton wigginsii, Eriogonum deserticola$, and ~Psorothamnus emoryi$.A semi-evergreen dwarf desert shrubland on gypsum-influenced soils of the Trans-Pecos in western Texas, with ~Tiquilia hispidissima (= Coldenia hispidissima)$ as a constant component. ~Anulocaulis gypsogenus, Artemisia filifolia, Bouteloua breviseta, Bouteloua trifida, Ephedra torreyana, Gaillardia multiceps, Krameria lanceolata, Mentzelia humilis, Mentzelia humilis, Nama carnosum, Nerisyrenia linearifolia, Sartwellia flaveriae, Selinocarpus$ spp., ~Sporobolus airoides, Sporobolus nealleyi, Thelesperma megapotamicum, Yucca elata, Yucca torreyi$, along with several cactus species, are typical associates. Substrate ranges from wind-blown gypsum dunes to nearly bare gyp deposits, and plant species composition varies accordingly. These shrublands occur within a matrix of xeromorphic shrubland and may form landscape mosaics with other gyp-tolerant associations in alternately wet and dry habitats.LVAL kStands included in this dwarf-shrubland alliance are found on the Colorado Plateau and in southeastern Colorado. Sites include gentle to moderately steep shale hillslopes and mesas in Arizona and breaks and shale plains in the shortgrass steppe west to the foothills near the Colorado Front Range. Soils are typically shallow, well-drained, calcareous loams, clay loams, and clays derived from limestone, sandstone, shale and alluvium. The soil surface has high cover of bare soil and rock. The vegetation is characterized by a sparse to moderately dense dwarf-shrub layer that is dominated or codominated by ~Artemisia bigelovii$. Dwarf-shrub associates from the shortgrass steppe include ~Yucca glauca, Krascheninnikovia lanata, Frankenia jamesii$, and ~Glossopetalon spinescens var. meionandrum$, which may be present to codominant. On the Colorado Plateau, stands may be codominated by ~Ephedra$ spp., ~Eriogonum corymbosum, Parryella filifolia$, or ~Purshia stansburiana$. ~Gutierrezia sarothrae$ and species of ~Atriplex$ and ~Yucca$ are common in most stands. Scattered ~Juniperus$ spp. trees are occasionally present. A sparse to moderate graminoid layer is usually present. Dominant grasses include ~Aristida purpurea, Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Bouteloua gracilis, Hesperostipa neomexicana (= Stipa neomexicana), Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii), Sporobolus cryptandrus$, or less commonly ~Pascopyrum smithii$. On the Colorado Plateau forbs are generally sparse. However, cushion plants are common on shortgrass steppe slopes. Other forbs, such as ~Astragalus missouriensis, Heterotheca villosa, Melampodium cinereum, Picradeniopsis oppositifolia, Stanleya pinnata$, and ~Zinnia grandiflora$, are usually present. Exotic annuals, such as ~Bromus japonicus, Bromus tectorum, Salsola kali$, and ~Descurainia sophia$, may be present to common depending on disturbance, and amount and season of precipitation. Diagnostic of this alliance is the ~Artemisia bigelovii$-dominated or codominated dwarf-LVAL @@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@@@@ `WZXW{ZXX{ZXY{ZXZ{ZX[{ZX\{ZX]{ ZX^|ZX_|ZY|ZYV|ZYW|ZYX|ZYY|ZYZ|ZY[|ZY\| ZY]}ZY_}ZZ}ZZW}ZZY}ZZZ}ZZ[}ZZ\}ZZ]}Z[} Z[V~Z[W~Z[X~Z[Y~Z[[~Z[\~Z[]~Z[^~Z[_~Z\~ Z\VZ\WZ\YZ\[Z\\Z\]Z\^Z\_Z]Z]V Z]WZ]XZ]YZ]ZZ][Z]\Z]]Z]^Z]_Z^ Z^V Z^WZ^YZ^ZZ^[Z^]Z^^Z^_Z_Z_WZ_X Z_Y Z_\ Z__[[V[VV[VW[VX[V[[V\[W[W] [W_ [X [XV [XW[XX[XY[XZ[X[[X\[X][X^[X_[Y [YV [YW[YX[YY[YZ[Y[[Y\[Y][Y^[Y_[Z [ZV [ZW [ZX [ZY[Z[[Z\[Z^[Z_[[[[V[[W[[X[[Y [[Z [[][\[\W[\X[\Y[\[[\\[\][\^[] []V []W[]Y[]Z[][[]\[]][]^[]_[^[^V [^W [^X [^Y [^Z[^[[^\[^][^^[^_[_[_V[_W[_X [_Y [_^ [__ \ \V \VV \VW \VX \VY \VZ \V[ \V\ \V] \V^ \V_ \W \WV \WW \WY \WZ \W[ \W] \W_ \X \XV \XW \XY \XZ \X[ \X\ \X] \X^ \X_ \Y \YV \YW \YX \YY \YZ \Y[ \Y\ \Y] \Y^ \Y_ \Z \ZV \ZW \ZX \ZY \ZZ \Z[ \Z\ \Z] \Z^ \Z_ \[ \[V \[W \[X \[Y \[Z \[[ \[] \[_ \\ \\V \\W \\X \\Y\\Z\\[\\\\\]\\^shrub layer.LVAL" @ @ @ @@ @ @ @@  @ @ @ @@ @ @ @ Freshwater swamps associated with rivers, dominated by ~Pterocarpus officinalis$.This minor alliance includes dwarf-shrublands scattered across the interior western U.S. Stands occur on plateaus, plains, mesas, hillslopes, alkaline flats around playas and along drainages. Some habitats are intermittently flooded wetlands. Sites are typically flat to gently sloping occurring on any aspect, but stands have also been reported from moderately steep slopes. Soils are calcareous, moderately alkaline and sometimes saline. Soil texture is typically stony, sandy loam, but may be coarser textured. The ground cover is mostly bare soil. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by a sparse to moderately dense dwarf-shrub layer dominated by ~Krascheninnikovia lanata$. Other woody species may include scattered ~Artemisia frigida, Artemisia nova, Artemisia tridentata, Chrysothamnus$ spp., ~Gutierrezia sarothrae, Opuntia polyacantha, Rhus trilobata$, and ~Yucca glauca$. In the Mojave Desert ~Larrea tridentata, Lycium andersonii, Ambrosia dumosa$, and ~Atriplex polycarpa$ may also be present. The herbaceous layer has sparse to moderately dense cover dominated by graminoids with scattered perennial forbs. Graminoids, such as ~Poa secunda, Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata), Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii), Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$, and ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$, are most abundant. Perennial forbs may include ~Phlox hoodii, Sphaeralcea coccinea, Sphaeralcea munroana, Achillea millefolium, Astragalus purshii, Calochortus macrocarpus$, and ~Erigeron$ spp. Annuals may be seasonally present to abundant depending on precipitation and disturbance. Exotic annuals can be abundant. Diagnostic of this alliance is the ~Krascheninnikovia lanata$-dominated dwarf-shrub canopy with over 25% cover.bLVALn @@@@@@@@@  Associations within this alliance occur at intermediate elevations (1500-2500 m) in the Intermountain and Rocky Mountain West, a region of semi-arid, continental climate regime. Soils are typically young, shallow, coarse-textured, and often derived from calcareous parent materials. ~Artemisia nova$ associations occur on well-drained slopes and ridges and often grow with other ~Artemisia$ associations on deeper soils. In the Columbia River Basin, the vegetation in this alliance occupies the driest habitats of all the ~Artemisia$-dominated alliances. This alliance is characterized by the dominance of the dwarf-shrub ~Artemisia nova$, which must contribute at least 40% of the total shrub cover in any stand, and by cover of perennial graminoids that is typically less than 20%. Associated shrub species that occur in stands of this alliance include ~Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus, Atriplex confertifolia, Artemisia tridentata, Artemisia arbuscula, Artemisia cana, Symphoricarpos oreophilus, Grayia spinosa, Purshia tridentata$, and ~Gutierrezia sarothrae$. The ground layer is dominated by perennial bunch grasses which may exceed the height of the shrubs, but typically have <20% total cover. Recurrent species include ~Pseudoroegneria spicata, Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Achnatherum speciosum (= Stipa speciosa), Achnatherum thurberianum (= Stipa thurberiana), Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata), Elymus elymoides, Poa secunda$, and ~Koeleria macrantha$. In southern stands, ~Bouteloua gracilis$ and ~Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii)$ may also be important. Common forbs include ~Balsamorhiza sagittata, Senecio integerrimus, Packera multilobata (= Senecio multilobatus), Stenotus armerioides, Heterotheca villosa, Phlox hoodii, Sphaeralcea coccinea$, and ~Castilleja angustifolia$. At the edges of intermountain basins, this alliance is usually contiguous with ~Atriplex confertifolia$ shrublands.mLVALk'@  @ @@ @@ @@ @@ @@Semi-deciduous forests of Martinique (and possibly of wider occurrence in the Lesser Antilles), with a mixture of drought-deciduous and evergreen species in the canopy.Seasonal forests of Martinique, at elevations of 10-500 m, formerly occupying large portions of the island.Wetland short forests (generally 3-8 m tall), dominated by ~Thespesia populnea$, typically associated with mangroves, often adjoining them on the inland side, and generally not tidally flooded, except by storm floods.These communities occur in relatively dry areas of the sagebrush desert of Nevada (and probably Utah), from 1200-1800 m in elevation. Precipitation averages 15-20 cm annually, with a significant proportion arriving as snow. Growing-season drought is characteristic. Soils are usually shallow and often unique, including Green River Shale, heavy clays, or calcareous outcrops or gravels. These communities often harbor regionally rare plant species. This alliance is characterized by a sparse dwarf-shrub layer of ~Artemisia pygmaea$, with other shrubs scattered through the stands. Only one association is presently described for this alliance, from central Nevada. In addition to ~Artemisia pygmaea$, that association included ~Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus, Atriplex confertifolia, Ephedra nevadensis$, and ~Artemisia nova$ in the shrub layer. According to the authors, none of these associated shrubs are constant or characteristic of these communities. A sparse graminoid layer was usually present, including ~Elymus elymoides$ and ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$. Forbs include ~Sphaeralcea coccinea, Eriogonum caespitosum$, and ~Astragalus$ spp. Adjacent vegetation types are most often dominated by ~Artemisia nova$, which often forms the vegetation matrix surrounding these unique communities. Other contiguous vegetation types include ~Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus$ or ~Atriplex confertifolia$ shrublands.LVALoTC}l[J9(~m\K:)p_N#R!b0WA.20H19This alliance is dominated by ~Magnolia virginiana$ and ~Nyssa$ spp. Known vegetation in this alliance is dominated by ~Magnolia virginiana$ and tall, straight ~Nyssa ogeche$.This minor dwarf-shrubland alliance occurs in portions of the Snake and Imnaha river canyons in Idaho and eastern Oregon and Washington. Precipitation primarily occurs in the winter as snow or rain. This moisture is stored in the soil profile and utilized during the typically dry summers. Stands are typically found on highly weathered basalt outcrops in the canyons. Sites are very hot and dry, occurring on moderate to steep slopes with southern or western aspects. Soils are very shallow, coarse-textured, and well-drained with a high percentage of rock fragments. The soil surface has a high cover of pea-sized gravel and sand with cobbles. Parent material is colluvium and residuum derived from a unique, highly fractured, hydrothermally altered basalt lava. Chemically, this substrate is alkaline with low organic matter and high cation-exchange capacity of calcium and soluble sodium. Vegetation included in this alliance has a sparse woody layer that is dominated by the dwarf-shrub ~Eriogonum microthecum$. Some stands may have ~Eriogonum strictum$ instead of, or in addition to, ~Eriogonum microthecum$. The herbaceous layer is also sparse and composed of a relatively even mixture of forbs and grasses. Other characteristic species include forbs, such as ~Physaria oregona, Achillea millefolium, Chaenactis douglasii, Erysimum capitatum (= Erysimum asperum), Oenothera caespitosa, Phacelia heterophylla, Polygonum douglasii$, and the grass ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$. Moss and lichen are nearly absent, likely because of the instability of the slopes. Exotic species, namely ~Bromus tectorum$, often make up a significant portion of the vegetation cover in these stands.LVAL@k2wE[K;+P^#T `A.3552H1999-03-22A.1855duplicate recordM.J. Russo>4?A.3549H1999-02-01ATropical forests dominated by ~Dacryodes excelsa$ and ~Sloanea berteriana$, in Puerto Rico.This alliance occurs in the northern Chihuahuan Desert and Colorado Plateau from western Texas, south-central and northwestern New Mexico, and northeastern Arizona. Climate is semi-arid to arid. Elevation ranges from 1530-1830 m. Stands are known from valley bottoms, alluvial flats, lower to upper hillslopes, often in a 'badlands' landscape. Soils are generally shallow, poorly developed, and alkaline. Textures range from fine sandy loam to silty clay loam and clay in New Mexico and Arizona. In western Texas, substrates are silt loams and clay soils that may be saline or gypseous. Parent materials include alluvium and colluvium derived from igneous or sedimentary materials such as basalt, shale, and clay. There is high cover of bare soil. Typically, areas have been severely degraded by erosion. The vegetation is characterized by a sparse to locally moderately dense dwarf-shrub layer (10-60% cover) that is dominated or codominated by ~Atriplex obovata$. Shrub associates may include scattered ~Atriplex confertifolia, Ericameria nauseosa, Isocoma drummondii, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana, Opuntia$ spp., or ~Suaeda$ spp. The herbaceous layer ranges from moderately dense to absent, and is usually dominated by perennial grasses such as ~Sporobolus airoides$. Other associated species may include ~Achnatherum hymenoides, Sporobolus cryptandrus, Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii), Bouteloua gracilis, Elymus elymoides$, and the scattered cacti ~Opuntia polyacantha$ and ~Opuntia imbricata$. Where this alliance is known to occur in Texas, ~Suaeda mexicana$ and ~Coryphantha ramillosa$ are often present, and after rains, annuals such as ~Tidestromia carnosa$ may be locally abundant.lLVALN'~sc2ZJPa0nrbRB2"xhA.476HA.475Tropical submontane forests dominated by ~Dacryodes excelsa, Sloanea massonii, Talauma dodecapetala, Licania ternatensis$, and other few species, in the Lesser Antilles.Seasonally saturated "pineyards" of the Bahamas, on limestone rocks, with essentially monospecific canopy of ~Pinus caribaea var. bahamensis$.Plantation forests (generally with a rather open canopy) of the exotic ~Cocos nucifera$, generally occurring in maritime situations, such as beach sands.Shrublands in this alliance are found on lower hillslopes and alkaline flats on Colorado Plateau portions of northwestern New Mexico, western Colorado and Utah. Climate is semi-arid with most of the highly variable precipitation falling in July and August as high-intensity thunderstorms. Mean annual precipitation is approximately 23 cm. Elevation ranges from 1300-1820 m. Sites are nearly flat to moderately steep, and have soils typically derived from Mancos Shale. Soils are moderately deep, strongly saline, moderately alkaline, fine-textured (clayey), poorly developed and typically have high erosion rates. Stands have very sparse to moderate cover (5-30%) of woody vegetation that is dominated by the halophytic, evergreen dwarf-shrub ~Atriplex corrugata$. Sparse stands are often completely dominated by this plant. Stands typically have very low species diversity. Depending on soil salinity and moisture, other plants may be present, including the shrubs ~Tetradymia spinosa, Picrothamnus desertorum (= Artemisia spinescens)$, and ~Krascheninnikovia lanata$. The herbaceous layer is very sparse. Scattered perennial forbs, such as ~Xylorhiza glabriuscula$ and ~Sphaeralcea grossulariifolia$, and the perennial grass ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$ have been reported. Annuals are seasonally present and may include ~Eriogonum inflatum, Plantago tweedyi$, and the exotics ~Bromus tectorum, Malcolmia africana$, and ~Salsola kali$.LVAL sThis giant forest alliance occurs within the maritime-influenced region of the Pacific Northwest from Oregon to British Columbia, Canada, primarily west of the crest of the Cascades and outside major coastal fog influence. Climate is moderate with only mild drought and frost, generally on sites which are moist to very wet. Elevation ranges from sea level to approximately 1000 m. Soil types are variable across its range, but most commonly with fine-textured, bottomland soils, usually with low nutrient concentrations. ~Thuja plicata$ trees appear to be quite tolerant of stagnant winter water tables. These forests are characterized by a multi-tiered tree canopy of ~Thuja plicata$ that is typically codominated by ~Tsuga heterophylla$ and over 50 m in height. ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ and ~Abies grandis$ may also be present. With increasing stand age, ~Thuja plicata$ becomes more prominent in the canopy. Most commonly the canopy includes other tree species, but can become monotypic on swampy sites. Broad-leaved cold-deciduous trees, such ~Acer macrophyllum, Alnus rubra, Cornus nuttallii$, and ~Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa$, often form a sparse subcanopy, particularly in gaps in the upper canopy. In southern Oregon stands, additional subcanopy tree species may include ~Chrysolepis chrysophylla (= Castanopsis chrysophylla), Arbutus menziesii$, and ~Lithocarpus densiflorus$. The shrub layer is commonly composed of ~Linnaea borealis, Gaultheria shallon, Rhododendron macrophyllum$, and ~Mahonia nervosa$. The herbaceous layer is usually dominated by shade-tolerant / moisture-loving forbs and ferns such as ~Achlys triphylla, Oxalis oregana, Viola sempervirens, Trillium ovatum, Trientalis borealis ssp. latifolia (= Trientalis latifolia), Polystichum munitum, Blechnum spicant$, and ~Athyrium filix-femina$. Late successional stands typically have very large trees, huge amounts of woody debris, and better developed understories. Diagnostic of this forest alliance is a tree canopy over 50 m tall that is codoLVAL@ f9m9s9x9{9ated (usually essentially monospecific) by ~Caesalpinia bonduc$, occurring in subtropical and tropical areas. This vegetation is generally the result of natural or human disturbance.Stands are dominated by ~Bucida buceras$, with ~Savia sessiliflora, Krugiodendron ferreum$.This alliance consists of mesquite woodlands (usually with open canopy, but sometimes with an essentially closed canopy), dominated by ~Prosopis glandulosa$.These heath dwarf-shrublands are found in the subalpine meadows in the Cascade Mountains in northwestern Washington. Elevations range from 1460-1920 m. Climate is maritime-influenced with deep snowpacks. Stands occur in nearly level basins to very steep slopes (over 100%) on hills and ridges. Sites are moist to mesic, and are typically near where snow accumulates or on poorly drained substrates. Aspects are generally cool, and stands do not occur on south- or west-facing slopes. Soils are variable. Stands have a dense dwarf-shrub layer that is dominated or codominated by the cold-deciduous dwarf-shrub ~Vaccinium deliciosum$. ~Vaccinium membranaceum$ or ~Phyllodoce empetriformis$ codominates some of these stands. Other common woody plants include ~Cassiope mertensiana$ and ~Luetkea pectinata$. The relatively sparse herbaceous layer is dominated by perennial forbs, including ~Antennaria lanata, Castilleja parviflora, Erythronium montanum, Ligusticum grayi, Lupinus latifolius, Pedicularis$ spp., ~Polygonum bistortoides, Potentilla flabellifolia, Valeriana sitchensis$, and ~Veronica cusickii$. Sparse graminoid cover of ~Carex nigricans, Carex spectabilis$ or ~Festuca viridula$ is often present. Nonvascular plants, such as mosses and lichens, are common and may have high cover. Total vegeminated by ~Thuja plicata$.kLVALdy@AThis alliance consists of small to large tidal flats dominated by ~Batis maritima$, typically with saltwater-tidal irregularly flooded hydrology. Other species can include ~Sarcocornia perennis, Sporobolus virginicus, Borrichia frutescens, Suaeda linearis, Lycium carolinianum, Spartina spartinae, Monanthochloe littoralis, Sesuvium portulacastrum$, and ~Blutaparon vermiculare$. This alliance occurs especially in salt panne situations, where tidal saltwater evaporates, augmenting salinity. This is a subtropical alliance, which ranges northwards into the warmest portions of the temperate southeastern United States. Its occurrence in the South Atlantic Coastal Plain is uncertain. This community may occur in areas up to at least 100 hectares.This dwarf-shrubland alliance occurs in western Colorado and eastern Utah, Wyoming and Montana on mesas, plateaus, plains, low hills and eroded 'badlands.' Sites are nearly flat to moderately steep with moderately deep to deep, usually saline, alkaline soils. Soils are typically fine-textured and often have high erosion rates because of poor infiltration and high runoff. The soil surface is often mostly barren. Stands have a very sparse to moderately dense cover of dwarf-shrubs that is dominated by ~Atriplex gardneri$. ~Picrothamnus desertorum (= Artemisia spinescens)$ and ~Artemisia tridentata$ are codominants in some stands. Other shrubs and dwarf-shrubs may include ~Atriplex$ spp., ~Krascheninnikovia lanata, Sarcobatus vermiculatus, Suaeda$ spp., and ~Tetradymia spinosa$. The herbaceous layer, if present, may be dominated by graminoids or forbs. Common species include ~Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii), Leymus salinus, Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Pascopyrum smithii, Eriogonum pauciflorum, Xylorhiza venusta$, or ~Monolepis nuttalliana$. Diagnostic of this dwarf-shrubland alliance is the dominance or codominance of ~Atriplex gardneri$.LVALK fpdfojStands are dominated by ~Prosopis pallida$; ~Bucida buceras$ may be present.Stands are dominated by ~Bursera simaruba$. Common shrubs include ~Pilosocereus royenii, Thouinia striata var. portoricensis, Plumeria alba, Croton lucidus, Pictetia aculeata, Comocladia dodonaea$.These forests are characterized by ~Picea engelmannii$ as the dominant tree species in the upper forest canopy, and by riparian situations.This alliance includes communities dominated by heaths or heathlike shrubs (typically blueberries, ~Vaccinium angustifolium, Vaccinium myrtilloides, Vaccinium pallidum (= Vaccinium vacillans))$ and commonly referred to as 'heath barrens.' In general, these communities are small and patchy and restricted to two broad habitat types: (a) bedrock outcrops, ledges, summits of igneous or metamorphic rock, or (b) depressions on level outwash plain or valley floor frost pockets. Soils are shallow accumulations of organic material on bedrock habitats, or rapidly drained and nutrient-poor sands on outwash plains. In addition to ~Vaccinium$, the communities typically contain other shrubs such as ~Gaylussacia baccata$ and ~Arctostaphylos uva-ursi$ along with scattered herbaceous plants such as ~Deschampsia flexuosa, Schizachyrium scoparium, Carex pensylvanica, Piptatherum pungens (= Oryzopsis pungens), Rubus hispidus, Euthamia graminifolia, Solidago canadensis, Lycopodium dendroideum$, and ~Lycopodium digitatum$. Mosses and lichens usually are present. Scattered individuals of ~Picea mariana, Pinus strobus, Prunus serotina, Larix laricina, Abies balsamea, Picea rubens, Betula papyrifera var. cordifolia$, and/or ~Sorbus americana$ may occur where soil has accumulated. This alliance includes communities which are known locally as 'heath barrens' and 'acidic rocky summits.'sLVAL+Y@AThis alliance includes patchy woodlands often consisting of scattered clonal mottes of ~Sapindus saponaria$. These woodlands occur on rocky limestone uplands, on moist soils along streams, and in disturbed areas.Lowland rainforests dominated by ~Diospyros revoluta, Mammea americana$, and ~Manilkara bidentata ssp. surinamensis$, occurring at low elevations in Puerto Rico (rare).Planted orchards of ~Carya illinoinensis$.Vegetation in this alliance occurs in the alpine tundra in Colorado. The climate regime is continental, with long, cold winters and short summers with frequent afternoon thunderstorms. Strong westerly winds are common in the winter and spring and distribute snow on the leeward side of the mountains. Large areas of late-lying snowpatches are located on the eastern slope. Stands are found between 3220 and 3580 m elevation on gentle- to moderate-gradient slopes. Stands are located in the lower alpine just above treeline in areas where snow accumulates in the winter and melts relatively late in the summer. The soils are poorly developed, may have a high organic matter content, and are classified as Inceptisols (Cryumbrepts or Cryochrepts). The soil profile has A and B horizons; the B horizon is moderately thick. The average surface pH is 5.0, indicating leached soils. The vegetation in the alliance is found in snowbed habitats, areas where snow accumulates in the winter and melts relatively late in the summer. ~Vaccinium caespitosum$ and ~Vaccinium scoparium$ dominate the dwarf-shrub canopy. A number of herbaceous species occur in the understory. ~Carex rossii (= Carex brevipes), Danthonia intermedia, Gentiana calycosa, Geum rossii, Hieracium gracile, Penstemon whippleanus, Poa reflexa$, and ~Viola adunca$ are the most common species. The cryptogam layer is dominated by lichens; ~Cladonia pyxidata$ and ~Catapyrenium cinereum (= Dermatocarpon cinereum)$ are the most common.LVAL,qgThis alliance consists of vine thickets dominated (usually essentially monospecific) by ~Caesalpinia bonduc$, occurring in subtropical and tropical areas. This vegetation is generally the result of natural or human disturbance.Stands are dominated by ~Bucida buceras$, with ~Savia sessiliflora, Krugiodendron ferreum$.This alliance consists of mesquite woodlands (usually with open canopy, but sometimes with an essentially closed canopy), dominated by ~Prosopis glandulosa$.These heath dwarf-shrublands are found in the subalpine meadows in the Cascade Mountains in northwestern Washington. Elevations range from 1460-1920 m. Climate is maritime-influenced with deep snowpacks. Stands occur in nearly level basins to very steep slopes (over 100%) on hills and ridges. Sites are moist to mesic, and are typically near where snow accumulates or on poorly drained substrates. Aspects are generally cool, and stands do not occur on south- or west-facing slopes. Soils are variable. Stands have a dense dwarf-shrub layer that is dominated or codominated by the cold-deciduous dwarf-shrub ~Vaccinium deliciosum$. ~Vaccinium membranaceum$ or ~Phyllodoce empetriformis$ codominates some of these stands. Other common woody plants include ~Cassiope mertensiana$ and ~Luetkea pectinata$. The relatively sparse herbaceous layer is dominated by perennial forbs, including ~Antennaria lanata, Castilleja parviflora, Erythronium montanum, Ligusticum grayi, Lupinus latifolius, Pedicularis$ spp., ~Polygonum bistortoides, Potentilla flabellifolia, Valeriana sitchensis$, and ~Veronica cusickii$. Sparse graminoid cover of ~Carex nigricans, Carex spectabilis$ or ~Festuca viridula$ is often present. Nonvascular plants, such as mosses and lichens, are common and may have high cover. Total vegetation cover is generally 100%.LVALI_ @ @CECX005705CMCSCOMPLEXNorthern Prairie Pothole WetlanShrublands dominated by ~Gymnanthes lucida$, 2-5 m in height. In Puerto Rico these are developed in thin soils over limestone, in hills in north-central and northwestern Puerto Rico. ~Eugenia monticola$ is often codominant.Wind-sculpted scrub on summits of higher peaks in Martinique, dominated by the Martinique endemics ~Rondeletia martinicensis, Miconia martinicensis$, and others. These shrublands are associated with cloud forests.Dry shrublands in near-coastal areas of Martinique.Abandoned pastures and fields dominated by the shrub ~Piper aduncum$.Shrublands dominated by ~Colubrina$ spp. Other characteristic species include ~Oplonia spinosa, Comocladia dodonaea, Reynosia uncinata, Bromelia pinguin$.This alliance includes alpine dwarf-shrublands generally characterized by ~Vaccinium uliginosum$. Typically they occur above timberline on exposed, windswept mountain summits, ridges, and bedrock-dominated tablelands. They are usually part of a mosaic of communities associated with these alpine areas and remain saturated for much of the growing season by atmospheric moisture. Other species associated with this alliance include ~Ledum groenlandicum, Betula nana (= Betula glandulosa), Empetrum nigrum, Rhododendron lapponicum, Salix uva-ursi$, and the herbs ~Juncus trifidus, Carex bigelowii, Sibbaldiopsis tridentata (= Potentilla tridentata)$, and ~Minuartia groenlandica$. The communities are variously referred to as `alpine ridge community' or `alpine shrublands.' Bliss (1963) provides descriptions of vegetation of this alliance occurring in the White Mountains of New Hampshire. These communities are restricted to alpine areas in Maine, New York, Vermont and New Hampshire. This alliance likely occurs in Canada, and may share floristic affinities with alpine alliances of Europe [see Bliss (1963) for discussion].LVALYjThis alliance consists of seasonally flooded, non-tidal mangrove communities dominated by shrub-sized ~Conocarpus erectus$. The geographic extent of this alliance, its relationships, and its environmental parameters are poorly understood at this time.This alliance consists of shrublands dominated by ~Savia bahamensis$. This alliance occurs in limestone rockland areas and apparently results from clearing (as for farming) in former rockland hammock sites.Communities within this alliance occur in alpine meadows or on high mountain peaks. They range in elevation from 2900-4000 m. Landforms that support these communities are typically of gentle topography, with northerly aspects. They occur where snow lingers into the spring and summer, in places such as lees of cliffs and boulders, secondary slopes, and shallow depressions. Some stands also occur on moist gravel slopes and terraces or along stony margins of streams or lakes, thriving among coarse rock margins with almost no soil. Communities within this alliance are defined as cold-deciduous dwarf-shrublands. They are dominated by ~Salix arctica$, which forms a thick canopy with a mat-forming growth form seldom rising more than 5 cm above the ground. ~Salix reticulata$ occasionally is found as a codominant in the dwarf-shrub layer. These shrubs occur with a mix of forbs and graminoids, including ~Carex pyrenaica, Geum rossii, Polygonum bistortoides, Sibbaldia procumbens, Erigeron melanocephalus, Agrostis rossiae$, and ~Juncus drummondii$. Several bryophyte and lichen species have been reported from Longs Peak, Colorado. On James Peak, Colorado, ~Salix arctica$ did not receive any competition and dominated with a mat-forming growth form. In the Sangre de Cristo Mountains in New Mexico there was a conspicuous absence of cushion plants associated with ~Salix arctica$ communities.LVAL}<Communities within the ~~Salix reticulata$ Dwarf-shrubland Alliance (A.1119)$$ are found on rocky slopes in alpine areas on level to moderately steep, exposed, southern slopes. Elevation ranges from 1950 m to 2400 m. The soils are extremely rocky and often show indications of frost action (i.e., unsorted nets, frost-boils). Snowmelt is relatively early, generally occurring between mid-May and early June. This alliance is a cold-deciduous dwarf-shrubland. The dwarf-shrub layer is dominated by ~Salix reticulata$, a mat-forming, creeping alpine shrub that forms continuous cover (>75%). The herbaceous layer forms a sparse to moderately dense cover (10-25%). Species include ~Festuca brachyphylla, Carex scirpoidea, Oxytropis campestris, Erigeron aureus$, and ~Lupinus lepidus$. Total cover of the shrub and herbaceous layers is often over 75%. ~Selaginella densa$ is a constant associate in stands in the North Cascades, as are a variety of lichens and mosses. Information on adjacent plant communities is unavailable.Plant associations within the ~~Salix cascadensis$ Dwarf-shrubland Alliance (A.1118)$$ occur in alpine areas. Landforms supporting these associations are alpine meadows and talus slopes of all aspects ranging from 1900-3630 m in elevation. The soils are dry due to rocky content and subsequent good drainage. Plant associations that occur within this alpine alliance are classified as cold-deciduous, dwarf-shrubland dominated by ~Salix cascadensis$. ~Salix cascadensis$ is a mat-forming plant (<0.5 m) that forms a closed canopy with few forbs and graminoids. The forb layer includes ~Erigeron aureus$ and ~Minuartia obtusiloba (= Arenaria obtusiloba)$ in the North Cascades. The prominent graminoids are ~Festuca brachyphylla ssp. brachyphylla (= Festuca ovina var. brevifolia)$ and ~Carex phaeocephala$. Information on adjacent vegetation was not available.YLVALeg!This giant forest alliance occurs within the maritime climate-influenced region of the Pacific Northwest from northern California to southern Alaska, primarily west of the Cascade Crest. Stands of this alliance are best represented in areas of the coastal ranges with high precipitation, frequent fog, long frost-free periods, low fire frequencies, with only moderate drought and the majority of the annual precipitation arriving as rain. Annual precipitation is among the highest in temperate North America. Soils can vary widely, but growth is decreased on heavy soils or soils with poor drainage. These forests are characterized by a multi-tiered, mixed-species canopy over 50 m in height that is dominated by ~Tsuga heterophylla$. ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ is usually present and may approach 1000 years or more in age. ~Thuja plicata$ is commonly present in these forests and can be common on valley bottom sites with poorly drained soils. A secondary forest stratum of ~Acer macrophyllum$ or ~Taxus brevifolia$ may be present, especially at moist sites. In southern Oregon stands, ~Lithocarpus densiflorus$ or ~Chrysolepis chrysophylla (= Castanopsis chrysophylla)$ often occur. The tall-shrub layer may be dominated by ~Acer circinatum, Acer glabrum, Mahonia nervosa, Rhododendron macrophyllum, Rhododendron albiflorum, Vaccinium ovalifolium, Vaccinium membranaceum, Vaccinium ovatum, Gaultheria shallon, Holodiscus discolor, Rubus spectabilis$, or ~Oplopanax horridus$. The herbaceous layer is highly variable, often dominated with a rich mix of shade-tolerant, mesic forbs or ferns species such as ~Polystichum munitum, Oxalis oregana, Trientalis borealis ssp. latifolia (= Trientalis latifolia), Achlys triphylla, Gymnocarpium dryopteris$, and ~Linnaea borealis$. However, young stands are often understory depauperate. Diagnostic of this forest alliance is an upper tree canopy over 50 m tall that is dominated by~Tsuga heterophylla$.pLVAL|iAv!This vegetation occurs in saturated sites in coastal and montane areas in the Pacific Northwest. Elevations range from sea level to 1770 m. The climate is maritime-influenced. Stands are never extensive where it occurs, and it was probably always a rare component of the vegetation. Sites include saturated depressions in deflation plains in coastal dune complexes, on the margins of lakes and streams, in swales, near seeps, and in basins underlain by hardpan (often iron cemented), which cause a perched water table. These sites are flooded during the winter, then dry out by midsummer, but still have a shallow water table. Winter flooding and summer droughts are critical for this community. Soils are shallow to deep, relatively cold and poorly drained. Soil texture ranges from sand in the dune stands to finer-textured, organic muck. Vegetation included in this alliance occurs in saturated areas in coastal and montane areas in Oregon, California, and likely in Washington. Stands have a moderately dense to dense woody layer dominated by the cold-deciduous dwarf-shrub ~Vaccinium uliginosum$. Other shrubs and dwarf-shrubs include ~Salix geyeriana, Salix hookeriana, Salix lemmonii, Spiraea splendens (= Spiraea densiflora)$, and ~Spiraea douglasii$. The herbaceous layer is also moderately dense to dense and is dominated by the perennial graminoids ~Carex aquatilis var. dives$ or ~Deschampsia caespitosa$. Other common graminoids are ~Carex obnupta$ and ~Agrostis$ spp. Forb cover is sparse and may include ~Sanguisorba menziesii, Argentina egedii$ or ~Veronica scutellata$. Ferns such as ~Pteridium aquilinum$ may be present. Moss species such as ~Sphagnum mendocinum$ may be present to moderately dense. Scattered ~Pinus contorta$ or ~Picea sitchensis$ trees (<10% cover) may also be present. Adjacent vegetation includes montane conifer forests and wetlands dominated by other shrub or herbaceous species.LVAL-`CEGL000058CWCSA.105I.A.8.N.aPicea sitchensis / Oxalis oregana ForestSiThis is a limited alliance found in the northwestern Great Plains. It is dominated by dense colonies of ~Ceanothus velutinus$. Stands are not extensive. ^Stands of this alliance occur on dry hillsides, often with thin soil.This alliance consists of disturbance vegetation dominated by shrubs including ~Sophora secundiflora$ and ~Diospyros texana$.Tidal shrublands dominated by ~Suriana maritima$. Other characteristic species include ~Gundlachia corymbosa, Borrichia arborescens$, and ~Conocarpus erectus$.Natural salinas on the southwest (dry) coast of Puerto Rico, with high salt concentrations, dominated by shrubby ~Conocarpus erectus$.This alliance includes forests of the West Indies and southern Florida dominated by ~Avicennia germinans$ and occurring in non-tidal, inland basin situations.Communities within the ~~Salix arctica$ Saturated Dwarf-shrubland Alliance (A.1124)$$ occur on subalpine meadows or on high mountain peaks in Nevada. They range in elevation from 2800 to over 3500 m. Landforms that support these associations are typically gentle to moderate in slope and have northerly aspects. They occur where snow lingers into the spring and summer in places such as lees of cliffs and boulders, secondary slopes, and shallow depressions. Soils are probably wet throughout the growing season, as ~Caltha leptosepala$ is always associated with wet soils. Communities within this alliance are defined as cold-deciduous dwarf-shrublands. They are dominated by ~Salix arctica$, which forms a thick canopy with a mat-forming growth form seldom rising more than 1 dm above the ground. ~Salix reticulata$ occasionally is found as a codominant in the dwarf-shrub layer. The herbaceous layer commonly includes ~Caltha leptosepala, Erigeron peregrinus, Polygonum bistortoides$, and ~Pedicularis groenlandica$. No other information on species composition is available.nLVAL<ii0CEGL000145CWCSA.118I.A.8.N.bPinus contorta / Ceanothus velutinus ForestLodgepole Pine / Tobacco-brush Forest1997-11-26GCUSG496-02-01G4~|rrM"CEGL000144CWCSA.118I.A.8.N.bPinus contorta / Carex rossii ForestLodgepole Pine / Ross' Sedge Forest1997-11-26GCUSG594-02-23G5ywwwusiiF"CEGL000143CWCSA.118I.A.Plantation stands of ~Pinus resinosa$, with monospecific and even-aged canopy.Pine plantations dominated by ~Pinus clausa$ (usually monospecific).Planted forests dominated by monospecific and even-aged stands of ~Picea rubens$.Forests dominated by the exotic species ~Picea abies$. In the southeastern United States, this occurs as experimental plantations.This alliance includes forests of the West Indies and southern Florida dominated by ~Laguncularia racemosa$ and occurring in non-tidal, inland basin situations.Wetlands, mostly in bottomlands, dominated by the exotic ~Ligustrum sinense$ with little or no canopy. Shrub density often is such that there is no herbaceous layer development.The ~~Salix reticulata$ Saturated Dwarf-shrubland Alliance (A.1125)$$ is found in the alpine of mountains of western Montana on mesic, level to moderately steep, northern slopes. Elevations where the alliance is found are typically over 2500 m. Stands typically carpet active solifluction slopes, and are subirrigated from late-persisting snow fields lying above the stands. The soils are saturated much of the growing season, and appear to be low in coarse fragment content, with clay textures. The dwarf-shrub layer is dominated by ~Salix reticulata$, a mat-forming, creeping alpine shrub that may form continuous cover. Other shrubs that may be present to common include ~Salix rotundifolia$ or ~Salix arctica$. The herbaceous layer forms a sparse to moderately dense cover. Forbs are dominated by ~Caltha leptosepala$, with up to 25% cover. Graminoid species include ~Carex haydenii, Carex nova, Carex scirpoidea, Deschampsia caespitosa$, and ~Luzula spicata$. LVALtMK=YThis alliance consists of ruderal vegetation dominated and characterized by ~Melinis repens (= Rhynchelytrum repens)$. This alliance occupies a wide range of disturbed areas, such as old fields, vacant lots, roadsides. This alliance is widespread in the Neotropics, and may occur as well in the Paleotropics.This alliance consists of areas dominated by ~Pennisetum purpureum$ (native of Africa), extensive in southern Florida and elsewhere in the tropics, where ~Pennisetum purpureum$ invades abandoned farmland and other disturbed areas. Once established, this can be a long-persistent vegetation type.This semi-arid dwarf-shrubland alliance has been described from shale breaks in Utah, and is likely to occur elsewhere on the Colorado Plateau and in southwestern Wyoming. Stands are located on eroded shale outcrops on gentle to moderately steep slopes typically with southwesterly aspects. Substrate is a shallow, sandy clay loam to clay soil. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by a sparse to moderately sparse dwarf-shrub layer that is dominated or codominated by the dwarf-shrub ~Eriogonum corymbosum$. Codominant dwarf-shrubs may include ~Eriogonum effusum$ and ~Krascheninnikovia lanata$. Occasional shrubs and small trees to 3 m tall, such as ~Atriplex canescens, Atriplex confertifolia, Amelanchier utahensis, Artemisia tridentata$, and ~Juniperus osteosperma$, may be present. The herbaceous layer has typically sparse cover of perennial, cool-season bunch grasses such as ~Leymus salinus (= Elymus salinus), Elymus elymoides, Elymus lanceolatus, Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Pascopyrum smithii, Poa secunda, Pseudoroegneria spicata$, or ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$. Annual forbs, such as ~Chenopodium leptophyllum, Gilia leptomeria$, and grasses may be present seasonally. The exotic annual grass ~Bromus tectorum$ was present in some stands. Diagnostic of this shrubland alliance is total vegetation cover over 25% that is dominated by ~Eriogonum corymbosum$.dqRKT3 @ @ @ @ @ @ @  A.1106CWestIII.A.5.N.aARTEMISIA PYGMAEA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEPygmy Sagebrush Shrubland Alliance@nYD. SARRunma?   A.1105CWestIII.A.4.N.aARTEMISIA NOVA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBlack Sagebrush Shrubland AlliancemYD. SARRrkj^<   A.1104CWestIV.A.2.N.aKRASCHENINNIKOVIA LANATA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWinter-fat Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@lYK. SCHULZ{znK   A.1103CWestIII.A.5.N.aARTEMISIA BIGELOVII SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBigelow Sagebrush Shrubland AlliancejYK.A. SCHULZ}rqeA   A.1102CWestIV.A.2.N.aAMBROSIA DUMOSA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWhite Burrobush Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@iYK. SCHULZwvjB   A.1101CSoutheastIV.A.2.N.aTIQUILIA HISPIDISSIMA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCERough Tiquilia Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@iYD. DIAMOND, MOD. K. SCHULtM   A.1100CWestIV.A.2.N.aHELIOTROPIUM ANOMALUM DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEHinahina Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSmjiiH   A.110CWestI.A.8.N.aSEQUOIA SEMPERVIRENS FOREST ALLIANCERedwood Forest AllianceF@hYM. SCHINDELk`_S<   jA.11CLatin AmericaI.A.1.N.bTHESPESIA GRANDIFLORA FOREST ALLIANCEMaga Forest Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYrfeYE    A.1099CWestIV.A.2.N.aCHENOPODIUM OAHUENSE DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE'Aweoweo Dwarf-Shrubland AllianceYWCSlihhG   A.1098CWestIII.A.5.N.aARTEMISIA ROTHROCKII SHRUBLAND ALLIANCERothrock's Sagebrush Shrubland Alliance@gYM. SCHINDELvuiB   A.1097CWestIV.A.2.N.aARGYROXIPHIUM SANDWICENSE DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEAhinahina Dwarf-Shrubland AllianceYWCSronnL   A.1096CWestIV.A.1.N.gKALMIA MICROPHYLLA SATURATED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEAlpine Laurel Saturated Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@fYD. SARRO   A.1095CEastIV.A.1.N.gEMPETRUM NIGRUM SATURATED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBlack Crowberry Saturated Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYECS~~L  t fE&Xx7$KhWF5$xBm9 r?_A.1385H1998-05-01A.1386O@$$A.1380H19 A.1118CWestIV.B.2.N.bSALIX CASCADENSIS DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCECascade Willow Dwarf-shrubland Alliance\@zYD. CULVERxwkD   A.1117CWestIV.B.2.N.bSALIX ARCTICA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEArctic Willow Dwarf-shrubland Allianceu@yYD. CULVER|srf@   A.1116CEastIV.B.2.N.bVACCINIUM ULIGINOSUM DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBog Blueberry Dwarf-shrubland Alliancef@xYECS}zymG   A.1115CWestIV.B.2.N.aVACCINIUM DELICIOSUM DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCERainier Blueberry Dwarf-shrubland Alliance7@wYK. SCHULZ~}qG   A.1114CWestIV.B.2.N.aVACCINIUM (CAESPITOSUM, SCOPARIUM) DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE(Dwarf Blueberry, Grouseberry) Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@vYM. DAMMU   A.1113CEastIV.B.2.N.aVACCINIUM (ANGUSTIFOLIUM, MYRTILLOIDES, PALLIDUM) DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE(Northern Lowbush Blueberry, Velvetleaf Blueberry, Hillside Blueberry) Dwarf-shrubland Alliancee@uYECSd   A.1111CSoutheastIV.A.2.N.cBATIS MARITIMA TIDAL DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESaltwort Tidal Dwarf-shrubland Alliance; Planta de Sal Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@tYA.S. WEAKLEY/K.D. PATTERSL   A.1110CWestIV.A.2.N.bATRIPLEX GARDNERI DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEGardner's Saltbush Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@tYK. SCHULZ|{oD   A.111CWestI.A.8.N.aTHUJA PLICATA GIANT FOREST ALLIANCEWestern Red-cedar Giant Forest Alliance rYM.S. REID/D. SARRonb;   A.1109CWestIV.A.2.N.bATRIPLEX CORRUGATA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEMat Saltbush Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@qYK. SCHULZwvjE   A.1108CWestIV.A.2.N.bATRIPLEX OBOVATA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCENew Mexico Saltbush Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@pYK.A. SCHULZ|{oC   A.1107CWestIV.A.2.N.aERIOGONUM MICROTHECUM DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESlender Wild Buckwheat Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@oYK. SCHULZwH  > rM jE#mbCEGL0000 A.1131CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.bANDROPOGON BICORNIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBarbas de Indio Herbaceous AllianceNLACDqmllI"   A.1130CSoutheastV.A.1.N.aPENNISETUM PURPUREUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEElephantgrass Herbaceous Alliance'@YA.S. WEAKLEYtsgF   A.113CWestI.A.8.N.aTSUGA MERTENSIANA - ABIES AMABILIS GIANT FOREST ALLIANCEMountain Hemlock - Pacific Silver Fir Giant Forest AllianceYD. SARR/K. SCHULZP   A.1129CWestIV.B.3.N.aSALVIA DORRII DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEGray Ball Sage Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@YM.S. REID}tsg@   A.1128CWestIII.B.3.N.aPICROTHAMNUS DESERTORUM SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBud Sagebrush Shrubland Alliance@YM.S. REID, MOD. J. KAGAN,rqeE   A.1127CWestIII.B.3.N.aARTEMISIA PEDATIFIDA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBirdfoot Sagebrush Shrubland AllianceYK. SCHULZ}tsgB   A.1126CWestIV.B.3.N.aERIOGONUM CORYMBOSUM DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCECrispleaf Wild Buckwheat Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@YK. SCHULZxG   A.1125CWestIV.B.2.N.dSALIX RETICULATA SATURATED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCENet-vein Willow Saturated Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@~YD. CULVERM   A.1124CWestIV.B.2.N.dSALIX ARCTICA SATURATED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEArctic Willow Saturated Dwarf-shrubland Alliance5@}YD. CULVERzJ   A.1123CWestIV.B.2.N.dVACCINIUM ULIGINOSUM SATURATED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBog Blueberry Saturated Dwarf-shrubland Alliance|YK. SCHULZQ   A.1120CEastIV.B.2.N.cDIAPENSIA LAPPONICA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCENorthern Diapensia Dwarf-shrubland AllianceY@YL. SNEDDON~}qF   A.112CWestI.A.8.N.aTSUGA HETEROPHYLLA GIANT FOREST ALLIANCEWestern Hemlock Giant Forest Alliance{YM.S. REID/D. SARRrqe@   A.1119CWestIV.B.2.N.bSALIX RETICULATA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCENet-vein Willow Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@zYD. CULVERxwkC  GEIH<Qsm A.1145CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.cLEPTOCHLOOPSIS VIRGATA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELimestone Grass Herbaceous Alliance<@YA.S. WEAKLEY|{oL"   A.1144CWestV.A.1.N.cHETEROPOGON CONTORTUS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETanglehead Herbaceous AllianceYWCSda``B   A.1143CWestV.A.1.N.cFIMBRISTYLIS SPP. HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEFimbry species Herbaceous AllianceYWCSda``>   A.1142CWestV.A.1.N.cERAGROSTIS VARIABILIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEKawelu Herbaceous AllianceYWCS`]\\B   A.1141CWestV.A.1.N.cERAGROSTIS ATROPIOIDES HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMountain Pili Herbaceous AllianceYWCSheddC   A.1140CWestV.A.1.N.cDESCHAMPSIA NUBIGENA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAlpine Hairgrass Herbaceous AllianceYWCSifeeA   A.114CWestI.A.8.N.aABIES GRANDIS GIANT FOREST ALLIANCEGrand Fir Giant Forest AllianceYK. SCHULZ/J. KAGANygfZ;   A.1139CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.bSTENOTAPHRUM SECUNDATUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESt. Augustine Grass Herbaceous AllianceNLACDyuttM"   A.1137CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.bSPARTINA PATENS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESaltmeadow Cordgrass Herbaceous Alliance; Yerba-de-Sal Herbaceous AllianceNLACDE"   A.1136CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.bDICHANTHIUM ANNULATUM TROPICAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEKleberg's Bluestem Tropical Herbaceous Alliance; Pajon Herbaceous AllianceNLACDT"   A.1135CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.bCENCHRUS MYOSUROIDES HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESpike Burgrass Herbaceous Alliance; Abrojo de Espiga Herbaceous Alliance_@YLACDJ"   A.1134CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.bBOUTELOUA REPENS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESlender Grama Herbaceous AllianceNLACDlhggF"   A.1133CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.bAXONOPUS COMPRESSUS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESouthern Carpetgrass Herbaceous AllianceNLACDvrqqI"   A.1132CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.bARUNDINELLA CONFINIS - SCHIZACHYRIUM SANGUINEUM VAR. SANGUINEUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCERabo-de-Gato - Tropical Bluestem Herbaceous AllianceNLACDu"   [ zm!= A.1156CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.fCYPERUS HETEROPHYLLUS TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE@ YLACDplk__"   dA.1155CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.jKYLLINGA SQUAMULATA - ISACHNE RIGIDIFOLIA - ELEOCHARIS SPP. SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAsian Spikerush - Isachne - Spikerush species Saturated Herbaceous Alliance"@ YLACD{"   A.1154CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.dISACHNE ANGUSTIFOLIA - SCLERIA SCINDENS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEYerba-de-Alambre - Hairy Nutrush Herbaceous Alliance @YLACD]"   A.1153CSoutheastV.A.1.N.cUNIOLA PANICULATA SUBTROPICAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESea-oats Subtropical Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYwO   A.1152CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.cSPOROBOLUS INDICUS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESmut Grass Herbaceous AllianceYLACDkgffH"   A.1151CSoutheastV.A.1.N.cSCHIZACHYRIUM SANGUINEUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETropical Bluestem Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEY|{oJ   A.1150CSoutheastV.A.1.N.cSCHIZACHYRIUM RHIZOMATUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCERockland Bluestem Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEY|{oJ   A.115CWestI.A.8.N.bCUPRESSUS MACNABIANA FOREST ALLIANCEMcNab Cypress Forest Alliance@YM. SCHINDELqfeY<   A.1149CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.cANDROPOGON GRACILIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWire Bluestem Herbaceous AllianceNLACDokjjI"   A.1148CSoutheastV.A.1.N.cMELINIS REPENS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCENatal Grass Herbaceous Alliance; Arrocillo Colorado Herbaceous Alliance4@YA.S. WEAKLEY@   A.1147CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.cUROCHLOA MAXIMA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGuinea Grass Herbaceous Alliance; Yerba Guinea Herbaceous Alliance@YLACDE"   A.1146CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.cLEPTOCORYPHIUM LANATUM - ARISTIDA PORTORICENSIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELanilla - Pelos del Diablo Herbaceous AllianceNLACDe"  N 5@Z@vl A.1165CSoutheastV.A.1.N.gSCHOENUS NIGRICANS SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBlacksedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliancev@YA.S. WEAKLEYW   A.1164CSoutheastV.A.1.N.gRHYNCHOSPORA MICROCARPA SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESouthern Beaksedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEY\   A.1163CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.gPHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS SEASONALLY FLOODED TROPICAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECommon Reed Seasonally Flooded Tropical Herbaceous Alliance; Cana de Indio Herbaceous Alliance5@YLACDf"   A.1162CSoutheastV.A.1.N.gPANICUM HEMITOMON SEASONALLY FLOODED TROPICAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMaidencane Seasonally Flooded Tropical Herbaceous Alliancev@YA.S. WEAKLEY_   A.1161CSoutheastV.A.1.N.gMUHLENBERGIA FILIPES SEASONALLY FLOODED TROPICAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESouthern Hairgrass Seasonally Flooded Tropical Herbaceous AllianceZ@YA.S. WEAKLEYb   A.1160CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.gGYNERIUM SAGITTATUM SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCERivercane Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous AllianceF@ YLACD\"   A.116CMidwestI.A.8.N.bPINUS BANKSIANA FOREST ALLIANCEJack Pine Forest AllianceYMCSc`_S:   A.1159CSoutheastV.A.1.N.gELEOCHARIS INTERSTINCTA - SAGITTARIA LANCIFOLIA SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGiant Spikerush - Lanceleaf Arrowhead Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance,@YA.S. WEAKLEYt   A.1158CSoutheastV.A.1.N.gELEOCHARIS CELLULOSA - (RHYNCHOSPORA TRACYI) SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGulf Coast Spikerush - (Tracy's Beaksedge) Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEY/K.D. PATTERSq   A.1157CSoutheastV.A.1.N.gCLADIUM MARISCUS SSP. JAMAICENSE SEASONALLY FLOODED TROPICAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESawgrass Seasonally Flooded Tropical Herbaceous Alliance@YD.J. ALLARDn  Q ,>o CEGL000507CWCSA.207I.A A.1175CSoutheastV.A.1.N.hTYPHA DOMINGENSIS SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED TROPICAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESouthern Cattail Semipermanently Flooded Tropical Herbaceous Alliance`@YA.S. WEAKLEY¶d   A.1173CSoutheastV.A.1.N.hSCHOENOPLECTUS TABERNAEMONTANI SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED TROPICAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESoftstem Bulrush Semipermanently Flooded Tropical Herbaceous Alliancer@YA.S. WEAKLEY¶q   A.1172CWestV.A.1.N.hSCHOENOPLECTUS SPP. - CYPERUS LAEVIGATUS SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEClubrush species - Smooth Flatsedge Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous AllianceYWCSm   A.1171CSoutheastV.A.1.N.hSCHOENOPLECTUS CALIFORNICUS SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGiant Bulrush Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEY, MOD. J. TEAīe   A.1170CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.hPASPALIDIUM GEMINATUM VAR. PALUDIVAGUM SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAlligator Grass Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@YLACDt"   A.117CSoutheastI.A.8.N.bPINUS CLAUSA FOREST ALLIANCESand Pine Forest Alliance@YD.J. ALLARDj_^R9   A.1169CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.hHYMENACHNE AMPLEXICAULIS - SACCIOLEPIS STRIATA SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETrompetilla - American Cupscale Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous AllianceYLACD|"   A.1168CWestV.A.1.N.hCAREX ECHINATA - DESCHAMPSIA NUBIGENA SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEStar Sedge - Alpine Hairgrass Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous AllianceYWCSj   A.1167CWestV.A.1.N.hCAREX ALLIGATA SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEUki Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous AllianceYWCSS   A.1166CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.hUROCHLOA MUTICA - ERIOCHLOA POLYSTACHYA SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPara Liverseed Grass - Caribgrass Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous AllianceNLACDu"  * &VA L A.1192CMidwestV.A.5.N.aANDROPOGON GERARDII - (SORGHASTRUM NUTANS) HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBig Bluestem - (Yellow Indiangrass) Herbaceous Alliance YMCS, MOD. K. SCHULZZ   A.1191CMidwestV.A.5.N.aANDROPOGON GERARDII - (CALAMAGROSTIS CANADENSIS, PANICUM VIRGATUM) HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBig Bluestem - (Bluejoint, Switchgrass) Herbaceous Alliance@YMCS, MOD. M.S. REIDͺr   gA.1190CEastV.A.5.N.cDACTYLIS GLOMERATA - RUMEX ACETOSELLA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEOrchard Grass - Sheep-sorrel Herbaceous Alliance@YECSR   A.119CSoutheastI.A.8.N.bPINUS ECHINATA FOREST ALLIANCEShortleaf Pine Forest AllianceYD.J. ALLARDqfeY;   A.1185CWestV.A.3.N.fSPOROBOLUS VIRGINICUS SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESaltmarsh Dropseed Shrub Herbaceous AllianceYWCSxuttH   A.1184CSoutheastV.A.3.N.cSPOROBOLUS SPP. - PANICUM SPP. SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEDropseed species - Panicgrass species Shrub Herbaceous Alliance$@YA.S. WEAKLEYV   A.1182CSoutheastV.A.1.N.iSPOROBOLUS VIRGINICUS TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESaltmarsh Dropseed Tidal Herbaceous Alliancen@YSCSyM   A.118CWestI.A.8.N.bPINUS CONTORTA FOREST ALLIANCELodgepole Pine Forest AllianceYM.S. REID/D. SARRra`T6   A.1179CSoutheastV.A.1.N.iMONANTHOCHLOE LITTORALIS TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEShoregrass Tidal Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEY/K.D. PATTERStP   A.1178CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.iFIMBRISTYLIS THERMALIS TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEHot Springs Fimbry Tidal Herbaceous AllianceNLACD~~R"   A.1177CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.iBOTHRIOCHLOA PERTUSA TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPitted Beardgrass Tidal Herbaceous Alliance@NLACD{P"   A.1176CSoutheastV.A.1.N.hZIZANIOPSIS MILIACEA SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED SUBTROPICAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESouthern Wild Rice Semipermanently Flooded Subtropical Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYj  LVAL3q lCEGL000176CWCSA.133I.A.8.N.bPinus monticola / Clintonia uniflora ForestWestern White Pine / Bride's-bonnet Forest1997-11-This dwarf-shrub alliance is reported from the Pryor Mountains in the northern portion of the Bighorn Basin of south-central Montana and dissected uplands of the Cheyenne River Basin in northeastern Wyoming. Stands typically occur in slight depressions on alluvial fans and terraces, dissected outwash or rolling plains, lower foothills, and badlands. Sites are flat to moderately steep often highly eroded slopes with southern or western aspects. Soils are deep, poorly drained, and typically alkaline and saline with silt-loam to clay texture. The soil surface is mostly bare ground. Substrate is derived from shale or sandstone interbedded with shale, claystone or clay. The vegetation is characterized by a moderately dense dwarf-shrub layer that is dominated by ~Artemisia pedatifida$. ~Atriplex gardneri$ may codominate in some stands. Other woody species may include scattered ~Artemisia tridentata, Atriplex confertifolia, Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus), Eriogonum pauciflorum, Krascheninnikovia lanata, Gutierrezia sarothrae$, or ~Suaeda moquinii (= Suaeda nigra)$. The moderately sparse herbaceous layer is often dominated by cool-season graminoids such as ~Pascopyrum smithii$ or ~Elymus elymoides$ with lesser amounts of ~Bouteloua gracilis, Carex filifolia, Elymus lanceolatus ssp. lanceolatus, Poa secunda (= Poa juncifolia)$, or ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$. Forbs are generally sparse and may include scattered ~Allium textile, Astragalus$ spp., ~Comandra umbellata, Machaeranthera tanacetifolia, Musineon divaricatum, Phlox hoodii, Platyschkuhria integrifolia, Vicia americana, Xylorhiza glabriuscula$, or the cactus ~Opuntia polyacantha$. Annual grasses and forbs are seasonally present. Diagnostic of this alliance is the dwarf-shrub layer dominated by ~Artemisia pedatifida$.yLVAL4Q#CEGL000212CWCSA.533II.A.4.N.aPinus ponderosa - PIn Oregon, this is a somewhat common scabland alliance found from roughly 300-1670 m in elevation. It occurs on barren, fairly young basalts or shallow loams over basalt. Sites include ridgetops and steeper sites with rock outcrops. Extreme topo-edaphic drought is the major process influencing these communities. The alliance is often in a mosaic with ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$ canyon grassland or shrub steppe communities, but occasionally is found in ~Juniperus$ woodlands or ~Pinus ponderosa$ forests. ~Salvia dorrii$ is the dominant shrub, but cover or abundance information is not available. ~Poa secunda$ and ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$ are the dominant grasses, making up most of the herbaceous cover. ~Danthonia unispicata$ and ~Achnatherum hendersonii (= Stipa hendersonii)$ are occasionally important. Forb species can include ~Physaria oregona, Lewisia rediviva, Trifolium macrocephalum, Viola trinervata$, and species of ~Lomatium, Collomia, Erigeron$, and ~Arenaria$, all early blooming species. Many forb species are largely restricted to these environments. Information from California must be reviewed for inclusion in this description.Little information is available for the ~~Picrothamnus desertorum$ Shrubland Alliance (A.1128)$$. It is one of the least common salt desert shrub communities. It occurs on alkaline, lacustrine ash deposits of the Owyhee Uplands, along the margins of the large playas, and on alluvial gravel deposits of Pleistocene lake basins. These latter habitats are the most prevalent in Nevada, and thus the alliance may prove to be more common than presently documented. ~Picrothamnus desertorum (= Artemisia spinescens)$ is the indicator woody species, with ~Elymus elymoides$ the dominant graminoid species. Some valley margins sites with deep ash or alkaline sands support only open understories of ~Elymus elymoides, Achnatherum hymenoides$, and ~Hesperostipa comata$.ZLVALf/OtThis giant forest alliance occurs in cold, snowy subalpine environments of high coastal mountains from Washington and British Columbia, but probably also occurs northward. Stands occur from 1000-1500 m in elevation, primarily west of the Cascade crest where maritime climate influence is strong and deep winter snowpacks are typical. Precipitation ranges from 150-400 cm annually, falling largely as snow, and snowpacks usually linger into June or later. These forests typically occur in protected habitats in upper montane or subalpine areas and have attained great age due to low fire and windthrow frequency. Sites are cold and moist, and found on mid to lower slopes, benches and bottoms with typically western and northern aspects. Substrates are moderately deep soils derived from colluvium, glacial outwash and volcanic ash, which overlie gneiss or schist. Soils are acidic, coarse-textured and often subirrigated, with a substantial organic component. These forests have a closed tree canopy over 50 m tall that is dominated by ~Tsuga mertensiana$ and ~Abies amabilis$. Stands are typically old-growth with multi-layered canopies and copious woody debris. Other common trees include ~Tsuga heterophylla, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis$ and ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$. The undergrowth is often somewhat depauperate because of poor light penetration at the forest floor, but may include a moderately sparse shrub layer composed of ~Rubus$ spp., ~Menziesia ferruginea, Vaccinium membranaceum$, and ~Vaccinium ovalifolium$. Shade-tolerant forbs and ferns, including ~Tiarella trifoliata var. unifoliata, Clintonia uniflora, Streptopus lanceolatus var. curvipes (= Streptopus roseus), Valeriana sitchensis, Gymnocarpium dryopteris$, and ~Athyrium filix-femina$, dominate the moderately sparse herbaceous layer. Diagnostic of this forest alliance is an upper tree canopy over 50 m tall that is dominated by~Tsuga mertensiana$ and ~Abies amabilis$.LVAL$zQ50 m tall), old-growth ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ trees, which dominate the closed canopy overstory. ~Abies grandis, Tsuga heterophylla$, and ~Thuja plicata$ are the dominant understory trees, usually with a few individuals in the upper canopy. The small trees ~Corylus cornuta, Oemleria cerasiformis, Taxus brevifolia$, and ~Acer macrophyllum$ may form a subcanopy in moist alluvial soils or rocky areas. The moderately dense undergrowth is dominated by the fern ~Polystichum munitum$ and grows up to 2 m tall. ~Vaccinium parvifolium, Mahonia nervosa (= Berberis nervosa)$, and ~Gaultheria shallon$ are occasional low shrubs, while the forbs ~Oxalis oregana, Trillium ovatum, Maianthemum dilatatum, Rubus ursinus$, and ~Prosartes smithii (= Disporum smithii)$ can be locally important. In seeps and wet areas along streams, ~Adiantum pedatum$ is found.LVALHh+CEGL000134CWCSA.118I.A.8.N.bPinus contorta / Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ForestLodgepole Pine / Kinikinnick Forest1997-11-26GCUSG596-02-01G5~ttQ"CEGL000133CWCSA.118I.A.8.N.bPinus contorta / Arctostaphylos nevadensis ForestLodgepole Pine / Pinemat Manzanita Forest1997-11-26GCUSG396-02-01G3||S"CEGL000132CWCSA.159I.A.8.N.cArbutus menziesii - Pinus contorta / Gaultheria shallon ForestPacific Madrone - Lodgepole Pine / Salal Forest1997-11-26GCUSG?Q96-02-01G?`"Stands of the ~~Cupressus macnabiana$ Forest Alliance (A.115)$$ occur from 300-800 m elevation in the northern Sierra Nevada and southern Cascade Mountains, and in the eastern portion of the Siskiyous. The climate of this region is Mediterranean, with a distinct summer dry season and with most precipitation falling as rain in the fall and winter. The yearly precipitation varies widely from 30-80 cm. Sites supporting this alliance are usually on upper slopes and are underlain by a variety of substrates, including basalt, conglomerates, gabbro, greenstone, and ultramafic serpentine. The soils are rocky, and range from deep, clay loams to shallow, silty loams only a few cm deep. All these soils are infertile. This alliance is characterized by ~Cupressus macnabiana$ as the sole or dominant shrub or tree in the canopy. Several other conifers may occur including ~Pinus attenuata, Pinus sabiniana$, and ~Cupressus sargentii$. Broad-leaved trees, such as ~Quercus douglasii$ or ~Quercus wislizeni$, may also be present. Shrubs may be present and could include ~Ceanothus cuneatus, Arctostaphylos viscida, Eriodictyon californicum$, and, on serpentine outcrops, ~Quercus durata, Ceanothus jepsonii$, and ~Garrya congdonii (= Garrya flavescens ssp. congdonii)$. The herbaceous layer is sparse.LVALt .r6bCEGL000232CWCSA.102I.A.8.N.aAbies amabilis / Vaccinium ovalifolium / Mahonia nervosa ForestPacific SilvThis alliance consists of coastal grasslands dominated and characterized by ~Schizachyrium sanguineum var. sanguineum$, and often with ~Muhlenbergia filipes$ as a codominant. Other characteristic species of the recognized association include ~Randia aculeata, Agave decipiens, Bidens pilosa, Cirsium horridulum, Trichostema [sp. nov. ined.], Dalbergia ecastaphyllum, Alternanthera flavescens (= Alternanthera ramosissima), Croton glandulosus var. floridanus, Flaveria floridana, Flaveria linearis, Euphorbia heterophylla (= Poinsettia heterophylla), Pentalinon luteum (= Urechites lutea), Baccharis halimifolia, Andropogon glomeratus var. pumilus$, and ~Fimbristylis castanea$.This alliance consists of marl prairies of the southern Florida Everglades region, dominated and characterized by ~Schizachyrium rhizomatum$. Stands occur on elevated surfaces of oolite with very shallow (less than 5 cm) or no soil present. The only association recognized in this alliance occurs in small areas in a matrix dominated by wet prairie ~~Muhlenbergia filipes - Rhynchospora microcarpa - Centella erecta$ Herbaceous Vegetation (CEGL003978)$$. ~Schizachyrium rhizomatum, Aristida purpurascens var. tenuispica, Eragrostis spectabilis, Andropogon gyrans, Andropogon glomeratus var. pumilus, Panicum tenerum$, and ~Paspalum setaceum$ are the principal graminoids present, and are indicative of this community in combination. Woody species present include ~Baccharis halimifolia, Chamaecrista deeringiana, Chiococca parvifolia, Funastrum clausum (= Sarcostemma clausum), Senna ligustrina$, and ~Vitis rotundifolia var. munsoniana$. Other herbaceous species present include ~Anemia wrightii, Buchnera longifolia, Eupatorium leptophyllum, Hyptis alata, Linum carteri, Polygala grandiflora, Solidago stricta$, and ~Odontosoria clavata (= Sphenomeris clavata)$.LVAL]i)CEGL000253CWCSA.152I.A.8.N.cAbies concolor / OThis alliance consists of freshwater pond vegetation in southern Florida and the West Indies, dominated and characterized by ~Eleocharis interstincta$. Other species present in the southeastern United States include ~Pontederia cordata (= Pontederia cordata var. lancifolia)$ and ~Crinum americanum$.Montane meadows and landslide scars at upper elevations of the Luquillo Mountains of eastern Puerto Rico. Dominant graminoids are ~Isachne angustifolia$ and ~Scleria scindens (= Scleria canescens)$. Other species include ~Clibadium erosum$ and ~Phytolacca rivinoides$.This alliance consists of tropical and subtropical coastal grasslands (sometimes with scattered shrubs) dominated or codominated by ~Uniola paniculata$. This alliance is separated from the temperate alliance (V.A.5.N.a) by the presence of a substantial tropical floristic component. Vegetation described in this alliance is dominated by ~Uniola paniculata$, with other herbs including ~Hymenocallis latifolia, Sesuvium portulacastrum, Panicum$ spp., ~Sporobolus virginicus, Sporobolus$ spp., ~Chamaesyce mesembrianthemifolia, Suaeda linearis, Flaveria linearis, Melanthera$ sp., ~Alternanthera maritima, Chamaesyce bombensis, Croton punctatus, Helianthus debilis ssp. debilis, Heliotropium polyphyllum, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Oenothera humifusa, Sesuvium portulacastrum$, and ~Spartina patens$. Woody plants can have slight to (often substantial) cover, of species such as ~Argusia gnaphalodes, Coccoloba uvifera, Ernodea littoralis, Iva imbricata, Opuntia stricta, Phyllanthus abnormis, Sabal palmetto, Suriana maritima, Pithecellobium keyense, Lantana involucrata, Cynanchum northropiae$, and ~Caesalpinia bonduc$. In the southeastern United States, this alliance is represented in only a limited number of sites in southern Florida. Many examples have substantial cover of woody vines and shrubs.`LVAL?n Hg%d5CEGL000285CWCSA.153I.A.8.N.cAbies grandis / TrautveThis alliance consists of vegetation of freshwater lakes dominated and characterized by ~Eleocharis cellulosa$. Overall cover of vascular plants is sometimes sparse. ~Eleocharis cellulosa$ may be nearly monospecific, or may be codominated by ~Rhynchospora tracyi$ or ~Eleocharis elongata$, and intermixed with other species, including ~Rhynchospora inundata, Hymenocallis latifolia, Crinum americanum, Bacopa caroliniana$, and ~Utricularia gibba (= Utricularia biflora)$. Algal periphyton consisting of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and green algae is often dense and well-developed, especially in sparser associations in the alliance. The algal periphyton breaks down the oolitic substrate and deposits biogenic marl.This alliance consists of marshes dominated by ~Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense (= Cladium jamaicense)$. Occurrences of this alliance are sometimes very extensive, such as the Everglades of southern Florida and areas in the Bahamian Archipelago, though they can also occur in smaller patches. ~Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense$ is usually strongly dominant. Other species may include ~Pontederia cordata (= Pontederia cordata var. lancifolia), Sagittaria lancifolia, Eleocharis cellulosa, Proserpinaca palustris, Bacopa caroliniana, Bacopa monnieri, Ludwigia repens, Leptochloa fusca ssp. fascicularis (= Leptochloa fascicularis var. fascicularis)$, and ~Utricularia gibba (= Utricularia biflora)$. Algal periphyton consisting of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and green algae is often dense and well-developed, especially in sparser associations in the alliance. The algal periphyton breaks down the oolitic substrate and deposits biogenic marl. This alliance occurs in areas where the alkaline chemistry necessary for sawgrass is provided by underlying calcareous rock (oolite) rather than by brackish tidal influence [contrast ~~Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense$ Tidal Temperate Herbaceous Alliance (A.1473)$$].LVAL This alliance, found from lower Michigan and northwestern Indiana northwest to southern Manitoba, with occasional outliers eastward, is a dry forest. It is characterized by moderately dense to dense stands of trees. The morphology and density of the dominant trees often allows enough light through the canopy to support abundant shrubs. The vegetation is dominated by coniferous trees, often almost entirely ~Pinus banksiana$. Other conifers that may be present include ~Abies balsamea, Pinus resinosa, Picea glauca$, and ~Picea mariana$. Deciduous trees, such as ~Acer rubrum, Betula papyrifera, Populus balsamifera, Populus grandidentata, Populus tremuloides, Quercus ellipsoidalis$, and ~Quercus rubra$, may be scattered throughout stands of this alliance. All of these associated trees, except ~Betula papyrifera, Pinus resinosa$, and ~Populus tremuloides$, are minor canopy components. The latter three species may be codominant in some stands. The associated trees often make up the bulk of the saplings and seedlings. Shrubs may be absent to abundant. Both tall and short shrubs occur in stands of this alliance. These include ~Alnus viridis$ (especially in northwest Ontario), ~Amelanchier$ spp., ~Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Corylus cornuta, Diervilla lonicera, Gaultheria procumbens, Linnaea borealis$, and ~Viburnum rafinesquianum$. ~Vaccinium$ spp. are very common throughout this alliance. The herbaceous layer is often not well represented. It may include ~Aralia nudicaulis, Eurybia macrophylla (= Aster macrophyllus), Maianthemum canadense$, and ~Melampyrum lineare$. Mosses and lichens, especially ~Pleurozium schreberi$ and ~Cladonia$ spp., are abundant in some communities of this alliance. ^Stands may be found on rocky ridgetops and slopes, outwash plains, and lake dunes. These sites are most often dry to dry-mesic with sand, sandy loam, and less commonly, clay soils. The soils are of lacustrine, glaciofluvial, or eolian origin. They may be shallow to deep and are typically somewhat infertile. Bedrock is expLVALo"RCEGL000427CWCSA.157I.A.8.N.cPseudotsuga menziesii / Arnica cordifolia ForestDouglas-fir / Heartleaf Leopardbane ForestDouglas-fir / Heartleaf Arnica Forest1997-11-26GCUSG496-02-01G4|R"CEGL000426CWCSA.157I.A.8.N.cPseudotsuga menziesii / Arctostaphylos uva-ursi - Purshia tridentata ForestDouglas-fir / Kinikinnick - Bitterbrush Forest1997-11-26GCUSG3?96-02-01G3m"CEGL000425CWCSA.157I.A.8.N.cPseudotsuga menziesii / Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Cascadian ForestDouglas-fir / Kinikinnick Cascadian Forest1997-11-26GCUSG3G496-02-01G3b"CEGL000424CWCSA.157I.A.8.N.cPseudotsuga menziesii / Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ForestDouglas-fir / Kinikinnick ForestDouglas-fir / Bearberry Forest1997-11-26GCUSG496-02-01G4xX"CEGL000423CWCSA.157I.A.8.N.cPseudotsuga menziesii / Arctostaphylos patula ForestDouglas-fir / Greenleaf Manzanita Forest1997-11-26GCUSG494-02-23G4~~V"CEGL000422CWCSA.159I.A.8.N.cPseudotsuga menziesii - Arbutus menziesii / Vicia americana ForestDouglas-fir - Pacific Madrone / American Purple Vetch Forest1997-11-26GCUSC.B. ChappellG1G2Q97-11-14G1d"CEGL000421CWCSA.157I.A.8.N.cPseudotsuga menziesii - Arbutus menziesii / Gaultheria shallon ForestDouglas-fir - Pacific Madrone / Salal Forest1997-11-26GCUSC.B. ChappellG300-12-06G3g"CEGL000420CWCSA.157I.A.8.N.cPseudotsuga menziesii / Amelanchier alnifolia ForestDouglas-fir / Saskatoon Serviceberry ForestDouglas-fir / Serviceberry Forest1997-11-26GCUSP. Lesica and S.V. CooperG297-11-14G2ɰV"CEGL000419CWCSA.157I.A.8.N.cPseudotsuga menziesii / Acer grandidentatum Foresosed in some stands. Stands in this alliance require fire or other disturbance to regenerate because ~Pinus banksiana$ does not reproduce well in established forests. In the absence of disturbance these stands will succeed to other forest types.LVAL)`ICEGL000447CWCSA.157I.A.8.N.cPseudotsuga menziesii / Physocarpus malvaceus ForestDouglas-fir / Mallow-leaf Ninebark Forest1997-11-26GCUSG596-02-01G5V"CEGL00044This alliance consists of tropical wet prairies of southern Florida, dominated and characterized by ~Muhlenbergia filipes$. Other characteristic graminoids are local codominants, including ~Rhynchospora microcarpa, Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense, Schoenus nigricans, Schizachyrium rhizomatum, Panicum tenerum$, and ~Andropogon gyrans$. Other species present include ~Agalinis filifolia, Symphyotrichum adnatum (= Aster adnatus), Cassytha filiformis, Chamaesyce porteriana, Crinum americanum, Dyschoriste angusta, Elytraria caroliniensis var. angustifolia, Eupatorium mikanioides, Euphorbia polyphylla, Flaveria linearis, Hedyotis nigricans var. floridana, Helenium vernale, Hymenocallis palmeri, Justicia angusta, Liatris garberi, Linum carteri, Lobelia glandulosa, Melanthera angustifolia, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Panicum virgatum var. virgatum (= Panicum virgatum var. cubense), Pluchea rosea, Rhynchospora colorata, Rhynchospora divergens, Rhynchospora inundata, Ruellia caroliniensis, Stenandrium dulce (var. floridanum), Vernonia blodgettii$. Communities of this alliance are predominant on seasonally flooded Perrine marl soils. The hydroperiod is from 3-7 months, and the marl soil is generally deeper than 5 cm. Following drainage and reduction of hydroperiod to 1-4 months, this community experiences succession, with the addition or increase of weedy species such as ~Andropogon glomeratus var. pumilus, Saccharum giganteum, Morella cerifera, Metopium toxiferum, Ilex cassine, Persea palustris, Baccharis halimifolia, Melaleuca quinquenervia, Schinus terebinthifolius$, and ~Casuarina equisetifolia$.lLVALzCEGL000486CWCSA.166I.A.8.N.cThuja plicata - Tsuga heterophylla / Whipplea modesta ForestWestern Red-cedar - Western Hemlock / Modesty Forest1997-11-26GCUSJ. TitusG2G398-11-30G2^" CEGL000485CWCSA.111I.A.8.N.aThuja plicata - Tsuga heterophylla / Rhododendron macrophyllum / Linnaea borealis ForestWestern Red-cedar - Western Hemlock / California Rhododendron / American Twinflower Forest1997-11-26GCUSG396-02-01G3z"CEGL000484CWCSA.2586IV.B.2.N.dVaccinium caespitosum - (Salix farriae) / Danthonia intermedia Dwarf-shrublandDwarf Blueberry - (Farr's Willow) / Timber Oatgrass Dwarf-shrubland2002-10-17GCUSRCC 10-02R.C. CrawfordG1G202-10-17G1r$ CEGL000483CWCSA.111I.A.8.N.aThuja plicata - Tsuga heterophylla / Oxalis oregana ForestWestern Red-cedar - Western Hemlock / Redwood Sorrel ForestWestern Red-cedar - Western Hemlock / Oregon Oxalis1997-11-26GCUSM.S. ReidG297This alliance consists of tropical wet prairies dominated by ~Rhynchospora microcarpa$. It has been reported from the Big Cypress area. This alliance is poorly defined and needs additional assessment and comparison to other vegetation types to confirm its distinctiveness.This alliance consists of tropical wet prairies (marshes) dominated by ~Panicum hemitomon$. Other species present in small amounts are ~Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense, Sagittaria lancifolia, Salix caroliniana, Nuphar lutea ssp. advena, Nymphaea odorata, Paspalidium geminatum var. paludivagum$, and ~Typha domingensis$. This tropical wet prairie community of southern Florida occurs on peat and marl-peat soils, with 6- to 11-month hydroperiod (generally greater than that of associated ~Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense$ and ~Eleocharis cellulosa - Rhynchospora tracyi$ communities). The alliance occurs as well in the Bahamas.?LVALK>>dE*CEGL000527CWCSA.422I.C.3.N.aPopulus tremuloides - Abies lasiocarpa / Juniperus communis ForestQuaking Aspen - Subalpine Fir / Common Juniper Forest1997-11-26GCUSG3G494-02-23G3d"*CEGL000526CWCSA.422I.C.3.N.aPopulus tremuloides - Abies lasiocarpa / Carex rossii ForestQuaking Aspen - Subalpine Fir / Ross' Sedge Forest1997-11-26GCUSG594-02-23G5^"*CEGL000525CWCSA.422I.C.3.N.aPopulus tremuloides - Abies lasiocarpa / Carex geyeri ForestQuaking Aspen - Subalpine Fir / Geyer's Sedge Forest1997-11-26GCUSG3?96-02-01G3^"*CEGL000524CWCSA.422I.C.3.N.aPopulus tremuloides - Abies lasiocarpa / Amelanchier alnifolia ForestQuaking Aspen - Subalpine Fir / Saskatoon Serviceberry Forest1997-11-26GCUSG3?96-02-Forests, usually monospecific, dominated by ~Pinus clausa$. This alliance occurs on mainland areas near the coast in the Florida Panhandle. The closed canopy (10-20 m high) is composed of ~Pinus clausa$. The subcanopy includes ~Quercus geminata, Quercus laevis, Quercus virginiana, Quercus hemisphaerica$, and ~Magnolia grandiflora$. The open shrub layer includes ~Chrysoma pauciflosculosa, Clinopodium coccineum (= Calamintha coccinea), Licania michauxii, Quercus arkansana, Quercus margarettiae, Quercus myrtifolia, Osmanthus americanus var. americanus, Castanea pumila, Vaccinium arboreum, Vaccinium stamineum, Yucca filamentosa (= Yucca flaccida), Serenoa repens, Ilex opaca var. opaca$, and ~Ilex vomitoria$. Woody vines are also frequent, and include ~Smilax auriculata, Vitis rotundifolia$, and ~Bignonia capreolata$. The sparse herb layer includes ~Rhynchospora megalocarpa, Rhynchosia cytisoides, Croton argyranthemus, Silphium compositum, Euphorbia floridana, Eriogonum tomentosum, Smilax pumila, Dichanthelium commutatum, Pityopsis graminifolia$, and ~Polygonella macrophylla$. Ground lichens are abundant, primarily ~Cladina evansii$. More research is needed on the dynamics of this community.ULVALeM.CEGL000545CWCSA.426I.C.3.N.aPopulus tremuloides - Pseudotsuga menziesii / Juniperus communis ForestQuaking Aspen - Douglas-fir / Common Juniper Forest1997-11-26GCUSG3G494-02-23G3i".CEGL000544CWCSA.426I.C.3.N.aPopulus tremuloides - Pseudotsuga menziesii / Calamagrostis rubescens ForestQuaking Aspen - Douglas-fir / Pinegrass Forest1997-11-26GCUSG3?96-02-01G3n".CEGL000543CWCSA.426I.C.3.N.aPopulus tremuloides - Pseudotsuga menziesiThis alliance consists of sparse shrublands of the Florida Keys with the shrub layer codominated by ~Croton linearis, Morinda umbellata (= Morinda royoc), Senna mexicana var. chapmanii, Ximenia americana$, and other shrubs, over various grasses, including ~Sporobolus$ spp. and ~Panicum$ spp.This alliance includes upper tidal areas strongly dominated by ~Monanthochloe littoralis$, a slightly woody short grass. Scattered patches of other halophytic species are present, including ~Sarcocornia perennis, Sporobolus virginicus, Batis maritima$, and ~Lycium carolinianum$.This alliance consists of tropical, non-tidal marshes dominated by ~Typha domingensis$. In the southeastern United States, other characteristic species of associations in this alliance include ~Annona glabra, Bacopa caroliniana, Blechnum serrulatum, Boehmeria cylindrica, Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense, Eupatorium leptophyllum, Ficus aurea, Fuirena squarrosa, Juncus polycephalus, Justicia ovata, Ludwigia repens, Mikania scandens, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Panicum hemitomon, Panicum rigidulum, Panicum virgatum, Pluchea rosea, Polygonum punctatum, Pontederia cordata (= Pontederia cordata var. lancifolia), Rhynchospora inundata, Rhynchospora microcarpa, Rhynchospora tracyi, Saccharum giganteum, Sagittaria graminea, Thelypteris kunthii, Utricularia foliosa$, and ~Xyris elliottii$. Associations in the West Indies will have different associates.LVAL This alliance is found in the upper montane and subalpine zone of most major mountain ranges of the western U.S., as well as forested dunes of the Oregon and northern California coast. ~Pinus contorta$ occupies the broadest array of habitats of any coniferous species in the western United States. Forests included in this alliance are characterized by a closed to moderately open tree canopy that is dominated by the conifer ~Pinus contorta$. Stands may be even-aged or multi-aged depending on geographic location, edaphic characteristics, and how the stands were established following wildfire. Shrub and herbaceous layers may be present or absent depending on tree canopy. Other tree species, such as ~Abies grandis, Abies lasiocarpa, Picea engelmannii, Tsuga heterophylla, Tsuga mertensiana$, or ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$, may be present to abundant as seedlings and saplings. Associated shrub and herbaceous species vary across the range of this alliance. In the coastal dunes stands important species include ~Gaultheria shallon, Vaccinium ovatum, Rhododendron macrophyllum$, and ~Morella californica (= Myrica californica)$. Herbaceous cover is very sparse. Common subalpine and montane shrub species include ~Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Arctostaphylos patula, Arctostaphylos nevadensis, Ceanothus velutinus, Linnaea borealis, Mahonia repens, Purshia tridentata, Spiraea betulifolia, Spiraea douglasii, Shepherdia canadensis, Vaccinium caespitosum, Vaccinium scoparium, Vaccinium membranaceum, Symphoricarpos albus$, and ~Ribes$ spp. The cover of the herbaceous stratum can be dominated by either graminoids or perennial forbs and tends to vary inversely with shrub cover. Important graminoids include ~Carex pensylvanica, Carex geyeri, Carex rossii, Calamagrostis rubescens, Danthonia californica, Elymus glaucus$, or ~Achnatherum occidentale (= Stipa occidentalis)$. Important forbs are ~Arnica cordifolia, Chimaphila umbellata, Orthilia secunda, Osmorhiza berteroi (= Osmorhiza chilensis), Pedicularis racemosa, Xerophyllum tenLVAL&YHJ CEGL000605CWCSA.274I.B.2.N.bPopulus tremuloides / Sambucus racemosa ForestQuaking Aspen / European Red Elder Forest1997-11-26GCUSG2G394-02-23G2yyP" CEGL000604CWCSA.274I.B.2.N.bPopulus tremuloides / Salix scouleriana ForestQuaking Aspen / Scouler's Willow Forest1997-11-26GCUSG496-02-01G4wwP" CEGL000603CWCSA.274I.B.2.N.bPopulus tremuloides / Rudbeckia occidentalis ForestQuaking Aspen / Western Coneflower Forest1997-11-26GCUSG?Q96-02-01G?~~U" CEGL000602CWCSA.274I.B.2.N.bPopulus tremuloides / Rubus parviflorus ForestQuaking Aspen / Thimbleberry ForestAspen / Thimbleberry Forest1997-11-26GCUSG.P. JonesG298-11-30G2sP"CEGL000600CWCSA.300I.B.2.N.dPopulus tremuloides / Ribes montigenum ForestQuaking Aspen / Western Prickly Gooseberry ForestQuaking Aspen / Gooseberry Currant1997-11-26GCUSM.S. ReidG297-11-07G2ûO"CEGL000599CWCSA.340I.B.2.N.ePopulus tremuloides / Ranunculus alismifolius ForestQuaking Aspen / Water-plantain Buttercup Forest1997-11-26GCUSG.P. JonesG2?98-11-30G2V"CEGL000598CWCSA.300I.B.2.N.dPopulus tremuloides / Quercus gambelii / Symphoricarpos oreophilus ForestQuaking Aspen / Gambel Oak / Mountain Snowberry Forest1997-11-26GCUSK.A. SchulzG?96-02-01G?ļk" CEGL000597CWCSA.274I.B.2.N.bPopulus tremuloides / Pteridium aquilinum ForestQuaking Aspen / Northern Bracken ForestAspen / Bracken Fern Forest1997-11-26GCUSD. Faber-LangendoenG494-02-23G4yR" CEGL000596CMCSA.274I.B.2.N.bPopulus tremuloides / Prunus virginiana ForestQuaking Aspen / Choke Cherry ForestAspen / Choke Cherry Forest1997-11-26GCUSDFLJ. DrakeG3G402-10-24G3sP" ax$, and ~Thalictrum$ spp. Diagnostic of this upland forest alliance is the dominance of ~Pinus contorta$ in the tree canopy without significant regeneration of ~Abies lasiocarpa$ or similar shade-tolerant species.LVAL This alliance includes forests dominated by ~Pinus echinata$, which on very dry sites may be virtually the only tree species present. This is a wide-ranging alliance; it is currently known from wide areas of the eastern United States from the central Appalachians south, through the Southern Blue Ridge and Cumberland Plateau and Mountains, possibly extending into the Piedmont, and in the central United States in the Ouachita Mountains and Ozarks, extending south into the Gulf Coastal Plain. Other pine species may be present in small amounts; these vary with geography and include ~Pinus taeda, Pinus virginiana, Pinus pungens$, and ~Pinus rigida$. Typical hardwood associates include ~Quercus alba, Quercus falcata, Quercus velutina, Quercus coccinea, Quercus marilandica, Nyssa sylvatica, Liquidambar styraciflua, Carya alba$, and ~Carya glabra$. Understory species vary across the range of the alliance, but some common components are ~Vaccinium arboreum, Vaccinium pallidum, Vaccinium stamineum, Symplocos tinctoria, Ulmus alata, Diospyros virginiana, Acer rubrum, Cornus florida$, and ~Oxydendrum arboreum$. One association in the West Gulf Coastal Plain of Arkansas has ~Vaccinium elliottii, Aesculus pavia var. pavia$, and ~Chasmanthium laxum$. Common herbaceous species in this Coastal Plain association include ~Smilax glauca, Silphium compositum, Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum, Scleria oligantha, Piptochaetium avenaceum$, and ~Tephrosia virginiana$. Some associations can result from natural or anthropogenic disturbances such as fire or windstorms, while others occur naturally on the landscape, are maintained by edaphic situations, and may even be 'climax' on these sites. Soils of these forests are acidic and are derived from sandstone, chert or granitic rock situated on ravines, ridges, and steep, often south-facing, slopes; the surface is often rocky. In the Coastal Plain, this alliance is particularly typical of clay soils, on hillsides, ridges, flats, and low hills. In the Ouachita Mountains and LVAL*MF-CEGL000687CWCSA.483II.A.2.N.aQuercus emoryi / Schizachyrium cirratum WoodlandEmory Oak / Texas Bluestem Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG?94-02-23G?vvS#CEGL000686CWCSA.483II.A.2.N.aQuercus emoryi / Piptochaetium fimbriatum WoodlandEmory Oak / Pinyon Speargrass Woodland1997-11-26GCUSK.A. SchulzG297-10-21G2{{U#CEGL000685CWCSA.483II.A.2.N.aQuercus emoryi / Muhlenbergia emersleyi WoodlandEmory Oak / Bull Muhly Woodland1997-11-26GCUSWCSWestern Ecology GroupG496-02-01G4~|rrS#CEGL000684CWCSA.483II.A.2.N.aQuercus emoryi / Dasylirion wheeleri WoodlandEmory Oak / Common Sotol Woodland1997-11-26GCUSE. MuldavinG300-12-01G3}{qqP#CEGL000683CWCSA.483II.A.2.N.aQuercus emoryi / Bouteloua curtipendula WoodlandEmory Oak / Sideoats Grama Woodland1997-11-26GCUSWCSE. MuldavinG300-12-01G3vvS#CEGL000682CWCSA.483II.A.2.N.aQuercus emoryi / Arctostaphylos pungens WoodlandEmory Oak / Mexican Manzanita Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG?94-02-23G?yyS#CEGL000681CWCSA.482II.A.2.N.aQuercus arizonica / Muhlenbergia emersleyi WoodlandArizona White Oak / Bull Muhly Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG496-02-01G4}}V#CEGL000680CWCSA.482II.A.2.N.aQuercus arizonica / Bouteloua curtipendula WoodlandArizona White Oak / Sideoats Grama Woodland1997-11-26GCUSE. MuldavinG300-12-01G3V#'CEGL000679CWCSA.314I.B.2.N.dSalix bonplandiana ForestRed Willow Forest1997-11-26GCUSG?94-02-23G?fd\ZZZXVLL;"%CEGL000678CWCSA.312I.B.2.N.dPopulus deltoides / Muhlenbergia asperifolia ForestEastern Cottonwood / Alkali Muhly Forest1997-11-26GCUSE. MuldavinG300-12-01G3Ozarks, forests of this alliance typically occur on south-facing slopes and saddles, and rocky outcrops and bluffs, but may also occur on lower, north-facing slopes and flat uplands, especially in the Piedmont.FLVALRI L$CEGL000697CWCSA.534II.A.4.N.aJuniperus deppeana / Muhlenbergia emersleyi WoodlandAlligator Juniper / Bull Muhly Woodland1997-11-26GCUSWCSWestern Ecology GroupG494-02-23G4~~W#$CEGL000696CWCSA.534II.A.4.N.aJuniperus deppeana - Juniperus monosperma - Quercus grisea / Rhus trilobata WoodlandAlligator Juniper - One-seed Juniper - Gray Oak / Squawbush Woodland1997-11-26GCUSWCSWestern Ecology GroupG594-02-23G5Żw#$CEGL000695CWCSA.534II.A.4.N.aJuniperus deppeana - JunipeThis broadly defined alliance includes pasture and post-agricultural fields, and is largely composed of non-native grasses and herbs (generally of European origin). Physiognomically, these grasslands are generally comprised of mid-height (1-3 feet tall) grasses and forbs, with occasional scattered shrubs. Species composition varies from site to site, depending on land-use history, and perhaps soil type, but in general, this vegetation is quite wide-ranging in northeastern and midwestern states, and possibly at higher elevations in the southeastern states. In addition to ~Dactylis glomerata$ and ~Rumex acetosella$ these grassy fields are characterized by ~Symphyotrichum$ spp. (including ~Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (= Aster lateriflorus)$ and ~Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (= Aster novae-angliae)), Rudbeckia hirta, Pteridium aquilinum, Chenopodium album, Asclepias syriaca, Andropogon virginicus, Schizachyrium scoparium, Phytolacca americana, Phleum pratense, Poa pratensis, Poa compressa, Elymus repens (= Agropyron repens), Bromus inermis, Solidago$ spp. (including ~Solidago rugosa, Solidago nemoralis, Solidago juncea, Solidago canadensis, Solidago altissima), Euthamia graminifolia, Oenothera biennis, Potentilla simplex, Daucus carota, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Hieracium$ spp., ~Taraxacum officinale, Vicia cracca, Trifolium$ spp., and many others. Communities of this alliance occur throughout the northeastern United States and beyond.LVAL+;n 0{CEGL000707CWCSA.504II.A.4.N.aJuniperus monosperma / Atriplex confertifolia / Achnatherum hymenoides WoodlandOne-seed Juniper / ShadscThis alliance, found in central North America, is made up of mesic to wet-mesic tall grasslands. The dominant lifeforms in stands of this alliance are tall grasses, although forbs can be abundant as well. Trees and shrubs can occur as scattered individuals or clumps. Vegetation tends to be dense and between 1.5 and 2 m tall. The dominant species across the range of this alliance is ~Andropogon gerardii$. Other species that are common to abundant throughout the alliance's range are ~Calamagrostis canadensis, Carex$ spp., ~Panicum virgatum, Sorghastrum nutans$, and ~Spartina pectinata$. ~Muhlenbergia richardsonis$ may be diagnostic of this alliance in the northeastern Great Plains, and ~Pascopyrum smithii$ is common in the western portion of this alliance's range. ~Elymus canadensis$ is abundant in Wisconsin. ~Schizachyrium scoparium$ can be found on sites subject to seasonal drought. Forbs are abundant, especially farther east in this alliance's range. Among these forbs are Asteraceae spp., ~Helianthus grosseserratus, Lysimachia quadrifolia, Pycnanthemum virginianum, Ratibida columnifera, Ratibida pinnata, Thalictrum dasycarpum$, and ~Zizia aurea$. ^Stands of this widespread alliance occur most frequently on sand to silt loam soils. Some are found on clay loams or silty clays. The sites are typically level to gently sloping, and those with heavier soils often have standing water present in the spring or after heavy rains. Most stands are in the glaciated Midwest and occur on glacial till, outwash, or drift, or on glacial lakeplains. Fires were a common occurrence in stands of this alliance before effective fire suppression activities. In the prolonged absence of fire, woody species usually invade and can become abundant.LVAL This alliance is a very widespread mesic tallgrass prairie, which occurs in central North America. Most communities have moderately dense to dense vegetation dominated by graminoids 1-2 m tall. ~Andropogon gerardii$ is dominant across this alliance's range. Other abundant species include ~Bouteloua curtipendula, Pascopyrum smithii$ (in the western portions of this alliance's range), ~Schizachyrium scoparium, Sorghastrum nutans$ (in the center and east), ~Sporobolus heterolepis$ (in the Great Plains), and ~Hesperostipa spartea (= Stipa spartea)$ (in the northern Great Plains). In Montana, ~Festuca idahoensis$ (at its eastern range limits) is codominant in an association in this alliance. Forbs are abundant in stands of this alliance, especially in the more humid East. Among these are ~Aletris farinosa$ (in the East), Asteraceae spp., ~Echinacea pallida, Helianthus grosseserratus, Liatris pycnostachya, Phlox pilosa, Ratibida pinnata, Silphium laciniatum$ (in the center), and ~Solidago$ spp. ~Galium boreale$ and ~Oxalis$ sp. are more common in northern tallgrass prairies than in southern. Trees and tall shrubs are infrequent in high-quality stands, especially in the Great Plains. Among those that may be found are scattered ~Symphoricarpos occidentalis$ (in the northern Great Plains), ~Rhus$ spp., and ~Quercus macrocarpa$ (in the central and eastern portions of this alliance's range). ^Stands of this alliance occur on flat to rolling topography. In the West and South, stands are found on lower slopes and valleys that receive extra moisture. On the western plains, the alliance can be found in areas with gravelly soil where water infiltrates below the surface but is held by an impermeable subsurface layer. Floodplain and toe-slope soils are deep and fine-textured, whereas the foothills soils are coarse-textured, often with cobble-sized rocks. In the northwestern plains, this alliance in found on lower slopes of hills, creeks and creek terraces. Soils are generally finer-textured (clay loams). In other pQLVAL]{Cn~hCEGL000724CWCSA.1500V.A.6.N.fJuniperus occidentalis / Cercocarpus ledifolius / Carex geyeri Wooded Herbaceous VegetationWestern Juniper / Curl-leaf Mountain-mahogany / Geyer's Sedge Wooded Herbaceous VegetationWestern Juniper / Mountain-mahogany / Elk Sedge1997-11-26GCUSM.S. Reid, mod. J. TitusG298-11-30G297/-~#%CEGL000723CWCSA.535II.A.4.N.aJuniperus occidentalis / Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana WoodlandWestern Juniper / Mountain Big Sagebrush Woodland1997-11-26GCUSarts of this alliance's range, stands can be found on many topographic positions. Soils are generally fertile, deep, slightly acidic, and moderately to well-drained. In glacial lakeplains near the Great Lakes, soils tend to be more poorly drained. Soils moisture is generally mesic, although it can vary from dry-mesic to wet-mesic. Soil texture can range from clay loams to sands. ^In the far western extent, vegetation in this alliance is a relict true prairie found along the eastern foothills and floodplains of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. ~Andropogon gerardii$ is the major diagnostic species, as well as ~Sorghastrum nutans, Panicum virgatum, Schizachyrium scoparium, Sporobolus heterolepis$, the other common tallgrass prairie species. ~Bouteloua curtipendula$ and ~Pascopyrum smithii$ are also common grasses. The alliance is found in mesic areas along the Colorado Front Range. Landform position and soil texture dictate potential sites, as precipitation is generally not adequate to support stands of this alliance. In localized areas, hydrological processes of the site enhance the soil moisture. Along the Front Range, 'relict' true prairie is found along the foothills in parks and on slopes below ~Pinus ponderosa$ woodlands. Soils are coarse-textured, and runoff and seeps enhance soil moisture. The alliance is also found in floodplains adjacent to streams where the water table is within reach for plant roots.LVAL This alliance includes herbaceous vegetation with ~Andropogon hallii$, occurring in the Great Plains from the United States-Canada border south to Texas. It is dominated by tall and midgrass species, with shortgrass species becoming important in the western portion of its range. ~Andropogon hallii$ is usually dominant or codominant. ~Calamovilfa longifolia$ is present to codominant in most stands south of the South Dakota-Nebraska border. ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata), Koeleria macrantha, Schizachyrium scoparium, Bouteloua gracilis, Bouteloua hirsuta, Eragrostis trichodes, Pascopyrum smithii$, and ~Sporobolus cryptandrus$ are typical grasses in stands of this alliance. Upland sedges are also very common, especially ~Carex filifolia, Carex inops ssp. heliophila$, and ~Carex duriuscula (= Carex eleocharis)$. Although graminoids are overwhelmingly dominant, several species of forbs can be found in many stands of this alliance. Some of the more common forbs are ~Ambrosia psilostachya, Psoralidium$ spp., ~Ipomoea leptophylla, Liatris punctata$, and ~Tradescantia occidentalis$. There may be widely scattered low shrubs, including ~Rosa woodsii, Prunus pumila var. besseyi$, and ~Yucca glauca$. In west Texas common associates on deep sands include ~Panicum havardii, Sporobolus giganteus$, and ~Calamovilfa gigantea$. Stands of this alliance occur on sand deposits, usually on gentle to steep slopes but sometimes on flat ground. The soils are sand, loamy sand, or sandy loam. They can be poorly to moderately well-developed. There is little runoff or evaporation because moisture quickly sinks into the coarse soil. Soil near the surface is consequently dry throughout much of the year, but moisture is present further down, favoring deep-rooting species such as ~Andropogon hallii$ and ~Calamovilfa longifolia$. Wind sometimes scours sand and vegetation from small areas, creating blowouts. These bare spots are initially colonized by species that are uncommon in this alliance, such as ~Muhlenbergia pungens$ aLVALCR!CEGL000753CWCSA.531II.A.4.N.aPinus albicaulis / Calamagrostis rubescens WoodlandWhitebark Pine / Pinegrass Woodland1997-11-26GCUSR.C. CrawfordG298-11-30G2yyV#CEGL000752CWCSA.560II.A.4.N.cAbies lasiocarpa - Pinus albicaulis / Vaccinium scoparium WoodlandSubalpine Fir - Whitebark Pine / Grouseberry WoodlandSubalpine Fir - Whitebark Pine Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG5?96-02-01G5e#CEGL000751CWCSA.560II.A.4.N.cAbies lasiocarpa - Pinus albicaulis / Arctostaphylos uva-ursi WoodlandSubalpine Fir - Whitebark Pine / Kinikinnick Woodland1997-11-26GCUSR.C. CrawfordG2Q00-12-11G2ļi#CEGL000750CWCSA.506II.A.4.N.aJuniperus scopulorum / Schizachyrium scoparium WoodlandRocky Mountain Juniper / Little Bluestem WoodlandRocky Mountain Juniper / Little Bluestem Woodland1997-11-26GCUSR.J. RondeauG200-12-29G2ƼZ#CEGL000749CWCSA.506II.A.4.N.aJuniperus scopulorum / Purshia tridentata WoodlandRocky Mountain Juniper / Bitterbrush Woodland1997-11-26GCUSL. TaskerG298-11-30G2U#CEGL000748CWCSA.506II.A.4.N.aJuniperus scopulorum / Pseudoroegneria spicata WoodlandRocky Mountain Juniper / Bluebunch Wheatgrass WoodlandRocky Mountain Juniper / Bluebunch Wheatgrass Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG496-02-01G4nd ~Redfieldia flexuosa$. Eventually, these blowouts succeed to one of the communities in the V.A.5.N.a ~~Andropogon hallii$ Herbaceous Alliance (A.1193)$$. These grasslands occur on semi-stabilized quartz sand dunes in eastern Trans-Pecos Texas, where they form landscape mosaics with ~Quercus havardii$ shrublands, wetland dune swales, and sparsely vegetated dunes. The rare plant, ~Penstemon haydenii$, an endemic to dune blowouts in the sandhills of Nebraska, may be endangered by the decline in habitat because of fire suppression and low to moderate stocking rates (Harrison 1980).LVAL+bj.mCEGL000774CWCSA.516II.A.4.N.aPinus edulis / Andropogon hallii WoodlandTwo-needle Pinyon / Sand Bluestem WoodlandPinyon Pine / Sand Bluestem Woodland1997-11-26GCUSY. ChauvinG298-12-15G2vL#(CEGL000773CWCSA.538II.A.4.N.aPinus discolor / Quercus toumeyi WoodlandBorder Pinyon / Toumey Oak WoodlandMadrean Conifer Woodland1997-11-26GCUSK.A. SchulzG297-10-20G2oL#(CEGL000772CWCSA.538II.A.4.N.aPinus discolor / Quercus rugosa WoodlandBorder Pinyon / Netleaf Oak Woodland1997-11-26GCUSE. Milford, E. MuldavinG197-10-21G1}}{yooK#(CEGL000771CWCSA.538II.A.4.N.aPinus discolor / Quercus hypoleucoides WoodlandBorder Pinyon / Silverleaf Oak Woodland1997-11-26GCUSK.A. SchulzG297-10-21G2yyR#This alliance includes wet-mesic grasslands of the southeastern United States that are dominated by ~Panicum virgatum$ and/or ~Tripsacum dactyloides$. The nominal species may occur with ~Andropogon gerardii, Carex microdonta, Fimbristylis puberula, Paspalum floridanum, Sorghastrum nutans$, and ~Sporobolus compositus var. compositus$. Important forbs may include ~Acacia angustissima var. hirta, Symphyotrichum ericoides (= Aster ericoides), Bifora americana, Hedyotis nigricans, Helianthus maximiliani, Ratibida columnifera (= Ratibida columnaris), Rudbeckia hirta$, and ~Ruellia humilis$. There are wetter and drier variants; the former occurs on poorly drained or subirrigated soils (Vertisols) and flat topography on the northeastern Blackland, Fayette, and Upper Coastal Prairies of eastern Texas, and may manifest as patches of sparse vegetation interspersed with dense stands. Similar communities may exist as small patches in Oklahoma and Kansas. Remnants of this vegetation in Kentucky are on poorly drained flats in the Big Barrens. There is a reported ~Panicum virgatum$-dominated type in the Grand Prairie of Arkansas.LVALZ!OCEGL000783CWCSA.516II.A.4.N.aPinus edulis / Festuca arizonica WoodlandTwo-needle Pinyon / Arizona Fescue Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG300-09-19G3wwL#CEGL000782CWCSA.516II.A.4.N.aPinus edulis - Juniperus osteosperma / Purshia stansburiana WoodlandTwo-needle Pinyon - Utah Juniper / Stansbury Cliff-rose Woodland1997-11-26GCUSK.A. SchulzG4?96-02-01G4g#CEGL000781CWCSA.516II.A.4.N.aPinus edulis - Juniperus osteosperma / Coleogyne ramosissima WoodlandTwo-needle Pinyon - Utah Juniper / Blackbrush Woodland1997-11-26GCUSK.A. SchulzG300-09-19G3h#CEGL000780CWCSA.516II.A.4.N.aPinus edulis - Juniperus spp. / Cercocarpus montanus WoodlandTwo-needle Pinyon These communities occur in disturbed upland situations, most notably on dredge spoil such as occurs along the Intracoastal Waterway, and cover many thousands of hectares. Essentially monospecific stands of ~Phragmites australis$, which is rapidly spreading in disturbed coastal areas, excluding native vegetation.This alliance includes grasslands primarily dominated by alien species not native to North America, presumably originally planted or introduced by grazing animals. Vegetation of this alliance is widely distributed in the northeastern United States, as well as in montane and higher-elevation areas of the southeastern United States. ~Phleum pratense$, a native of Europe, is characteristic. Occurrences are variable and patchy, often with local dominance of tall forbs. Other characteristic species include ~Hieracium caespitosum (= Hieracium pratense)$ (alien), ~Potentilla canadensis$, and ~Ranunculus acris$ (alien). These grasslands are maintained by periodic mowing or, in some instances, prescribed burning. This alliance is currently known throughout the northeastern United States and from high elevation pastures or grass balds in the southern Appalachians. It is possible throughout the United States and in southern Canada.\LVALh<PyCEGL000793CWCSA.516II.A.4.N.aPinus edulis / Quercus X pauciloba WoodlandTwo-needle Pinyon / Wavyleaf Oak WoodlandPinyon Pine / Wavyleaf Oak Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG594-02-23G5wN# CEGL000792CWCSA.632II.B.2.N.aCeltis laevigata var. reticulata / Philadelphus lewisii WoodlandNetleaf Hackberry / Lewis' Mock-orange Woodland2002-10-17GCUSRCC 10-02R.C. CrawfordG102-10-17G1c#CEGL000791CWCSA.516II.A.4.N.aPinus edulis - Juniperus spp. / Quercus gambelii WoodlandTwo-needle Pinyon - Juniper species / Gambel Oak Woodland1997-11-26GCUSK.A. SchulzG594-02-23G5\#CEGL000790CWCSA.516II.A.4.N.aPinus edulis - Quercus arizonica / RhuThis alliance includes tallgrass grasslands known from the Coastal Prairie and the northern Fayette Prairie in southern and southeastern Texas dominated by ~Schizachyrium scoparium var. scoparium$ and ~Paspalum plicatulum$, occurring with ~Sorghastrum nutans, Sporobolus compositus, Setaria$ spp., ~Andropogon gerardii$, and ~Muhlenbergia capillaris$. On wetter sites, ~Fimbristylis puberula, Carex$ spp., and ~Rhynchospora$ spp. become important. Typical forbs include ~Symphyotrichum ericoides (= Aster ericoides), Mimosa microphylla (= Mimosa quadrivalvis var. angustata), Neptunia lutea$, and ~Liatris$ spp. Overgrazing and fire supression of this grassland have led to the invasion of a wide variety of woody species such as ~Rosa bracteata, Acacia farnesiana, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera)$, and ~Triadica sebifera (= Sapium sebiferum)$. Some of these grasslands occur on upland acidic Vertisols and Alfisols of the Coastal Prairie and on acidic Alfisols of the more inland portion of the Fayette Prairie. These areas are characterized by the occurrence of low, circular mounds called mima or pimple mounds, which add local relief to an otherwise flat topography.LVAL This alliance, comprising dry-mesic tallgrass vegetation and blackland prairies, is found in the central United States and southern Canada. The vegetation of stands of this alliance is characterized by moderate to dense cover of medium and tall grasses and a diverse mixture of forbs. Woody species are absent to rare but can be uncommon in some communities. The most abundant species across the range of this alliance are ~Bouteloua curtipendula, Schizachyrium scoparium$, and ~Sorghastrum nutans$. Other graminoids species common in parts of this alliance are ~Andropogon gerardii, Bouteloua hirsuta, Carex$ spp., ~Danthonia spicata, Hesperostipa spartea (= Stipa spartea)$, and ~Sporobolus heterolepis$. In the far southern part of the alliance's range, associations can contain ~Andropogon glomeratus, Panicum virgatum$, and ~Sporobolus clandestinus$. Some of the many forbs which can be found in this alliance include ~Symphyotrichum ericoides (= Aster ericoides), Echinacea pallida, Helianthus$ spp., ~Hedyotis nigricans var. nigricans$ (in Illinois and Missouri), ~Lespedeza capitata$ (especially on sand), ~Lithospermum canescens, Clinopodium arkansanum (= Calamintha arkansana)$ (in Illinois), and ~Solidago nemoralis$. In the Southeast, ~Ratibida pinnata$ or ~Baptisia australis var. minor$ may be found, as well as a variety of forbs with Coastal Plain affinities. Woody species that are found in stands of this alliance are those that can adapt to the dry to dry-mesic conditions, such as ~Acer rubrum$ and ~Juniperus virginiana$. In the Southeast, this alliance includes a variety of relatively restricted communities which are rare and/or have been greatly reduced through land-use change. Many of these occur on distinctive soils or geologic formations, such as calcareous clays. This includes the Jackson Formation of Mississippi and Louisiana; the Cook Mountain Formation, Fleming Formation, and Morse Clays of Louisiana; the Demopolis and related formations of the Alabama Black Belt; as well as blackland prairies:LVALF>NCEGL000884CWCSA.689II.C.3.N.aPinus ponderosa - Quercus garryana / Symphoricarpos albus WoodlandPonderosa Pine - Oregon White Oak / Common Snowberry Woodland1997-11-26GCUSM.P. Murray and R.C. CrawfordG2G300-01-27G2Ͱe#CEGL000883CWCSA.689II.C.3.N.aPinus ponderosa - Quercus garryana / Purshia tridentata WoodlandPonderosa Pine - Oregon White Oak / Bitterbrush Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG396-02-01G3c#CEGL000882CWCSA.689II.C.3.N.aPinus ponderosa - Quercus garryana / Carex geyeri WoodlandPonderosa Pine - Oregon White Oak / Geyer's Sedge Woodland1997-11-26GCUSR.C. CrawfordG2G398-11-30G2]#CEGL000881CWCSA.689II.C.3.N.aPinus ponderosa - Quercus garryana / Balsamorhiza sagittata WoodlandPo on Alfisols, Mollisols, and Vertisols in Texas, and isolated occurrences on the Catahoula Formation in eastern Texas. This alliance also occurs in the Arbuckle Mountains of Oklahoma. This alliance includes remnant prairie-like vegetation occupying small areas (<1 acre) of mafic substrates in the Southern Blue Ridge plateau underlain by magnesium-rich bedrock; this vegetation is disjunct from the principal distribution of this alliance. Fire presumably played an important ecological role in maintaining natural stands of this vegetation in the presettlement landscape. Threats to these communities include fire suppression, livestock grazing, and damage by feral hogs and by vehicles. ^Most stands of this alliance are found on gentle to moderately steep slopes, although stands on flat plains can occur (Curtis 1959, Nelson 1985). The most prevalent slope aspects are south or west. Soils range from shallow to deep and are well-drained to excessively well-drained (White and Madany 1978, Chapman 1984). Most are loams or sands, but some can be gravel or clay. These soils are formed from eolian or alluvial sand, limestone, dolomite, sandstone, glacial till, glacial outwash, chert, loess, or shale.TLVAL`IIu ! CEGL000896CWCSA.552II.A.4.N.bPseudotsuga menziesii / AspiThis alliance includes dune grasslands, typically with scattered shrubs and forbs, of the southeastern Coastal Plain, with ~Uniola$ dominant or codominant. The cover varies from sparse on foredunes and on actively moving sand areas to fairly dense on more stable dunes. In the northern portion of the distribution of this alliance (northern North Carolina and Virginia), ~Ammophila breviligulata$ may be present, indicating a transition towards the V.A.5.N.c ~~Ammophila breviligulata$ Herbaceous Alliance (A.1207)$$. On the Chandeleurs and related islands of coastal Louisiana, ~Spartina patens$ replaces ~Uniola paniculata$ (which is present in small amounts) as the dominant grass. Other typical species of this alliance include ~Andropogon$ spp., ~Cakile$ spp., ~Cenchrus$ spp., ~Chamaesyce$ spp., ~Croton punctatus, Hydrocotyle bonariensis, Iva imbricata, Physalis walteri, Spartina patens$, and ~Strophostyles helvula$. In the southern part of the range, additional forbs and vines include ~Helianthus debilis, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Ipomoea imperati (= Ipomoea stolonifera)$, and ~Sesuvium$ spp. Oceanwards are the annual-dominated, unstable, upper beach communities, often with trailing vines. Landwards are shrub-dominated communities or grasslands dominated by species other than ~Uniola$, such as ~Spartina patens$ or ~Muhlenbergia filipes (= Muhlenbergia capillaris var. filipes)$. This dune grassland community occurs almost exclusively on sandy, unstable, droughty substrates (Typic Quartzipsamments) with no soil profile development. Eolian processes cause active sand deposition and erosion. The sand substrate is usually visible, and litter accumulation from plant debris is nearly absent. This community generally occurs on foredunes that receive the force of wind and salt spray but is beyond the influence of most storm tides. The effects of nearly continuous salt spray exclude most other species and maintain the vegetation type.eLVALq[,aCEGL000915CWCSA.558II.A.4.N.bAbies grandis / Arctostaphylos nevadensis WoodlandGrand Fir / Pinemat Manzanita WoodlandGrand Fir / Pinemat Manzanita1997-11-26GCUSM.S. Reid, mod. R.C. CrawfThis alliance includes the predominant grasslands of the South Texas Sand Sheet, the Ingleside barrier-strandplain in the Coastal Bend of Texas, as well as barrier islands and coastal situations of Texas and adjacent western Louisiana. These grasslands also occur on stabilized secondary dunes on barrier islands (Texas) or on beach dunes and relatively elevated backshore ridges above intertidal beaches on barrier islands and mainland areas (Louisiana). Common salt-spray-tolerant components may include ~Panicum amarum, Paspalum monostachyum, Schizachyrium littorale (= Schizachyrium scoparium ssp. littorale), Heteropogon contortus, Paspalum plicatulum, Paspalum vaginatum, Spartina patens$, and ~Dichanthelium$ spp. Louisiana examples contain ~Oenothera drummondii, Strophostyles helvula, Solidago sempervirens, Croton punctatus, Hydrocotyle bonariensis, Sabatia arenicola, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Ipomoea imperati (= Ipomoea stolonifera), Gaillardia pulchella, Phyla nodiflora, Eleocharis albida, Juncus bufonius, Sisyrinchium biforme, Heterotheca subaxillaris, Astragalus nuttallianus, Pediomelum rhombifolium, Dalea emarginata$, and others. ~Trichoneura elegans$ and ~Elionurus tripsacoides$ are present within their ranges in Texas. Minor changes in drainage can cause differences in species composition. Poorly drained areas may support inclusions of ~Spartina spartinae$. On Texas barrier islands, these wetter inclusional grasslands contain ~Sporobolus$ spp., ~Eragrostis$ spp., ~Carex$ spp., ~Scirpus$ spp., ~Fuirena$ spp., and ~Fimbristylis$ spp. as important components and grade into grasslands of ~Uniola paniculata$ and ~Panicum amarum$ on drier, less stable dunes.YLVALe0}O? CEGL000926CWCSA.552II.A.4.N.bPseThis alliance, found in the northwestern Great Plains, occurs on sandy dry-mesic sites. There are two prominent vegetation layers in stands of this alliance and a moderate amount of bare ground (Looman 1980). The tallest layer, about 0.6-1.5 m, is dominated by mid grasses, particularly ~Calamovilfa longifolia$. Other species present include ~Andropogon hallii, Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata), Schizachyrium scoparium, Koeleria macrantha$, and ~Sporobolus cryptandrus$. The shorter layer includes several short graminoid species, forbs, and some small shrubs. Graminoids make up the majority of this layer, especially upland Carices. Among the most frequent are ~Carex duriuscula (= Carex eleocharis), Carex inops ssp. heliophila, Carex filifolia$, and ~Carex duriuscula$. ~Bouteloua gracilis$ is prominent in some stands, especially in the western portion of this alliance's range. Forbs and shrubs do not usually contribute greatly to the vegetation cover, although forb species diversity can be moderately high. The forbs that are present typically include ~Lathyrus$ spp., ~Lygodesmia juncea, Phlox hoodii, Chenopodium leptophyllum$, and ~Liatris punctata$. ~Psoralidium lanceolatum$ and ~Rumex venosus$ are most common on the least stabilized locations. Shrubs are uncommon, but when they are present, short shrubs such as ~Yucca glauca, Rosa$ spp., and ~Artemisia frigida$ are the most likely to be found. ^Stands of this alliance are almost exclusively found on sand deposits (Looman 1980, Johnston 1987). A few are on coarse loams (USFS 1992). Stands are usually on gentle slopes but can be on flat ground or steep slopes. The soil is sand, loamy sand, or sandy loam, and there is little horizon development (USFS 1992). Water penetrates the coarse soil quickly. This results in the upper soil having little available moisture for most of the growing season. Water and wind erosion can be frequent disturbances in this alliance. njCEGL000764CWCSA.512II.A.4.N.aPinus contorta / Juniperus communis WoodlandLodgepole Pine / Common Juniper WoodlandLodgepole Pine / Common Juniper Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG596-02- A.1202CWestV.A.5.N.aCALAMAGROSTIS NUTKAENSIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPacific Reedgrass Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZwvjE   A.1201CWestV.A.5.N.aCALAMOVILFA LONGIFOLIA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPrairie Sandreed Herbaceous AllianceYK. SCHULZ}tsgC   A.1200CSoutheastV.A.5.N.aPASPALUM MONOSTACHYUM - (PANICUM AMARUM, SCHIZACHYRIUM LITTORALE) HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGulfdune Crowngrass - (Bitter Panicgrass, Seaside Bluestem) Herbaceous Alliance@YD. DIAMOND 1-95, MOD. M. s   A.12CWestI.A.1.N.bACACIA KOA / METROSIDEROS POLYMORPHA - DICRANOPTERIS LINEARIS FOREST ALLIANCEKoa / 'Ohi'a - Uluhe Forest AllianceYWCSd   A.1199CSoutheastV.A.5.N.aUNIOLA PANICULATA TEMPERATE HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESea-oats Temperate Herbaceous AllianceYA.S. WEAKLEYsM   A.1198CMidwestV.A.5.N.aSCHIZACHYRIUM SCOPARIUM - SORGHASTRUM NUTANS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELittle Bluestem - Yellow Indiangrass Herbaceous Alliance YMCS\   A.1197CSoutheastV.A.5.N.aSCHIZACHYRIUM SCOPARIUM - PASPALUM PLICATULUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELittle Bluestem - Brownseed Crowngrass Herbaceous Alliance@YGREAT PLAINS PROGRAM_   A.1196CSoutheastV.A.5.N.aPHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECommon Reed Herbaceous Alliance9@YA.S. WEAKLEY~rqeF   hA.1195CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cPHLEUM PRATENSE HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETimothy Herbaceous Alliance@YK.D. PATTERSON/A.S. WEAKLih\A   A.1194CSoutheastV.A.5.N.aPANICUM VIRGATUM - TRIPSACUM DACTYLOIDES HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESwitchgrass - Eastern Gammagrass Herbaceous Alliancek@YD.J. ALLARD 94, MOD. K.D.Z   A.1193CWestV.A.5.N.aANDROPOGON HALLII HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESand Bluestem Herbaceous Alliance; YGREAT PLAINS PROGRAM 1-95lk_>   @.sa9= A.1215CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cIMPERATA CYLINDRICA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECogongrass Herbaceous Allianceg@YA.S. WEAKLEY|pocE   A.1214CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cHILARIA BELANGERI - BOUTELOUA CURTIPENDULA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECurly-mesquite - Sideoats Grama Herbaceous Alliance@YB. HOAGLAND/D. DIAMOND\   A.1213CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cLOLIUM (ARUNDINACEUM, PRATENSE) HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Tall Fescue, Meadow Fescue) Herbaceous AllianceU@YA.S. WEAKLEY 95-05, MOD. Q   A.1211CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cPENNISETUM CILIARE HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBuffelgrass Herbaceous Alliance@YJ. POOLE/A.S. WEAKLEYpocD   A.1210CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cBOTHRIOCHLOA ISCHAEMUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEKing Ranch Beardgrass Herbaceous Alliance@YB. HOAGLAND~}qH   A.121CWestI.A.8.N.bPINUS MURICATA FOREST ALLIANCEBishop Pine Forest Alliance@YM. SCHINDELi^]Q6   A.1209CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cBOTHRIOCHLOA BARBINODIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECane Beardgrass Herbaceous Alliances@YB. HOAGLAND/D. DIAMONDyxlI   A.1208CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cANDROPOGON VIRGINICUS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECommon Broomsedge Herbaceous AllianceA@YA.S. WEAKLEYyxlG   A.1207CEastV.A.5.N.cAMMOPHILA BREVILIGULATA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAmerican Beachgrass Herbaceous Allianceu@YECS{xwkD   A.1206CWestV.A.5.N.cAMMOPHILA ARENARIA SEMI-NATURAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEEuropean Beachgrass Semi-natural Herbaceous Alliance@YD. SARRL   A.1205CWestV.A.5.N.bSPOROBOLUS WRIGHTII HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBig Alkali Sacaton Herbaceous Alliance: YK. SCHULZ|srf@   A.1204CWestV.A.5.N.bLEYMUS CINEREUS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGreat Basin Lyme Grass Herbaceous Alliance @YK. SCHULZ|srf<   A.1203CWestV.A.5.N.bCORTADERIA (SELLOANA, JUBATA) SEMI-NATURAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Selloa Pampas Grass, Pampas Grass) Semi-natural Herbaceous Alliance@YM. SCHINDELW  7 oGP GYCEGL001132CWCSA.962III.B.2.N.dRhamnus alni A.1231CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cSPOROBOLUS SILVEANUS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESilveus Dropseed Herbaceous Alliance@YK.D. PATTERSONwvjF   fA.1230CSoutheastV.A.5.N.mSPARTINA SPARTINAE SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGulf Cordgrass Saturated Herbaceous AllianceK@YA.S. WEAKLEY, MOD. A.S. WzN   A.123CSoutheastI.A.8.N.bPINUS PALUSTRIS - (PINUS ELLIOTTII) FOREST ALLIANCELongleaf Pine - (Slash Pine) Forest AlliancelYM.P. SCHAFALE/A.S. WEAKLE|P   A.1225CMidwestV.A.5.N.cSCHIZACHYRIUM SCOPARIUM - BOUTELOUA CURTIPENDULA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELittle Bluestem - Sideoats Grama Herbaceous Alliance YMCS/SCS, MOD. M.S. REID`   A.1224CMidwestV.A.5.N.cSCHIZACHYRIUM SCOPARIUM - (SPOROBOLUS CRYPTANDRUS) HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELittle Bluestem - (Sand Dropseed) Herbaceous Alliancel@YMCSb   A.1222CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cSCHIZACHYRIUM MARITIMUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGulf Bluestem Herbaceous AllianceA@YA.S. WEAKLEYwvjI   A.1221CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cSCHIZACHYRIUM CIRRATUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETexas Bluestem Herbaceous Alliance~@YB. HOAGLAND/D. DIAMONDwvjH   A.1220CMidwestV.A.5.N.cPOA (FENDLERIANA, NEMORALIS SSP. INTERIOR) - SPOROBOLUS HETEROLEPIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Muttongrass, Inland Bluegrass) - Prairie Dropseed Herbaceous Alliance @YMCSŹs   A.1219CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cPASPALUM NOTATUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBahia Grass Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYznmaB   A.1218CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cMUHLENBERGIA REVERCHONII HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESeep Muhly Herbaceous Allianceh@YB. CARR/A.S. WEAKLEYuthJ   A.1217CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cMUHLENBERGIA FILIPES HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESouthern Hairgrass Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYyxlF   A.1216CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cMUHLENBERGIA CAPILLARIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEHair-awn Muhly Herbaceous Alliancek@YA.S. WEAKLEYxwkI  e3n\D?: A.1246CWestV.A.5.N.dPLEURAPHIS RIGIDA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBig Galleta Herbaceous Alliance@YM. SCHINDELuji]>   A.1245CWestV.A.5.N.dFESTUCA ARIZONICA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEArizona Fescue Herbaceous Alliance(@YK. SCHULZvml`>   A.1244CWestV.A.5.N.dBOUTELOUA CURTIPENDULA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESideoats Grama Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZ{rqeC   &A.1243CWestV.A.5.N.cLEYMUS MOLLIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESea Lyme Grass Herbaceous Alliance]@YD. SARRpih\:   %A.1242CWestV.A.5.N.cELYMUS LANCEOLATUS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEStreamside Wild Rye Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZ|srf?   $A.1241CWestV.A.5.N.cSPOROBOLUS AIROIDES SOD HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAlkali Sacaton Sod Herbaceous Alliancej@YK.A. SCHULZwvjD   #A.1240CWestV.A.5.N.cSCHIZACHYRIUM SCOPARIUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELittle Bluestem Herbaceous Alliance~@YK. SCHULZ}tsgD   A.124CWestI.A.8.N.bPINUS PONDEROSA FOREST ALLIANCEPonderosa Pine Forest Alliance3YD.J. ALLARD, MOD. M.S. RE{baU7   "A.1239CWestV.A.5.N.cPSEUDOROEGNERIA SPICATA - BOUTELOUA GRACILIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBluebunch Wheatgrass - Blue Grama Herbaceous AllianceC@YK. SCHULZY   !A.1238CWestV.A.5.N.cPANICUM OBTUSUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEVine-mesquite Herbaceous Alliance@YGREAT PLAINS PROGRAM 1-95ji]<   A.1237CWestV.A.5.N.cLEYMUS FLAVESCENS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESand Lyme Grass Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZwnma>   A.1236CWestV.A.5.N.cFESTUCA RUBRA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCERed Fescue Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZnedX:   A.1234CMidwestV.A.5.N.cHESPEROSTIPA COMATA - BOUTELOUA GRACILIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCENeedle-and-Thread - Blue Grama Herbaceous AlliancezYMCS, MOD. M.S. REIDX   A.1232CMidwestV.A.5.N.cPASCOPYRUM SMITHII HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWestern Wheatgrass Herbaceous AllianceYMCS, MOD. M.S. REID, MOD.uthB  x^kb\T/ CEGL001564CWCSA.1202V.A.5.N.aCalamagrostis nutk A.1259CWestV.A.5.N.dMUHLENBERGIA EMERSLEYI HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBull Muhly Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZwnmaC   A.1258CWestVII.C.3.N.bLEYMUS SALINUS SSP. SALMONIS SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCESalmon Lyme Grass Sparsely Vegetated Alliance@YM.S. REIDS   A.1257CWestV.A.5.N.dFESTUCA VIRIDULA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGreenleaf Fescue Herbaceous Alliancet@YD. SARRunma=   A.1256CWestV.A.5.N.dFESTUCA THURBERI HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEThurber's Fescue Herbaceous Alliancej@YK. SCHULZwnma=   A.1255CWestV.A.5.N.dFESTUCA CAMPESTRIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPrairie Fescue Herbaceous AllianceYK. SCHULZwnma?   A.1254CWestV.A.5.N.dDANTHONIA CALIFORNICA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECalifornia Oatgrass Herbaceous Alliance@YD. SARR}vuiB   A.1253CWestV.A.5.N.dCAREX HOODII HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEHood's Sedge Herbaceous Allianceh@YD. CULVERofeY9   A.1252CWestV.A.5.N.dSPOROBOLUS CRYPTANDRUS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESand Dropseed Herbaceous Alliancex@YK. SCHULZzqpdC   A.1251CWestV.A.5.N.dFESTUCA IDAHOENSIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEIdaho Fescue Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZulk_?   A.1250CMidwestV.A.5.N.dFESTUCA ALTAICA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCERough Fescue Herbaceous Alliance@@YMCSolk_?   A.125CWestI.A.8.N.bPINUS RADIATA FOREST ALLIANCEMonterey Pine Forest Alliance0@YM. SCHINDELj_^R5   A.1249CWestV.A.5.N.dPLEURAPHIS MUTICA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETobosa Grass Herbaceous Alliance@YB. HOAGLAND/D. DIAMOND 11kj^>   A.1248CWestV.A.5.N.dNASSELLA LEPIDA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEFoothill Needlegrass Herbaceous Alliance@YM. SCHINDEL|qpd<   A.1247CWestV.A.5.N.dNASSELLA CERNUA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCENodding Needlegrass Herbaceous Alliancef@YM. SCHINDEL{poc<  >|phX;3dCEGL001936CWCSA.1638V.B.2.N.bTrifolium parryi Her A.1271CWestV.A.5.N.dACHNATHERUM NELSONII HERBACEOUS ALLIANCENelson's Needlegrass Herbaceous Alliance*@YK. SCHULZvuiA   A.1270CWestV.A.5.N.dHESPEROSTIPA COMATA BUNCH HERBACEOUS ALLIANCENeedle-and-Thread Bunch Herbaceous AllianceYK. SCHULZ~}qF   A.127CEastI.A.8.N.bPINUS STROBUS - TSUGA CANADENSIS FOREST ALLIANCEEastern White Pine - Eastern Hemlock Forest Alliance$YM.P. SCHAFALE/A.S. WEAKLE|H   A.1269CWestV.A.5.N.dSPOROBOLUS NEALLEYI HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGyp Dropseed Herbaceous Alliance$@YK. SCHULZvml`@   A.1268CWestV.A.5.N.dSPOROBOLUS FLEXUOSUS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMesa Dropseed Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZxonbA   A.1267CWestV.A.5.N.dSPOROBOLUS AIROIDES HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAlkali Sacaton Herbaceous Alliance YK.A. SCHULZzonb@   A.1266CWestV.A.5.N.dSCHIZACHYRIUM SCOPARIUM BUNCH HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELittle Bluestem Bunch Herbaceous Alliance|@YK. SCHULZsJ   A.1265CWestV.A.5.N.dPSEUDOROEGNERIA SPICATA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBluebunch Wheatgrass Herbaceous AllianceYK. SCHULZyxlD   A.1264CWestV.A.5.N.dPOA NERVOSA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEHooker's Bluegrass Herbaceous Alliance|@YK. SCHULZtkj^8   A.1263CWestV.A.5.N.dPOA FENDLERIANA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMuttongrass Herbaceous Alliance7@YK. SCHULZqhg[<   A.1262CWestV.A.5.N.dACHNATHERUM HYMENOIDES HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEIndian Ricegrass Herbaceous Alliance[@YK. SCHULZ}tsgC   A.1261CWestV.A.5.N.dNASSELLA VIRIDULA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGreen Needlegrass Herbaceous AllianceF@YK. SCHULZypoc>   A.1260CWestV.A.5.N.dMUHLENBERGIA MONTANA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMountain Muhly Herbaceous AllianceuYK. SCHULZypocA   A.126CMidwestI.A.8.N.bPINUS RESINOSA FOREST ALLIANCERed Pine Forest Alliance YR. BARTGIS/A.S. WEAKLEY/Kw^]Q9  n;% fRA A.1285CWestV.A.5.N.eBOUTELOUA HIRSUTA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEHairy Grama Herbaceous Alliance@YGREAT PLAINS PROGRAM 1-95ji]>   A.1284CWestV.A.5.N.eBOUTELOUA ERIOPODA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBlack Grama Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZtkj^?   A.1283CWestV.A.5.N.eCAREX DURIUSCULA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCENeedleleaf Sedge Herbaceous Alliancek@YD. CULVERwnma=   A.1282CWestV.A.5.N.eBOUTELOUA GRACILIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBlue Grama Herbaceous AllianceH YB. HOAGLAND/D. DIAMOND 11ji]?   A.1281CEastV.A.5.N.eDANTHONIA SPICATA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPoverty Oatgrass Herbaceous Alliance@YG.P. FLEMING/A.S. WEAKLEYonb>   A.1280CSoutheastV.A.5.N.eDANTHONIA COMPRESSA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMountain Oatgrass Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYwvjE   A.128CMidwestI.A.8.N.bPINUS STROBUS FOREST ALLIANCEEastern White Pine Forest AllianceYD.J. ALLARDrgfZ8   A.1279CSoutheastV.A.5.N.eCYNODON DACTYLON HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBermuda Grass Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEY|pocB   A.1278CSoutheastV.A.5.N.eCAREX PENSYLVANICA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPennsylvania Sedge Herbaceous Alliance@YK.D. PATTERSONwvjD   A.1277CSoutheastV.A.5.N.eCAREX BILTMOREANA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBiltmore Sedge Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEY~rqeC   A.1276CSoutheastV.A.5.N.eBUCHLOE DACTYLOIDES HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBuffalo Grass Herbaceous Alliance @YB. HOAGLAND~srfE   A.1275CSoutheastV.A.5.N.eBOUTELOUA RAMOSA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEChino Grama Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYznmaB   A.1274CEastV.A.5.N.eSPARTINA PATENS - (SCHOENOPLECTUS PUNGENS) HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESaltmeadow Cordgrass - (Threesquare) Herbaceous AllianceYECSW   A.1272CWestV.A.5.N.dHESPEROSTIPA NEOMEXICANA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCENew Mexico Needlegrass Herbaceous Alliance2YK. SCHULZ|{oE  YqB7}CEGL002434CMCSA.949III.B.2.N.dSalix petiolaris - (Betula pumila) / Spartina A.1298CWestV.A.5.N.gCAREX SICCATA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEDry-spike Sedge Herbaceous Alliance;@YD. CULVERsji]:   A.1297CWestV.A.5.N.gCAREX CAPITATA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECapitate Sedge Herbaceous AllianceR@YD. SARRqji];   A.1296CWestV.A.5.N.gCAREX BREWERI HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBrewer's Sedge Herbaceous Alliance}@YD. SARRpih\:   A.1295CEastV.A.5.N.gCAREX BIGELOWII - JUNCUS TRIFIDUS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBigelow's Sedge - Highland Rush Herbaceous Alliance1@YECSN   A.1294CWestV.A.5.N.gCAREX FILIFOLIA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEThreadleaf Sedge Herbaceous Alliance@YM. SCHINDELxml`<   A.1293CWestV.A.5.N.gCALAMAGROSTIS BREWERI HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEShorthair Reedgrass Herbaceous Alliance @YM. SCHINDELvuiB   A.1292CWestV.A.5.N.fACHNATHERUM LEMMONII HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELemmon's Needlegrass Herbaceous Alliance@YM.S. REIDvuiA   A.1291CWestV.A.5.N.fPOA SECUNDA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECurly Bluegrass Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZqhg[8   A.1290CWestV.A.5.N.fACHNATHERUM SPECIOSUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEDesert Needlegrass Herbaceous AllianceG@YM. SCHINDELuthB   A.129CSoutheastI.A.8.N.bPINUS TAEDA - PINUS ECHINATA FOREST ALLIANCELoblolly Pine - Shortleaf Pine Forest AllianceZ@YD.J. ALLARD/S. LANDAALwI   A.1289CWestV.A.5.N.fNASSELLA PULCHRA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPurple Needlegrass Herbaceous Alliance`@YM. SCHINDEL{poc=   A.1288CWestV.A.5.N.eMUHLENBERGIA FILICULMIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESlim-stem Muhly Herbaceous AllianceYK. SCHULZ}tsgD   A.1287CWestV.A.5.N.ePLEURAPHIS JAMESII HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEJames' Galleta Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZwnma?   A.1286CWestV.A.5.N.eCAREX DOUGLASII HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEDouglas' Sedge Herbaceous Alliance@YD. CULVERtkj^<   LVAL=,A`we CEGL000934CWCSA.641II.B.2.N.bPopulus angustifolia - Picea pungens / Alnus incana WoodlandNarrowleaf Cottonwood - Blue Spruce / Speckled Alder WoodlandNarrowleaf Cottonwood These grasslands occur on valley bottoms, lower alluvial slopes, coastal bluffs and terraces along the central coast of California north to Washington. Elevations range from 0-300 m. Climate is maritime with most of the annual precipitation occurring as rain during the winter. Stands require seasonally or permanently saturated soils with a shallow water table within the cool, moist band within 10 km of the coast. Soils are moderately deep (120 cm), with a high organic component (23%) and a thick litter layer (8 cm). Soil texture is loam with a pH of 6. Stands form a mosaic with forest and scrub in the coastal prairies and generally occur on moderate slopes (24% slope) with southern aspects. Stands on open bluffs tolerate the high winds and salt spray well. This vegetation has a moderately dense (50-60% cover) herbaceous layer (<1.5 m tall) that is dominated by the cool-season sod-grass ~Calamagrostis nutkaensis$. ~Elymus glaucus$ and ~Festuca rubra$ are common graminoid associates. Perennial forbs may be diverse, but rarely contribute much cover. Associates may include ~Symphyotrichum chilense (= Aster chilensis), Carex obnupta, Lolium arundinaceum (= Festuca arundinacea), Pteridium aquilinum, Iris tenax, Maianthemum dilatatum, Marah oreganus, Achillea millefolium, Rubus ursinus, Artemisia suksdorfii, Heracleum maximum (= Heracleum lanatum), Holcus lanatus$, or ~Anthoxanthum odoratum$. Occasional emergent shrubs, such as ~Vaccinium ovatum$, and trees, such as ~Picea sitchensis$, may be present. Exotic species, such as ~Poa pratensis$ and ~Dactylis glomerata$, may be abundant. Adjacent vegetation may include ~Holcus lanatus / Anthoxanthum odoratum$ and ~Fragaria chiloensis / Armeria maritima$ communities, and various scrub and forest types.LVAL5,|3zCEGL000954CWCSA.1102IV.A.2.N.aAmbrosia dumosa - Ephedra nevadensis Dwarf-shrublandWhite Burrobush - Nevada Joint-fir Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG?94-02-23G?X$CEGL000953CWCSA.852III.A.5.N.aAmbrosia deltoidea / Simmondsia chinensis ShrublandTriangle Bursage / Jojoba Shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG494-02-23G4zzW$CEGL000952CWCSA.631II.B.2.N.aLarix lyallii / Vaccinium deliciosum WoodlandSubalpine Larch / Rainier Blueberry Woodland1997-11-26GCUSR.C. CrawfordG300-12-11G3||P#CEGL000951CWCSA.631II.B.2.N.aLarix lyallii / Vaccinium scoparium / Luzula glabrata var. hitchcockii WoodlandSubalpine Larch / Grouseberry / Smooth Woodrush Woodland1997-11-26GCUSR.C. CrawfordG2G398-11-30G2Ÿr#CEGL000950CWCSA.646II.B.2.N.bSalix laevigata - Fraxinus velutina WoodlandPolished Willow - Velvet Ash Woodland1997-11-26GCUSK.A. SchulzG1G297-10-28G1~ttO#CEGL000949CWCSA.647II.B.2.N.bSalix lucida ssp. lasiandra / Salix fluviatilis WoodlandPacific Willow / River Willow Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG3Q96-02-01G3[# CEGL000948CWCSA.645II.B.2.N.bSalix aThis grassland alliance occurs in temperate regions of California and invades several shrubland and disturbed forest vegetation types. Stands are found on all topographic positions; from sea level to 800 m. Areas where this alliance thrives receive between 100 and 200 cm per year of rain. The vegetation is characterized by the dominance of the perennial grasses ~Cortaderia jubata$ or ~Cortaderia selloana$. Shrub species present may include ~Artemisia californica, Eriogonum fasciculatum$, and ~Baccharis pilularis$. In disturbed forest areas, emergent trees may be present including ~Pseudotsuga menziesii, Sequoia sempervirens$, and ~Picea sitchensis$. Diagnostic of this grassland alliance is the dominance of ~Cortaderia jubata$ or ~Cortaderia selloana$.LVAL)h/`CEGL000971CWCSA.1078IV.A.1.N.bEmpetrum nigrum - Gaultheria shallon Dwarf-shrublandBlack Crowberry - Salal Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSJ.S. KaganG299-11-17G2X$CEGL000970CWCSA.586II.A.5.N.aCercocarpus ledifolius / Symphoricarpos oreophilus WoodlandCurl-leaf Mountain-mahogany / Mountain Snowberry WoodlandThis grassland alliance occurs in the Intermountain West of the U.S. Sites are often gentle to moderate slopes on any aspect. Stands are found on relatively mesic, non-flooded sites such as terraces above the seasonal floodplain, uplands from toeslopes to the shoulder of the slope, broad valleys, mesic patches in semi-arid shrublands and seepage sites. Sites are relatively mesic; some have soils saturated with snowmelt, while others are subirrigated. Soils are typically deep, fine-textured, alkaline, and sometimes saline, derived from alluvium and colluvium. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by a sparse to dense herbaceous layer that is dominated by the tall bunchgrass ~Leymus cinereus$. Other plants are found mainly between the clumps of ~Leymus cinereus$ or on the edges of the stand. Characteristic graminoids include ~Festuca idahoensis, Pascopyrum smithii, Carex praegracilis, Poa secunda (= Poa juncifolia)$, and ~Puccinellia distans$. The forb layer is sparse to moderately dense with perennial species such as ~Achillea millefolium, Antennaria microphylla, Aquilegia$ spp., ~Astragalus$ spp., ~Cirsium$ spp., ~Frasera speciosa, Pyrrocoma uniflora (= Haplopappus uniflorus)$, or ~Castilleja$ spp. Scattered shrubs may also be present. Sparse annual forbs and grasses are seasonally present. ~Leymus cinereus$ is salt-tolerant, and saline sites include the more salt-tolerant species like ~Pascopyrum smithii$ or ~Puccinellia distans$. Diagnostic of this alliance is the ~Leymus cinereus$-dominated grassland.LVAL Vegetation in this alliance has a moderately dense tall-graminoid layer dominated by tall bunch grasses. A sparse layer of medium-tall grasses may be also be present. Stands of this grassland alliance occur in swales and various lowland sites. Elevation ranges from 1220-1600 m. Slopes are typically flat to gentle with any aspect. Climate is semi-arid with most of the 25-43 cm of annual precipitation falling during the late summer and early fall monsoon period. Precipitation may concentrate in these lowland sites from upland runoff during the typically high-intensity convection storms common during the monsoon season. In four stands of this alliance ground cover ranged from 20-80% bare soil, 20-80% litter, and 3-35% basal vegetation. These soils were derived from clay alluvium and ranged in texture from silty clay loams to clays. This grassland occurs in a variety of sites, from riverbanks, sandy washes and floodplains to upland areas where microtopography or edaphic conditions allowed for accumulation of water. It may also be found in lower salinity sites within depressional wetlands such as bolsons and playas. Typically soils are derived from alluvium and are fine-textured, non-alkaline, and deep with high moisture-holding capacity. The sandy wash sites presumably have coarser substrates. These grasslands often occur on sites that have a high water table or are subject to periodic flooding. Stands of this semi-desert grassland alliance occur in swales and lowlands including riparian zones. These grasslands have a moderate to dense tall-graminoid layer typically dominated by the tall bunchgrass ~Sporobolus wrightii$, with small amounts of mid grasses. The other characteristic grasses may include ~Panicum obtusum, Panicum hallii, Digitaria californica (= Trichachne californica), Pleuraphis mutica (= Hilaria mutica), Sporobolus airoides$, and ~Bouteloua gracilis$. While some stands have moderately high cover of ~Ambrosia psilostachya$, forb cover is generally sparse, but it may be diverse. ScatteredLVAL-nJ<5 CEGL001083CWCSA.996III.B.2.N.eBetula occidentalis - Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda ShrublandWater Birch - Shrubby-cinquefoil ShrublandWater Birch - Shrubby-cinquefoil Shrubland1997-11-26GCUSM.S. Reid, mod. S.V. CooperG2Q97-11-14G2Żg$CEGL001082CWCSA.300I.B.2.N.dPopulus tremuloides / Alnus incana - Salix spp. ForestQuaking Aspen / Speckled Alder - Willow species Forest1997-11-26GCUSG400-09-20G4X"CEGL001081CWCSA.936III.B.2.N.cBetula occidentalis / Crataegus douglasii ShrublandWater Birch / Black Hawthorn Shrubland1997-11-26GCUSJ.S. KaganG100-04-26G1}}W$ CEGL001080CWCSA.996III.B.2.N.eBetula occidentalis ShrublandWater Birch ShrublandWater Birch Shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG3Q96-02-01G3|yyywukVA$ CEGL001079CWCSA.995III.B.2.N.eBetula nana / Carex utriculata ShrublandSwamp Birch / Beaked Sedge S shrubs such as ~Prosopis$ spp. are not uncommon. Near riparian woodlands, occasionally trees such as ~Populus fremontii, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Celtis laevigata var. reticulata (= Celtis reticulata)$, and ~Juglans$ spp. may be present. In several stands of this alliance, the canopy cover of graminoids ranged from 30-70%. ~Sporobolus wrightii$ canopy cover ranged from 30-65%. Other common grasses include ~Panicum obtusum, Muhlenbergia richardsonis$, and ~Eragrostis$ spp. Common forbs may include ~Portulaca pilosa, Datura quercifolia (= Datura ferox), Mentzelia pumila, Solanum elaeagnifolium, Amaranthus palmeri, Sphaeralcea hastulata$. Occasionally, scattered shrubs, such as ~Artemisia dracunculus, Chilopsis linearis$, or ~Mimosa aculeaticarpa var. biuncifera$, were present. Enhanced soil moisture from the slope position and the high water-holding capacity of the fine-textured soil promotes abundant grass growth. The high grass cover further enhances soil moisture by reducing evaporation from the soil and increasing water infiltration. These conditions promote well-developed soils.eLVALqQlpQUpt$zQ\lpQueee%eee`g$zQlpQee%ueeee`f$zQlpQuu%%uuue`o$zQXlpQe%uee%eu` $zQlpQ%eeeeeee` $zQlpQeEeuueEuph$zQTlpQ%The dominant species in the ~~Ammophila arenaria$ Semi-natural Herbaceous Alliance (A.1206)$$ is native to Europe and has been widely planted on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America. It has become naturalized and forms a dominant vegetation type along the Pacific Coast from San Francisco Bay to southwestern Washington. This alliance occurs on shifting sands of outer coastal dunes at sea level. Soils are entirely aeolian sands without horizon development or accumulated organic material. Colonization by ~Ammophila arenaria$, a rhizomatous grass, enhances capture and stabilization of sand, leading to the development of steep dune faces perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction. This alliance is dominated by medium-tall graminoids, which range in cover from dense to very open (down to 10% cover). The sand substrate is usually visible, and litter accumulation from plant debris is insignificant. ~Ammophila arenaria$ usually dominates the stands. Associated herbaceous species (all of them native) characteristic of this alliance include ~Leymus mollis (= Elymus mollis), Poa macrantha, Abronia latifolia, Lathyrus littoralis$, and ~Cakile$ spp. Sparsely scattered shrubs and trees may also occur, particularly near the landward edge, including ~Gaultheria shallon, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Arctostaphylos columbiana, Salix hookeriana, Ledum glandulosum, Lonicera involucrata$, and ~Pinus contorta$.<LVALJUU@.$zQ CEGL001398CWCSA.1081IV.A.1.N.bCassiope mertensiana - Phyllodoce empetriformis Dwarf-shrublandWestern Moss Heather - Pink Mountain-heath Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG596-02-01G5c$ CEGL001397CWCSA.1081IV.A.1.N.bCassiope mertensiana / Luetkea pectinata Dwarf-shrublandWestern Moss Heather / Partridgefoot Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG3G496-02-01G3\$CEGL001396CWCSA.1089IV.A.1.N.eCassiope mertensiana / Carex paysonis Dwarf-shrublandWestern Moss Heather / Payson's Sedge Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSS.V. CooperG3?00-01-03G3Y$ CEGL001395CWCSA.1081IV.A.1.This alliance occurs in near-coastal areas along the Gulf Coast of Texas and possibly Louisiana and the Mexican state of Tamaulipas. These saline coastal prairies are dominated by ~Spartina spartinae$ and occur in poorly drained areas in the vicinity of the coast, but they are isolated from tidal influence, except during extreme storm events. This alliance occurs on "upland" flats often forming a band, a mile or more in width, between tidal marshes and the more upland nonsaline coastal prairie. It also occurs in microtopographic depressions within the nonsaline coastal prairie matrix. ~Spartina spartinae$ may be the sole dominant, or it may share dominance with other grasses, such as ~Schizachyrium littorale (= Schizachyrium scoparium ssp. littorale), Schizachyrium scoparium var. scoparium$. ~Schizachyrium scoparium$ may be locally abundant. Other species include ~Andropogon glomeratus var. pumilus, Paspalum vaginatum, Spartina patens, Cyperus$ spp., ~Palafoxia texana var. ambigua$, and ~Eupatorium serotinum$. This alliance has been previously placed in upland, but predominant soils are Natraqualfs, and these soils are saturated to the surface for periods of the growing season. ~Spartina patens$ is sometimes locally codominant. The hydrology of this alliance is ambiguous, exhibiting qualities of both seasonally flooded and saturated.LVALJ9q CEGL001408CWCSA.1084IV.A.1.N.bPhyllodoce glanduliflora / Oreostemma alpigenum Dwarf-shrublandYellow Mountain-heath / Tundra Aster Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG3G496-02-01G3c$ CEGL001407CWCSA.1083IV.A.1.N.bPhyllodoce empetriformis / Vaccinium deliciosum Dwarf-shrublandPink Mountain-heath / Rainier Blueberry Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG496-02-01G4c$ CEGL001406CWCSA.1083IV.A.1.N.bPhyllodoce empetriformis / Lupinus latifolius Dwarf-shrublandPink Mountain-heath / Broadleaf Lupine Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG4?96-02-01G4a$ CEGL001405CWCSA.1083IV.A.1.N.bPhyllodoce empetriformis / Antennaria lThis tallgrass alliance is known from Alfisols in the northeastern portion of the Blackland Prairie of Texas. The dominant species include ~Sporobolus silveanus, Tridens strictus, Paspalum floridanum, Carex meadii$, and ~Fimbristylis puberula$; other typical species (some in a lower stratum) include ~Dichanthelium oligosanthes, Dichanthelium linearifolium, Dichanthelium aciculare, Panicum virgatum, Paspalum floridanum, Coelorachis cylindrica, Aira elegans, Eragrostis hirsuta, Eragrostis capillaris, Neptunia lutea, Linum medium, Symphyotrichum ericoides (= Aster ericoides)$, and ~Symphyotrichum pratense (= Aster sericeus var. microphyllus)$. Areas which have been mowed or overgrazed may have ~Andropogon ternarius, Rudbeckia maxima, Marshallia caespitosa$, or scattered woody species such as ~Maclura pomifera$ or ~Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana$. One association occurs on loamy, low pH upland soils classified as Alfisols. This alliance is rare and has a very limited distribution. Remaining examples have been impacted by overgrazing and lack of prescribed burning. Much of the original acreage has been converted to row crops or tame pasture, or has succeeded to woodland. The exact species composition varies with changes in microtopography.LVAL This alliance is common and widespread in the Great Plains, especially the northern portions, and parts of the intermountain western U.S. and possibly Canada. The communities in it range from dry or dry-mesic to wet-mesic. Mid grasses are the dominant vegetation in most communities, although short grasses and sedges can be codominant. The vegetation tends to be denser where the mid grasses are predominant and more open where shorter graminoids are abundant. The mid grasses grow to 0.5-1.0 m on favorable sites, while the short grasses and sedges are less than 0.5 m tall. The most abundant midgrass is ~Pascopyrum smithii$. Common associates include ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata), Nassella viridula, Koeleria macrantha, Schizachyrium scoparium, Hesperostipa spartea (= Stipa spartea)$, and ~Poa$ spp. In the drier communities of this alliance ~Bouteloua gracilis$ is the most common shortgrass. Other short graminoids typically found in the drier communities include ~Carex inops ssp. heliophila, Carex duriuscula (= Carex eleocharis), Carex filifolia$, and ~Bouteloua curtipendula$ (in the northern portion of this alliance's range), ~Aristida purpurea$, and ~Buchloe dactyloides$ (in the southern half of this alliance's range). In the wetter communities within this alliance, ~Distichlis spicata, Hordeum jubatum, Elymus trachycaulus$, and ~Iva annua$ are common. Forbs and shrubs are generally minor components of communities within this alliance. If shrubs are present they are rarely taller than 1 m. Some forbs that are usually scattered about are ~Gaura coccinea, Sphaeralcea coccinea, Amorpha canescens, Astragalus$ spp., and ~Tragopogon dubius$. Shrubs include ~Symphoricarpos occidentalis, Artemisia cana, Artemisia frigida$, and ~Opuntia$ spp. ^Communities within this alliance occur on several different soil types. The soil is most often clay or clay loam, however. it can be loam or sandy loam. In the east and central part of this alliance's range, these communities can be found on flat or rolling uplaLVAL%^=tCEGL001436CWCSA.1106III.A.5.N.aArtemisia pygmaea / Elymus elymoides - Achnatherum hymenoides ShrublandPygmy Sagebrush / Bottlebrush - Indian Ricegrass Shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG3G494-02-23G3l%CEGL001435CWCSA.1125IV.B.2.N.dSalix reticulata / Caltha leptosepala Dwarf-shrublandNet-vein Willow / White Marsh-marigold Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSS.V. CooperG397-11-14G3Y$CEGL001434CWCSA.1119IV.B.2.N.bSalix nivalis / Festuca brachyphylla Dwarf-shrublandSnow Willow / Shortleaf Fescue Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG3G496-02-01G3X$CEGL001433CWCSA.1118IV.B.2.N.bSalix cascadensis / Festuca brachyphylla Dwarf-shrublandCascade Willow / Shortleaf Fescue Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG3G496-02-01G3\$CEGL001432CWCSA.1117IV.B.2.N.bSalix arctica - Salix nivalis Dwarf-shrublandArctic Willow - Snow Willow Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG2Q94-02-23G2||Q$CEGL001431CWCSA.1117IV.B.2.N.bSalix arctica / Polygonum bistortoides Dwarf-shrublandArctic Willow / American Bistort Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSS.V. CooperG2G3Q00-01-04G2Z$CEGL001430CWCSA.1117IV.B.2.N.bSalix arctica / Geum rossii Dwarf-shrublandArctic Willow / Ross' Avens Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG494-02-23G4zzO$CEGL001429CWCSA.1124IV.B.2.N.dSalix arctica / Caltha leptosepala Dwarf-shrublandArctic Willow / White Marsh-marigold Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG2G394-02-23G2V$CEGL001428CWCSA.1115IV.B.2.N.aVaccinium membranaceum - Vaccinium deliciosum Dwarf-shrublandSquare-twig Blueberry - Rands, hillslopes, or along streams or depressions. In the western part of this alliance's range, its communities are found where local conditions are wetter than the average. This includes such areas as the base of slopes or along rivers or streams.vLVALMkCEGL001474CWCSA.1This alliance is widespread across upland sites in the northern Great Plains. Its communities tend to be the climax communities on fertile dry-mesic sites across much of its range. It is dominated by mid and short grass species; woody species do not regularly achieve prominence. Few of the species exceed 1 m while many, including ~Bouteloua gracilis$, do not exceed 50 cm. The most abundant species are ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$ and ~Bouteloua gracilis$. On more mesic sites ~Hesperostipa comata$ is predominant, while on areas that are drier or subject to light grazing ~Bouteloua gracilis$ takes precedence. Other graminoid species that are commonly found in communities of this alliance are ~Aristida purpurea var. longiseta (= Aristida longiseta), Carex duriuscula (= Carex eleocharis), Carex filifolia, Koeleria macrantha, Nassella viridula$, and ~Pascopyrum smithii$. Sites in the southern half of the range of this alliance may have significant amounts of ~Bouteloua curtipendula$. Forbs are common but not usually abundant. Forb species that are regularly found are ~Artemisia frigida, Gaura coccinea, Gutierrezia sarothrae (= Gutierrezia diversifolia), Liatris punctata, Sphaeralcea coccinea (= Malvastrum coccineum), Phlox hoodii$, and ~Sphaeralcea coccinea$. The clubmoss ~Selaginella densa$ is present in many stands in this alliance. Scattered shrubs are sometimes present. These include ~Prunus virginiana, Rhus aromatica$, and ~Symphoricarpos occidentalis$. In the western and southwestern portions of its range, ~Cercocarpus montanus$ may be found where this alliance occurs on slopes. ^Communities in this alliance are found on flat to moderately steep topography. The soils are sandy loam, loam, or sometimes clay loam. They are often well-developed and derived from either glacial deposits or sometimes limestone or sandstone (Hanson and Whitman 1938, Coupland 1950, Hanson 1955).\LVALh#,LfCEGL001483CWCSA.1204V.A.5.N.bLeymus cinereus - Pascopyrum smithii Herbaceous VegetationGreat Basin Lyme Grass - Western Wheatgrass Herbaceous VegetationBasin Wild Rye / Western Wheatgrass Tallgrass Prairie1997The ~Festuca rubra$ grassland alliance is found along the Pacific Northwest coast, from central northern California to the Puget Sound region. The climate is strongly marine, with persistent onshore (westerly) winds, high annual precipitation, and moderate temperatures. Summer months typically are relatively dry. This vegetation occupies coastal headlands on extreme sites, usually with moderate to steep slopes of southerly aspects. These headlands are composed of bedrock of conglomerates (Washington) and basalts (Oregon). The soils are derived from colluvium or sand, and are usually shallow, well-drained, and have a significant component of gravels. Persistent strong winds, salt-spray, and the shallow soils are important factors in the maintenance of these grasslands. This vegetation often occurs as small patches in a mosaic of grassland, shrubland and forest communities. Stands have a sparse to dense herbaceous layer dominated by the perennial grass ~Festuca rubra$, and with a rich forb component. ~Festuca rubra$ forms large, loose clumps from long, slender rhizomes, and has cover ranging from as low as 10% to over 70%. Associated perennial grasses may include ~Elymus glaucus, Festuca idahoensis, Danthonia californica, Calamagrostis nutkaensis$, and ~Koeleria macrantha$. Important forbs include ~Artemisia suksdorfii, Camassia leichtlinii, Viola adunca, Erigeron glaucus, Achillea millefolium, Eriophyllum lanatum$, and ~Solidago canadensis$. Trees from nearby forested areas may invade in the absence of fire; these include the conifers ~Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus contorta$, and ~Picea sitchensis$, and the broad-leaved ~Quercus garryana$ or ~Arbutus menziesii$.3LVALHA&CEGL001490CWCSA.1859VII.C.1.N.bPinus ponderosa / Achnatherum hymenoides Sparse VegetationPonderosa Pine / Indian Ricegrass Sparse VegetationPonderosa Pine / Indian Ricegrass1997-11-26GCUSM.S. ReidG197-11-07G1_%CEGL001489CWCSA.1502V.A.6.N.fJuniperus osteosperma / Hesperostipa comata Wooded Herbaceous VegetationUtah Juniper / Needle-and-Thread Wooded Herbaceous VegetationUtah Juniper / Needle-and-Thread1997-11-26GCUSM.S. Reid, mod. S.K. RustG1Q97-11-14G1Ȩk#CEGL001488CWCSA.1502V.A.6.N.fJunipThis alliance includes vegetation dominated by ~Panicum obtusum$, occurring in the Chihuahuan Desert and the Southern Shortgrass Prairie. Components of this grassland type include ~Buchloe dactyloides, Panicum hallii, Panicum hirsutum$, and ~Helianthus ciliaris$.This alliance is described from partially stabilized dunes and sandhills in southeastern Idaho. Stands occur in areas of actively moving dune deposits, from a few to more than 100 m to windward from the rear of active dunes. Elevations range from 1525-1800 m. Soils are sand, from a few centimeters to over 4 m deep, left behind as the dunes advance. Despite very low moisture levels during the dry season, some moisture is always available to plants. Generally these deposits are less than 40 years old. Stands have a sparse herbaceous layer (17-25% cover) dominated by the strongly rhizomatous perennial grass ~Leymus flavescens (= Elymus flavescens)$ and the perennial forb ~Psoralidium lanceolatum (= Psoralea lanceolata)$. Diversity and cover are low. Other species may include ~Machaeranthera canescens (= Aster canescens), Oxytheca dendroidea (= Eriogonum dendroideum), Eriogonum deflexum$, and ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$.LVAL:CEGL001500CWCSA.1538V.A.7.N.gCercocarpus montanus / Muhlenbergia emersleyi Shrub Herbaceous VegetationMountain-mahogany / Bull Muhly Shrub Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG494-02-23G4l#CEGL001499CWCSA.1540V.A.7.N.hYucca glauca / Pseudoroegneria spicata Shrub Herbaceous VegetationSoapweed Yucca / Bluebunch Wheatgrass Shrub Herbaceous VegetationSoapweed / Bluebunch Wheatgrass Shrub Prairie1997-11-26GCUSG4Q96-02-01G4This grassland alliance has been described from the western Great Plains, on foothill toeslopes on the eastern side of the Continental Divide in Montana, and on high elevation ridges in intermountain basins in north-central Colorado. Sites are relatively dry and occur on moderate to steep slopes with southerly to westerly exposures. Soils are lithic, often calcareous, gravelly loams and clay loams, derived from a variety of parent materials. Surface rock is important in some stands. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by a relatively sparse herbaceous layer that is codominated by the cool-season, medium-tall bunchgrass ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$ and the warm-season, shortgrass ~Bouteloua gracilis$. The dwarf-shrub ~Artemisia frigida$ is often present. Other associated species may include ~Heterotheca villosa, Koeleria macrantha, Opuntia polyacantha, Phlox hoodii, Poa secunda$, and ~Sphaeralcea coccinea$. Northern stands may be codominated by ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$, and southern stands may have high cover of ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$. The shrubs ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis$ and ~Ericameria parryi (= Chrysothamnus parryi)$ may be occasionally present. Diagnostic of this grassland alliance is the codominance of ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$ and~Bouteloua gracilis$.LVALCEGL001507CWCSA.1536V.A.7.N.gRhus glabra / Aristida purpForests dominated by ~Pinus ponderosa$ occur in mountainous regions of the western United States, from the Cascades and Black Hills, throughout the Rocky Mountains, southeast to the mountains of Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas. This alliance may range into southern British Columbia, and although ~Pinus ponderosa$ is found in Mexico, it is uncertain whether this alliance ranges into that country. This alliance can be found on slopes of a variety of aspects and pitches, but is most often on gentle to moderate, northeast- to northwest-facing slopes. It can be on slopes of other aspects where the soil is heavier and retains more moisture or if other conditions make the site relatively mesic. Periodic ground fires are important in maintaining ~Pinus ponderosa$ forests. In the prolonged absence of fires, some stands will succeed to other communities. Throughout its range, ~Pinus ponderosa$ is found at elevations from sea level to 3050 m (10,000 feet). Within the central Rocky Mountains, ~Pinus ponderosa$ grows at elevations between 1800-2600 m (6000-8500 feet). In the Black Hills and northeastern Wyoming, it can be found from 1080-2100 m (3600-7000 feet). In the southeastern United States, these forests are restricted to the high elevations (over 1800 m, 6000 feet) of the Guadalupe, Davis, and Chisos mountains in western Texas, where associations are dominated by ~Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum$. Associated species vary with elevation and geography, but consistently include ~Quercus gambelii, Pinus strobiformis, Juniperus deppeana, Quercus grisea, Quercus muehlenbergii, Pinus arizonica var. stormiae, Cupressus arizonica, Juniperus flaccida, Festuca arizonica, Schizachyrium scoparium var. scoparium (= Schizachyrium scoparium ssp. neomexicanum), Panicum bulbosum$, and ~Piptochaetium pringlei (= Stipa pringlei)$. LVAL3` CEGL001515CWCSA.1252V.A.5.N.dAristida purpurea var. longiseta - Sporobolus cryptandrus Herbaceous VegetationRed Three-awn - Sand Dropseed Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSM.P. MurrayG199-10-21G1r#CEGL001514CWCSA.1525V.A.7.N.eSporobolus cryptandrus Shrub Herbaceous VegetationSand Dropseed Shrub Herbaceous VegetationSand Dropseed Shrub Prairie1997-11-26GCUSS.V. CooperG298-1This alliance has been described from the Tularosa Basin in the northern Chihuahuan Desert and the southern Colorado Plateau. Elevation ranges from 1185-2730 m. Stands are reported from playas, sandy floodplains and mesas. The vegetation is characterized by a dense perennial graminoid layer of medium-tall and short grasses that form a sod (>50% cover) that is codominated by ~Sporobolus airoides$ and ~Bouteloua gracilis$. Occasional shrubs may be present including ~Atriplex$ spp., ~Ephedra$ spp., ~Ericameria nauseosa$, or ~Gutierrezia sarothrae$. Little information is available about vegetation in this alliance.This grassland alliance is known only from stands in the rolling plains of southeastern Montana. Stands from Colorado in the ~Schizachyrium scoparium$ Herbaceous Vegetation association (former CEGL001680) were recently merged with an association, ~~Schizachyrium scoparium - Bouteloua curtipendula$ Loess Mixedgrass Herbaceous Vegetation (CEGL002036)$$, in the ~~Schizachyrium scoparium - Bouteloua curtipendula$ Herbaceous Alliance (A.1225)$$ leaving a single association, ~~Schizachyrium scoparium - Carex inops ssp. heliophila$ Herbaceous Vegetation (CEGL001682)$$. The moderate to dense herbaceous layer is dominated by the medium-tall, warm-season bunchgrass ~Schizachyrium scoparium$. The shorter graminoid, ~Carex inops ssp. heliophila$, typically codominates. Perennial forbs generally have sparse cover but may be relatively diverse. Annual forbs and grasses may be seasonally present.lLVALxj, .WCEGL001524CWCSA.1567V.A.7.N.eArtemisia nova / Festuca idahoensis Shrub Herbaceous VegetationBlack Sagebrush / Idaho Fescue Shrub Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSS.V. CooperG2?98-11-30G2b#CEGL001523CWCSA.2552V.A.7.N.eArtemisia arbuscula ssp. longiloba / PoThis grassland alliance occurs on the Columbia River plains and in the Centennial Valley Sandhills in southwestern Montana. Elevations range 300-765 m along the Columbia River. Sites are level to moderately sloping sandy plains and dunes. Soils are deep loess or sandy soils in Washington and sand in Montana, where stands are found in a patchwork with sand dunes and dune shrublands with occurrences less than one acre in size. Disturbance is important to the maintenance of these seral communities, and it is associated with recent blowouts. These sparse grasslands are usually dominated by ~Elymus lanceolatus$, which is a cool-season, rhizomatous perennial grass that binds the loose sand providing 1-20% cover. The bunchgrass ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$ and the perennial forb ~Phacelia hastata$ are codominant in some stands. Other species that may be present include grasses, such as ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Poa secunda$, and forbs like ~Astragalus sclerocarpus, Eriogonum ovalifolium, Linum perenne, Psoralidium tenuiflorum (= Psoralea tenuiflora), Oenothera pallida, Achillea millefolium$, and ~Phlox longifolia$. Very scattered patches of 1- to 2-m tall shrubs occasionally occur, including evergreen and deciduous species such as ~Artemisia tridentata, Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus), Tetradymia canescens$, and ~Purshia tridentata$. Non-native species include ~Bromus tectorum, Centaurea diffusa, Sisymbrium altissimum$, and ~Salsola kali$, and are common on the Columbia Basin stands. Diagnostic of this alliance is an open grassland dominated by ~Elymus lanceolatus$ that occurs in disturbed sandy areas.LVAL:{CEGL001532CWCSA.1526V.A.7.N.eArtemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana / Carex geyeri Shrub Herbaceous VegetationMountain Big Sagebrush / Geyer's Sedge Shrub Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG396-02-01G3p#CEGL001531CWCSA.1526V.A.7.N.eArtemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana / Festuca campestris Shrub Herbaceous VegetationMountain Big Sagebrush / Prairie Fescue Shrub Herbaceous VegetationBig Sagebrush / Rough Fescue Shrub Prairie1997-11-26GCUThis vegetation occurs on shifting sands of outer coastal dunes at sea level. The climate is strongly maritime with many cloudy or foggy days and mild temperatures. Onshore winds typically transport abundant salt spray and sand. Soils are entirely aeolian sands without horizon development or accumulated organic material. In the Pacific Northwest, this alliance is dominated by medium-tall graminoids, which range in cover from dense to very open (down to 10% cover). The sand substrate is usually visible, and litter accumulation from plant debris is insignificant. ~Leymus mollis ssp. mollis$ usually dominates the stands, but associated species may be abundant or even codominant; ~Abronia latifolia, Calystegia soldanella, Ambrosia chamissonis$, and ~Cakile$ spp. are the most common. Sparsely scattered shrubs and trees may also occur, particularly near the landward edge, including ~Gaultheria shallon, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Arctostaphylos columbiana, Salix hookeriana, Ledum glandulosum, Lonicera involucrata$, and ~Pinus contorta$. Contiguous vegetation types are usually sparse ~Abronia - Cakile$ strand communities or bare sand at the seaward margin and ~Gaultheria - Salix - Arctostaphylos$ inner dune shrub communities at the landward edge. This vegetation may alternate with non-native ~Ammophila arenaria$ dunegrass communities along the outer dune front.`LVALl  CEGL001539CWCSA.1528V.A.7.N.eArtemisia tripartita ssp. tripartita / Hesperostipa comata Shrub Herbaceous VegetatioThis alliance includes grasslands dominated by ~Bouteloua curtipendula$, without significant ~Schizachyrium scoparium$, occurring in the Chihuahuan Desert region of western Texas, across southern New Mexico and southeastern Arizona. Stands of this alliance typically have moderately dense graminoid cover dominated by the medium-tall perennial bunchgrass ~Bouteloua curtipendula$, without significant ~Schizachyrium scoparium$. Composition varies with abiotic factors and grazing history. ~Bouteloua eriopoda$ is a characteristic associate on rocky slopes, and ~Bouteloua gracilis$ is an associate on deeper soils. Other associates can include ~Bothriochloa barbinodis, Hilaria belangeri$, and ~Schizachyrium cirratum$. Scattered individuals of ~Pinus edulis, Quercus$ sp. and ~Juniperus$ sp. may occur in higher elevation stands. At lower elevations and on dry slopes, sparse Chihuahuan desertscrub species may intermix. If shrub or trees are present, the density is always very low. Vegetation in this Chihuahuan Desert alliance generally occurs on rocky slopes on mountains and mesas. Elevations for these semi-desert grasslands are moderate ranging from 1050-1600 m. Mean annual precipitation is approximately 30 cm but is highly variable with drought years not uncommon. These grasslands grade into ~Pinus edulis - Quercus - Juniperus$ woodlands at higher elevations and Chihuahuan Desert shrublands such as ~Prosopis glandulosa / Bouteloua eriopoda$ stands on dry slopes and lower elevations. Stands may be found on all aspects, but in the drier parts of its range, they are restricted to cooler north slopes. Soils are generally rocky and range from shallow to moderately deep.6LVALD"CEGL001547CWCSA.816III.A.4.N.aArtemisia filifolia / Sporobolus flexuosus ShrublandSand Sagebrush / Mesa Dropseed Shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG500-07-17G5X$CEGL001546CWCSA.1101IV.A.2.N.aTiquilia hispidissima / Sporobolus nealleyi Dwarf-shrublandRough Tiquilia / GypThis herbaceous alliance of the Mojave and Colorado deserts occurs on flat ridges, lower slopes, and stabilized sand dunes. It intergrades with stands of ~Larrea tridentata$ and/or ~Yucca brevifolia$, and occurs at elevations ranging from 75-1400 m. Yearly precipitation totals are between 0 and 25 cm. There is much year-to-year variation in precipitation. The summers are extremely hot. Winter temperatures, particularly at higher elevations, can get quite cold. ~Pleuraphis rigida (= Hilaria rigida)$ is the sole or dominant graminoid in the herbaceous layer. Other grasses may include ~Bouteloua eriopoda, Dasyochloa pulchella (= Erioneuron pulchellum), Bromus madritensis, Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii), Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$, and others. Emergent shrubs may be present at a low percentage of cover, and scattered ~Larrea tridentata$ and/or ~Yucca brevifolia$ may be present.This alliance includes grasslands dominated by ~Festuca arizonica$. In western Texas, these grasslands occur at high elevations (4700-8200 feet) in the Davis Mountains, Guadalupe Mountains, and Chisos Mountains in protected areas and on open slopes. Associated species include ~Blepharoneuron tricholepis, Allium cernuum, Salvia arizonica, Achillea millefolium, Muhlenbergia minutissima, Muhlenbergia filiculmis, Muhlenbergia montana, Commelina dianthifolia, Bouteloua gracilis, Artemisia carruthii, Elymus elymoides, Castilleja$ spp., and ~Silene$ sp.LVAL%E$z6`Q`QhnpQue%eeUue` $z7`Q8inpQeeueu5%50G$zx>`QinpQE5U%5%%`o$z8`QinpQuue%ee55p|$z8`Q4jnpQ5E5U5eeu V$z89`QjnpQeUueeeue@.$z9`QjnpQ55EE03$z9`Q0knpQue%ee%%u`e$z4:`QknpThis once-extensive bunchgrass alliance of California's valleys and foothills occurs on deep soils with a high clay content. Stands can occur on all topographic positions, but due to climatic factors, they do not occur over 1400 m of elevation. The native California bunch grasses are adapted to a Mediterranean climate with moist, cool winters and long, dry summers. Precipitation varies from 25-70 cm per year, and falls mostly between November and April. Stands typically include many exotic annual grasses. This native California bunchgrass alliance is dominated by ~Nassella cernua$. Other graminoids present may include ~Elymus glaucus, Festuca californica, Melica californica, Leymus triticoides, Nassella lepida, Nassella pulchra, Aristida ternipes, Koeleria macrantha$, and ~Poa secunda$. Many exotic annuals, such as ~Bromus diandrus, Bromus madritensis, Bromus hordeaceus, Avena barbata, Avena fatua$, and ~Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum (= Lolium multiflorum)$, have invaded stands of this alliance. Emergent trees and shrubs may be present, particularly the oak ~Quercus douglasii$. Plant cover tends to be open.gLVAL3uz CEGL001581CWCSA.1354V.A.5.N.jPascopyrum smithii - Eleocharis spp. Herbaceous VegetationWestern WheatgraThis alliance includes grasslands occurring over heavy soils on flats within the Trans-Pecos, southwestern Rolling Plains, and northwestern Edwards Plateau of Texas. These grasslands sometimes occupy sites that receive excess run-off from the surrounding landscape and hence represent small, internally drained basin bottoms. ~Prosopis glandulosa$ may be scattered throughout. Other species include ~Buchloe dactyloides, Panicum obtusum, Digitaria californica, Bouteloua$ spp., ~Tridens$ spp., ~Scleropogon brevifolius$, and ~Sporobolus$ spp. These grasslands occur within a matrix of desert shrublands and mixed grasslands. Saline-influenced areas grade into ~Sporobolus airoides$-dominated grassland.This bunchgrass alliance of California's valleys and foothills grows on deep soils with a high clay content, often derived from sandstone or ultramafics. Stands can occur on all topographic positions, but due to climatic factors, they do not occur over 1700 m of elevation. The native California bunch grasses are adapted to a Mediterranean climate with moist, cool winters and long, dry summers. Precipitation varies from 25 and 70 cm per year, and falls mostly between November and April. This California native bunchgrass alliance is dominated by ~Nassella lepida$. Other graminoids present may include ~Festuca californica, Melica californica, Nassella pulchra, Nassella cernua, Calamagrostis koelerioides$, and ~Poa secunda$. Many exotic annuals, such as ~Bromus hordeaceus$, have invaded stands of this alliance. Emergent trees and shrubs may be present. Plant cover tends to be open. On sites with ultramafic-derived soils, serpentine-adapted species may be present.LVAL/cO CEGL001597CWCSA.1254V.A.5.N.dDanthonia californica - Festuca rubra Herbaceous VegetationCalifornia Oatgrass - Red Fescue Herbaceous VegetationCalifornia Oatgrass - Red Fescue Grassland1997-11-26GCUSM.S. Reid, mod. M. SchindelG297-11-05G2Ⱦ^#CEGL001596CWCSA.1257V.A.5.N.dFestuca viridula - Carex hoodii Herbaceous VegetationGreenleaf Fescue - Hood's Sedge Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSJ.S. KaganG300-10-27G3X# CEGL001595CWCSA.1253V.A.5.N.dCarex hoodii - Festuca idahoensis Herbaceous VegetationHood's Sedge - Idaho Fescue Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSS.K. RustG201-01-17G2Z#CEGL001594CWCSA.1225V.A.5.N.cSchizachyrium scoparium - Bouteloua curtipendula Western Great Plains Herbaceous VegetationLittle Bluestem - Sideoats Grama Western Great Plains Herbaceous VegetationWestern Great Plains Little Bluestem Mixedgrass Prairie1997-11-26GCUSGrPl 1-95J. DrakeG394-02-23G3+)! ~#CEGL001593CWCSA.1552V.A.7.N.mDasylirion wheeleri / BouteloNative occurrences of this alliance seem to be restricted to marine terraces and headlands. Eight vegetation combinations closely linked to substrate have been described. ~Pinus radiata$ is the dominant in all of these types, and a secondary species in several other types. Stands of this alliance are dominated by ~Pinus radiata$. ~Quercus agrifolia$ may be important, and other tree species which may be present include ~Pinus muricata, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus ponderosa$, and ~Sequoia sempervirens$. Variations within the shrub and herbaceous layers seem to be linked to substrate, and at least 8 distinct vegetation types have been identified. Common shrubs include ~Arctostaphylos tomentosa, Vaccinium ovatum, Toxicodendron diversilobum, Diplacus aurantiacus ssp. aurantiacus$, and ~Symphoricarpos mollis$.LVALKCJsCEGL001615CWCSA.1251V.A.5.N.dFestuca idahoensis - Eriogonum caespitosum Herbaceous VegetationIdaho Fescue - Matted Wild Buckwheat Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSS.K. RustG2?Q99-04-10G2c#CEGL001614CWCSA.1251V.A.5.N.dFestuca idahoensis - Elymus trachycaulus Herbaceous VegetationIdaho Fescue - Slender Wild Rye Herbaceous VegetationIdaho Fescue - Slender Wheatgrass Mixedgrass Prairie1997-11-26GCUSG496-02-01G4ʖa#CEGL001613CWCSA.1313V.A.5.N.hFestuca idahoensis - Delphinium glareosum Herbaceous VegetationIdaho Fescue - Olympic LarkThis alliance is found from the northwestern Great Plains and west to eastern Washington and Oregon. Two communities are found in the Midwest, and this description is based largely on them. This alliance is typically moderately arid and dominated by mid and short graminoids. ~Festuca altaica (= Festuca scabrella)$ is abundant in almost every stand. Other species that are commonly found in stands of this alliance are ~Danthonia intermedia$ (in the western part of this alliance's range), upland ~Carex$ spp., ~Elymus lanceolatus$ (in the north and east), ~Festuca idahoensis$ (in the center and west), ~Koeleria macrantha$ (in the east), ~Pascopyrum smithii$ (in the east), ~Pseudoroegneria spicata, Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$, and ~Hesperostipa curtiseta (= Stipa curtiseta)$ (in the east). Forb diversity may be low to moderately high in stands of this alliance. Common forbs include ~Achillea millefolium, Antennaria rosea$, Asteraceae spp., ~Geum triflorum, Lupinus sericeus$, and ~Solidago missouriensis$. Low and medium-tall shrubs may be found in some stands. These include ~Amelanchier alnifolia, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Artemisia frigida, Gutierrezia sarothrae$, and ~Rosa acicularis$. ^Stands of this alliance are found on level to steeply sloping topography of all aspects. Soils are usually loamy and moderately deep.nLVALz(c/CEGL001632CWCSA.1257V.A.5.N.dFestuca viridula - Eucephalus ledophyllus Herbaceous VegetationGreenleaf Fescue - Cascade Aster Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG496-02-01G4b# CEGL001631CWCSA.1256V.A.5.N.dFestuca thurberi Subalpine Grassland Herbaceous VegetationThurber's Fescue Subalpine Grassland Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSR.J. RondeauG399-12-10G3]# CEGL001630CWCSA.1256V.A.5.N.dFestuca thurberi - Lathyrus lanszwertii var. leucanthus Herbaceous VegetationThurber's Fescue - Nevada Peavine Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GThese grasslands are characteristic of the Palouse Prairie on the Columbia Plateau, but extend east into the Rocky Mountains and south into the Great Basin. Stands are found on undulating prairie, valley bottoms, canyon benches, and expansive park meadow openings in montane and subalpine forests, on ridges above subalpine forests in the Rocky Mountains, on coastal terraces and inland bald hills, and glacial outwash plains. Stands also occur in coastal and inland prairies on the western side of the Cascades Mountains. Soils are moderately to well-drained, loams or silt loams or silty clays, that are generally deep, and derived from alluvium, colluvium, or loess. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by the dominance or codominance of ~Festuca idahoensis$. Other important species may include ~Sericocarpus rigidus (= Aster curtus), Carex filifolia, Carex inops ssp. heliophila, Carex obtusata, Danthonia intermedia, Elymus caninus, Elymus trachycaulus, Eriogonum caespitosum, Eriogonum heracleoides, Festuca thurberi, Geranium caespitosum, Koeleria macrantha, Pascopyrum smithii, Poa secunda, Pseudoroegneria spicata$, or ~Achnatherum richardsonii (= Stipa richardsonii)$. Scattered shrubs and dwarf-shrubs, such as species of ~Symphoricarpos$ and ~Rosa$, are present in some stands. Diagnostic of this widespread grassland alliance is the dominance or codominance of ~Festuca idahoensis$.|LVALLl CEGL001649CWCSA.1543V.A.7.N.hEphedra viridis / Achnatherum hymenoides - Sporobolus cryptandrus Shrub Herbaceous VegetationMormon-tea / Indian Ricegrass - Sand Dropseed Shrub Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG2G494-02-23G3ɀ#CEGL001648CWCSA.1543V.A.7.N.hEphedra viridis / Achnatherum hymenoides - Bouteloua gracilis Shrub Herbaceous VegetationMoThis grassland alliance is found in the lower Salmon and Snake river canyons of Idaho, Oregon and Washington, the Columbia River in central Washington, and the Green and Virgin rivers in Utah. Stands occur on river terraces, footslopes of benches and alluvial fans. The elevation ranges from 240-1460 m. Sites are flat to gently sloping (to 30%) and occur on all aspects. Climate in the canyon bottoms is relatively hot and dry. Soils are moderately deep and derived from loess and alluvium-colluvium. Surface soil texture varies from sandy loam to silt loam. These grasslands are characterized by the dominance or codominance of ~Sporobolus cryptandrus$ and ~Aristida purpurea var. longiseta$. Associated species, such as ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$ and ~Poa secunda$, may be present in lesser amounts on the more upland sites. Associated perennial forbs include ~Achillea millefolium, Astragalus inflexus, Erigeron pumilus$, and ~Opuntia polyacantha$. Common annuals are the forbs ~Epilobium brachycarpum (= Epilobium paniculatum)$ and ~Plantago patagonica$, and the grasses ~Vulpia octoflora (= Festuca octoflora)$ and ~Vulpia microstachys var. pauciflora (= Festuca pacifica)$. The shrub ~Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus)$ is present in some stands and will increase with overgrazing. Diagnostic of this grassland alliance is the dominance or codominance of ~Sporobolus cryptandrus$.LVALPunCEGL001665CWCSA.1265V.A.5.N.dPseudoroegneria spicata - Carex filifolia Herbaceous VegetationBluebunch Wheatgrass - Threadleaf Sedge Herbaceous VegetationBluebunch Wheatgrass - Thread-Leaved Sedge Mixed Prairie1997-11-26GCUSG496-02-01G4ןb#"CEGL001664CWCSA.1239V.A.5.N.cPseudoroegneria spicata - Bouteloua gracilis Herbaceous VegetationBluebunch Wheatgrass - Blue Grama Herbaceous VegetationBluebunch Wheatgrass - Blue Grama Mixedgrass Prairie1997-11-26GCUSS.V. CooperG496-02-01G4Мe#CEGL001663CWCSA.1265V.A.5.N.dPseudoroegneria spicata - Bouteloua curtipendula Herbaceous VegetationBluebunch Wheatgrass - Sideoats Grama Herbaceous VegetationBluebunch Wheatgrass - Sideoats Grama Mixedgrass Prairie1997-11-26GCUSS.V. CooperG399-12-01G3ܤi#This medium-tall, bunch, temperate or subpolar grassland alliance is confined to the highest elevations occupied by canyon grasslands, between 1950 and 2400 m. It occurs commonly in the openings wholly or partially surrounded by forests. It occurs with gentle topography; slope between 4-6%. The soils are shallow and stony and have high organic matter content. Soil texture varies from loam to sandy loam with a soil pH average of 5.0 in the A horizon. Only one plant association, ~~Carex hoodii - Festuca idahoensis$ Herbaceous Vegetation (CEGL001595)$$, is described for this alliance. ~Carex hoodii$ dominates the sedges, but typically ~Carex geyeri, Carex multicostata$, and ~Carex rossii$ can occur in the graminoid layer. The other dominant, ~Festuca idahoensis$, always occurs with ~Carex hoodii$. Perennial forbs are also abundant (25-60% cover). They include ~Antennaria anaphaloides, Antennaria microphylla, Arenaria congesta, Symphyotrichum foliaceum (= Aster foliaceus), Eriogonum flavum$, and ~Potentilla glandulosa$. Deciduous forests, dominated by ~Populus tremuloides$, frequently occur in the adjacent uplands.ELVALQ*B;CEGL001683CWCSA.1266V.A.5.N.dSchizachyrium scoparium - Muhlenbergia cuspidata Herbaceous VegetationLittle Bluestem - Stony-hills Muhly Herbaceous VegetationLittle Bluestem - Plains MuhlyThis grassland alliance occurs on coastal terraces, hilltop 'balds,' and valley bottom habitats of the central and northern Pacific Coast below 1200 m elevation. The climate is Mediterranean, with abundant winter rains and dry summers. In the south, these stands are largely coastal, where fogs and cool temperatures lower drought stress in summer. In the north, these grasslands are widespread throughout the low-elevation valleys west of the Cascade Range where most stands occur as islands in an otherwise forested landscape. Environmental conditions that preclude forest development are the unifying factors for these communities, including sustained salt-laden winds of coastal terraces and headlands, excessively drained and windy ridgetops, hot interior valleys with high fire frequencies, and sites with heavy or infertile soils. These grasslands are characterized by a dense cover of ~Danthonia californica$, usually in association with other perennial bunch grasses, including ~Deschampsia caespitosa, Calamagrostis nutkaensis, Poa secunda, Festuca idahoensis, Festuca rubra, Festuca californica, Stipa$ spp., and ~Agrostis$ spp. Associated forbs and ferns are diverse. Common species include ~Achillea millefolium, Fragaria virginiana, Pteridium aquilinum, Sidalcea malviflora ssp. virgata (= Sidalcea virgata), Eriophyllum lanatum$, and ~Zigadenus venenosus$. A sparse layer of invading trees and shrubs may be present in these stands, especially near forest or woodland margins. ~Pseudotsuga menziesii, Quercus garryana, Fraxinus latifolia, Pinus ponderosa$, and ~Rosa eglanteria$ are the most common woody species. Diagnostic of this grassland alliance is the dominance of ~Danthonia californica$.LVAL This grassland alliance is found in the northwestern Great Plains, in the Northern Rockies on both sides of the Continental Divide, and west into eastern Washington and Oregon. Elevations range from 500-2100 m, but are found only below 1500 m in Canada. Stands occur in glaciated landscapes, on prairies, foothills and mountain slopes. Sites are nearly level to steep slopes on all aspects. Sites range from mesic to relatively xeric. In the northern extent it is restricted to warmer west- and southwest-facing slopes. Soils are derived from a variety of parent materials and are loamy and moderately deep, with neutral pH. These grasslands typically occur in a mosaic with montane forests dominated by ~Pinus contorta$. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by the dominance of ~Festuca campestris$. Codominants may include ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$ or ~Festuca idahoensis$. The forb layer is sparse to moderately dense, often with relatively high species diversity. Scattered woody species may also be present. Annuals are typically sparse. Overall species composition varies geographically with stands east of the Continental Divide resembling Northern Mixed Prairie and stands west of the Divide floristically related to the Intermountain Basin. The east side stands may lack ~Festuca idahoensis$, but often include ~Bouteloua gracilis, Muhlenbergia cuspidata, Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata), Artemisia ludoviciana, Heterotheca villosa, Liatris punctata, Lupinus sericeus$, and the dwarf-shrubs ~Artemisia frigida$ and ~Gutierrezia sarothrae$. West of the Divide ~Balsamorhiza sagittata, Besseya wyomingensis, Castilleja lutescens$, and ~Lomatium triternatum$ are more common. Other common species include ~Antennaria rosea, Carex filifolia, Carex obtusata, Geranium viscosissimum, Koeleria macrantha, Poa secunda, Potentilla gracilis, Achnatherum occidentale (= Stipa occidentalis), Achnatherum richardsonii (= Stipa richardsonii)$, and the shrub ~Rosa arkansana$. Diagnostic of this grassland alliance iLVAL xbrCEGL001795CWCSA.1316V.A.5.N.hDanthonia parryi Herbaceous VegetationParry's Oatgrass Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSS. KettlerG399-12-15G3}}{yooI#CEGL001794CWCSA.1315V.A.5.N.hDanthonia intermedia Herbaceous VegetationTimber Oatgrass Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG2G394-02-23G2~|rrM#CEGL001793CWCSA.1314V.A.5.N.hCarex straminiformis Herbaceous VegetationMount Shasta Sedge Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG3?94-02-23G3uuM#2CEGL001792CWCSA.1411V.A.5.N.kCarex microptera Herbaceous VegetationSmall-wing Sedge Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG496-02-01G4}}}{yooI#$CEGL001791CWCSA.1241V.A.5.N.cSporobolus airoides Sod Herbaceous Vegetation [Placeholder]Alkali Sacaton Sod Herbaceous Vegetation2003-01-07OCUSG?03-01-07G?^#CEGL001790CWCSA.1291V.A.5.N.fLomatium cous - Poa secunda Herbaceous VegetationCous-root Desert-parsley - Curly Bluegrass Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG400-02-17G4T#CEGL001789CWCSA.1108IV.A.2.N.bAtriplex obovata Dwarf-shrubland [Placeholder]New Mexico Saltbush Dwarf-shrubland2003-01-07OCUSG?03-01-07G?uuR$CEGL001788CWCSA.1568V.A.8.N.aEriogonum strictum / Poa secunda Dwarf-shrub Herbaceous VegetationBlue Mountain Wild Buckwheat / Curly Bluegrass Dwarf-shrub Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSM.P. MurrayG399-11-19G3e# CEGL001787CWCSA.203I.A.8.N.gThuja plicata - Tsuga heterophylla / Lysichiton americanus / Sphagnum spp. ForestWestern Red-cedar - Western Hemlock / Yellow Skunk-cabbage / Peatmoss species Forest2002-10-17GCUSCBC 10-02C.B. ChappellG3G402-10-17G3s"CEGL001786CWCSA.1568V.A.8.N.aEriogonum niveum / Poa secunda Dwarf-shrub Herbaceous VegetationSnow Wild Buckwheat / Curly Bluegrass Dwarf-shrub Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSR.s the dominance of ~Festuca campestris$.LVALEav29CEGL001816CWCSA.1418V.A.5.N.kCarex nigricans Herbaceous VegetationBlack Alpine Sedge Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG496-02-01G4~~~|zppH#8CEGL001815CWCSA.1417V.A.5.N.kCarex nebrascensis - Carex microptera Herbaceous VegetationNebraska Sedge - Small-wing Sedge Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG3G496-02-01G3^#These grasslands occur on subalpine and lower alpine slopes in dry meadows and on ridges above subalpine forests in the southern Rocky Mountains. Elevations range from 2500-3500 m. Climate is temperate with short growing seasons and heavy snowfall in winter. Stands are found on level valley bottoms, expansive park meadow openings in the subalpine forest, and on ridges above subalpine forests. Sites are nearly level to steeply sloping, typically on southern or western exposures. Soils are generally deep, well-drained loams or silt loams with pH of 5.8-7.0, and derived from alluvium and colluvium. Stands have a dense to moderately dense cover of graminoids dominated by the cool-season, perennial bunchgrass ~Festuca thurberi$. ~Muhlenbergia montana$ and ~Festuca arizonica$ may be present to codominant (on warmer/drier sites). These grasslands have high diversity of species. Other characteristic graminoids may include ~Bromus$ spp., ~Carex siccata (= Carex foenea), Carex geyeri, Carex haydeniana, Danthonia parryi, Elymus trachycaulus$, and ~Stipa$ spp. Common forbs include ~Lathyrus lanszwertii var. leucanthus, Vicia americana, Achillea millefolium, Artemisia$ spp., ~Erigeron speciosus, Eriogonum umbellatum var. majus (= Eriogonum subalpinum), Hymenoxys hoopesii (= Helenium hoopesii), Iris missouriensis$, and ~Solidago multiradiata$. On moist sites ~Veratrum californicum$ may be codominant. Grazed stands often have moderate cover of exotic species such as ~Poa pratensis$ and ~Taraxacum officinale$. Adjacent vegetation is subalpine forests dominated by ~Picea engelmannii$ and ~Abies lasiocarpa$ or ~Populus tremuloides$.LVAL=L=CEGL001835CWCSA.1422V.A.5.N.kEleocharis palustris - Juncus balticus Herbaceous VegetationMarsh Spikerush - Baltic Rush Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG2G494-02-23G3_#=These are high-altitude grasslands that occur in cold, dry sites throughout the Pacific Northwest. Elevations range from 1400 m in the Olympic Mountains to over 2400 m in the mountains of northeastern Oregon. They are typically associated with south-facing or exposed slopes where snow cover is blown or melted off relatively early. West of the Cascades they are typically associated with rainshadow areas of the higher mountains. Summer lightning is common, and lightning fires may also serve to prevent tree or shrub encroachment. Soils are usually well-drained and vary in texture from coarse colluvium on steep slopes to fine-textured loams in low-gradient subalpine meadows. Parent materials are usually weathered volcanic extrusives or loess deposits. These communities are dominated by ~Festuca viridula$, which may form dense, continuous stands in pristine situations. Most stands, however, are mixed with several other graminoid or forb species. Typical grasses and grass-like species include ~Carex hoodii, Carex geyeri, Carex spectabilis, Festuca idahoensis, Achnatherum occidentale (= Stipa occidentalis), Achnatherum lettermanii (= Stipa lettermanii), Elymus elymoides (= Sitanion hystrix)$, and ~Phleum alpinum$. Common forb associates include ~Lupinus argenteus ssp. argenteus, Polygonum bistortoides, Polygonum phytolaccifolium, Eucephalus ledophyllus (= Aster ledophyllus), Lupinus arcticus, Potentilla flabellifolia$, and ~Polemonium pulcherrimum$. Adjacent vegetation is often subalpine forests of ~Tsuga mertensiana$ or ~Abies lasiocarpa$, and at wetter sites, ~Carex$ spp. meadows or ~Phyllodoce - Cassiope$ shrublands are typical.lLVAL{z+] CEGL001856CWCSA.1303V.A.5.N.gCarex elynoides - Oxytropis sericea Herbaceous VegetationBlackroot Sedge - Rocky Mountain Locoweed Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSS.K. RustG3This alliance contains montane grasslands occurring in mountain ranges of Trans-Pecos Texas and adjacent New Mexico. Characteristic species include ~Bouteloua curtipendula, Schizachyrium cirratum, Lycurus setosus, Eragrostis erosa, Bothriochloa barbinodis (= var. barbinodis), Muhlenbergia rigida, Bouteloua eriopoda, Bouteloua hirsuta$, and ~Bouteloua gracilis$. In western Texas, examples of these grasslands occur in flat areas at high elevations in Chisos Mountains, and on open slopes in the Davis Mountains.This alliance is found in the semi-arid rainshadow-affected areas of central and southern Idaho. Stands occur on steep, south-facing canyon slopes composed of volcanic tuffs at low elevations, from roughly 1580-1890 m. This substrate is typically unstable, with constant downslope movement of soil surface layers, and a high shrink-swell ratio. Chronic soil disturbance is therefore a major factor in the species composition of the alliance, which includes several endemics of the Challis Volcanics substrate. These grasslands are characterized by a sparse herbaceous species layer that is dominated by ~Leymus salinus ssp. salmonis$, a perennial grass species commonly considered a bunchgrass due to its cespitose form (but which typically has rhizomes), and the perennial forbs ~Enceliopsis nudicaulis$ or ~Lupinus argenteus$. The grass variety is one of the Challis endemics, while ~Enceliopsis nudicaulis$ is disjunct from its principle range in the Great Basin. Several other species of the Challis endemic flora apparently occur in this alliance, but a more specific list is not available, and no other information is available on species composition.LVAL This alliance is composed of dry-mesic pine forests found near the western Great Lakes, west to north-central Minnesota and adjacent Ontario, and in the Mid-Atlantic states. Stands of this alliance are characterized by a pine overstory and a poorly developed understory. ~Pinus resinosa$ is the dominant overstory species, although ~Pinus strobus$ can be a codominant in the canopy and is often more numerous in the sapling and seedling classes (Ohmann and Ream 1971). Mesic sites tend to include not only ~Pinus resinosa$, but ~Picea mariana, Picea glauca$, and ~Abies balsamea$ in the canopy, while on dry sites, ~Pinus banksiana$ is found (MNNHP 1993). Northern hardwoods such as ~Acer rubrum, Betula papyrifera, Populus grandidentata, Populus tremuloides$, and ~Quercus rubra$ sometimes form a subcanopy. The understory ranges from moderately herb- and shrub-rich to extremely poor. In the tall-shrub class, the important species are ~Amelanchier$ spp. and ~Corylus cornuta$. In the low-shrub class ~Vaccinium$ spp., mainly ~Vaccinium myrtilloides$ and ~Vaccinium angustifolium, Gaultheria procumbens$, and ~Linnaea borealis$ are important, particularly where gaps in the canopy occur. The herbaceous layer is very poorly represented in most parts of this community's range, contributing only 11% (Ohmann and Ream 1971) of the ground cover in northeastern Minnesota, in contrast with more prominent cover of feathermosses and lichens (35% ground cover) (Grigal and Ohmann 1975). Common herbaceous species include ~Aralia nudicaulis$, Asteraceae spp., ~Maianthemum stellatum$, and ~Pteridium aquilinum$. The predominant moss species are ~Dicranum$ spp. and ~Pleurozium schreberi$. Sims et al. (1989) found that the average coverage of feathermoss was greater in the northwest region of Ontario than in the north-central region. ^This alliance occurs on Precambrian Shield bedrock, mainly on dry to fresh, deep mineral soil. The soil deposition history is both glaciofluvial and morainal. Soil depth ranges from 61-100 cm (Ohmann LVALUr/f#CEGL001924CWCSA.1311V.A.5.N.gPoa arctica ssp. grayana Herbaceous VegetationArctic Bluegrass Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSGU94-02-23GUwwQ#CEGL001923CWCSA.1310V.A.5.N.gPhleum alpinum - Elymus trachycaulus Herbaceous VegetationMountain Timothy - Slender Wild Rye Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG.P. JonesG2Q00-12-11G2]#CEGL001922CWCSA.1360V.A.5.N.jPhleum alpinum - Carex microptera Herbaceous VegetationMountain Timothy - Small-wing Sedge Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG.P. JonesG2Q00-12-11G2Z#CEGL001921CWCSA.1360V.A.5.N.jPhleum alpinum - Carex aquatilis Herbaceous VegetationMountain Timothy - Aquatic Sedge Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG.P. JonesG2Q00-12-11G2Y#CEGL001920CWCSA.1310V.A.5.N.gPhleum alpinum - Achillea millefolium Herbaceous VegetationMountain Timothy - Common Yarrow Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG594-02-23G5^#CEGL001919CWCSA.1630V.B.2.N.bMinuartia obtusiloba Herbaceous VegetationAlpine Stitchwort Herbaceous VegetationAlpine Fell-field1997-11-26GCUSG494-02-23G4tM#CEGL001918CWCSA.1629V.B.2.N.bLuetkea pectinata - Saxifraga tolmiei Herbaceous VegetationPartridgefoot - Tolmie's Alpine Saxifrage Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG596-02-01G5^#CEGL001917CWCSA.1628V.B.2.N.bLigusticum tenuifolium - Trollius laxus ssp. albiflorus Herbaceous Vegeand Ream 1971). The soils textures are coarse sand or coarse loam soils, as well as some fine sands and silts. Fire is an important natural disturbance in this alliance. ~Pinus resinosa$ has extensive adaptations that make it well suited to frequent ground fires and occasional crown fires. Reconstructions of the fire regime (Heinselman 1973, Frelich 1992) in ~Pinus resinosa$ stands indicate that a combination of ground fires every 20-30 years and severe crown fires every 100-150 years maintained presettlement ~Pinus resinosa$ communities.{LVALuhCiCEGL001956CWCSA.1698V.B.This grassland alliance has been described from montane meadows in the mountains and foothills of Colorado and Utah. Sites where found are typically xeric forest openings or parks in the Ponderosa Pine zone with southern aspects on moderately steep slopes and ridgetops. Occasionally the stands occupy rolling parklands. The xeric nature of sites appears to be an important environmental factor. Soils are moderately deep Mollisols, with high coarse-fragment content, sandy loam textures, and a distinct clay horizon. Parent materials are primarily colluvium derived from granite and gneiss. Bare soil, exposed gravels, and small rocks account for as much as 50% of the ground surface area. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by a moderately dense herbaceous layer that is typically dominated by ~Muhlenbergia montana$, but may be codominated by ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$ or by ~Trisetum spicatum (= Trisetum montanum)$ (in New Mexico). Other associated graminoids include ~Blepharoneuron tricholepis, Bouteloua curtipendula, Bouteloua gracilis, Carex duriuscula (= Carex eleocharis), Danthonia parryi, Elymus albicans (= Elymus lanceolatus ssp. albicans), Festuca brachyphylla, Koeleria macrantha, Muhlenbergia filiculmis, Pascopyrum smithii, Poa secunda$, and ~Schizachyrium scoparium$. The typically sparse forb layer often consists of ~Allium geyeri, Antennaria rosea, Arenaria fendleri, Eriogonum umbellatum, Harbouria trachypleura, Heterotheca villosa, Mertensia lanceolata, Opuntia polyacantha$, and ~Penstemon secundiflorus$. Except for the abundant dwarf-shrub ~Artemisia frigida$, woody species are very sparse or absent. The exotic perennial grass ~Poa pratensis$ is common in some of these stands. Diagnostic of this grassland alliance is the dominance of ~Muhlenbergia montana$ in the herbaceous layer and that cover of ~Festuca arizonica$ will not be significant.LVAL^I~"CEGL001966CWCSA.1645V.B.2.N.bGeum rossii - Carex albonigra Herbaceous VegetationRoss' Avens - Black-and-white Scale Sedge Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG.P. JonesG1G2Q00-12-14G1V#"CEGL001965CWCSA.1645V.B.2.N.bGeum rossii - Minuartia obtusiloba Herbaceous VegetationRoss' Avens - Alpine Stitchwort Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSS.V. CooperG3?00-01-04G3[#"CEGL001964CWCSA.1645V.B.2.N.bGeum rossii Herbaceous VegetationRoss' Avens Herbaceous VegetationRoss' Avens Dry Alpine Meadow1997-11-26GCUSG4G5Q96-02-01G4eD#!CEGL001963CWCSA.1644V.B.2.N.bEriogonum pyrolifolium - Luzula piperi Herbaceous VegetationShasta Wild Buckwheat - Piper's Woodrush Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG496-02-01G4_#CEGL001962CWCSA.1856VII.C.1.N.aEriogonum deserticola Sand Dune Sparse VegetationColorado Desert Wild Buckwheat Sand Dune Sparse VegetationColorado Desert Wild Buckwheat Sand Dune1997-11-26GCUSM.S. ReidG198-12-28G1¸V%This grassland is found on mesic, meadow-like lower slopes and swales in the foothills of the Colorado Front Range. Stands often grow in narrow zones bordered by communities dominated by shrubs such as ~Symphoricarpos$ and ~Prunus$ in the north, and ~Quercus gambelii$ south of the Palmer Divide. It is dominated by ~Nassella viridula$, often growing in nearly pure stands, with other mid grasses such as ~Koeleria macrantha (= Koeleria cristata), Pascopyrum smithii$, and ~Poa$ spp. Common forbs are ~Frasera speciosa, Thermopsis divaricarpa (= Thermopsis rhombifolia var. divaricarpa), Achillea millefolium$, and ~Symphyotrichum laeve var. geyeri (= Aster laevis var. geyeri)$. It is often bordered by shrub communities. The soils are coarser textured and deep, and stay moist until late summer (Vestal 1914, Weaver and Albertson 1956).LVALvTp CEGL001976CWCSA.1085IV.A.1.N.cParonychia pulvinata - Silene acaulis Dwarf-shrublandRocky Mountain Nailwort - Cushion Pink Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG596-02-01G5Y$ CEGL001975CWCSA.1664V.B.2.N.dMimulus primuloides - Carex scopulorum Herbaceous VegetationYellow Creeping Monkeyflower - Holm's Rocky Mountain Sedge Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG494-02-23Stands of this alliance occur in two distinctively different habitats (sandy areas and shale barrens) in different geographic areas. Sandy areas include 'blowouts' in the Great Plains, and in arid and semi-arid dune systems in the Chihuahuan Desert, San Luis Valley, Colorado Plateau and Great Basin. The shale barrens sites have been described from a high-elevation mountain in north-central Colorado and a lower elevation site (1415 m) ridgetop in western Colorado. Substrates are sand or shale. This alliance is characterized by a sparse to moderately dense herbaceous layer that is dominated by ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$. Many species are associated with this grassland depending on habitat and geography. Sandy habitats may include the graminoids ~Redfieldia flexuosa, Muhlenbergia pungens, Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata), Schizachyrium scoparium, Calamovilfa gigantea$, and forbs ~Heliotropium convolvulaceum, Polanisia dodecandra ssp. trachysperma, Polanisia jamesii, Psoralidium lanceolatum, Reverchonia arenaria, Sophora stenophylla, Wyethia scabra, Abronia angustifolia, Senecio flaccidus var. flaccidus$. In shaley sites~Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii), Hesperostipa comata, Pascopyrum smithii$, and~Eriogonum brevicaule$ are common. Scattered shrubs or dwarf-shrubs, such as ~Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus), Sarcobatus vermiculatus$ or~Krascheninnikovia lanata$, may be present on some stands. Diagnostic of this grassland alliance is the dominance of ~Achnatherum hymenoides$ in the herbaceous layer and that cover of ~Ephedra viridis$ will not be significant.LVALGmS~ CEGL001985CWCSA.1666V.B.2.N.dSaxifraga odontoloma Herbaceous VegetationStreambank Saxifrage Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSGU94-02-23GUwwM# CEGL001984CWCSA.1679V.B.2.N.eRanunculus aquatilis - Callitriche palustris Herbaceous VegetationWhitewater Crowfoot - Vernal Water Starwort Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSGU94-02-23GUe# CEGL001983CWCSA.1665V.B.2.N.dPrimula parryi Herbaceous VegetationParry Primrose Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GThese grasslands have been described from basins and drainages east of the Cascades in central Oregon. Elevations range from 1280-1830 m. Stands occur in floodplains and terraces along low-gradient streams. Sites are flat to gently sloping. Stands in the bottomlands may be seasonally flooded during the winter. Upland stands in pumice-mantled basin meadows are not flooded except during abnormally wet years. Water tables are a meter below ground by midsummer and are very deep by late summer. Soils are moderately deep alluviums. Soil textures range from sandy loam to silty loam. Soil parent material is pumice. Vegetation included in this grassland alliance has a moderately dense to dense (60 to more than 80% cover) herbaceous layer about 0.5 m tall. Stands are dominated by the midgrass ~Poa fendleriana ssp. fendleriana$ with several other graminoids, including ~Carex athrostachya, Carex filifolia, Carex praegracilis, Elymus caninus, Koeleria macrantha$, and ~Muhlenbergia richardsonis$. Forb cover is relatively sparse (usually less 25%) and consists of ~Achillea millefolium$ and ~Symphyotrichum campestre var. bloomeri (= Aster campestris var. bloomeri)$. Adjacent stands include upland coniferous forests dominated by ~Pinus contorta$ and various wetlands dominated by herbaceous and shrub species of ~Carex$ and ~Salix$.xLVALEK CEGL001995CWCSA.1681V.B.2.N.eTriglochin maritima Herbaceous VegetationSeaside Arrow-grass Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSGU94-02-23GUuuL#,CEGL001994CWCSA.1655V.B.2.N.bTauschia stricklandii - Vaccinium deliciosum Herbaceous VegetationStrickland's Umbrella-wort - Rainier Blueberry Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSC.B. ChappellG298-11-30G2ķe#+CEGL001993CWCSA.1654V.B.2.N.bSphaeromeria argentea - Achnatherum swallenii Herbaceous VegetationNuttall's False Sagebrush - Swallen's Mountain Ricegrass Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSM.S. ReidG2Q96-02-01G2f#+CEGL001992CWCSA.1654V.B.2.N.bSphaeromeria argentea - Artemisia frigida - Poa secunda Herbaceous VegetationNuttall's False Sagebrush - Fringed Sagebrush - Curly Bluegrass Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSM.S. ReidG2Q96-02-01G2p# CEGL001991CWCSA.941III.B.2.N.cSuaeda moquinii ShrublandShrubby Seepweed Shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG594-02-23G5qogeeecaWW=$CEGL001990CWCSA.1760V.C.2.N.aSparganium angustifolium HerThese mesic subalpine grasslands occur on a narrow elevational band (3250-3450 m) on the White River Plateau. Sites are gentle toeslopes and on slopes bordering upland benches. The landscape relief is most often concave which lends itself to favorable soil moisture conditions despite the southerly aspects preferred by this community. Stands have a moderately dense herbaceous layer dominated by ~Poa nervosa$ and ~Achnatherum lettermanii (= Stipa lettermanii)$. Associated graminoid species include ~Festuca brachyphylla, Phleum alpinum, Poa fendleriana$, and ~Trisetum spicatum$. There may be sparse to moderately dense cover of forbs such as ~Achillea millefolium var. occidentalis (= Achillea lanulosa), Agoseris glauca, Erigeron peregrinus, Erigeron simplex, Hymenoxys hoopesii (= Helenium hoopesii), Polygonum bistortoides, Packera crocata (= Senecio crocatus)$, and ~Viola nuttallii$.LVALg-zpiCEGL002004CWCSA.1764V.C.2.N.aStuckenia pectinata - Ruppia maritima Herbaceous VegetationSago Pondweed - Beaked Ditch-grass HerThis widespread grassland alliance occurs across the western U.S. from the slopes of the Cascades, extending east to the Rocky Mountains and the northwestern Great Plains, and south to the Great Basin, Uinta Basin and the Colorado Rocky Mountains. Stands are found on valley bottoms, stream terraces, rolling uplands, canyons, hills, plateaus and badlands, expansive park meadow openings in montane forests, and glacial outwash plains. Sites may be xeric or mesic, on nearly level to steep slopes. Stands occur on all aspects, but often on the drier southern and western slopes. Substrates are also variable and range from shallow, lithic soils with a rocky surface to moderately deep soils with little rock. Grasslands included in this alliance are dominated or codominated by ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$. There is typically sparse to moderate cover of perennial forbs and widely scattered shrubs and dwarf-shrubs. Annual grasses and forbs are seasonally present. Litter, moss and lichen are important ground cover in some stands. Species composition is variable over the range of this alliance and may include many other important species such as~Bouteloua curtipendula, Bouteloua gracilis, Carex$ spp., ~Danthonia intermedia, Eriogonum heracleoides, Festuca idahoensis, Festuca thurberi, Koeleria macrantha, Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Pascopyrum smithii, Poa fendleriana, Poa secunda$, and ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$. Scattered shrubs and dwarf-shrubs, including ~Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus), Symphoricarpos albus, Rosa$ spp. ~Artemisia frigida$, may be present in some stands. Disturbed stands may be codominated by the exotics ~Poa pratensis$ and ~Bromus tectorum$. Diagnostic of this grassland alliance is the dominance of ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$.\LVALjQ,opQE5U%E% Q$zaQ-This alliance contains grasslands dominated by ~Sporobolus flexuosus$ found in sandy basins and piedmonts in southern New Mexico. Associated species can include ~Dasyochloa pulchella (= Erioneuron pulchellum), Paspalum setaceum, Psorothamnus scoparius$, and ~Sporobolus contractus$.Vegetation in this alliance is found in the northwestern Great Plains and gypsum dunes in the northern Chihuahuan Desert. Stands have a sparse to moderate graminoid layer that is dominated by ~Schizachyrium scoparium$. Perennial forb richness is high, but canopy cover is low. Shrubs and dwarf-shrubs are rare. Annual forbs and grasses are present seasonally. In Montana, other common species include grasses such as ~Pascopyrum smithii, Koeleria macrantha, Elymus lanceolatus, Poa secunda, Aristida purpurea, Nassella viridula (= Stipa viridula)$, and ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$. Forb species include ~Phlox hoodii, Linum perenne, Tetraneuris acaulis (= Hymenoxys acaulis), Thelesperma subnudum, Dalea candida, Cerastium beeringianum$, and ~Solidago missouriensis$. ^In New Mexico, ~Muhlenbergia pungens$ often codominates these sparse interdune grasslands. Other species information is not available for the dune stands. ^Grasslands included in this alliance are known only from the northwestern Great Plains in east-central Montana and the White Sands Missile Range in south-central New Mexico. Elevations range from 900-1250 m in Montana and 1200-1500 m in New Mexico. Climate is semi-arid to arid. In Montana stands occur on moderately steep slopes in the uplands. Soils are easily eroded, poorly developed, well-drained loams and stony loams that are non-saline and non-alkaline. Parent material is red shale from the Kootenai Formation. Ground cover average 15% bare ground and 50% litter. The New Mexican stands are restricted to swales within wind-deposited gypsum sand dunes at White Sands National Monument and While Sands Missile Range.LVAL This grassland alliance occurs in the western and southern Great Plains, Great Basin, and across the southwestern United States from Texas to California. It is reported from saline habitats in the Central Valley and in valleys and lower slopes of transmontane California from the Modoc Plateau to the Owens Valley. Elevations range from near sea level to 2100 m, but typically from 1000-1700 m. Climate is arid to semi-arid. Stands occur in a wide variety of lowland sites, such as stream terraces, swales, interdune basins, and alluvial flats. This alliance in not defined by a flood regime, but the soil often has a high water table because of land position and impermeable subsurface horizons. Soils are non-saline to moderately saline and usually alkaline. Soil surface textures are sandy to clayey. The soils morphology often includes a claypan, caliche layer or other subsurface horizon that impedes water movement. Parent material is typically alluvium derived from limestone, shale, or sandstone. ^The vegetation is characterized by a sparse to moderately dense graminoid layer of medium-tall bunch grasses with smaller densities of short grasses and forbs. Widely scattered (<10% cover) xeromorphic or halophytic shrubs and dwarf-shrubs may also be present. ~Sporobolus airoides$ is the dominant or codominant grass. Typical codominant grasses include ~Muhlenbergia porteri, Panicum obtusum$, or ~Scleropogon brevifolius$. Not included in this alliance are stands codominated by ~Achnatherum hymenoides, Bouteloua gracilis, Distichlis spicata, Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii)$, or ~Hordeum jubatum$, although they may be present in small amounts. Other common grasses are ~Buchloe dactyloides, Pascopyrum smithii, Hordeum pusillum$, and ~Sporobolus cryptandrus$. Forbs and shrubs are typically sparse. Common forb associates are ~Chaetopappa ericoides$ and species of ~Sphaeralcea, Machaeranthera, Ratibida, Helianthus$, and other Asteraceae spp. Scattered shrubs may include ~Allenrolfea occidentalis, Atriplex caneLVAL-T!CEGL002072CMCSA.245I.B.2.N.aQuercus macrocarpa / (Amelanchier alnifolia, Cornus drummondii) / Aralia nudicaulis ForestBur Oak / (Saskatoon Serviceberry, Roughleaf Dogwood) / Wild Sarsaparilla ForestNorthern Bur Oak Mesic Forest1997-11-26GCUSDFLD. Faber-LangendoenG496-10-03G4 |" CEGL002071CMCSA.347I.B.2.N.gAcer rubrum - Fraxinus spp. - Betula papyrifera / Cornus canadensis ForestRed Maple - Ash species - Paper Birch / Canadian Bunchberry ForestRed Maple - Ash - Birch Swamp Forest1997-11-26GCUSDFLD. Faber-LangendoenG496-10-03G4Үl"CEGL002070CMCSA.239I.B.2.N.aQuercus alba - Quercus rubra - Quercus muehlenbergii / Cercis canadensis ForestWhite Oak - Northern Red Oak - Chinquapin Oak / Redbud ForestWhite Oak - Mixed Oak Dry-Mesic Alkaline Forest1997-11-26GCUSDFLM. Guetersloh, mod. M. Pyne and D. Faber-LangendoenG4G598-06-22G4/-%!ݮq" CEGL002068CMCSA.239I.B.2.N.aQuercus alba - Quercus rubra - Carya ovata Glaciated ForestWhite Oak - Northern Red Oak - Shagbark Hickory Glaciated ForestMidwestern White Oak - Red Oak Forest1997-11-26GCUSDFLD. Faber-LangendoenG4?96-10-03G4]"CEGL002067CMCSA.239I.B.2.N.aQuercus alba - Quercus rubra - Carya (alba, ovata) / Cornus florida Acid ForestWhite Oak - Northern Red Oak - (Mockernut Hickory, Shagbark Hickory) / Flowering Dogwood Acid ForestWhite Oak - Red Oak Dry-Mesic Acid Forest1997-11-26GCUSDFLD. Faber-LangendoenG398-11-16G3.,$" q" CEGL002066CMCSA.239I.B.2.N.aQuercus alba / Cornus florida Unglaciated ForestWhite Oak / Flowering Dogwood Unglaciated ForestWhite Oak / Dogwood Dry-Mesic Forest1997-11-26GCUSDFLscens, Chrysothamnus$ spp., and ~Sarcobatus vermiculatus$. Species of ~Salicornia$ and ~Suaeda$ occur in more saline habitats. The dwarf-shrub ~Gutierrezia sarothrae$ is common in many stands. Some stands have significant amounts of prickly pear and cholla cacti (~Opuntia$ spp.).LVAL. CEGL002081CMCSA.286I.B.2.N.dFraxinus pennsylvanica - Celtis occidentalis - Tilia americana - (Quercus macrocarpa) ForestGreen Ash - Northern Hackberry - American Basswood - (Bur Oak) ForestAsh - Elm - Mixed Lowland Hardwood Forest1997-11-26GCUSDFLJ. DrakeG4?96-10-03G4~" CEGL002079CMCSA.267I.B.2.N.bBetula papyrifera / Corylus cornuta ForestPaper Birch / Beaked Hazelnut ForestPaper Birch / Hazel Forest1997-11-26GCUSDFLJ. DrakeG2G399-09-0Vegetation included in this minor alliance occurs on mesas, plains and dunes with gypsiferous soil in New Mexico. Elevations range from 1150-1740 m. Climate is semi-arid to arid with most of the highly variable precipitation falling in late summer and early fall. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 20-32 cm. Soils are shallow, poorly developed, saline, alkaline and gypsiferous. Soil textures range from fine sandy loams to silty clay loams. Plant and litter cover are low, and bare ground is high (90%). Shale and sandstone rock outcrops may also be present. Stands in this alliance are poorly known and have only been described from mesas in the Rio Puerco watershed and gypsum flats and dunes in the White Sands Missile Range. The diagnostic species is the perennial grass ~Sporobolus nealleyi$, which dominates or codominates the sparse herbaceous layer, with ~Bouteloua eriopoda, Calylophus hartwegii$ and/or ~Leptodactylon$ spp. Associated grasses may include ~Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii)$ and ~Bouteloua gracilis$. Frequent forbs include ~Psilostrophe tagetina$ and ~Sphaeralcea coccinea$. In addition, scattered shrubs and dwarf-shrubs may be present, including ~Atriplex canescens, Ephedra torreyana, Flourensia cernua, Krascheninnikovia lanata, Gutierrezia sarothrae$, and ~Lycium pallidum$.LVAL Forests codominated by ~Pinus strobus$ and ~Tsuga canadensis$ occurring from eastern Wisconsin and the upper peninsula of Michigan to eastern Pennsylvania and Maine, south through the Appalachians to northern Georgia and South Carolina. Isolated occurrences could potentially occur in the Cumberland Plateau of Kentucky and Tennessee. Generally, ~Tsuga canadensis$ and ~Pinus strobus$ are codominant, but other common associates can include ~Fagus grandifolia, Acer rubrum, Betula lenta, Betula alleghaniensis, Quercus rubra$. ~Picea rubens$ is often a component in the northeastern part of range, while ~Liriodendron tulipifera$ and ~Betula lenta$ are the common associates in the southern Appalachians. Typical shrubs/saplings include ~Acer spicatum, Hamamelis virginiana$, and ~Acer pensylvanicum$ (in the north), and ~Ilex opaca, Leucothoe fontanesiana, Rhododendron maximum$ (in the south). The herbaceous stratum may be sparse and generally depauperate, including ~Clintonia borealis, Cypripedium acaule, Gaultheria procumbens, Lycopodium$ spp., ~Maianthemum canadense$, and ~Trientalis borealis$ (in the north), and ~Chimaphila maculata, Mitchella repens, Galax urceolata, Viola blanda$, and ~Polystichum acrostichoides$ (in the south). Stands of this alliance are found on acidic, nutrient-poor, usually moderately well-drained soils such as sandy loams. Communities of the eastern portion of the range (New England) generally occur on well-drained midslopes, and apparently are not significantly affected by aspect. In the southern Appalachian Mountains and Cumberland Plateau, these forests occur on alluvial terraces and steep, protected gorge slopes. Communities of this alliance are commonly established following disturbance, either natural (fire, windthrow, catastrophic flood events) or anthropogenic (logging). Old-growth examples of the alliance are known, and these forests were likely to have been widespread prior to European settlement. However, without periodic disturbance, communities of this alliance will LVAL CEGL002163CMCSA.1505V.A.6.N.gQuercus macrocarpa / Mixedgrass Loam Wooded Herbaceous VegetationBur Oak / Mixedgrass Loam Wooded Herbaceous VegetationBur Oak Mixedgrass Loam Savanna1997-11-26GCUSDFLD. LenzG1Q98-06-22G1ùd#CEGL002162CMCSA.1505V.A.6.N.gQuercus macrocarpa / Mixedgrass Sand Wooded Herbaceous VegetationBur Oak / Mixedgrass Sand Wooded Herbaceous VegetationBur Oak Mixedgrass Sand Savanna1997-11-26GCUSDFLJ. Drake, D. Faber-Langendoen, and D. M.G100-03-17G1ùd#CEGL002160CMCSA.1492V.A.6.N.cQuercus macrocarpa - (Quercus ellipsoidalis) / Schizachyrium scoparium - Koeleria macrantha Wooded Herbaceous VegetationBur Oak - (Northern Pin Oak) / Little Bluestem - Prairie Junegrass Wooded Herbaceous VegetationNorthern Oak Barrens1997-11-26GCUSDFLJ. Drake, D. Faber-Langendoen, and D. M. AmbroseG298-06-22G2[YQO#CEGL002159CMCSA.1491V.A.6.N.cQuercus macrocarpa - (Quercus alba, Quercus stellata) / Andropogon gerardii Wooded Herbaceous VegetationBur Oak - (White Oak, Post Oak) / Big Bluestem Wooded Herbaceous VegetationCentral Bur Oak Openings1997-11-26GCUSDFLJ. Drake, D. Faber-Langendoen, and D. M. AmbroseG100-03-16G1;91/֋# CEGL002158CMCSA.1491V.A.6.N.cQuercus macrocarpa Northern Tallgrass Wooded Herbaceous VegetationBur Oak Northern Tallgrass Wooded Herbaceous VegetationNorthern Bur Oak Openings1997-11-26GCUSDFLJ. DrakeG1G200-03-17G1e#CEGL002156CSCSA.666II.C.2.N.aQuercus virginiana - (Celtis laevigata) / Prunus caroliniana WoodlandLive Oak - (Sugarberry) / Carolina Laurel Cherry WoodlandTexas Gulf Coast Live Oak - Sugarberry Woodland1995-01-01GCUSGrPl 1-95, mod. JT 4-01Great Plains Proeventually succeed to other alliances (Barnes 1991).LVAL ckeCEGL002171CSCSA.780III.B.2.N.aQuercus This grassland alliance is found on sandy soils in the intermountain steppe, Wyoming Basin, Colorado Plateau, Great Basin and Columbia Plateau. Stands typically occur on upland sites with coarse-textured soils such as sandstone outcrop ridges in the plains, dry-sandy sites in the Columbia Basin, and parks on dissected alluvial fans below sandstone plateaus, but not dunes. Sites are on flat to moderately steep, often south-facing slopes, but can occur on any aspect. Soils are shallow to moderately deep, well-drained, coarse-textured, and non-saline. Grasslands included in this alliance are characterized by a moderately dense herbaceous layer dominated by ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$, but cover ranges from sparse to dense. ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$ or ~Poa secunda$ codominate some stands. Other graminoids may include ~Aristida purpurea, Bouteloua gracilis, Carex filifolia, Koeleria macrantha, Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii)$, or ~Sporobolus cryptandrus$. Shrubs and dwarf-shrubs are sparse (<10%) and may include scattered ~Artemisia cana, Artemisia frigida, Artemisia tridentata$, or ~Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus)$. Forb cover is also sparse, but can be relatively diverse. Common forbs are ~Gaura coccinea, Lappula occidentalis (= Lappula redowskii), Lithophragma glabrum, Lupinus pusillus, Opuntia aurea (= Opuntia basilaris var. aurea), Opuntia polyacantha, Plantago patagonica$, or ~Pediomelum argophyllum (= Psoralea argophylla)$. Cryptogams are important in some stands with up to 40% ground cover on sites in the Colorado Plateau. Diagnostic of this grassland alliance is the dominance of ~Hesperostipa comata$ in the herbaceous layer and the lack of significant cover of ~Bouteloua gracilis$ or ~Nassella viridula$.LVALXbpdCEGL002180CSCSA.1884III.B.2.N.aPrunus angustifolia / Schizachyrium scoparium ShrublandThis alliance includes modified vegetation dominated by ~Buchloe dactyloides$, in pastured and other disturbed areas, especially over clay or compacted soils. Other characteristic species include ~Aristida oligantha, Bouteloua gracilis$, and ~Sporobolus compositus$.Grasslands included in this alliance have been described only in the Uinta Basin of Utah. Stands occur above the Pinyon-Juniper Community in the Mid-Altitude ~Artemisia$ and in the Upper Altitude Communities. Elevations range from approximately 1800-2600 m. These grasslands form in openings on the slopes and benches in the shrublands and lower elevation forests. Climate is semi-arid with mean annual precipitation ranging from 22-35 cm. Summers are hot and winter are cold with below freezing temperature common. These grasslands are in a matrix of ~Artemisia tridentata$-dominated shrublands, ~Pinus edulis$ and ~Juniperus osteosperma$ woodland at lower elevations, and ~Populus tremuloides$ forests at higher elevations. Grasslands in this alliance occur in a mosaic with shrublands on submontane slopes and benches in the Uinta Basin of Utah. Stands have a moderately dense cover of graminoids codominated by the cool-season, perennial bunch grasses ~Achnatherum nelsonii (= Stipa nelsonii)$ and ~Koeleria macrantha$. Other graminoids may include ~Aristida purpurea, Juncus$ spp., ~Poa$ spp., ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Pascopyrum smithii$, and ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$. Scattered shrubs and dwarf-shrubs are typically present, such as ~Artemisia tridentata, Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus), Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda (= Pentaphylloides floribunda)$, and ~Purshia tridentata$. The sparse forb layer may include species of Asteraceae, ~Astragalus, Delphinium, Polygonum$, and the exotic ~Taraxacum officinale$.LVAL Stands of this alliance occur on ridges and upper slopes in the foothills of the Colorado Front Range, on slopes, ridges, and mesa tops on the dissected plains in southeastern Colorado and adjacent New Mexico, the steppes of the southern Great Plains, the Trans-Pecos region of Texas, and into south-central New Mexico. Climate is semi-arid with most of the precipitation falling during the growing season. Elevation ranges from 1350-1800 m. Soils are usually derived from shales and are generally alkaline, coarse-textured, shallow and rocky often with limestone fragments. This grassland is often found on the cooler northern aspects, but can occur on all aspects on sites with gentle slopes. Shortgrass communities dominated by ~Bouteloua gracilis$ often occur on adjacent lower slopes and plains where soils are generally finer-textured. Woodland communities dominated by ~Pinus ponderosa$ or ~Juniperus monosperma$ may occur above these grasslands on the larger ridges and in the foothills. Vegetation included in this alliance occurs on rocky ridges and shaley slopes from the Colorado Front Range foothills to southern New Mexico and western Texas. Stands are dominated by a sparse to dense layer of the cool-season, medium-tall bunchgrass ~Hesperostipa neomexicana (= Stipa neomexicana)$. Stands may be nearly pure ~Hesperostipa$ or mixed with other mid grasses such as ~Bouteloua curtipendula$ and ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$. Often a sparse to moderately dense shortgrass layer is present that may be dominated by ~Bouteloua gracilis, Bouteloua eriopoda, Bouteloua hirsuta$, or ~Aristida$ spp. Density of the grass cover may be limited by the size and amount of surface rock at some of the rock outcrop sites where it occurs. Scattered shrubs, such as ~Rhus trilobata$ and ~Yucca glauca$, or in the Trans-Pecos region, ~Dasylirion wheeleri$ and ~Nolina$ spp., are common. In some stands, the dwarf-shrub ~Gutierrezia sarothrae$ is abundant. Forb cover is generally sparse, but common forbs may includLVALi!qSCEGL002204CMCSA.1192V.A.5.N.aAndropogon gerardii - Sorghastrum nutans Unglaciated Herbaceous VegetationBig Bluestem - Yellow Indiangrass Unglaciated Herbaceous VegetationUnglaciated Mesic Tallgrass Prairie1997-11-26GCUSGrPl 1-95, mod. DFLJ. DrakeG398-06-22G3Ӱm#CEGL002203CMCSA.1192V.A.5.N.aAndropogon gerardii - Sorghastrum nutans - (Sporobolus heterolepis) - Liatris spp. - Ratibida pinnata Herbaceous VegetationBig Bluestem - Yellow Indiangrass - (Prairie Dropseed) - Blazingstar species - Gray-head Prairie Coneflower Herbaceous VegetationCentral Mesic Tallgrass Prairie1997-11-26GCUSDJA 94, mod. DFLJ. Drake, D. Faber-Langendoen, and D. M. AmbroseG1G200-03-23G1\LJH>#CEGL002202CMCSA.1192V.A.5.N.aAndropogon gerardii - Hesperostipa spartea - Sporobolus heterolepis Herbaceous VegetationBig Bluestem - Porcupine Grass - Prairie Dropseed Herbaceous VegetationNorthern Mesic Tallgrass Prairie1997-11-26GCUSDFLJ. Drake, D. Faber-Langendoen, and D. M. AmbroseG2G398-06-22G220($|# CEGL002201CMCSA.1192V.A.5.N.aAndropogon gerardii - Sorghastrum nutans - Schizachyrium scoparium Flint Hills Herbaceous VegetationBig Bluestem - Yellow Indiangrass - Little Bluestem Flint Hills Herbaceous VegetationFlint Hills Tallgrass Prairie1997-11-26GCUSGrPl 1-95, mod. DFLJ. DrakeG4?96-10-03G4/-%"܇# CEGL002199CMCSA.1191V.A.5.N.aAndropogon gerardii - (Panicum virgatum) - Muhlenbergia richardsonis Herbaceous VegetationBig Bluestem - (Switchgrass) - Mat Muhly Herbaceous VegetationNorthern Wet-Mesic Tallgrass Prairie1997-11-26GCUSDFLD. Faber-LangendoenG3G498-06-22G3߻}# CEGL002198CMCSA.1534V.A.7.N.gDasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda / Schizachyrium scoparium Shrub Herbaceous VegetationShrubby-cinquefoil / Little Bluestem Shrub Herbaceous VegetationShrubby-cinquefoil / Little Bluestem Shrue ~Evolvulus nuttallianus, Musineon divaricatum$, and ~Dalea$ spp.LVAL This alliance includes upland dune grassland of barrier islands of the Mid-Atlantic and Gulf coasts. ~Spartina patens$ and ~Schoenoplectus pungens (= Scirpus pungens)$ are characteristically dominant, though other graminoids such as ~Schoenoplectus pungens, Sporobolus virginicus, Cenchrus spinifex (= Cenchrus incertus), Cenchrus tribuloides$, and ~Paspalum distichum$ may be codominant or prominent within their respective ranges. In parts of the range of this alliance, ~Spartina patens$ is dominant and ~Schoenoplectus pungens$ may be absent. This community characteristically occupies overwash terraces or low dunes, less well-developed than those dominated by ~Uniola paniculata$ (from North Carolina south and west to Texas and Tamaulipas, Mexico) or by ~Ammophila breviligulata$ (from North Carolina northwards). Total vegetation cover is variable, ranging from quite sparse (25% cover) to dense. Bare sand is often visible through the vegetation, and there is no soil profile development. Species diversity is variable; although it may be quite low and confined to the nominal species in the northern part of the range, it may be of greater diversity. Other components of this vegetation include ~Strophostyles helvula, Solidago sempervirens, Cenchrus tribuloides, Setaria parviflora, Distichlis spicata, Sabatia stellaris, Ammophila breviligulata, Suaeda linearis, Bassia hirsuta$ (an exotic), ~Atriplex patula, Polygonum glaucum, Spergularia salina (= Spergularia marina), Salicornia bigelovii, Salicornia virginica, Fimbristylis castanea$, and ~Cakile edentula ssp. edentula$. Woody species may include scattered individuals of ~Toxicodendron radicans, Solidago sempervirens, Lythrum lineare, Kosteletzkya virginica$, and seedlings of ~Baccharis halimifolia$. The plants of this community are influenced by sand deposited by storm surges. Storm overwash is a prevalent natural disturbance to this community. This community appears to be successional between interdunal herbaceous wetlands and interdunal herbaceous/shrubLVAL_ CEGL002279CSCSA.1744V.C.2.N.aHeteranthera limosa - Bacopa rotundifolia - Sagittaria latifolia Herbaceous VegetationBlue Mud-plantain - Midwestern Water-hyssop - Broadleaf Arrowhead Herbaceous VegetationForb Playa Marsh1995-01-01GCUSGrPl 1-95Great Plains Program, mod. B. HoaglandG?96-10-03G?)'y# CEGL002278CSCSA.1705IV.A.2.N.cSarcocornia perennis - Batis maritima - Distichlis spicata Dwarf-shrublandWoody Glasswort - Saltwort - Saltgrass Dwarf-shrublandSalt Flat1997-05-01GCUSSCS 5-97, mod. ASW 7-98Southeastern Ecology Group, mod. A.S. WeakleyG494-12-15G4 һn$dCEGL002277CSCSA.1881V.B.2.N.hPolygonum pensylvanicum - Polygonum lapathifolium Herbaceous VegetationPennsylvania Smartweed - Pale Smartweed Herbaceous VegetationTailwater Playa Lake Vegetation1996-08-01GCUSBH 8-96B. HoaglandG4?01-09-19G4Ƨj#CEGL002276CSCSA.1617V.B.2.N.bBigelowia nuttallii - Krameria lanceolata - Aristida dichotoma - Sporobolus silveanus Herbaceous VegetationNuttall's Rayless-goldenrod - Trailing Ratany - Forktip Three-awn - Silveus Dropseed Herbaceous VegetationEast Texas Catahoula Barren1994-01-01GCUSKP 94, mod. WGCP 2-99K.D. Patterson, mod. R.E. EvansG199-02-04G1a_WU6!#CEGL002275CSCSA.1341V.A.5.N.jDistichlis spicata - Spartina spp. Herbaceous VegetationSaltgrass - Cordgrass species Herbaceous VegetationSaltgrass - Cordgrass Saline Prairie1995-01-01GCUSGrPl 1-95Great Plains ProgramG494-12-15G4[n uplands.LVALaPastures of the southeastern Coastal Plain and other adjacent ecoregions, found in Florida, Georgia, Oklahoma, and other states, dominated by the introduced grass ~Cynodon dactylon$. Although originally planted, ~Cynodon dactylon$ maintains itself spontaneously, though especially with continued grazing or mowing, and this vegetation is considered 'semi-natural.' Various remnant native species occur to varying degrees, and are sometimes codominant.This alliance includes montane grasslands strongly dominated by ~Carex pensylvanica$. In the Southern Blue Ridge these grasslands are ungrazed grass balds with deep soil. Associated species include ~Rumex acetosella$ (exotic), ~Carex debilis, Polytrichum commune, Helenium autumnale, Danthonia compressa, Sibbaldiopsis tridentata, Fragaria virginiana, Ageratina altissima var. roanensis, Angelica triquinata, Oclemena acuminata (= Aster acuminatus), Bromus pubescens$, and ~Dennstaedtia punctilobula$. These grasslands typically occur over 1220 m (4000 feet) elevation in the Southern Blue Ridge. In the Central Appalachians, these communities are found on acid shale.These are graminoid-dominated communities of often steeply sloping outcrops of felsic to mafic rock in the southern Appalachians, primarily south of the Asheville Basin, North Carolina. The substrate is rocks which are typically small exfoliated (spalled) outcrops surrounded by forests or woodlands, and shrubs and trees may be rooted within an occurrence. Stands are typically strongly dominated by ~Carex biltmoreana$. Associated species can include ~Krigia montana, Houstonia longifolia (= Houstonia longifolia var. glabra), Schizachyrium scoparium, Diervilla sessilifolia, Melampyrum lineare, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Coreopsis pubescens, Coreopsis major, Dichanthelium dichotomum var. dichotomum (= var. ramulosum)$, and ~Dichanthelium acuminatum var. lindheimeri$.LVAL This alliance, found near the Great Lakes and in the southern Appalachian Mountains and northeastern United States, is composed of dry-mesic to mesic pine forests. Stands of this alliance are characterized by a moderate to complete tree canopy. The shrub layer is absent to well-developed, while the herbaceous layer is moderately to poorly developed. Understory vegetation is sparse where the canopy is closed, due to the limited amount of light and the duff buildup on the forest floor. The overstory is heavily dominated by coniferous trees, usually ~Pinus strobus$ alone but sometimes with ~Pinus resinosa$. Other canopy and subcanopy trees include ~Abies balsamea$ (in the northern part of this alliance's range), ~Acer rubrum, Betula papyrifera, Populus tremuloides$, and ~Thuja occidentalis$. The shrub layer typically contains species such as ~Acer spicatum, Corylus cornuta, Diervilla lonicera, Linnaea borealis$, and ~Vaccinium$ spp., especially ~Vaccinium myrtilloides$ and ~Vaccinium angustifolium$. The herb layer contains species adapted to the dry-mesic nature of stands of this alliance. These include ~Aralia nudicaulis, Eurybia macrophylla (= Aster macrophyllus), Gaultheria procumbens$, and ~Maianthemum canadense$. ^Stands of this alliance are found on loamy sand, sandy loam, loam, and clay loam soils which are typically moderately deep to deep (60-100 cm) except in the Driftless Area where they may be very shallow. The soils are acidic and rarely contain a significant amount of organic material. Stands of this alliance are often found on glacial till or outwash plains, although in northeastern Minnesota they occur near lakes and on lower slopes. This alliance can be found on a variety of landscapes, varying from nearly level to rolling across much of its range to steep slopes in the Driftless Area. In the southern Appalachians these forests occur below 3000 feet (900 m) elevation on upper slopes and ridgetops protected by higher landforms, or as successional forests on abandoned agricultural landLVALrNCEGL002377CMCSA.1225V.A.5.N.cSchizachyrium scoparium - Bouteloua curtipendula - Hesperostipa spartea - (Pascopyrum smithii) Herbaceous VegetationLittle Bluestem - Sideoats Grama - Porcupine Grass - (Western Wheatgrass) Herbaceous VegetationLittle Bluestem - Porcupine Grass Dry-Mesic Prairie1997-11-26GCUSDFLD. Faber-LangendoenG3?98-06-22G3ZXPM:753)#CEGL002376CMCSA.1192V.A.5.N.aAndropogon gerardii - Sporobolus heterolepis - Schizachyrium scoparium - Pascopyrum smithii Herbaceous VegetationBig Bluestem - Prairie Dropseed - Little Bluestem - Western Wheatgrass Herbaceous VegetationNorthern Plains Transition Bluestem Prairie1997-11-26GCUSDFLD. Faber-LangendoenG200-03-23G2KIA?,)'%#)CEGL002324CSCSA.253I.B.2.N.aQuercus stellata - Quercus marilandica - Carya texana - (Quercus shumardii, Quercus velutina) ForestPost Oak - Blackjack Oak - Black Hickory - (Shumard Oak, Black Oak) ForestEastern Crosstimbers Post Oak - Blackjack Oak Forest1996-04-01GCUSGrPl 4-96Great Plains ProgramG3G597-08-15G4=;3/І"CEGL002319CSCSA.215I.B.2.N.aAcer grandidentatum - Quercus muehlenbergii / Carex edwardsiana Lampasas Cutplain ForestBigtooth Maple - Chinquapin Oak / Edwards Plateau Sedge Lampasas Cutplain ForestLampasas Cutplain Bigtooth Maple Canyon Forest1997-11-26GCUSDD, mod. Bill Carr 12-98D. Diamond, mod. B. CarrG198-12-14G1B@86z" CEGL002318CMCSA.1224V.A.5.N.cSchizachyrium scoparium - Danthonia spicata - Carex pensylvanica - (Viola pedata) Herbaceous VegetationLittle Bluestem - Poverty Oatgrass - Pennsylvania Sedge - (Birdfoot Violet) Herbaceous VegetationMidwest Dry Sand Prairie1997-11-26GCUSDFLD. Faber-LangendoenG2G398-06-22G253+' #CEGL002315CMCSA.1872VII.C.3.N.bSmall Eroding Bluffs Midwestern Sparse VegetationSmall Eroding Bluffs Midwestern Sparse VegetationMidwestern Small Eroding Bluffs1997-11-26GCUSDFLD. Faber-LangendoenG?96-10-03G?ʷV%.0LVAL</31CEGL002387CMCSA.1598V.B.2.N.aImpatiens pallida - Cystopteris bulbifera - Adoxa moschatellina - (Chrysosplenium iowense, Aconitum noveboracense) Herbaceous VegetationYellow Jewelweed - Bulblet Bladderfern - Moschatel - (Iowa Golden-saxifrage, Northern Monkshood) Herbaceous VegetationAlgific Talus Slope1997-11-26GCUSDFLD. Faber-LangendoenG298-06-22G2dbZXEB@>4!#fCEGL002386CMCSA.1984V.C.2.N.aNuphar lutea ssp. advena - Nymphaea odorata Herbaceous VegetationBroadleaf Pond-lily - White Water-lily Herbaceous VegetationWater-lily Aquatic Wetland1997-11-26GCUSDFLD. Faber-LangendoenG4G596-10-03G4ĺd# CEGThis alliance includes montane grasslands dominated by ~Danthonia compressa$ often with significant cover by the dwarf-shrub ~Sibbaldiopsis tridentata$ or by ~Rhododendron calendulaceum$. Species dominance is highly variable from occurrence to occurrence and within occurrences. Associated species can include ~Carex brunnescens, Carex pensylvanica, Carex debilis, Oclemena acuminata (= Aster acuminatus), Deschampsia flexuosa, Stachys clingmanii, Solidago glomerata, Prenanthes roanensis, Smilax herbacea$, and ~Houstonia serpyllifolia$. Typical shrubs are ~Rhododendron calendulaceum, Rhododendron catawbiense, Menziesia pilosa, Pieris floribunda, Vaccinium corymbosum, Vaccinium simulatum$, and ~Rubus canadensis$. These grasslands occur on high-elevation (usually above 1500 m or 5000 feet), often south- to southwest-facing domes, ridgetops and gentle slopes. Strong winds, high rainfall, frequent fog, shallow, rocky soils, and extremes of temperature and moisture are characteristic of these environments. Grasslands in this alliance occur at the highest elevations of the southern Appalachian Mountains, often adjacent to montane shrublands or dwarfed forests dominated by ~Fagus grandifolia$ or ~Quercus rubra$.!LVAL-Z CEGL002393CSCSA.680II.C.3.N.aPinus echinata - Quercus stellata - Quercus marilandica / Schizachyrium scoparium WoodlandShortleaf Pine - Post Oak - Blackjack Oak / Little Bluestem WoodlandOzark/Ouachita Shortleaf Pine - Oak Dry Woodland1997-11-26GCUSDJAD.J. Allard, mod. D. Faber-LangendoenG2G398-12-11G253+'}# CEGL002392CMCSA.1451V.A.5.N.mCarex crinita - Osmunda spp. / Physocarpus opulifolius Seep Herbaceous VegetationFringed Sedge - Royal Fern species / Eastern Ninebark Seep Herbaceous VegetationMidwest Sand Seep1997-11-26GCUSDFLJ. Drake, mod. D. Faber-LangendoenG298-06-22G2 t# fCEGL002391CMCSA.1920V.A.6.N.qQuercus stellata - Quercus marilandica / Schizachyrium scoparium Wooded Herbaceous VegetationPost Oak - Blackjack Oak / Little Bluestem Wooded Herbaceous VegetationPost Oak Central Dry Barrens1997-11-26GCUSDFL 94M. Guetersloh, mod. D. Faber-LThis alliance, currently known from the western Great Lakes region and the Appalachian Mountains, is a dry, open grassland on acidic bedrock. In both areas it may result, in part, from clearing and pasturing of montane or boreal forests. It is dominated by herbaceous species, but shrubs and nonvascular species can be abundant. Short grasses, especially ~Danthonia spicata$ and ~Poa compressa$, are most common. ~Carex pensylvanica$ and ~Hieracium$ spp. are also typical. Nearly all shrubs are less than 2 m tall, most are less than 1 m. Common species include ~Amelanchier$ spp., ~Corylus cornuta, Juniperus communis, Rosa$ spp., ~Rhus typhina$, and ~Vaccinium$ spp. Mosses and lichens occur over much of the bedrock outcrops. Stands are found on gentle to moderate slopes over bedrock with shallow soil. Bedrock outcrops are common, and in the Great Lakes region are granite. The combination of sloping sites and thin soil lead to poor water retention and droughty conditions.LVAL This widespread alliance includes grasslands dominated or codominated by ~Bouteloua gracilis$, and is found across the Great Plains from near the United States-Mexico border to southern Canada. The bulk of this alliance occurs in the western Great Plains and southwestern United States, but one extensive and one restricted community occur in the midwestern United States. Stands are found on flat to rolling uplands such as plains, plateaus, foothills, valley bottoms, and sand sheets and dunes with a variety of soil types. Surface soils can range from sandy loam to loamy clay. Subsoils are often finer than the surface soils and may be somewhat impermeable to water. The upland position and heavy soils often result in much of the precipitation running off, and drought conditions prevail for much of the year. This trend is more pronounced in the northern part of this alliance. In the southern portions of its range, the greater temperatures and lack of precipitation allow this shortgrass alliance to occur on coarser soils. ^Vegetation within this alliance is dominated by short grasses with mid grasses present to codominant. Mid grasses are more abundant in the eastern portions of this alliance. Coverage by short grasses is moderate to almost complete. The foliage is typically 7-19 cm tall with flowering stalks reaching 45 cm. Midgrass species are usually dwarfed because of dry conditions and may not exceed 0.7 m except in especially wet years. Shrubs are very rare except in the southern parts of this alliance's range where scattered desert shrubs may occur (<10% cover). Typical codominant species are ~Buchloe dactyloides$ or ~Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii)$. Other common to codominant graminoids may include ~Aristida purpurea, Bouteloua curtipendula, Bouteloua hirsuta, Carex filifolia, Carex inops ssp. heliophila, Carex duriuscula (= Carex eleocharis), Elymus elymoides, Hesperostipa neomexicana (= Stipa neomexicana), Pascopyrum smithii, Sporobolus cryptandrus$, or ~Sporobolus airoides$. There areLVALa01CEGL002405CMCSA.261I.B.2.N.aQuercus stellata / Cinna arundinacea Flatwoods ForestPost Oak / Stout Woodreed Flatwoods ForestPost Oak Flatwoods1997-11-26GCUSDF-L 2-94, mod. DF-L 6-96J. Drake, D. Faber-Langendoen, and D. Ambrose, mod. M. Pyne and D. Faber-LangendoenG2G398-06-22G2 W" CEGL002404CMCSA.1452V.A.5.N.m(Carex interior, Carex lurida) - Carex leptalea - Parnassia grandifolia - Rhynchospora capillacea Herbaceous Vegetation(Inland Sedge, Sallow Sedge) - Little Bog Sedge - Largeleaf Grass-of-Parnassus - Limestone Beaksedge Herbaceous VegetationOzark Fen1997-11-26GCUSDF-L 94P. Nelson, mod. J. Drake, D. Faber-Langendoen, and D. Ambrose 3-94, mod. D. Faber-LangendoenG2G398-06-22G22+)'#CEGL002403CMCSA.1225V.A.5.N.cSchizachyrium scoparium - Bouteloua curtipendula - Muhlenbergia cuspidata - Symphyotrichum sericeum Alkaline Herbaceous VegetationLittle Bluestem - Sideoats Grama - Stony-hills Muhly - Silky Aster Alkaline Herbaceous VegetationNorth-central Dry Limestone - Dolomite Prairie1997-11-26GCUSDFLJ. Drake, D. Faber-Langendoen, and D. Ambrose, mod. D. Faber-LangendoenG298-06-22G2EB@>4#CEGL002402CMCSA.515II.A.4.N.aPinus echinata / Rock Outcrop Interior Highland WoodlandShortleaf Pine / Rock Outcrop Interior Highland WoodlandShortleaf Pine / Little Bluestem Woodland1997-11-26GCUSDFL/SCSD. Faber-Langendoe a variety of forbs found in stands of this alliance, although they do not contribute greatly to the total vegetation cover. Common forbs include ~Astragalus$ spp., ~Gaura coccinea, Machaeranthera pinnatifida var. pinnatifida, Opuntia polyacantha, Plantago patagonica, Psoralidium tenuiflorum, Ratibida columnifera$, and ~Sphaeralcea coccinea$.LVAL|qDCEGL002411CMCSA.227I.B.2.N.aFagus grandifolia - Acer saccharum - Liriodendron tulipifera Unglaciated ForestAmerican Beech - Sugar Maple - Tuliptree Unglaciated ForestBeech - Maple Unglaciated Forest1997-11-26GCUSDFLM. Guetersloh, mod. D. Faber-Langendoen 04-00G4?96-10-03G4 ̬q"  CEGL002410CMCSA.288I.B.2.N.dFraxinus pennsylvanica - Celtis spp. - Quercus spp. - Platanus occidentalis Bottomland ForestGreen Ash - Hackberry species - Oak species - Sycamore Bottomland ForestAsh - Oak - Sycamore Mesic Bottomland Forest1997-11-26GCUSDFLD. Faber-LangendoenG3G400-03-31GVegetation types within this short sod, temperate or subpolar grassland alliance are common and often locally abundant on the Great Plains and in the foothills of the eastern Rocky Mountains. Elevations range from 1200-2400 m (occasionally up to 3000 m). Types occur in open parks of the foothill and montane zones on flat or gentle slopes. Typically they are one of the early communities to develop on 'rock-wash' fans that exit from canyons. Additionally, types are known from mountain tops and slopes in the alpine zone. All types occur on coarse sandy and gravelly soil lacking in humus. They are dominated by ~Carex duriuscula$. ~Poa secunda$ often is a codominant in the graminoid layer. Other associated graminoids can include ~Koeleria macrantha, Poa palustris$, and ~Festuca saximontana$. Commonly occurring forbs include ~Artemisia frigida, Artemisia campestris, Cryptantha virgata, Achillea millefolium$, and ~Gaillardia aristata$, and the cacti ~Opuntia polyacantha$. ~Selaginella densa$ commonly occurs in the fern stratum, especially in the rock-wash communities. Information on adjacent communities is not available.LVALh-2CEGL002421CSCSA.345I.B.2.N.fTaxodium distichum - (Nyssa aquatica) / Forestiera acuminata - Planera aquatica ForestBald-cypress - (Water Tupelo) / Swamp Privet - Planertree ForestBald Cypress - (Water Tupelo) Swamp1997-11-26GCUSDFL, mod. RE 5-00M. Guetersloh, T. E. Vogt, mod. D. Faber-LangendoenG3G500-04-05G4;91-۸x" CEGL002420CSCSA.346I.B.2.N.fTaxodium distichum / Lemna minor ForestBald-cypress / Lesser Duckweed ForestBald-cypress Swamp1994-01-01GCUSSL, mod. SL/DFL 3-00M. Guetersloh, mod. S. Landaal and D. Faber-LangendoenG4G501-09-19G4آnI"CEGL002419CSCSA.345I.B.2.N.fNyssa aquatica ForestWater Tupelo ForestWater Tupelo Swamp Forest1997-11-26GCUSSL, mod. DFL 3-00S. Landaal, mod. D. Faber-LangendoenG4G501-09-19G4qomcJ7"CEGL002417CMCSA.625Vegetation in this alliance occurs on mesas and plains in southern Great Plains and Chihuahuan Desert and is dominated or codominated by the perennial shortgrass ~Bouteloua eriopoda$ without shrubs or dwarf-shrubs. Nearly pure stands occasionally occur on sandy mesas and may not form a sod. Usually ~Bouteloua eriopoda$ is codominant with another grass such as ~Bouteloua curtipendula, Bouteloua gracilis, Bouteloua hirsuta, Bouteloua trifida, Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii)$, or ~Hesperostipa neomexicana (= Stipa neomexicana)$. Associations in this alliance occur in a semi-arid climate with highly variable, bimodally distributed precipitation. Approximately two-thirds of the 20-40 cm mean annual precipitation occurs in the late summer and early fall, usually as localized high-intensity thunderstorms. Elevation ranges usually below 1800 m. Soils are generally sandy or stony loams. The abundance of ~Bouteloua eriopoda$-dominated grasslands has declined significantly within the last 50 years.#LVAL/z0$F CEGL002427CSCSA.286I.B.2.N.dFraxinus pennsylvanica - Ulmus americana - Celtis laevigata / Ilex decidua ForestGreen Ash - American Elm - Sugarberry / Possum-haw ForestSouthern Green Ash - Elm - Sugarberry Forest1997-11-26GCUSJEM, mod. SKR/RKP 6-97J.E. Mohan, mod. M. Guetersloh, mod. M. Pyne and D. Faber-LangendoenG4G597-08-15GGrasslands in this alliance are dominated by ~Bouteloua hirsuta$ and occur in the southern Great Plains, on foothills in the southern Rocky Mountains, on mountain slopes and mesa escarpments in the Chihuahuan Desert and on the Colorado Plateau. Sites range from gently sloping plains, valleys and mesa tops to very steep slopes in the mountains. Elevation ranges from 1450-2000 m. Stands grow on relatively cooler sites at low elevations and warmer sites at high elevations. Ground cover is variable. Soils are generally sandy, but include silty loams and are derived from calcareous limestone, siltstone, igneous (rhyolite), and/or plutonic rocks. The vegetation is characterized by a sparse to moderately dense graminoid layer (10-65% cover) dominated by short sod-forming grasses. Mid grasses and sparse scattered shrubs may be also be present. The grass layer is dominated or codominated by the shortgrass ~Bouteloua hirsuta$. Codominant grasses may include ~Bouteloua curtipendula, Bouteloua radicosa, Digitaria californica, Eragrostis intermedia$, and ~Hesperostipa neomexicana (= Stipa neomexicana)$. Forb cover is generally sparse (less than 10%). Scattered shrubs and dwarf-shrubs may be present, but make up less than 10% cover. Common shrubs include ~Prosopis glandulosa, Nolina microcarpa, Agave palmeri, Gutierrezia sarothrae$, and ~Dasylirion wheeleri$. Scattered cacti are also characteristic and often include ~Opuntia imbricata, Opuntia phaeacantha$, and ~Coryphantha$ sp.DLVAL%R$zQu100%) and a diverse flora of herbaceous and cryptogam species; 41 species is the average number per stand. ~Calamagrostis purpurascens$ is common only in stands of this alliance, where the species has a relatively high average cover of 30-50%. ~Carex scirpoidea ssp. pseudoscirpoidea (= Carex pseudoscirpoidea)$ is a common graminoid associate, and ~Minuartia obtusiloba (= Arenaria obtusiloba), Oxytropis monticola$, and ~Potentilla diversifolia var. diversifolia$ are common forb associates. A number of lichen species are often present, including ~Cornicularia aculeata, Cladonia pyxidata, Cetraria ericetorum$, and ~Cetraria islandica$. Adjacent vegetation is often ~Kobresia myosuroides$ communities.aLVALm/7`iCEGL002742CWCSA.2518V.C.2.N.aPotamogeton foliosus Herbaceous VegetationLeafy Pondweed Herbaceous VegetationMontane Floating/Submergent Palustrine Wetland2001-06-26GCUSJ. SpenceG3?01-06-26G3qM#CEGL002741CWCSA.2517VII.C.3.N.bPinus (ponderosa, jeffreyi) Sparse Vegetation(Ponderosa Pine, Jeffrey Pine) Sparse Vegetation(Ponderosa Pine, Jeffrey Pine) Altered Andesite Woodland2001-06-26GCUST. Keeler-WolfG201-06-26G2ĺR%(CEGL002Vegetation types within this short subalpine or alpine sod grasslands alliance are common to locally abundant in high-mountain meadows and clearings. They prefer rocky, especially alpine and subalpine, slopes and clearings. Elevations range from 2700-4200 m. They occur in late-melting snowpatches, mainly on eastern slopes. The habitat is subxeric to mesic, with very late-melting snow cover, cool to cold, and heavily snow-eroded in most stands. Occurrences exist on disturbed sites, typically in the center of snowpatches. Soils are very thin. pH increases with depth in most stands, and the profiles do not show much evidence of leaching. Soils have low organic matter accumulation. Vegetation types within this alliance are dominated by ~Carex ebenea$ or ~Carex haydeniana$. ~Carex ebenea$ types typically are codominant with ~Carex microptera (= Carex festivella)$. Forb species can include ~Trifolium parryi, Potentilla pulcherrima, Erigeron speciosus var. macranthus, Fragaria virginiana ssp. glauca (= Fragaria glauca), Valeriana edulis, Penstemon procerus$, and ~Pedicularis parryi$. ~Phleum alpinum$ is a common graminoid that also occurs with ~Carex ebenea$. The ~Carex haydeniana$ stands in Colorado typically occur with ~Poa arctica$ and ~Carex perglobosa$. Associated forbs in the Colorado stands include ~Sibbaldia procumbens, Geum rossii (= Acomastylis rossii), Packera crocata$, and ~Potentilla diversifolia$.LVALm7YVegetation types within this alliance occur on dry, open slopes in subalpine and alpine areas. Elevations range from 3390-3915 m. They occur on south- and east-oriented slopes on unstabilized talus with slopes ranging from 2-25%. Occurrences are typically located on rocky snowpatches between large boulders with some exposed bare soil. Soils are rocky and thin with a pH average of 5.5. Vegetation types within this alliance are classified as short alpine or subalpine sod grasslands. ~Carex perglobosa$ dominates the graminoid layer. Other constants are ~Minuartia biflora$ and ~Silene acaulis$ in the forb layer. The moss layer is insignificant, with constants ~Cladonia pyxidata$ and ~Polytrichum piliferum$.Vegetation types within this short alpine or subalpine sod grassland alliance occur on open, dry, wind-swept slopes at high elevations in the Rocky Mountains. Sites occupy gentle to moderately (3-26%) sloping upland terrain of southerly to easterly exposures at elevations ranging from 2400-4200 m. Stands are found on granitic or metaphormic colluvium. Soils are skeletal and loamy. Coarse fragments are abundant and pH varies from 5.4-6.6. They are found on well-drained sites which receive little or no snow cover. Stands on Trail Ridge, Colorado, are free of snow and frost very early; plants were observed blooming in mid-May. Most moisture is received from summer rains. ~Carex elynoides$ dominates the graminoid layer with at least 60% cover, forming an extensive turf. ~Kobresia myosuroides$ commonly occurs with ~Carex elynoides$ in the graminoid stratum. Typically the forb layer is conspicuous with at least 20% cover. Forb species include ~Geum rossii, Trifolium dasyphyllum, Arenaria fendleri, Oreoxis alpina$ (~Oreoxis bakeri$ in New Mexico stands), ~Potentilla diversifolia$, and ~Phlox caespitosa$. ~Selaginella densa$ is commonly found in the fern layer.LVAL-|Q+CEGL002769CWCSA.541II.A.4.N.aPinus jeffreyi Woodland [Placeholder]Jeffrey Pine WoodlandJeffrey Pine Woodland2001-06-26OCUST. Keeler-WolfG?01-06-26G?~|r]H#CEGL002767CWCSA.2515IV.B.3.N.aMenodora spinescens Dwarf-shrubland [Placeholder]Greenfire Dwarf-shrublandGreenfire Dwarf-shrubland2001-06-26GCUSJ. MorefieldG4?01-06-26G4nU$CEGL002766CWCSA.565II.A.4.N.dPinus ponderosa Temporarily Flooded Woodland [Provisional]Ponderosa Pine Temporarily Flooded WoodlandPonderosa Pine Riparian Woodland2001-06-26OCUSD. Charlet, M. Bagley, J. TuhyG300-05-01G3Զ]#CEGL002764CWCSA.1046III.B.3.N.bSarcobatus vermiculatus - Atriplex parryi / Distichlis spicata ShrublandBlack Greasewood - Parry's Saltbush / Saltgrass ShrublandGreasewood - Parry's Saltbush / Saltgrass Shrubland2001-06-28GCUSJ. MorefieldG?01-06-28G?٦m%CEGL002763CWCSA.1046III.B.3.N.bSarcobatus vermiculatus - Psorothamnus polydenius ShrublandBlack Greasewood - Nevada Smokebush ShrublandGreasewood - Dalea Shrubland2001-06-28GCUSJ. MorefieldG?01-06-28G?÷`%CEGL002759CWCSA.2525VIIVegetation included in this alliance occurs in the alpine fellfields in the Washington Cascades. Elevations range from 2290-2370 m. Stands are on rocky, exposed, often unstable slopes and lateral moraines. Sites are relatively dry because high winds allow little snow accumulation. Soils are shallow, poorly developed and lithic, derived from quartz diorite. The growing season is relatively short because the soil dries out late in the growing season. This vegetation has a sparse, low-growing herbaceous layer usually less than 20 cm tall that is codominated by ~Carex proposita$ and ~Lupinus lepidus$. Other associated species include ~Chamerion latifolium (= Epilobium latifolium), Antennaria alpina, Juncus parryi$, and ~Phacelia sericea$. Adjacent vegetation includes alpine turf communities in more mesic sites.7LVALCFYvCEGL002783CWCSA.2566III.B.2.N.aJamesia americana Rock Outcrop ShrublandWaxflower Rock Outcrop Shrubland2002-08-27GCUSG?02-08-27G?}{{{ywmmM%CEGL002782CWCSA.2565III.B.2.N.aArtemisia frVegetation in this alliance is found in the alpine zone of the North Cascade Range of Washington and British Columbia. Stands occur between 2200 and 2600 m elevation on all aspects of dry, well-drained slopes. The vegetation type is restricted to the eastern side of the North Cascades where a continental climate predominates. The mean annual precipitation is 60 cm with only 15 cm of the precipitation falling in the summer. Snowmelt is early, between mid-April and early May. Soils are somewhat poorly developed, due to the lack of extreme weathering. Soils are derived from pyroclastic deposits and are classified as Inceptisols. The A horizon is moderately thick (4-10 cm), has a dense mat of mainly fine roots, and is covered with a layer of graminoid litter. Soils are well-drained and have a pH between 5.2 and 6.0. The vegetation in this alliance forms extensive stands on dry, well-drained, alpine slopes on the eastern side of the North Cascade Range. Stands are characterized by a dense cover (>100%) and a diverse flora of herbaceous and cryptogam species; 35 species is the average number per stand. ~Carex scirpoidea ssp. pseudoscirpoidea (= Carex pseudoscirpoidea)$ is commonly found in other North Cascade tundra, but dominates stands in this alliance with 20-50% cover. ~Potentilla diversifolia var. diversifolia, Minuartia obtusiloba (= Arenaria obtusiloba), Carex phaeocephala$, and ~Festuca brachyphylla$ are common herbaceous associates. The bryophytes ~Tortula ruralis$ and ~Bryum weigelii$ and the lichens ~Cetraria islandica$ and ~Trapeliopsis granulosa (= Lecidea granulosa)$ are often present. ~Carex scirpoidea ssp. pseudoscirpoidea$ stands grade into ~Danthonia intermedia$ communities downslope.LVALkyx'CEGL002895CWCSA.537II.A.4.N.aPinus aristata / Vaccinium myrtillus WoodlandBristlecone Pine / Whortleberry Woodland2002-10-28GCUSGU02-10-28GUxxP#'CEGL002894CWCSA.537II.A.4.N.aPinus aristata / Juniperus communis WoodlandBristlecone Pine / Common Juniper Woodland2002-10-28GCUSGU02-10-28GUyyO#CEGL002893CWCSA.1008III.B.2.N.eSalix planifolia / Mesic Forbs Shrubland [Provisional]Planeleaf Willow / Mesic Forbs Shrubland2002-10-28OCUSG402-10-28G4[%CEGL002892CWCSA.2595V.A.5.N.mPhippsia algida HerbaceoVegetation types within this short alpine or subalpine sod grassland alliance occur on dry, open slopes near or above timberline. Elevations range from 3000-3900 m. Stands occur on wind-swept summits and ridges. Sites typically occupy flat ridgetops where there are often fell-fields or saddles. Slopes range from 1-30% with a variety of aspects (except western and southwestern). Snow accumulation is minimal due to the topography. The relatively harsh environment has resulted in minimally developed soils, which are derived primarily from colluvial parent materials of granitic and gneiss origins. The soil texture ranges from silty loam to sandy loam with considerable amounts of surface gravel. pH levels range from 4.5-6.5. ~Carex rupestris$ types are common to small soil islands and soil centers of stone nets. A vegetation type from Montana occurs on limestone fell-fields and ridges. ~Carex rupestris$ dominates the graminoid stratum with at least 50% cover. Several forbs are codominant with 25-55% cover. Forbs include ~Geum rossii, Potentilla ovina, Trifolium dasyphyllum, Zigadenus elegans, Minuartia obtusiloba (= Arenaria obtusiloba), Phlox sibirica$, and ~Minuartia biflora$. Other constant associates in the graminoid layer are ~Kobresia myosuroides, Poa glauca, Calamagrostis purpurascens, Festuca brachyphylla$, and ~Trisetum spicatum$.LVALRe']7&CEGL002909CWCSA.536II.A.4.N.aJuniperus osteosperma / Coleogyne ramosissima Woodland [Provisional]Utah Juniper / Blackbrush Woodland2002-10-28OCUPlant associations within this temperate or subpolar grassland alliance are reported from subalpine and alpine areas in Wyoming and Nevada, and possibly California. Elevations range from 2500-3900 m. Associations are found in mesic meadows, seeps, streambanks, and moist woods. Sites are well-drained, typically on gentle slopes of southeast, south, or west aspects. The water table generally is greater than 1 m below the surface. This alliance is characterized by the dominance of ~Phleum alpinum$. ~Achillea millefolium$ or ~Elymus trachycaulus$ typically codominate. Associates in the forb layer can be ~Symphyotrichum foliaceum (= Aster foliaceus), Antennaria corymbosa, Agoseris glauca$, and ~Epilobium ciliatum ssp. glandulosum (= Epilobium glandulosum)$.This is an alpine herbaceous alliance found in the alpine tundra in mountain ranges of southwestern Montana. The alliance occurs between 2800 and 3140 m elevation on all aspects of gentle- to moderate-gradient, wind-swept slopes, often on frost-patterned ground, on solifluction lobes and sorted rock polygons and circles. Soils are derived from sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rock types. Some soils, however, are derived from calcareous limestone and conglomerates. Soil texture varies from fine clay to sandy loam. The vegetation is characterized by a dense cover of graminoids, mainly ~Carex$ species, and forbs. ~Carex scirpoidea$ is the dominant sedge, with ~Carex phaeocephala$ and ~Carex albonigra$ as common associates. Common forb species include ~Potentilla diversifolia, Phlox pulvinata, Lupinus argenteus$, and ~Erigeron simplex$. Some stands have an abundant cover of ~Geum rossii$. ~Carex scirpoidea$ stands grade into alpine grasslands at lower elevations and into ~Carex elynoides$ and cushion plant communities on higher slopes with increased wind exposure.piLF&#CEGL002589CMCSA.116I.A.8. A.131CSoutheastI.A.8.N.bPINUS VIRGINIANA FOREST ALLIANCEVirginia Pine Forest Alliance!@YD.J. ALLARD/K.D. PATTERSOgfZ=   A.1309CWestV.A.5.N.gCAREX VERNACULA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCENative Sedge Herbaceous Alliance@YD. CULVERrih\<   A.1308CWestV.A.5.N.gCAREX SCIRPOIDEA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEScirpus-like Sedge Herbaceous Alliance9@YM. DAMMwpoc=   A.1307CWestV.A.5.N.gCAREX RUPESTRIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECurly Sedge Herbaceous AllianceL@YD. CULVERqhg[<   A.1306CWestV.A.5.N.gCAREX SCIRPOIDEA SSP. PSEUDOSCIRPOIDEA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWestern Single-spike Sedge Herbaceous Alliance@ YM. DAMMS   A.1305CWestV.A.5.N.gCAREX PROPOSITA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESmoky Mountain Sedge Herbaceous Alliance2@ YK. SCHULZzqpd<   A.1304CWestV.A.5.N.gCAREX PERGLOBOSA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGlobe Sedge Herbaceous Alliance@ YD. CULVERrih\=   A.1303CWestV.A.5.N.gCAREX ELYNOIDES HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBlackroot Sedge Herbaceous Alliance@ YD. CULVERulk_<   A.1302CWestV.A.5.N.gCAREX (EBENEA, HAYDENIANA) HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Ebony Sedge, Hayden's Sedge) Herbaceous Alliance@ YD. CULVERxG   A.1301CWestV.A.5.N.gCALAMAGROSTIS PURPURASCENS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPurple Reedgrass Herbaceous Alliance @ YM. DAMMxwkG   A.1300CWestV.A.5.N.gCAREX SPECTABILIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCENorthwestern Showy Sedge Herbaceous Alliance]@YD. SARR~wvj>   A.130CSoutheastI.A.8.N.bPINUS TAEDA FOREST ALLIANCELoblolly Pine Forest Alliance)YD.J. ALLARDmbaU8   A.13CLatin AmericaI.A.1.N.bBAMBUSA VULGARIS FOREST ALLIANCEBamboo Forest Alliance; Bambu Forest Alliance@YLACD~zym@    A.1299CWestV.A.5.N.gCAREX NARDINA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCENard Sedge Herbaceous AllianceX@YD. CULVERnedX:  i~A' A.1324CWestV.A.5.N.hJUNCUS DRUMMONDII HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEDrummond's Rush Herbaceous Alliance@#YD. CULVERwnma>   A.1323CWestV.A.5.N.hLEUCOPOA KINGII HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESpike Fescue Herbaceous Alliance:@"YK. SCHULZrih\<   A.1321CWestV.A.5.N.hFESTUCA BRACHYPHYLLA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEShortleaf Fescue Herbaceous Allianceb@!YM. DAMMyrqeA   A.1320CWestV.A.5.N.hCAREX PYRENAICA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPyrenean Sedge Herbaceous Alliancee@YD. CULVERtkj^<   A.132CWestI.A.8.N.bPINUS ALBICAULIS FOREST ALLIANCEWhitebark Pine Forest Alliance YK. SCHULZlcbV8   A.1319CWestV.A.5.N.hCAREX ARAPAHOENSIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEArapaho Sedge Herbaceous Alliance@YD. CULVERvml`?   A.1318CWestV.A.5.N.hAGROSTIS VARIABILIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAlpine Bentgrass Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZzqpd@   A.1316CWestV.A.5.N.hDANTHONIA PARRYI HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEParry's Oatgrass Herbaceous Alliance%@YK. SCHULZwnma=   A.1315CWestV.A.5.N.hDANTHONIA INTERMEDIA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETimber Oatgrass Herbaceous Alliance?@YK. SCHULZzqpdA   A.1314CWestV.A.5.N.hCAREX STRAMINIFORMIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMount Shasta Sedge Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZ}tsgA   A.1313CWestV.A.5.N.hFESTUCA IDAHOENSIS ALPINE HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEIdaho Fescue Alpine Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZzymF   -A.1312CEastV.A.7.N.pTRICHOPHORUM CAESPITOSUM SATURATED SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEDeerhair Bulrush Saturated Shrub Herbaceous AllianceAlpine bunchgrass meadows.YECSU   A.1311CWestV.A.5.N.gPOA ARCTICA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEArctic Bluegrass Herbaceous Alliance@YM. DAMMpih\8   A.1310CWestV.A.5.N.gPHLEUM ALPINUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMountain Timothy Herbaceous Alliance@YD. CULVERulk_;  ( tuf J CEGL003208CWCSA.146I.A.8.N.cTsug A.1335CWestV.A.5.N.iPUCCINELLIA NUTTALLIANA INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCENuttall's Alkali Grass Intermittently Flooded Herbaceous AllianceC@/YD. CULVER[   A.1334CWestV.A.5.N.iMUHLENBERGIA ASPERIFOLIA INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAlkali Muhly Intermittently Flooded Herbaceous Alliancet@.YK. SCHULZ\   A.1333CWestV.A.5.N.iFESTUCA RUBRA INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCERed Fescue Intermittently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance>@-YD. SARRQ   A.1332CWestV.A.5.N.iDISTICHLIS SPICATA INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESaltgrass Intermittently Flooded Herbaceous AllianceY@,YK. SCHULZV   A.1331CWestV.A.5.N.iSPOROBOLUS AIROIDES INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAlkali Sacaton Intermittently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@+YK. SCHULZW   A.1330CWestV.A.5.N.iPLEURAPHIS MUTICA INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETobosa Grass Intermittently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@*YK. SCHULZU   A.133CWestI.A.8.N.bPINUS MONTICOLA FOREST ALLIANCEWestern White Pine Forest Alliance@)YM.S. REID/D. SARRwfeY7   A.1329CWestV.A.5.N.iLEYMUS CINEREUS INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGreat Basin Lyme Grass Intermittently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance,(YK. SCHULZS   A.1328CMidwestV.A.5.N.iPASCOPYRUM SMITHII INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWestern Wheatgrass Intermittently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@'YGREAT PLAINS PROGRAMY   A.1327CWestV.A.5.N.hPOA LETTERMANII HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELetterman's Bluegrass Herbaceous Alliance@&YM. DAMMyrqe<   A.1326CWestV.A.5.N.hKOBRESIA MYOSUROIDES HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPacific Bog Sedge Herbaceous Alliance@%YD. CULVER|srfA   A.1325CWestV.A.5.N.hJUNCUS PARRYI HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEParry's Rush Herbaceous Alliancen@$YK. SCHULZpgfZ:   `*G1 A.1345CSoutheastV.A.5.N.jPHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECommon Reed Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@4YA.S. WEAKLEYZ   A.1344CSoutheastV.A.5.N.jPASPALUM VAGINATUM TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESeashore Crowngrass Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@4YA.S. WEAKLEYX   A.1343CSoutheastV.A.5.N.jPANICUM VIRGATUM TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESwitchgrass Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Allianceb@3YM. PYNEV   A.1342CMidwestV.A.5.N.jELEOCHARIS PALUSTRIS TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMarsh Spikerush Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@3YGREAT PLAINS PROGRAMX   A.1341CMidwestV.A.5.N.jDISTICHLIS SPICATA - (HORDEUM JUBATUM) TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESaltgrass - (Foxtail Barley) Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@2YGREAT PLAINS PROGRAMϻj   A.1340CSoutheastV.A.5.N.jCAREX TORTA TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETwisted Sedge Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@1YK.D. PATTERSONQ   A.134CWestI.A.8.N.bPINUS PONDEROSA - PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII FOREST ALLIANCEPonderosa Pine - Douglas-fir Forest Alliance@0YD. SARR{O   A.1339CSoutheastV.A.5.N.jARUNDO DONAX TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGiant Reed Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@ YA.S. WEAKLEYR   A.1338CSoutheastV.A.5.N.jANDROPOGON GLOMERATUS TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBushy Broomsedge Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@.YA.S. WEAKLEY[   A.1337CEastV.A.5.N.jANDROPOGON GERARDII - (SORGHASTRUM NUTANS) TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBig Bluestem - (Yellow Indiangrass) Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@/YECS¶k   A.1336CWestV.A.5.N.iPOA FENDLERIANA INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMuttongrass Intermittently Flooded Herbaceous AllianceYM.S. REIDS   <zWR7 A.1356CWestV.A.5.N.jPANICUM BULBOSUM TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBulb Panicgrass Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@>YK. SCHULZQ   A.1355CWestV.A.5.N.jDESCHAMPSIA CAESPITOSA TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETufted Hairgrass Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@=YD. SARRW   A.1354CWestV.A.5.N.jPASCOPYRUM SMITHII TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWestern Wheatgrass Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@<YMCS, MOD. M.S. REID/K. SCS   A.1353CWestV.A.5.N.jLEYMUS TRITICOIDES TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBeardless Lyme Grass Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@;YK. SCHULZS   A.1352CWestV.A.5.N.jJUNCUS FALCATUS TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESickle-leaf Rush Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@:YD. SARRP   A.1351CWestV.A.5.N.jAGROSTIS SCABRA TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCERough Bentgrass Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous AllianceQ@9YK. SCHULZP   A.1350CMidwestV.A.5.N.jCAREX SPP. - PLANTAGO ERIOPODA TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESedge species - Alkali Plantain Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance @7YMCSb   A.135CWestI.A.8.N.bPINUS EDULIS FOREST ALLIANCETwo-needle Pinyon Forest Alliance 8YK. SCHULZkbaU4   A.1348CMidwestV.A.5.N.jPOLYGONUM SPP. - ECHINOCHLOA SPP. TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESmartweed species - Barnyard Grass species Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance @7YGREAT PLAINS PROGRAM÷e   A.1347CMidwestV.A.5.N.jSPARTINA PECTINATA TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPrairie Cordgrass Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance 5YD.J. ALLARD 94, MOD. M.S.V   A.1346CSoutheastV.A.5.N.jSCHIZACHYRIUM SCOPARIUM TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELittle Bluestem Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliancej@4YR.K. PEET/A.S. WEAKLEY]  M Yk(` m A.1368CEastV.A.5.N.kCLADIUM MARISCOIDES SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETwig-rush Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@FYECSS   A.1367CMidwestV.A.5.N.kCAREX LACUSTRIS SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELake Sedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@ YMCSR   A.1366CSoutheastV.A.5.N.kCAREX HYALINOLEPIS SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEShoreline Sedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous AllianceH@FYA.S. WEAKLEYW   A.1364CSoutheastV.A.5.N.kARISTIDA PALUSTRIS - ANDROPOGON (CAPILLIPES, GLAUCOPSIS) - RHYNCHOSPORA SPP. SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELongleaf Three-awn - (White Bluestem, Chalky Bluestem) - Beaksedge species Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance EYA.S. WEAKLEY   A.1362CEastV.A.5.N.kPANICUM VIRGATUM SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESwitchgrass Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@DYECSP   A.1361CWestV.A.5.N.jPOA GLAUCA TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWhite Bluegrass Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous AllianceYM.S. REIDK   A.1360CWestV.A.5.N.jPHLEUM ALPINUM TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMountain Timothy Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous AllianceL@CYD. CULVERO   A.136CSoutheastI.A.8.N.cABIES FRASERI - PICEA RUBENS FOREST ALLIANCEFraser Fir - Red Spruce Forest AllianceAYK.D. PATTERSON}|pI   A.1359CWestV.A.5.N.jCAREX UNILATERALIS TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEOne-sided Sedge Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZS   A.1358CWestV.A.5.N.jHORDEUM JUBATUM TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEFoxtail Barley Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous AllianceW@?YK. SCHULZP   A.1357CWestV.A.5.N.jCAREX SAXATILIS TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCERusset Sedge Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@?YD. CULVERP  | 20zCEGL004152CSCSA.1463V.A.5.N.mAristida beyrichiana - Rhynchospora spp. - Verbesina chapman A.1376CSoutheastV.A.5.N.kJUNCUS REPENS - ELEOCHARIS MICROCARPA SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECreeping Rush - Small-fruit Spikerush Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance_@NYM. PYNE/M.J. RUSSO¶j   A.1375CSoutheastV.A.5.N.kJUNCUS EFFUSUS SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESoft Rush Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@KYA.S. WEAKLEY 5-95, MOD. AS   A.1374CWestV.A.5.N.kJUNCUS BALTICUS SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBaltic Rush Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance LYECS 96, MOD. D. CULVERO   A.1373CSoutheastV.A.5.N.kFUIRENA SCIRPOIDEA - RHYNCHOSPORA SPP. SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESouthern Umbrella-sedge - Beaksedge species Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance2@KYA.S. WEAKLEY 9-94, MOD. Aɽk   A.1372CEastV.A.5.N.kFIMBRISTYLIS CASTANEA - SCHOENOPLECTUS PUNGENS SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEChestnut Fimbry - Threesquare Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Allianceh@JYECS¿n   A.1371CWestV.A.5.N.kELEOCHARIS (MONTEVIDENSIS, PALUSTRIS, QUINQUEFLORA) SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Sand Spikerush, Marsh Spikerush, Few-flower Spikerush) Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous AllianceI@IYM. SCHINDELs   A.1370CSoutheastV.A.5.N.kDICHANTHELIUM (ERECTIFOLIUM, WRIGHTIANUM) - RHYNCHOSPORA FILIFOLIA SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Erectleaf Witchgrass, Wright's Witchgrass) - Threadleaf Beaksedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance @IYA.S. WEAKLEY    A.137CMidwestI.A.8.N.cJUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA FOREST ALLIANCEEastern Red-cedar Forest Alliance@HYD.J. ALLARDxml`?   A.1369CSoutheastV.A.5.N.kCLADIUM MARISCUS SSP. JAMAICENSE SEASONALLY FLOODED TEMPERATE HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESawgrass Seasonally Flooded Temperate Herbaceous Alliance@GYA.S. WEAKLEYo   0p0]qT5 A.1388CSoutheastV.A.5.N.kSPARGANIUM AMERICANUM SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAmerican Bur-reed Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@XYA.S. WEAKLEYZ   A.1387CMidwestV.A.5.N.kSCHOENOPLECTUS FLUVIATILIS SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCERiver Bulrush Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@SYMCS]   A.1386CSoutheastV.A.5.N.kSCIRPUS CYPERINUS SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWoolgrass Bulrush Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous AllianceWYECS, MOD. ECS/SCSV   A.1384CEastV.A.5.N.kRHYNCHOSPORA SPP. - PANICUM (RIGIDULUM, VERRUCOSUM) - RHEXIA VIRGINICA SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBeaksedge species - (Redtop Panicgrass, Warty Panicgrass) - Virginia Meadow-beauty Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous AllianceTYECS    A.1383CSoutheastV.A.5.N.kRHYNCHOSPORA (CAREYANA, INUNDATA) SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Carey's Horned Beaksedge, Narrow-fruit Horned Beaksedge) Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@SYA.S. WEAKLEYf   A.1382CWestV.A.5.N.kPOA PRATENSIS SEMI-NATURAL SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEKentucky Bluegrass Semi-natural Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@RYM.S. REID, MOD. K. SCHULZƭZ   A.1381CEastV.A.5.N.kPHALARIS ARUNDINACEA SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEReed Canary Grass Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliancex@OYMCS/ECS/SCS, MOD. M.S. RET   A.138CEastI.A.8.N.cPICEA RUBENS FOREST ALLIANCERed Spruce Forest Alliance PYD.J. ALLARD/K.D. PATTERSOt[ZN4   A.1379CSoutheastV.A.5.N.kPANICUM HEMITOMON SEASONALLY FLOODED TEMPERATE HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMaidencane Seasonally Flooded Temperate Herbaceous Alliance@OYD.J. ALLARD`   A.1377CSoutheastV.A.5.N.kLEPTOCHLOA FUSCA SSP. FASCICULARIS SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMaritime Bearded Sprangletop Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@OYA.S. WEAKLEY÷g   LVAL9This alliance includes forests dominated by ~Pinus virginiana$ and occurring in the Piedmont from Pennsylvania south to Alabama, and ranging west into the Appalachians, Ridge and Valley, the Cumberland Plateau, and in scattered locales of the Interior Low Plateau. Forests in this alliance may have admixtures of ~Pinus taeda, Pinus echinata, Pinus pungens$, and/or ~Pinus rigida$. These other species, if present, can have canopy coverage between 1 and 50%. Other associated species vary with the geographic distribution of the alliance. In many associations, a dense ericaceous shrub stratum is typical. This alliance includes both early successional forests resulting from natural or anthropogenic disturbance and natural forests in edaphically extreme situations. Typically, ~Pinus virginiana$ communities are short-lived as a forest and are more common as woodland communities [see II.C.3.N.a ~~Pinus (rigida, pungens, virginiana) - Quercus prinus$ Woodland Alliance (A.677)$$]. Associated species vary with the geographic distribution of the alliance.Vegetation types within this short alpine or subalpine sod grassland alliance can occur on open, sunny, wet places in spruce-fir or alpine zones. Elevations range 1800-4200 m. Sites can range from moderately wide (25 m), gently sloping, glaciated, snowmelt alpine basins, to moist lakeshores and solifluction terraces below snowpatches and shallow marshes in the Indian Peaks Wilderness, to wet meadows in Nevada. The soils are skeletal with low organic matter accumulation, low clay content and low available moisture. ~Carex vernacula$ dominates the graminoid layer with up to 45% cover. ~Poa fendleriana$ or ~Deschampsia caespitosa$ often codominate. ~Caltha leptosepala$ and ~Rhodiola rhodantha (= Sedum rhodanthum)$ are the only forbs of significance in the Colorado stands. ~Monolepis nuttalliana$ and ~Phlox$ sp. exhibit fair cover (18%). ~Philonotis fontana var. pumila (= Philonotis tomentella)$ dominates the moss layer in the Indian Peak Wilderness stands.LVALj :CEGL002992CWCSA.1128III.B.3.N.aPicrothamnus desertorum / Elymus elymoides Shrubland [Provisional]Bud Sagebrush / Bottlebrush Shrubland2002-04-16OCUSWestern Ecology GroupG?02-04-16G?g%CEGL002991CWCSA.2551III.B.3.N.aArtemisia papposa / Danthonia californica - Festuca idahoensis ShrublandOwyhee Sagebrush / California Oatgrass - Idaho Fescue Shrubland2002-04-16GCUSG?02-04-16G?ļm%CEGL002990CWCSA.2550III.A.4.N.aArtemisia tridentata ssp. spiciformis / Carex geyeri ShrublandSpiked Big Sagebrush / Geyer's Sedge Shrubland2002-04-15GCUSWestern Ecology GroupG?02-04-15G?c%CEGL002989CWCSA.2550III.A.4.N.aArtemisia tridentaVegetation in this alliance occurs in the alpine tundra in the mountains of Colorado. The climate regime is continental, with long, cold winters and short summers with frequent afternoon thunderstorms. Strong westerly winds are common in the winter and spring and distribute snow on the leeward side of the mountains. Large areas of late-lying snowpatches are located on the eastern slope. Stands are found in the upper alpine zone between 3430-3670 m elevation on northwest- to southeast-facing ridges. Stands occur on unstable, moving soils and scree where snow accumulates in the winter and melts relatively late in the summer. Soils are young and poorly developed due to low soil temperature, low soil moisture during the summer, and a short growing season. Soils are classified as Entisols (Cryorthents). The soil profile has one or two thin horizons. The average surface pH is 5.4, slightly acidic possibly due to leaching from late-lying snow. The majority of the ground surface is covered with rock. ~Poa arctica$ is the dominant species in the herbaceous canopy. ~Oxyria digyna, Geum rossii, Polygonum viviparum, Trifolium dasyphyllum, Trifolium parryi$, and ~Festuca brachyphylla$ are common associates. ~Polytrichastrum alpinum$ is the only common moss in the nonvascular plant layer.LVALQspQ$zQ\spQ$zQspQ$zQspQ$zQXspQ$zQspQ$zQspQ$zQTspQ$zQspQThis alpine grassland alliance occurs in the Olympic and Cascade mountains in Washington and Oregon, and the Rocky Mountains in Montana and Colorado. Stands are found on undulating alpine meadows, subalpine parks and on ridges. Sites may be nearly level to steep slopes and typically occur on the warmer and drier southern to western aspects. Soils are well-drained, coarse-textured and are generally deep but may be shallow and rocky. Substrates are derived from colluvium and residuum from sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by a moderate to dense cover of graminoids dominated by ~Festuca idahoensis$. Codominant species may include ~Delphinium glareosum, Phlox diffusa ssp. longistylis$, and ~Carex scirpoidea$. The forb layer is often diverse. Other characteristic species include ~Arenaria capillaris, Campanula rotundifolia, Eriophyllum lanatum, Lathyrus nevadensis, Lupinus arcticus ssp. subalpinus (= Lupinus latifolius var. subalpinus), Polygonum bistortoides, Phlox hoodii$, and ~Geum triflorum$. Occasional trees may be scattered in these stands such as individuals of ~Abies lasiocarpa$. Diagnostic of this alliance is the ~Festuca idahoensis$-dominated herbaceous layer that occurs in the alpine and upper subalpine zonesqLVAL}os fCEGL003012CWCSA.814III.A.4.N.aArtemisia californica - Salvia mellifera Shrubland [Placeholder]Coast Sagebrush - Black Sage Shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG2?97-12-01G2d$CEGL003011CWCSA.813III.A.4.N.aArtemisia californica - Eriogonum fasciculatum Shrubland Stands included in this herbaceous alliance have been reported from subalpine meadows in the Sierra Nevada near Lake Tahoe at elevations from 2330-2850 m, but may occur at subalpine and montane elevations in the northwestern U.S. and the central Rocky Mountains. Climate is temperate with cool summers and cold winters with typically below freezing temperatures and deep snow. Mean annual precipitation is about 82 cm with dry summers. Stands occur on gently sloping sites on eastern aspects where snow accumulation is less and duration is moderate. Sites are relatively xeric, well-drained slopes with the water table well below 1 m from the surface. Total vegetation cover is sparse to up to 80% depending on the level of disturbance. Stands are dominated by ~Carex straminiformis$. Other characteristic perennial graminoids include ~Elymus elymoides, Festuca viridula, Poa cusickii ssp. cusickii (= Poa hansenii), Achnatherum nelsonii (= Stipa nelsonii), Achnatherum lettermanii (= Stipa lettermanii)$, and ~Trisetum spicatum$. Perennial forbs, such as ~Agoseris glauca var. monticola, Antennaria rosea, Lupinus sellulus var. lobbii$, and ~Polygonum douglasii ssp. douglasii$, are relatively sparse. Annual forbs are seasonally present especially on sites disturbed by small mammals. Species include ~Draba albertina, Cistanthe umbellata var. umbellata (= Calyptridium umbellatum), Gayophytum diffusum ssp. parviflorum, Linanthus harknessii, Mimulus leptaleus$, and ~Polygonum douglasii ssp. douglasii$. Adjacent vegetation includes open forest stands of ~Pinus contorta var. murrayana, Pinus albicaulis, Pinus monticola, Tsuga mertensiana$, and ~Abies magnifica$.LVAL)RCHCEGL003033CWCSA.741III.A.2.N.bCeanothus thyrsiflorus Shrubland [Placeholder]Blueblossom Shrubland1997-11-26OCUSG4?97-12-01G4xuuusqggR$CEGL003032CWCSA.771III.A.2.N.cCeanothus oliganthus Shrubland [Placeholder]Hairyleaf Ceanothus Shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG3?97-12-01G3~{{{ywmmP$CEGL003031CWCSA.770III.A.2.N.cCeanothus megacarpus Shrubland [Placeholder]Bigpod Ceanothus Shrubland1997-11-26OCUSG3?97-12-01G3{xxxvtjjP$CEGL003030CWCSA.770III.A.2.N.cCeanothus megacarpus - Rhamnus ilicifolia Shrubland [Provisional]Bigpod Ceanothus - Hollyleaf Redberry Shrubland1997-11-26OCUSG3?97-12-01G3e$CEGL003029CWCSA.770III.A.2.N.cCeanothus megacarpus - Cercocarpus montanus var. glaber Shrubland [Provisional]Bigpod CeanThis alliance occurs in subalpine and lower alpine meadows in the mountains and plateaus of Colorado, Utah and Washington. Stands are found on a variety of somewhat mesic sites: gentle to steep slopes, benches, dry to wet meadows, and along streams. Soils are shallow and well-drained. Vegetation in this alliance is characterized by a moderately sparse to moderately dense herbaceous layer that is dominated by ~Danthonia intermedia$. Total vegetation cover is controlled by the amount of rock cover. Associated graminoids include ~Agrostis variabilis, Carex engelmannii, Carex microptera, Carex scirpoidea, Festuca brachyphylla, Juncus drummondii, Trisetum spicatum$, and ~Poa$ spp. Forb cover codominates the herbaceous layer, with species such as ~Achillea millefolium, Symphyotrichum foliaceum (= Aster foliaceus), Erigeron simplex, Erigeron ursinus$, or ~Solidago multiradiata$ often abundant. The ground surface is often covered with nonvascular plants that form a cryptogamic crust. Diagnostic of the herbaceous alliance is the dominance of the bunchgrass ~Danthonia intermedia$.LVAL J'CEGL003053CWCSA.901III.B.2.N.aHolodiscus discolor Shrubland [Placeholder]Hillside Oceanspray Shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG4?97-12-01G4}zzzxvllO$CEGL003052CWCSA.1539V.A.7.N.hPleuraphis rigida Shrub Herbaceous Vegetation [Placeholder]Big Galleta Shrub Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG3G497-12-01G3^#CEGL003051CWCSA.1246V.A.5.N.dPleuraphis rigida Herbaceous Vegetation [Placeholder]Big Galleta Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG3G497-12-01G3yyX# CEGL003050CWCSA.1371V.A.5.N.kEleocharis (montevidensis, palustris, quinqueflorThese grasslands are found in small but re-occurring montane parks in the ~Pinus ponderosa$ forests of the northern Front Range of Colorado and in Wyoming. Elevations range from 2450-3000 m. Sites are moderately sloping (10-20%), with southern and western aspects. Soils are shallow to moderately deep (>60 cm) usually with less than 20% coarse fragments. Soil texture is sandy loam and pH 6.4-6.6. Parent material is alluvium and colluvium derived from gneiss and schist. These dry grasslands form a mosaic with the ~Pinus ponderosa$ forest. They have a moderately dense (60-70% cover) herbaceous layer that is dominated by the perennial bunchgrass ~Danthonia parryi$. Other frequent graminoids are ~Carex inops ssp. heliophila, Muhlenbergia montana, Festuca arizonica, Koeleria macrantha, Poa secunda$, and ~Poa fendleriana$. Forbs are diverse but contribute little cover (usually less than 10%) and include ~Antennaria rosea, Eriogonum umbellatum, Gaillardia aristata, Gentiana$ spp., ~Mertensia lanceolata, Penstemon$ spp., and ~Potentilla hippiana$. The dwarf-shrub ~Artemisia frigida$ is often scattered through these stands. At higher elevations these grasslands occur in an ecotone with ~Pinus contorta$ forests, and at lower elevations mountain shrub and other dry grassland communities are common neighbors.LVALe'MJCEGL003073CWCSA.518II.A.4.N.aPinus longaeva - Pinus flexilis Woodland [Placeholder]Intermountain Bristlecone Pine - Limber Pine Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG400-09-20G4Y#CEGL003072CWCSA.514II.A.4.N.aPinus coulteri Woodland [Placeholder]Coulter Pine Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG3?97-12-01G3xvnkkkig]]H#CEGL003071CWCSA.513II.A.4.N.aPinus coulteri - Quercus chrysolepis Woodland [Placeholder]Coulter Pine - Canyon Live Oak Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG3?97-12-01G3^#CEGL003070CWCSA.512II.A.4.N.aPinus contorta var. murrayana / Sparse Understory WoodlandSierran Lodgepole Pine / Sparse Understory WoodlaGrasslands included in this alliance have been described from subalpine meadows in southern Utah, but may occur in subalpine and alpine meadows across the western U.S. and southwestern Canada. Stands are located on gentle slopes on any aspect, midway between temporarily flooded basins and rock outcrops, and may also occur on other somewhat mesic sites such as below talus slopes and along streams. The vegetation is a mixture of graminoids and diverse forbs. ~Agrostis variabilis$, a cool-season bunchgrass, is the dominant and diagnostic species. Other associated graminoids include ~Carex engelmannii, Festuca brachyphylla, Blepharoneuron tricholepis$, and ~Poa$ spp. Forbs actually dominate the herbaceous layer, but none are diagnostic in this alliance. The most common native perennial forbs are ~Achillea millefolium, Penstemon procerus, Cerastium beeringianum, Lupinus lepidus, Erigeron flagellaris, Antennaria parvifolia$, and ~Veronica serpyllifolia$. Annual forbs may also be common. The ground surface has significant cover of nonvascular plants such as lichens, liverworts, and mosses forming a cryptogamic crust. Diagnostic of this high elevation meadow is the dominance of ~Agrostis variabilis$ in a mixed graminoid/forb herbaceous layer.LVALS?\ dCEGL003096CWCSA.618II.B.2.N.aQuercus lobata Woodland [Placeholder]Valley Oak WoodlandValley Oak Woodland1997-11-26GCUSM.S. Reid, modVegetation within this alliance occurs on cliff crevices, ledges, open slopes, and meadows above timberline. Elevations range from 3000-3600 m. Communities occur on sites with heavy snow accumulations, typically on north-, northeast-, or east-facing slopes that range in slope from 2-36%. ~Carex pyrenaica$ requires the longest snow cover; therefore, occurrences are located next to places where snow lasts the longest. Soils are poorly developed, with thin A horizons. Average pH is 5.9 for stands in the Front Range of Colorado. Vegetation types within this alliance are classified as short alpine or subalpine dry bunch grasslands. ~Carex pyrenaica$ dominates the herbaceous layer with ~Erigeron melanocephalus$. Other constants are ~Juncus drummondii$ and ~Antennaria alpina$. ~Polytrichum piliferum$ is a constant in the moss layer as well as ~Pohlia obtusifolia$.Vegetation types within this alliance are infrequent and are found above timberline in the southern Rocky Mountains. Occurrences are on stabilized, small to medium-sized scree habitats in the alpine zone (3000-3900 m). They typically occur on east-oriented, gently sloping (2-20%) sites. The snow cover lasts well into the summer, providing mesic and cool habitats. Soils are skeletal, thin, typically with rock outcrops. Organic matter content is low. Clay content is high with fine-sized particles. Vegetation types within this alliance are classified as short alpine or subalpine dry bunch grasslands. They are dominated by ~Carex arapahoensis$ that typically shares dominance with ~Minuartia biflora$. Other graminoids can include ~Trisetum spicatum$ and ~Festuca brachyphylla$. The nonvascular stratum is usually present and includes ~Cladonia pyxidata$ and ~Polytrichum piliferum$. Information on adjacent communities is not available.3LVAL?l? yThis subalpine forest alliance occurs locally in the mountains of the interior northwestern U.S. and adjacent southwestern Canada from the central and northern Rocky Mountains to the Sierra Nevada, Klamath and Cascades mountains. Elevations range from 2000-3200 m depending on latitude and geography. Landforms include ridgetops, mountain slopes, glacial trough walls and moraines, land- and rockslides, and cirque headwalls and basins. Sites may be nearly level to steep sloping, on all aspects. Subalpine stands typically occur where disturbance such as avalanche or fire has temporarily reduced more shade-tolerant tree species, whereas at treeline are found in mesic, protected pockets away from the extremely harsh environmental conditions. Substrates are generally lithic, well-drained, coarse-textured soils such as shallow, gravelly sands or loams derived from colluvium, glacial till and residuum. These forests are characterized by a coniferous tree canopy, 10-20 m tall, that is dominated or codominated by ~Pinus albicaulis$. Other tree associates, if present, vary by geography and elevation zones. Species include ~Picea engelmannii$ and ~Abies lasiocarpa$ in more mesic stands,~Pinus contorta$ and ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ in the lower subalpine, ~Tsuga mertensiana$ in the Cascades, and ~Pinus flexilis$ in southern stands. A sparse shrub layer may be present consisting of juvenile trees and other woody species such as ~Juniperus communis, Ribes montigenum, Shepherdia canadensis, Symphoricarpos oreophilus$, and ~Vaccinium scoparium$. The herbaceous layer is typically sparse, but ranges from nearly absent to a moderately dense cover of graminoids with scattered forbs. Characteristic species include ~Achillea millefolium, Antennaria microphylla, Arnica$ spp., ~Carex geyeri, Carex rossii, Festuca idahoensis, Poa nervosa, Potentilla diversifolia$, and ~Solidago multiradiata$. Diagnostic of this alliance is a dense tree canopy dominated by ~Pinus albicaulis$.LVAL(kAj%CEGL003137CWCSA.535II.A.4.N.aJuniperus occidentalis var. australis / Holodiscus discolor WoodlandSierran Juniper / Hillside Oceanspray Woodland2003-02-24GCUSTK-W 2-03T. Keeler-WolfG?03-02-24G?ļg#%CEGL003136CWCSA.535II.A.4.N.aJuniperus occidentalis var. australis / Sparse Understory WoodlandSierran Juniper / Sparse Understory Woodland2003-02-24GCUSTK-W 2-03T. Keeler-WolfG?03-02-24G?e#!CEGL003135CWCSA.531II.A.4.N.aPinus albicaulis / Carex rossii WoodlandWhitebark Pine / Ross' Sedge Woodland2003-02-24GCUSTK-W 2-03T. Keeler-WolfG3?03-02-24G3~|zppK#!CEGL003134CWCSA.531II.A.4.N.aPinus albicaulis / Penstemon davidsonii WoodlandWhitebark Pine / Timberline Beardtongue Woodland2003-02-24GCUSTK-W 2-03T. Keeler-WolfG3G4?03-02-24*S#!CEGL003133CWCSA.531II.A.4.N.aPinus albicaulis / Carex filifolia WoodlandWhitebark Pine / Threadleaf Sedge Woodland2003-02-24GCUSTK-W 2-03T. Keeler-WolfG3G4?03-02-24*xxN#!CEGL003132CWCSA.531IIVegetation in this alliance occurs in subalpine meadows and the alpine tundra in the central and southern Rocky Mountains. The climate regime is continental, with long, cold winters and short summers with frequent afternoon thunderstorms. The majority of precipitation falls as snow in the winter and rain during late-summer thunderstorms. Stands are found above 2430 m in Idaho and 2980 m farther south in Utah on all aspects of gentle to moderate-gradient slopes. Stands are located on soils derived from sedimentary (sandstone) and igneous (basalt and granite) parent materials. ~Festuca brachyphylla$ is the dominant species in the herbaceous canopy. ~Trisetum spicatum$ is the most common associate. Other associated species include ~Artemisia scopulorum, Geum rossii, Lupinus lepidus, Lupinus sericeus, Polygonum bistortoides$, and ~Pseudocymopterus montanus$.LVAL.r-CEGL003153CWCSA.543II.A.4.N.aPinus monophylla / Ribes velutinum Woodland [Provisional]Singleleaf Pinyon / Desert Gooseberry Woodland2003-02-24OCUSTK-W 2-03T. Keeler-WolfG?03-02-24G?\#-CEGL003152CWCSA.543II.A.4.N.aPinus monophylla / Cercocarpus ledifolius / Artemisia tridentata - Purshia tridentata Woodland [Provisional]Singleleaf Pinyon / Curl-leaf Mountain-mahogany / Basin Big Sagebrush - Bitterbrush Woodland2003-02-24OCUSTK-W 2-03T. Keeler-WolfG?03-02-24G?#This alpine grassland alliance occurs in the central Rocky Mountains of southwestern Montana and adjacent Bitterroot Range in east-central Idaho. Elevations range from 2900-3600 m. Stands are found in parks in the upper subalpine zone and undulating alpine meadows and turf. Sparse stands dominated by ~Leucopoa kingii (= Festuca kingii)$ may occur on the rocky transition zones with fell-fields. Sites are dry, with nearly level to steep slopes. Aspect is typically on the warmer, drier southeastern to western slopes, but can include north-facing slopes. Sites generally have only moderate wind exposure. Soils are shallow to moderately deep, gravelly, well-drained and often with rock outcrops. The vegetation is characterized by a moderate to dense herbaceous layer dominated by ~Leucopoa kingii$. ~Carex elynoides$ is codominant in some stands. Other characteristic species include ~Agoseris glauca, Cymopterus nivalis (= Cymopterus bipinnatus), Oxytropis campestris, Phlox pulvinata, Poa fendleriana ssp. fendleriana, Poa secunda$, and ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$. Mosses and lichens have low cover. Shrubs and dwarf-shrubs may include scattered ~Artemisia frigida, Artemisia tridentata$, and ~Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus$ at lower elevations. Diagnostic of this alliance is the dominance of ~Leucopoa kingii$ in the herbaceous layer.LVAL'.P;$CEGL003170CWCSA.977III.B.2.N.dSalix lasiolepis / Rubus spp. ForestArroyo Willow / Blackberry species Forest2003-03-06GCUSTK-W 3-03T. Keeler-WolfG403-03-06G4}{qqH$CEGL003169CWCSA.589II.A.5.N.aQuercus agrifolia / Toxicodendron diversilobum - (Corylus cornuta) ForestCoast Live Oak / Pacific Poison-oak - (Beaked Hazelnut) Forest2003-03-06GCUSTK-W 3-03T. Keeler-WolfG403-03-06G4l#CEGL003168CWCSA.108I.A.8.N.aPseudotsuga menziesii / UmbellulariPlant associations within this alliance are found at upper elevations in the Rocky Mountains. Elevations range from 2520-3420 m. In alpine areas they occur on solifluction terraces where soil moisture is abundant. In the lower elevations associations are found in meadows, wooded slopes, and adjacent to streams. The ~Juncus drummondii$ association was found on rocky, inclined (2-10% slope), southeast-oriented sites which are subxeric to mesic. Snow cover typically occurs for 8.5-9.5 months. The parent material in the Front Range is metamorphic. Soils are skeletal with coarse fragments. Average pH is acidic, 4.9. The soil becomes dry and hard by fall if no summer precipitation occurs. Plant associations within this alliance are classified as short alpine or subalpine, dry bunch grasslands. ~Juncus drummondii$ dominates the graminoid stratum. Other graminoids typically include ~Carex nigricans, Carex pyrenaica$ in the alpine stands, or ~Hordeum brachyantherum, Deschampsia caespitosa$, and ~Muhlenbergia richardsonis$ in the lower elevations. The forb layer typically is codominant and can include ~Antennaria lanata, Erigeron melanocephalus, Caltha leptosepala, Sibbaldia procumbens, Antennaria alpina$, and ~Epilobium anagallidifolium$. Typical forbs from lower elevations include ~Iris missouriensis$ and ~Machaeranthera bigelovii (= Aster rubrotinctus)$. ~Polytrichum piliferum$ can dominate the moss layer in the more xeric stands. Adjacent community information was not available.LVALm~HhCEGL003197CWCSA.836III.A.4.N.aBaccharis pilularis - Toxicodendron diversilobum ShrublandCoyotebrush - Pacific Poison-oak Shrubland2003-03-06GCUSTK-W 3-03T. Keeler-WolfG503-03-06G5^$CEGL003196CWCSA.836III.A.4.N.aBaccharis pilularis - Rubus ursinus / Weedy Herbs ShrublandCoyotebrush - California Blackberry / Weedy Herbs Shrubland2003-03-06GCUSTK-W 3-03T. Keeler-WolfG503-03-06G5_$CEGL003195CWCSA.836III.A.4.N.aBaccharis pilularis / Polystichum munitum ShrublandCoyotebrush / Pineland Sword Fern Shrubland2003-03-06GCUSTK-W 3-03T. Keeler-WolfG303-03-06G3W$CEGL003194CWCSA.836III.A.4.N.aBaccharis pilularis / Nassella pulchra ShrublandCoyotebrush / Purple Needlegrass Shrubland2003This alliance includes an alpine snowbed community that was described from the Rocky Mountains of southwestern Montana. Elevations range from 2900-3000 m. Stands were common near the base of gentle alpine slopes where deep snow accumulates in the winter. Sites are flat to gently sloping often with southern aspects on the lee slide of knolls or ridges away from the prevailing southwest and west wind. The growing season is short because the deep snow cover often lasts to midsummer resulting in cold wet soils. Soils are shallow, poorly developed clays with the soil surface having high cover of gravel and bare ground (50%). Vegetation in this alliance has a moderately dense herbaceous layer codominated by the perennial graminoid ~Juncus parryi$ and the perennial forb ~Erigeron ursinus$. Common associates include the perennial grasses ~Festuca idahoensis$ and ~Poa glauca$, and the forbs ~Erigeron peregrinus, Erigeron simplex, Antennaria umbrinella$, and ~Lewisia pygmaea$. There is also sparse moss and lichen cover. Adjacent vegetation is typically grasslands dominated by ~Festuca idahoensis$ and ~Potentilla diversifolia$.LVAL"gXwfX CEGL003241CWCSA.145I.A.8.N.cTsuga heterophylla - Chamaecyparis nootkatensis / Vaccinium ovalifolium - Oplopanax horridus ForestWestern Hemlock - Alaska Yellow-cedar / Oval-leaf Blueberry - Devil's-club Forest1997-11-26GCUSK. BoggsG300-12-01G3օ"CEGL003240CWCSA.185I.A.8.N.fTsuga heterophylla - Chamaecyparis nootkatensis / Vaccinium ovalifolium / Lysichiton americanus ForestWestern Hemlock - Alaska Yellow-cedar / Oval-leaf BlThis alliance may be found in many subalpine, alpine, and arctic regions of the Holarctic, commonly encountered on wind-swept ridges below exposed ridgetops in the subalpine and alpine in the Rocky Mountains, Sierra Nevada, and Cascades. This alliance also includes uncommon communities that are found in rich fens in Colorado and calcareous fens in California. Soils are moderately deep, well-drained, with high organic matter content. Soil texture is often silt loam to sandy loam with coarse fragments. Fen soils are saturated due to a high water table. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by moderately dense to dense herbaceous canopy that is dominated by the cespitose perennial graminoid ~Kobresia myosuroides$. Several forbs are typically codominant; they include ~Geum rossii, Trifolium dasyphyllum, Trifolium nanum, Polygonum viviparum$, and ~Thalictrum alpinum$. Other graminoids can include ~Carex rupestris var. drummondiana, Deschampsia caespitosa, Poa glauca ssp. rupicola (= Poa rupicola)$, and ~Carex elynoides$. Other local codominants include ~Salix brachycarpa, Trichophorum pumilum (= Scirpus rollandii), Draba lonchocarpa var. lonchocarpa (= Draba nivalis var. elongata)$ in the California fen; ~Carex scirpoidea, Salix nivalis, Oxytropis campestris, Minuartia obtusiloba (= Arenaria obtusiloba)$, and ~Solidago multiradiata$ in the North Cascades; and ~Thalictrum alpinum$ and ~Juncus arcticus$ in the Colorado fens. Cryptogam cover is important is some stands.LVALkL)QCEGL003260CWCSA.139I.A.8.N.cPicea sitchensis / Oplopanax horridus / Circaea alpina ForestSitka Spruce / Devil's-club / Alpine Enchanter's-nightshade Forest1997-11-26GCUSK. BoggsG100-12-01G1_"CEGL003259CWCSA.139I.A.8.N.cPicea sitchensis / Oplopanax horridus / Dryopteris campyloptera ForestSitka Spruce / Devil's-club / Mountain Woodfern Forest1997-11-26GCUSG595-11-15G5h"CEGL003258CWCSA.169I.A.8.N.ePicea sitchensis / Oplopanax horridus Temporarily Flooded ForestSitka Spruce / Devil's-club Temporarily Flooded Forest1997-11-26GCUSG595-11-15G5b"CEGL003257CWCSA.182I.A.8.N.fPicea sitchensis / Oplopanax horridus / Lysichiton americanus Vegetation in this alliance occurs in the alpine tundra in the Colorado Front Range. The climate regime is continental, with long, cold winters and short summers with frequent afternoon thunderstorms. Strong westerly winds are common in the winter. Stands are primarily located on high-elevation peaks (>3900 m), but occur down to 3500 m on these peaks as well. Stands are found on northwest- and southwest-facing slopes that are snow-covered in winter. Stands occur on cold, moist microsites on wet rocks and gravel that receive a temporary supply of water during the growing season. Soils are young and poorly developed due to low soil temperature, low soil moisture during the summer, and a short growing season. Soils are classified as Entisols (Cryorthents). The soil profile has only one thin horizon. The vegetation in the alliance occurs on wet rocks and gravel and is dominated by mosses. Several moss species are abundant, including ~Polytrichastrum alpinum, Polytrichum piliferum$, and ~Didymodon vinealis var. brachyphyllus (= Barbula brachyphyllus)$. The lichens ~Cladonia pyxidata$ and ~Stereocaulon alpinum$ are common associates. The herbaceous canopy is species-poor; ~Poa lettermanii$ dominates and ~Stellaria umbellata$ is constant.ELVALQ1#>]|CEGL003280CWCSA.690II.C.3.N.bPicea sitchensis - Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa / Orthilia secunda WoodlandSitka Spruce - Black Cottonwood / Sidebells Woodland1997-11-26GCUSK. BoggsG300-12-01G3v#CEGL003278CWCSA.430I.C.3.N.bPicea sitchensis - Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa / Oplopanax horridus ForestSitka Spruce - Black Cottonwood / Devil's-club Forest1997-11-26GCUSK. BoggsG300-12-01G3u"CEGL003277CWCThis alliance, found in the southern Great Plains, occurs on the edges of playa lakebeds. This description is strongly based on the part of the alliance found in the Midwest. Perennial graminoids and forbs under 1 m tall dominate this alliance. ~Pascopyrum smithii$ is the most abundant and consistent throughout the range of this alliance, though in some places ~Agrostis hyemalis, Elymus virginicus$, and ~Hordeum jubatum$ may be abundant. ~Buchloe dactyloides$ is often common in grazed sites. Early-season ephemeral annuals, such as ~Alopecurus carolinianus, Elatine rubella, Myosurus minimus$, and ~Veronica peregrina$, are ubiquitous, and ~Limosella aquatica$ and ~Plagiobothrys scouleri$ may be common. Perennial forbs are conspicuous in some places, including ~Ambrosia$ spp., ~Phyla cuneifolia (= Lippia cuneifolia), Oenothera canescens$, and ~Vernonia fasciculata$. Stands of this alliance often occur at the margin of playa and pond marsh communities and grade into upland tallgrass and mixedgrass prairie. The extent and species composition of stands vary with water levels from year to year. Species diversity is low to moderate. ^Stands of this alliance occur on nearly level ground and in very shallow depression in uplands. Soils are somewhat poorly drained, silty clay loams underlain by a clay pan. They are usually formed from loess. These areas may be temporarily flooded in winter and early spring but are usually dry by early summer.LVALmY|!CEGL003300CWCSA.1543V.A.7.N.hAchnatherum hymenoides Shrub Herbaceous Vegetation [Placeholder]Indian Ricegrass Shrub Herbaceous Vegetation2003-01-07OCUSG?03-01-07G?This grassland alliance occurs throughout much of the Great Basin and Columbia River Basin. Elevations range from 1400-3000 m. Climate is semi-arid, temperate and continental. Sites are nearly level to gently sloping occurring on all aspects. Stands are restricted to intermittently flooded habitats such as playas, intermittent streams and dry washes. Flooding is not predictable to a given season and is dependent upon localized rainstorms. Some stands within this alliance are apparently restricted to permanently saturated soils, and saline or alkaline soils with a shallow water table are typical of most stands. Soils are typically moderately deep silts and clays, and the soil surface often has high cover of bare ground. Vegetation is characterized by a sparse to dense herbaceous layer dominated by tall and medium-tall graminoids (<1.5 m tall). The tall bunchgrass ~Leymus cinereus$ is the sole or dominant grass. Other graminoids may include ~Distichlis spicata, Pascopyrum smithii, Carex praegracilis, Elymus elymoides, Hordeum jubatum, Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Pseudoroegneria spicata, Poa secunda, Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$, or ~Achnatherum thurberianum (= Stipa thurberiana)$. There is often sparse to moderate cover of perennial forbs such as ~Achillea millefolium, Crepis runcinata$, and ~Potentilla gracilis var. fastigiata (= Potentilla gracilis var. nuttallii)$. The emergent shrub ~Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus)$ may be scattered within the stand. ~Claytonia perfoliata (= Montia perfoliata)$ and ~Suaeda$ sp. are common native annual forbs, but exotics typically make up the majority of annuals present. Diagnostic of this alliance is the medium-tall grassland dominated by ~Leymus cinereus$ that is restricted to lowland sites that are flooded intermittently.LVAL 66n7 h3CEGL003324CWCSA.0Bidens cernua Herbaceous VegetationNodding Burr-Marigold Herbaceous Vegetation2002-10-01OCUSG302-10-01G3}usssqoee:ϞCEGL003323CWCSA.2598V.C.2.N.aSparganium eurycarpum Herbaceous VegetationGiant Bur-reed Herbaceous Vegetation2002-10-01OCUSG402-10-01G4~|rrN#CEGL003322CWCSA.2619V.A.5.N.lScirpus microcarpus Herbaceous VegetationRed-tinge Bulrush Herbaceous Vegetation2002-10-01GCUSG402-10-01G4}ssL#CEGL003321CWCSA.0Sagittaria latifolia Herbaceous VegetationBroadleaf Arrowhead Herbaceous Vegetation2002-10-01OCUSG302-10-01G3zxxxvtjjAϞCEGL003320CWCSA.0Paspalum distichum Herbaceous VegetationJoint Crowngrass Herbaceous Vegetation2002-10-01OCUSG302-10-01G3}usssqoee?ϞCEGL003319CWCSA.0Oenanthe sarmentosa Herbaceous VegetationPacific Water-Dropwort Herbaceous Vegetation2002-10-01OCUSG402-10-01G4|zzzxvll@ϞCEGL003318CWCSA.0Lysichiton americanus Herbaceous VegThis is a mid-seral evergreen coniferous forest that once was a major forest component in the mid elevations of the northern Rocky Mountains of Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington and British Columbia. Timber harvesting, the impact of the exotic pathogen blister rust, and successional stand development with fire suppression have reduced this type to less than 5% of its historic range. The forest canopy is dominated by ~Pinus monticola$ with a wide variety of co-occurring/codominant trees such as ~Pseudotsuga menziesii, Abies grandis$, and ~Larix occidentalis$. The understory can be a mixture of deciduous shrubs, such as ~Acer glabrum$, and/or mesic site forbs ~Aralia nudicaulis, Asarum caudatum$, and ~Clintonia uniflora$. The impact of management activities to select blister rust-resistant trees on this natural forest community cannot be evaluated. There are few viable occurrences of this once common forest type remaining, and there is a long-term threat of the future extinction of this community.LVALm14CEGL003344CWCSA.0Rosa nutkana / Deschampsia caespitosa ShrublandNootka Rose / Tufted Hairgrass Shrubland2002-10-28OCUSG202-10-28G2~|||zxnnFϞCEGL003343CWCSA.0Isoetes nuttallii Herbaceous VegetationNuttall's Quillwort Herbaceous Vegetation2002-10-28OCUSG302-10-28G3wuuusqgg>ϞCEGL003342CWCSA.2608III.A.2.N.cPrunus ilicifoliThis desert alliance occurs in intermittently flooded depressions and floodplains in western Texas, southern New Mexico, southeastern Arizona and likely in northern Mexico. Sites are generally flat with stands occurring in depressions in basins and plains (playas), and in the floodplains along the drainages that dissect the mesas and piedmonts. These sites receive runoff from the surrounding landscape and are intermittently flooded. The flooding is typically caused by locally occurring, summer thunderstorms. Soils are shallow to deep; fine-textured, alkaline, often calcareous, and sometimes with caliche or argillic horizons that impede water percolation. This grassland alliance is characterized by a sparse to dense graminoid layer, often patchy in distribution. The bunchgrass ~Pleuraphis mutica (= Hilaria mutica)$ usually dominates, with ~Panicum obtusum$ occasionally codominating. The presence of ~Pleuraphis mutica$ is diagnostic of this alliance even if the stand is dominated by ~Panicum obtusum$. Other characteristic graminoids may include ~Bothriochloa barbinodis, Chloris virgata, Enneapogon desvauxii, Eriochloa lemmonii, Panicum hirticaule$, and ~Sporobolus wrightii$. The usually sparse forb layer may include ~Amaranthus palmeri, Datura quercifolia (= Datura ferox), Hoffmannseggia glauca, Solanum elaeagnifolium, Solanum rostratum$, and ~Talinum aurantiacum$. Scattered shrubs and cacti, such as ~Prosopis glandulosa, Flourensia cernua$, and ~Opuntia phaeacantha$, may be present, but never more than 10% cover.LVAL_Ir$CEGL003362CWCSA.311I.B.2.N.dPopulus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa - Alnus rubra / Symphoricarpos albus ForestBlack Cottonwood - Red Alder / Common Snowberry Forest2002-10-01GCUSG302-10-01G3r"CEGL003361CWCSA.635II.B.2.N.bPopulus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa - Alnus rubra / Carex obnupta ForestBlack Cottonwood - Red Alder / Slough Sedge Forest2002-10-01GCUSG202-10-01G2l#CEGL003360CWCSA.2593II.A.4.N.fPinus monticola / Ledum groenlandicum / Sphagnum spp. WoodlandWestern White Pine / Labrador-tea / Peatmoss species Woodland2002-10-01GCUSC.B. ChappellG102-10-01G1ļb$CEGL003359CWCSA.1096IV.A.1.N.gKalmia microphylla - Ledum groenlandicum / Xerophyllum tenax Dwarf-shrublandAlpine Laurel - Labrador-tea / Western Turkeybeard Shrubland2002-10-01GCUSC.B. ChappellG102-10-01G1Ǻp$CEGL003358CWCSA.630II.B.2.N.aQuercus garryana / Symphoricarpos albus / Carex inops WoodlandOregon White Oak / Common Snowberry / Long-stolon Sedge Woodland2001-02-01GCUSC.B. ChappellG200-11-16G2ƾa#CEGL003357CWCSA.0Deschampsia caespitosa - (CaThis alliance includes vegetation characterized by ~Sporobolus airoides$, typically in saline or alkaline habitats. In western Texas, communities of this alliance are found in depressions among gypsum ridges and on salt flats at elevations around 1100 m (3600 feet). Associates known from western Texas occurrences include ~Allenrolfea occidentalis, Suaeda suffrutescens, Atriplex canescens, Tamarix ramosissima, Isocoma pluriflora, Hoffmannseggia glauca, Cressa truxillensis, Frankenia jamesii, Tiquilia hispidissima, Dicranocarpus parviflorus, Brickellia eupatorioides var. chlorolepis, Lepidium montanum$, and ~Sphaeralcea hastulata$. The main distribution of this alliance is west of Texas, with associations in Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Kansas, Montana, and possibly in California.LVALoCCEGL003381CWCSA.2618V.B.2.N.gTriglochin maritima - (Salicornia virginica) Herbaceous VegetationSeaside Arrow-grass - (Virginia Glasswort) Herbaceous Vegetation2002-09-30GCUSG402-09-30G4e#CEGL003380CWCSA.2618V.B.2.N.gSalicornia virginica Herbaceous VegetationVirginia Glasswort Herbaceous Vegetation2002-09-30GCUSG3G402-09-30G3uuM#CEGL003379CWCSA.2582V.A.5.N.kCarex obnupta - Juncus patens Herbaceous VegetationSlough Sedge -This alliance occurs throughout much of the semi-arid and arid western U.S. in lowland sites such as playas, swales and terraces along washes that are intermittently flooded. The flooding is usually the result of highly localized thunderstorms. The unpredictable nature of the flooding is the key environmental factor separating this alliance from similar alliances with more predictable flooding regimes. Soils are deep, saline, alkaline and fine-textured. They generally have an impermeable layer and therefore are poorly drained. When the soil is dry, the surface usually has salt accumulations. This intermittently flooded grassland of playas and ephemeral streams has a sparse to dense herbaceous layer that is dominated by ~Distichlis spicata$, sometimes occurring in nearly pure stands. The level of salinity in the soil may restrict associated species. Associated graminoids may include ~Puccinellia nuttalliana, Hordeum jubatum, Pascopyrum smithii, Sporobolus airoides, Carex filifolia$, and ~Juncus balticus$. Forb cover is generally low and may include ~Salicornia rubra, Triglochin maritima, Suaeda calceoliformis (= Suaeda depressa), Helianthus$ spp., and Asteraceae spp. Diagnostic of this alliance is the ~Distichlis spicata$-dominated herbaceous layer and the presence of surface water for brief periods at unpredictable times during the growing season.LVAL"K OTCEGL003402CWCSA.342I.B.2.N.eAlnus rubra / Rubus parviflorus ForestRed Alder / Thimbleberry Forest2002-10-01GCUSG402-10-01G4wuuusqggH"CEGL003401CWCSA.342I.B.2.N.eAlnus rubra / Petasites frigidus ForestRed Alder / Arctic Sweet-colt's-foot Forest2002-10-01GCUSG402-10-01G4~ttI"CEGL003400CWCSA.342I.B.2.N.eAlnus rubra / Oxalis (oregana, trilliifolia) ForestRed Alder / (Redwood Sorrel, Trillium-leaf Wood Sorrel) Forest2002-10-01GCUSG402-10-01G4U"CEGL003399CWCSA.342I.B.2.N.eAlnus rubra / Oplopanax horridus - Rubus spectabilis ForestRed Alder / Devil's-club - Salmonberry Forest2002-10-01GCUSG4G502-10-01G4]"CEGL003398CWCSA.342I.B.2.N.eAlnus rubra / Elymus glaucus ForestRed Alder / Blue Wild Rye Forest2002-10-01GCUSG402-10-01G4}usssqoeeE"CEGL003397CWCSA.339I.B.2.N.eAcThis alliance is found in the scattered sand dunes that exist along the north Pacific Coast. It occurs where the movement of sand is slight to moderate, such as on sheltered sand plains, old blowouts or deflation plains. It is especially well-developed on deflation plains where moisture is ample but without standing water. It is a sparse to moderately dense herbaceous alliance, dominated by perennial grasses and forbs. The grass ~Festuca rubra$ is commonly present and spreading by long rhizomes. Most of the species have low to mounding statures or, in the case of silver moss (~Racomitrium canescens$), spreading. Silver moss is intolerant of sand burial and so is an indicator of relatively sheltered and/or stable dune forms. This alliance is rich in forb species. Most of the species occurring in the alliance are not found in unstabilized dune forms. Other species common to this grassland include ~Cardionema ramosissimum, Hypochaeris radicata, Lupinus littoralis, Polygonum paronychia, Polypodium glycyrrhiza$, and ~Solidago simplex var. spathulata (= Solidago spathulata)$.oLVAL},qx CEGL003420CWCSA.1022III.B.2.N.gMyrica gale - Spiraea douglasii / Sphagnum spp. ShrublandSweet Gale - Douglas' Meadowsweet / Peatmoss species Shrubland2002-10-17GCUSCBC 10-02C.B. ChappellG2?02-1This alliance includes wetlands dominated by ~Andropogon glomeratus var. pumilus (= Andropogon tenuispatheus)$. This vegetation occurs in disturbed wetland sites, such as old fields (particularly old fields in bottomlands), as well as low areas and ditches in old fields.This grassland alliance occurs in intermittently flooded areas in the plains, mountain parks and meadows, valleys, canyons, and plateaus in Colorado and Utah. The flooding is usually the result of highly localized thunderstorms. Sites are found in lowland habitats such as playas, swales, terraces along intermittently flooded washes, and alkali flats. Soils are variable, ranging from deep, fine-textured soil to shallow sand deposits. They are alkaline, and may be moderately saline and poorly drained due to an impermeable layer. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by a sparse to dense graminoid layer that is dominated by ~Muhlenbergia asperifolia$ often forming nearly pure stands. Other characteristic grasses may include ~Distichlis spicata, Pascopyrum smithii, Spartina gracilis$, or ~Sporobolus airoides$ depending on geography. The exotic annual grasses ~Bromus tectorum$ and ~Polypogon monspeliensis$ are often abundant on disturbed sites. Forb cover is generally sparse, but may include species of ~Atriplex, Polygonum$, and ~Rumex$. Shrubs are rare, but because of the patchy distribution of these stands, scattered ~Atriplex canescens$ and ~Sarcobatus vermiculatus$ may be present from nearby shrublands. Diagnostic of this grassland alliance is a ~Muhlenbergia asperifolia$-dominated herbaceous layer that occurs on lowland sites that are intermittently flooded.#LVAL1$CEGL003This alliance includes scoured riverbank 'prairies' in northeastern and southeastern United States, which may be called 'riverside prairies,' 'linear prairies,' 'rivershore grasslands,' or 'scoured riverine bluff prairie.' In addition to the nominal species, examples may also contain ~Schizachyrium scoparium, Chasmanthium latifolium$, and/or ~Panicum virgatum$, any of which could be locally dominant. These grasslands may be associated with dry cobble riverbanks and lakeshores, as well as flood-scoured, acidic or calcareous bedrock exposures associated with major rivers. This includes riverine gravel/cobble bar 'prairies' along the upper Cumberland River in Kentucky and Tennessee; scour areas along high gradient sections of major rivers, such as in gorges in Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and possibly farther west; and scoured limestone bluffs along the Duck River in Tennessee's Central Basin.Plant associations within this alliance are found in saline flats at lower to moderate elevations in the western United States. This alliance is known from salt flats in a large, high-elevation (2900 m) park in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, and possibly in basins (1500 m) in Nevada and South Dakota. Topography is generally flat with poor drainage. Soil moisture is augmented in some areas by groundwater. There is a small microtopography of hummocks which affects the water relations and therefore species composition. The soils are moist, saline and alkaline, derived from calcareous shales. The rain- and groundwater-saturated soils usually dry out during the growing season. These communities form a ring just above the succulent plant associations associated with playas, salt flats, and saline lakes. ~Puccinellia nuttalliana$ dominates the graminoid stratum with up to 65% cover. ~Distichlis spicata$ or ~Hordeum jubatum$ often codominate the graminoid layer. The forb layer is relatively sparse, typically only 30%. It can be composed of ~Salicornia rubra$ or ~Triglochin maritima$. LVALQtpQ$z,<`Q\tpQ$zQtpQ$zQThis forest alliance has been reported from relatively dry, fire-prone areas of the Pacific Northwest, but the alliance may be more widespread than present classifications indicate. The Blue Mountains are in the rainshadow of the Cascades and coastal ranges to the west. Annual precipitation ranges from less than 30 cm at lower elevations to 100 cm at higher and, except for a short summer dry season, is evenly distributed throughout the year. These forests occur from roughly 765 m to over 1680 m in elevation (lower montane zone in these mountains), on both southerly and northerly aspects. Slopes can be moderate to steep (3-60%), and soils are derived from pumice ash, lava, tuff, and granitics. Ash soils are subject to mass movement on steep slopes. These forests were probably subject to a moderately severe fire regime in pre-settlement times. Associations in this alliance usually have a closed to somewhat open canopy (50-90% cover) of ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ and ~Pinus ponderosa$. Other needle-leaved evergreen trees, such as ~Larix occidentalis$ and ~Abies grandis$, are occasionally present. ~Larix occidentalis$ has high constancy, but is rarely codominant. The forest understory is usually open and shrubs may be present or not. When present, common shrub species in stands of this alliance include ~Symphoricarpos albus, Purshia tridentata$, and ~Physocarpus malvaceus$. The herbaceous layer is usually dominated by a sod-forming sedge, ~Carex geyeri$, in combination with ~Calamagrostis rubescens$. Total graminoid cover can be up to 50%. Forbs are typically inconspicuous. No other information is available on the species composition of this alliance. Contiguous vegetation is often ~Pinus ponderosa$ or ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ forests or woodlands.'LVAL33{-@@CEGL003475CWCSA.2557III.A.4.N.aArtemisia cana ssp. bolanderi / Iris missouriensis - Juncus balticus ShrublandBolander Silver Sagebrush / Stony Mountain Iris - Baltic Rush Shrubland2003-04-01GCUSTK-W 4-03T. Keeler-WolfG?03-04-01G?ĺs% CEGL003474CWCSA.1254V.A.5.N.dDanthonia californica - Aira caryophyllea Herbaceous VegetationCalifornia Oatgrass - Silver European Hairgrass Herbaceous Vegetation2003-03-07GCUSTK-W 3-03T. Keeler-WolfG303-03-07G3̾b#CEGL003473CWCSA.2610III.C.2.N.aToxicodendron diversilobum - Baccharis pilularis - Rubus parviflorus ShrublandPacific Poison-oak - Coyotebrush - Thimbleberry Shrubland2003-03-06GCUSTK-W 3-03T. Keeler-WolfG303-03-06G3ús%CEGL003472CWCSThis alliance includes sedge-dominated alluvial wetlands on sand, gravel, and rock bars in valleys and gorges in the southern Appalachians, ranging west into the Cumberland Plateau and Interior Low Plateau, and north into central Appalachians and Allegheny Mountains. Associations in this alliance are characterized by light-demanding, tough-rooted herbaceous perennials tolerant of frequent inundation and flood-scouring. ~Carex torta$ often forms dense, extensive colonies. Associated species vary with geography. In the Allegheny Mountains, associated species include ~Doellingeria umbellata (= Aster umbellatus), Dichanthelium clandestinum, Solidago rugosa ssp. aspera, Juncus effusus var. solutus, Scirpus expansus, Scirpus cyperinus (= var. pelius), Equisetum arvense, Onoclea sensibilis, Vernonia noveboracensis, Lycopus virginicus, Scutellaria lateriflora$, and ~Salix sericea$. In southern Appalachian gorges this vegetation often is associated with ~~Alnus serrulata - Xanthorhiza simplicissima$ Shrubland (CEGL003895)$$. In the Cumberland Plateau of Alabama, herbaceous components may include ~Lobelia cardinalis, Symphyotrichum dumosum (= Aster dumosus), Lycopus virginicus, Osmunda regalis$, and ~Hypericum mutilum$. LVALhP CEGL003492CWCSA.822III.A.4.N.aLupinus chamissonis - Ericameria ericoides ShrublandDune Lupine - Heather Goldenweed Shrubland2003-04-02GCUSTK-W 4-03T. Keeler-WolfG203-04-02G2X$This alliance occurs in the Great Plains and western United States. This description is based on those communities found in the Great Plains. Dominant vegetation is a mixture of short and mid grasses and can have moderately sparse to dense cover. Vegetation height and cover and species diversity tend to vary inversely with salinity. ~Distichlis spicata$ is the most abundant species in stands across the range of this alliance. Other species found in the Great Plains include ~Grindelia squarrosa$ (in the northern portion of this alliance's range), ~Hordeum jubatum, Iva annua, Bassia scoparia (= Kochia scoparia), Pascopyrum smithii$ (on less saline stands), ~Poa arida, Puccinellia nuttalliana$ (in the north), ~Salicornia rubra$ (on more saline stands), ~Schoenoplectus maritimus (= Scirpus maritimus), Sporobolus airoides$, and ~Suaeda calceoliformis$ (on more saline stands). Widely scattered low shrubs, especially ~Atriplex patula$ and ~Sarcobatus vermiculatus$, can be found on sites in the western and central Great Plains. Trees are not found on stands of this alliance. ^Stands of this alliance are found in depressions and along the margins of saline lakes and ponds. Most of the stands are flooded or saturated for a few weeks in the spring and after heavy rains; some have water present for most of the growing season. The soils range from sand to clay and from moderately well-drained to poorly drained. Most are deep and moderately to strongly saline. Stands that have good drainage in the surface soils usually have a deeper impermeable or slowly permeable layer that allows retention of water. Fires which spread from upland prairies may have moved through the more dense stands, but many stands did not have sufficient vegetation to support fires.LVAL CkP<CEGL003532CSCSA.491II.A.3.N.aPinus elliottii var. densa / Coccothrinax argentata - Thrinax morrisii WThis alliance encompasses temporarily flooded areas dominated by the nominal species with other perennial graminoids and forbs. Associated species vary with geography and substrate. These may include ~Juncus$ spp., ~Solidago$ spp., ~Eupatorium$ spp., ~Toxicodendron radicans, Campsis radicans, Polygonum$ spp., and ~Panicum$ spp. This community is variable in its expression, but ~Panicum virgatum$ tends to be the tallest plant and to represent most of the biomass. Variability occurs in the cover of ~Panicum virgatum$ and the richness of associated species. Grasses constitute most of the biomass. Shrubs, if present, will constitute less than 10% cover; these may include ~Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Alnus serrulata, Amorpha nitens, Baccharis halimifolia, Betula nigra, Hypericum densiflorum, Ilex decidua$, or ~Salix nigra$. This alliance may develop as zoned herbaceous vegetation on rocky riverbank complexes along larger rivers in the Ouachita Mountains (D. Zollner pers. comm.), as cobble/boulder bars such as in Kentucky along the Ohio River (J. Campbell pers. comm.), or sandbars of Coastal Plain rivers in Mississippi and other states. These sites receive water input from the rivers during flood events, becoming dry during rainless intervals. Other associations may remain to be described in this alliance, and its complete range of variation described.This alliance is restricted to wetlands in Kansas and Oklahoma. Stands are dominated by medium-tall graminoids. Typical graminoids include ~Eleocharis palustris (= Eleocharis macrostachya), Eleocharis compressa, Leptochloa fusca ssp. fascicularis (= Leptochloa fascicularis), Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Coreopsis tinctoria, Marsilea vestita$, and others. Further study is needed to characterize this alliance. ^Habitat conditions include wet depressions, bison wallows, interdunal swales, and playa lakes.9LVALSITRiverbank 'scour prairies' with ~Schizachyrium scoparium$ as the primary grass. Associations placed in this alliance have been dominated from boulder 'scour prairies' on the Yadkin River in Montgomery and Stanley counties, North Carolina, and from the Ocoee and Hiwasee rivers in southeastern Tennessee. In Yadkin County, NC, the scour prairie is dominated by ~Schizachyrium scoparium, Sporobolus clandestinus, Solidago plumosa, Symphyotrichum dumosum (= Aster dumosus)$, and many other herbaceous species. Typical woody species here include ~Gelsemium sempervirens, Amorpha fruticosa, Amorpha schwerinii$, and others. In Polk County, Tennessee, the principal grasses are ~Schizachyrium scoparium, Andropogon ternarius$, and ~Panicum$ sp. Other abundant herbaceous species include ~Liatris microcephala, Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (= Aster novae-angliae), Solidago$ sp., ~Coreopsis tripteris$, and ~Agalinis$ sp. This alliance is likely extremely restricted naturally, being limited to short stretches of rivers. Its habitat has been affected and limited by the effects of impoundments and resulting changes in flooding regimes.This alliance includes temporarily flooded riverbanks dominated by ~Phragmites australis$. This alliance occurs along the Rio Grande in Texas and adjacent Mexico, where it occupies sandy levees and banks. In contrast to most ~Phragmites$ communities in the southeastern United States, this is apparently a natural community. Similar giant grass communities dominated by ~Arundo donax$ often occur in close proximity.This alliance includes temporarily flooded sites (such as interdune swales) dominated by ~Paspalum vaginatum$; these may be monospecifically dominated by the nominal species. In Texas, this vegetation may also occur in artificial ponds and other wetlands on barrier islands and mainland areas near the coast. This alliance is currently defined only for Florida and Texas. More information is needed to fully define this alliance.LVAL 6This alliance is found primarily in central North America. This description is based on this alliance as it occurs in the Midwest. The vegetation of this alliance is characterized by dense stands of graminoids 1-2 m tall with scattered to very infrequent woody plants. The most abundant species are ~Calamagrostis canadensis, Carex aquatilis, Carex atherodes, Carex pellita (= Carex lanuginosa), Carex sartwellii$, and ~Spartina pectinata$. In some stands, ~Spartina pectinata$ can form virtual monocultures. Other common graminoids include ~Andropogon gerardii, Muhlenbergia richardsonis, Panicum virgatum, Poa palustris$ (in the western part of this alliance's range), and ~Sorghastrum nutans$. Forbs are abundant and include ~Symphyotrichum ericoides (= Aster ericoides), Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (= Aster novae-angliae), Helianthus grosseserratus, Lythrum alatum, Pycnanthemum virginianum$, and ~Thalictrum dasycarpum$. Shrubs and small trees are infrequent in the south and west but are often present in the north and east. Among these ~Cornus$ spp., ~Fraxinus pennsylvanica$, and ~Salix$ spp. are typical. ^This alliance occurs in the Southeast only as small disjunct occurrences in Oklahoma, the Upper West Gulf Coastal Plain of Kentucky, and possibly extending a short distance into adjacent Tennessee. Associates in Kentucky and Tennessee occurrences may include ~Helianthus angustifolius, Viola sagittata, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Andropogon gerardii, Dichanthelium scoparium, Schizachyrium scoparium, Sorghastrum nutans, Tripsacum dactyloides, Asclepias tuberosa, Baptisia alba var. macrophylla (= Baptisia leucantha), Crotalaria sagittalis, Dichanthelium clandestinum, Agalinis fasciculata, Helianthus grosseserratus, Helianthus mollis, Heterotheca villosa (= Chrysopsis villosa), Spiranthes cernua, Rhexia mariana, Rudbeckia hirta, Rudbeckia subtomentosa$, and ~Viola sagittata$. In Kentucky, this vegetation is at present probably seasonally saturated; it was presumably formerly seasonally flooded. In Oklahoma,LVALe)9'CEGL003712CSCSA.625II.B.2.N.aQuercus stellata / Viburnum rufidulum - Forestiera ligustrina / Andropogon gerardii WoodlandPost Oak / Rusty Blackhaw - Glade Privet / Big Bluestem WoodlandNashville Basin Post Oak Woodland1996-01-01GCUSMP 1-96M. PyneG2?97-12-31G2 #CEGL003711CSCSA.625II.B.2.N.aQuercus stellata - (Pinus echinata) / Schizachyrium scoparium - Symphyotrichum georgianum WoodlandPost Oak - (Shortleaf Pine) / Little Bluestem - Georgia Aster WoodlandPiedmont Basic Hardpan Woodland (Southern Type)1995-02-01GCUSASW/JN 2-95,mod. REE 10-02A.S. Weakley and J. NelsonG198-12-11G1HF><"˅# CEGL003709CECSA.624II.B.2.N.aQuercus rubra - Quercus prinus Woodland [Placeholder]Northern Red Oak - Rock Chestnut Oak Woodland1997-11-26OCUSG?97-12-01G?X#CEGL003708CSCSA.623II.B.2.N.aQuercus prinus - Quercus marilandica Piedmont WoodlandRock Chestnut Oak - Blackjack Oak Piedmont WoodlandPiedmont Rock Chestnut Oak - Blackjack Oak Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG2G303-01-30G2ɿY#CEGL003706CSCSA.622II.B.2.N.aQuercus prinus / Cornus florida - Amelanchier arborea / Pityopsis graminifolia var. latifolia WoodlandRock Chestnut Oak / Flowering Dogwood - Do this alliance contains ~Spartina pectinata$ with ~Eleocharis montevidensis$ and ~Carex$ spp. ^Stands of this wide-ranging alliance are found on level to gently sloping sites with sand, loam, or clay soils. They occur near lakes or rivers or in depressions. All sites are typically flooded for part of the winter and spring. In the east, stands can experience droughty conditions in the summer and fall (Comer et al. 1995) while in the south and central portion of this alliance's range they can remain saturated for much of the growing season.LVALnCEGL003750CSCSA.479II.A.2.N.aQuercus virginiana - Quercus incana WooThis alliance contains stands in the northern Great Plains in saline wet meadows. The vegetation cover is moderately dense to dense. Graminoids of medium and short stature are the dominant lifeform, although forbs are common. Shrubs may invade this community in the absence of fire, especially on less saline sites. The most abundant species are ~Symphyotrichum lanceolatum (= Aster lanceolatus), Calamagrostis stricta, Carex praegracilis, Carex sartwellii, Juncus balticus, Plantago eriopoda$, and ~Schoenoplectus maritimus (= Scirpus maritimus)$. ~Spartina pectinata$ may be present to common in some stands. ^This alliance is found on level ground in depressions where the water table is at or near the surface for part of the year. The soil and water are moderately saline.This alliance, found in the southern Great Plains, occurs in temporarily flooded playa lakebeds. Annual herbaceous graminoids and forbs mostly less than 1 m tall dominate the exposed mud flats of this alliance. Species composition and extent of stands vary from year to year. ~Coreopsis tinctoria, Echinochloa$ spp., ~Eleocharis engelmannii, Lindernia dubia, Polygonum$ spp., and ~Rumex stenophyllus$ are typical species of this alliance. In sites which have been modified to hold water longer, i.e., drainage ditches and re-use pits, perennials such as ~Eleocharis palustris$ and ~Marsilea vestita$ may dominate. The frequent water fluctuations and thick clay pan prevent establishment of most perennial hydrophytes typical of pond marshes. ^Stands of this alliance occur in shallow depressions in nearly level ground. Soils are silty clay loam underlain by a clay pan. These areas are temporarily or sometimes seasonally flooded by ponded rainwater and surface runoff. Sites dry out by mid to late summer in all but the wettest years.LVALKCEGL003758CSCSA.621II.B.2.N.aQuercus This forest alliance occurs in the foothills and lower montane zone in the southern Rocky Mountains; mountains, mesas, piedmonts and canyons in the Chihuahuan and Sonoran deserts and the Colorado Plateau; and breaks and escarpments in the southwestern Great Plains. Stands typically occur on nearly level to steep, rocky slopes on hillsides and ridgetops. Aspects tend to be northerly, where the less xeric conditions allow for denser tree growth. Higher elevations stands may occur on southern aspects. Sites are dry, typically with shallow, rocky, calcareous and alkaline soils. Soil textures are variable. Forests included in this alliance are characterized by a moderately dense to dense tree canopy typically 3-12 m tall. Mature individuals range from 2-3 m tall 'scrub' to large trees up to 21 m tall. ~Pinus edulis$ dominates the upper canopy, but individuals of several species of ~Juniperus$ or ~Quercus$ may be present depending on geography. The understory is typically absent or very sparse because of shading by the dense tree canopy, but scattered shrubs, grasses and forbs may be present. If present, shrub and dwarf-shrub associates tend to be more shade- and cold-tolerant species and may include ~Artemisia tridentata, Cercocarpus$ spp., ~Coleogyne ramosissima, Ephedra viridis, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Opuntia$ spp., ~Purshia$ spp., ~Rhus trilobata$, and ~Quercus gambelii$. Shrubs restricted to warmer southern latitudes include ~Agave$ spp., ~Arctostaphylos pungens, Garrya$ spp., ~Nolina microcarpa, Quercus turbinella$, and ~Yucca baccata$. The herbaceous layer is absent to sparse and primarily composed of scattered perennial grasses. Annual grasses and forbs are seasonally present. Diagnostic of this forest alliance is the ~Pinus edulis$-dominated, closed-canopy tree layer.LVALu  CEGL003768CSCSA.681II.C.3.N.aPinus rigida - Quercus alba / Sporobolus heterolepis - Andropogon gerardii WoodlandPitch Pine - White Oak / Prairie Dropseed - Big Bluestem WoodlandSouthern Blue Ridge Ultramafic Outcrop Barren (Pitch Pine Woodland Type)1994-12-01GCUSKP/GK 12-94K.D. Patterson and G. KauffmanG197-12-31G1B@86 v# CEGL003766CECSA.670II.C.3.N.aPinus resinosa - Quercus rubra / Sibbaldiopsis tridentata / Danthonia compressa - Antennaria virginica / Rhytidium rugosum WoodlStands included in this grassland alliance occur on sand and gravel bars along streams between 1700-2400 m in montane Idaho. Stands can be located in narrow canyons with fast-moving streams to moderately wide valleys on low-gradient streambanks. Stands are usually found along active river channels, but can also occur within abandoned channels where the water table is shallow. Larger stands may become established on mudflats left behind by failed beaver dams. Sand and gravel bars are colonized after disturbance by the diagnostic species, the perennial grasses ~Agrostis scabra$ or ~Agrostis exarata$, which may or may not dominate the stand. Species composition is otherwise diverse and often includes ~Carex lenticularis, Torreyochloa pallida var. pauciflora (= Puccinellia pauciflora)$, and ~Salix exigua$ (less than 5% shrub cover) on sand bars, and ~Elymus caninus, Epilobium ciliatum ssp. glandulosum (= Epilobium glandulosum), Sagina$ sp., and ~Stellaria longipes$ on gravel bars. Other species of ~Salix$ and occasionally ~Cornus sericea$ or ~Alnus incana$ may occur as stunted shrubs scattered on the bars. Herbaceous vegetation does not form continuous cover with at least 40% bareground. Sandbars are usually more densely vegetated than gravel bars. Adjacent vegetation can include riparian forests, woodlands, shrublands, and wet or dry meadows.sLVALSI CEGL003790CSCSA.1372V.A.5.N.kFimbristylis castanea - Schoenoplectus pungens Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous VegetationChestnut Fimbry - Threesquare Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Vegetation2002-05-21GCUSMP 5-02M. PyneG?02-05-21G?z#CEGL003788CSCSA.722III.A.1.N.cMorella cerifera - Ilex cassine - Quercus virginiana - Serenoa repens ShrublandWax-myrtle - Dahoon - Live Oak - Saw Palmetto ShrublandSouth Florida Hardwood Scrub1995-04-01GCUSASW 4-95A.S. WeaThis alliance occurs in deflation plains and topographic depressions of coastal dunes along the northwestern Pacific Coast in Oregon. Precipitation averages 120-200 cm annually, falling mostly as rain. Temperatures are cool in summer with abundant fog, and frost is infrequent. These habitats typically have standing fresh or brackish water on the surface for 1-3 months per year. Soils are moist stabilized sands with little organic material and are nutrient-poor. These communities typically contain a discontinuous ground layer of ~Juncus falcatus$. ~Trifolium wormskioldii$ is often codominant. Other herbaceous associates include ~Symphyotrichum subspicatum (= Aster subspicatus), Sisyrinchium californicum, Holcus lanatus$, and ~Mimulus guttatus$. Other herbaceous species in the deflation swales where this alliance occurs are ~Carex obnupta$ and ~Argentina egedii ssp. egedii (= Potentilla pacifica)$ in microhabitats with a somewhat longer hydroperiod, and ~Typha latifolia$ around the edges of permanent dune ponds. Adjacent vegetation is varied, from dune front associations of ~Leymus mollis - Abronia latifolia, Ammophila arenaria$, and ~Poa macrantha - Lathyrus littoralis$ on adjacent active dunes, to ~Pinus contorta$ and ~Picea sitchensis$ forests at the landward edge. Adjacent, wetter swale or marsh habitats often contain ~Salix - Myrica$ wet shrublands and/or ~Carex obnupta$ wet meadows.5LVALA:XPo|CEGL003798CSCSA.729III.A.1.N.fConocarpus erectus - (Laguncularia racemosa) / Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense ShrublandButtonwood - (White Mangrove) / Sawgrass Shrubland1995-02-01GCUSASW 2-95A.S. WeakleyG2?97-08-11G2Ž}$ CEGL003797CSCSA.581II.A.4.N.fPinus serotina / Sporobolus floridanus - Aristida beyrichiana WoodlandPond Pine / Florida Dropseed - Southern Wiregrass WoodlandEast Gulf Coastal Plain Pond Pine / Herbaceous Woodland2002-05-16GCUSCWN 5-02C.W. NordmanG202-05-16G2ڣi#CEGL003796CSCSA.481II.A.2.N.aSabal palmetto / Serenoa repens WoodlandCabbage Palmetto / Saw Palmetto Woodland1995-04-01GCUSASW 4-95, mod. 8-98A.S. WeakleyG1G297-09-13G1This alliance is described from the Warner Valley of southeastern Oregon and the Cow Creek Basin in northwestern Nevada. Elevations range from 1250-1600 m. The climate is arid with mostly winter precipitation ranging from 10-25 cm annually. Stands occur in valleys in drainage bottoms, poorly drained floodplains, and historic lake basins. Sites are typically flat, but include moderate slopes (to 18%). Stands are found on the less xeric northeastern and eastern aspects in Nevada. Soils are typically poorly drained, alkaline, with sandy loam to clay loam texture. The water table is shallow and causes mottles in the soil. Stands have a moderate herbaceous layer (50-80% cover) codominated by the perennial graminoids ~Leymus triticoides (= Elymus triticoides)$ with ~Poa secunda$ or ~Carex$ spp. Other frequent graminoid species include ~Distichlis spicata, Hordeum brachyantherum ssp. californicum (= Hordeum californicum), Hordeum jubatum, Juncus balticus$, and forbs, such as ~Achillea millefolium, Agoseris glauca, Iris missouriensis, Scirpus$ spp., ~Triglochin maritima$, and ~Nitrophila occidentalis$, in the saline/alkaline playas. Adjacent communities are shrublands dominated by ~Artemisia tridentata$.LVAL[k2CEGL003805CSCSA.732III.A.1.N.hConocarpus erectus - (Avicennia germinans) / Borrichia arborescens - Borrichia frutescens / Sporobolus virginicus - Monanthochloe littoralis ShrublandButtonwood - (Black Mangrove) / West Indian Seaside Oxeye - Seaside Oxeye / Saltmarsh Dropseed - Shoregrass Shrubland1995-02-01GCUSASW 2-95A.S. WeakleyG3?97-08-11G3^\TQE=;9//$ CEGL003804CSCSA.355I.B.2.N.gTaxodium distichum - Nyssa biflora - Acer rubrum - Magnolia virginiana Saturated ForestBald-cypress - Swamp Blackgum - Red Maple - Sweetbay Saturated ForestBald-cypress - Swamp Blackgum Basin Swamp2002-05-20GCUSCWN 5-02C.W. NordmanG2G302-05-20G2 y" CEGL003803CSCSA.735III.A.1.N.iRhizophoThis alliance is found in the northern Great Plains. Stands are dominated by graminoids, the tallest of which may rarely reach 1 m. Most of the vegetation is 0.6 m or less. The depth to the clay layer affects the height and amount of vegetation. The deeper the clay layer is buried, the more dense the vegetation. The dominants are ~Distichlis spicata, Hordeum jubatum$, and ~Pascopyrum smithii$. Other common graminoids include ~Bouteloua gracilis, Koeleria macrantha, Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$, and ~Carex duriuscula (= Carex eleocharis)$. Forbs that may be present include ~Iva annua, Helianthus petiolaris, Plantago patagonica, Gutierrezia sarothrae$, and Asteraceae spp. Woody plants are rare. Some stands may have scattered ~Artemisia frigida, Artemisia cana$, or ~Symphoricarpos occidentalis$. ^This alliance is found in depressions and on stream terraces on moderately saline silt loam and sandy loam soils, sometimes with a clay subsoil. The soils are wet for part of the year and may flood periodically.4LVAL@L$ CEGL003812CSCSA.750III.A.2.N.bSerenoa repens - Sabal palmetto - Ilex vomitoria - Sideroxylon tenax ShrublandSaw Palmetto - Cabbage Palmetto - Yaupon - Tough Bumelia ShrublandFlorida Coastal Strand (Temperate Palmetto Type)1995-02-01GCUSASW 2-95A.S. WeakleyG199-12-29G1Plant associations included in this alliance are circumboreal and are common in alpine, wet meadow, or wetland margin habitats in moist, low-gradient valley bottoms and along streams throughout the mountainous areas of the western U.S. Typically, communities occur in areas of abundant snowfall where snowmelt saturates soils from late spring through early summer. Communities occur in the alpine tundra in snowmelt basins and around the edges of alpine wetlands. At lower elevations, the communities are typically wetlands, requiring moist soils through most of the growing season. The lowest elevation stands generally occur in moist maritime climates, on soils with high moisture-holding capacity or a perched water table. Soils are variable. Fine-textured soils retain soil moisture longer in areas of seasonal drought, and coarse substrates allow aeration in areas with perennial high water tables. This vegetation is characterized by a moderately dense to dense herbaceous layer dominated by the perennial bunchgrass ~Deschampsia caespitosa$. Commonly associated species include ~Juncus balticus, Potentilla gracilis, Danthonia intermedia, Carex$ spp., and ~Poa pratensis$. Common forbs include ~Geum rossii, Ligusticum tenuifolium, Polygonum bistortoides$, and ~Caltha leptosepala$. Diagnostic of this herbaceous alliance is the dominance or codominance of ~Deschampsia caespitosa$ and the presence of surface water for only brief periods during the growing season.LVAL0AZw7CEGL003822CSCSA.779III.A.2.N.cQuercus geminata - Quercus myrtifolia - Serenoa repens - Sideroxylon tenax - Ximenia americana ShrublandSand Live Oak - Myrtle Oak - Saw Palmetto - Tough Bumelia - Tallow-wood ShrublandSoutheast Florida Coastal Scrub1995-02-01GCUSASW 2-95A.S. WeakleyG199-12-29G1*(  ݌$ CEGL003821CSCSA.779III.A.2.N.cQuercus geminata - Quercus myrtifolia - Serenoa repens - Persea borbonia ShrVegetation in this alliance is dominated by perennial grasses. Grasslands in this alliance occur in draws and arroyos in southwestern New Mexico. Elevation ranges from 1400-1900 m in areas upland of the Chihuahuan desertscrub. Climate is semi-arid with most of the 25-43 cm of precipitation falling during the late summer and early fall monsoon period. Because stands of this alliances are usually found in draws, these grasslands are temporarily flooded with runoff and gully flow during the typically high-intensity convection storms common during the monsoon season. These minor grasslands are restricted to these relatively mesic sites and are tolerant of the disturbance caused by gully erosion. One stand in this alliance had ground cover of 5% bare soil, 5% gravel, 25% rock, 60% litter, and 5% vegetation. The substrate is derived from rhyolite. This semi-desert grassland has a dense graminoid layer that is usually dominated by the perennial bunchgrass ~Panicum bulbosum$. ~Alopecurus aequalis$ and/or ~Lycurus phleoides$ may codominate with ~Panicum bulbosum$. Several other graminoid species are often present but do not add up to much cover. Forbs are usually very sparse. Scattered shrub and tree species, such as ~Cercocarpus montanus$ and ~Fraxinus velutina$, may also be present. One stand had canopy cover of 20% ~Panicum bulbosum$ and 40% ~Alopecurus aequalis$. Other graminoids included ~Cyperus parishii, Eleocharis macrostachya, Leptochloa dubia, Panicum hirticaule var. stramineum (= Panicum stramineum), Setaria grisebachii$, and others.LVALcDi:dCEGL003849CSCSA.1880III.C.2.N.eRhododendron maximum / Sphagnum spp. ShrublandGreat Rhododendron / Peatmoss species ShrublandSoutThis alliance is found in the northern and western Great Plains and is dominated by short and medium-tall graminoids with a total vegetation cover of nearly 100%. Shrubs are often absent, and forbs are present but not usually abundant. ~Hordeum jubatum$ is the dominant species. Other common species include ~Elymus trachycaulus, Distichlis spicata, Pascopyrum smithii, Poa arida, Poa compressa, Rumex crispus$, and ~Sonchus arvensis$. Stands are located in lowlands with moderately to strongly saline soils. The topography is flat and the soils are often briefly flooded or saturated in the spring.Vegetation types within this temporarily flooded, temperate or subpolar grassland alliance occur in wet meadows and margins of streams and ponds in the mountains up to timberline. Elevations range from 2400-3900 m. Sites typically are located in narrow to broad mountain meadows, usually on organic substrates, with smooth to concave surface topography. Montana sites are on rocky alpine lakeshores and streambanks and occasionally in wet alpine meadows. Soils are Histosols, especially in the wet meadow sites. Soils are typically saturated to the surface briefly during the growing season. The water table is well below the surface, thus indicating a tolerance for seasonal drying in the upper horizons. ~Carex saxatilis$ dominates a typically dense graminoid community. ~Carex aquatilis$ is commonly present and often a codominant. ~Pedicularis groenlandica$ and ~Caltha leptosepala$ are also present in most types, but cover is typically minor. ~Deschampsia caespitosa, Carex utriculata, Carex canescens$, and ~Eriophorum scheuchzeri$ may also be present, often with only scattered occurrence. ~Deschampsia caespitosa$ is a common dominant of adjacent drier communities. Associated upland forests are dominated by ~Pinus contorta$ or ~Abies lasiocarpa$.LVAL}CEGL003877CSCSA.1031III.B.3.N.aProsopis glandulosa var. glandulosa / Bouteloua gracilis - Buchloe dactyloides ShrublandHonThis alliance occurs in the interior valleys of western Oregon. Proximity to the Pacific Coast is modified by the coastal mountain ranges to the west. Elevation ranges from 49-137 m. Winters are mild and wet, but summers are hot and dry. Persistent, low-intensity winter rains result in soil saturation and flooding of low-lying valley bottoms. These flat-bottomed valleys are underlain with deep alluvial materials, over which silts and clays have been deposited. Topographically, there are broad, alluvial flats separated by groups of low hills with slow-flowing and meandering rivers. Stands occur in old valley bottom river oxbows or bottomland swamp and lake remnants. The soils are heavy clays overlain by silt or silt loam. The deep clay horizons result in high water-holding capacity and poor drainage. The sites are temporarily flooded, but typically dry out from late July to early October. The vegetation is characterized by a dense perennial graminoid layer. ~Carex unilateralis$, a non-rhizomatous sedge, is always present to dominant, and ~Hordeum brachyantherum$ is also important. Several other sedge species are common and occasionally abundant, including ~Carex obnupta, Carex lasiocarpa, Carex utriculata$, and ~Carex pellita (= Carex lanuginosa)$. Several other perennial graminoids can be important, such as ~Juncus balticus, Juncus acuminatus, Juncus oxymeris$, and ~Juncus tenuis$. The bunchgrass ~Deschampsia caespitosa$ is occasionally present, but is never dominant. A few forbs are present in small amounts, including ~Mentha arvensis, Prunella vulgaris, Veronica$ spp., and ~Ranunculus$ spp. Diagnostic of this herbaceous alliance is the presence of ~Carex unilateralis$ in these wetlands that are flooded during the winter and early in the growing season.LVAL BThis forest alliance is restricted to the highest mountain systems of the Southern Blue Ridge Province, in eastern Tennessee, western North Carolina, and southwestern Virginia, within the distributional range of ~Abies fraseri$. Canopies can be dominated by ~Abies fraseri$ or ~Picea rubens$, or codominated by ~Abies fraseri$ and ~Picea rubens$. Canopy/subcanopy species of minor importance can include ~Acer spicatum, Acer pensylvanicum, Amelanchier laevis, Betula alleghaniensis, Prunus pensylvanica$, and ~Sorbus americana$. Forests on extreme sites may have a stunted appearance and, in some communities, standing dead stems of ~Abies fraseri$ are common, with extensive patches of ~Abies fraseri$ seedlings in canopy gaps. The density and composition of the shrub and herbaceous strata vary between associations in this alliance. Typical shrub species include ~Menziesia pilosa, Rhododendron carolinianum, Rhododendron maximum, Rhododendron catawbiense, Ribes rotundifolium, Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus, Rubus allegheniensis, Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa (= Sambucus racemosa var. pubens), Vaccinium erythrocarpum, Vaccinium simulatum, Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides$, and ~Viburnum lantanoides$. Typical herbaceous species include ~Ageratina altissima var. roanensis, Angelica triquinata, Eurybia chlorolepis (= Aster chlorolepis), Oclemena acuminata (= Aster acuminatus), Athyrium filix-femina ssp. asplenioides, Chelone lyonii, Circaea alpina ssp. alpina, Clintonia borealis, Dryopteris campyloptera, Geum radiatum, Houstonia serpyllifolia, Huperzia lucidula, Medeola virginiana, Oxalis montana, Rugelia nudicaulis, Solidago glomerata, Streptopus lanceolatus var. roseus (= Streptopus roseus)$, and ~Viola macloskeyi ssp. pallens$. Forests in this alliance typically have a well-developed bryophyte layer. Mosses, liverworts, and lichens grow densely on fallen logs, tree trunks, and the forest floor, giving these forests a distinctive carpeted appearance. Typical nonvascular species include ~Bazzania trilobata, Dicr2LVAL>xfQ0vpQanum scoparium, Dicranum fuscescens, Hylocomiastrum umbratum, Hylocomium splendens, Hypnum$ spp., ~Polytrichum ohioense, Ptilium crista-castrensis$, and ~Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus$. This alliance contains many species endemic to the Southern Blue Ridge or that have the bulk of their worldwide range in that region. The alliance is conceptually related to more northern spruce-fir alliances and shares many northern or boreal species (often occurring in communities of this alliance as disjuncts from their main distribution), but is considered a separate alliance because of its large component of southern Appalachian endemic species. Forests of this alliance occur on all topographic positions except the steepest rocky cliffs. Elevations range from 1370-2300 m (4500-6600 feet), with pure ~Abies fraseri$ associations best developed at above 1830 m (6000 feet). The dominant soils are Inceptisols with scattered occurrences of Spodosols at the highest elevations. Generally, soils can be described as shallow and rocky, with well-developed organic and A horizons. All soils in these high elevation forests are low in base saturation, high in organic matter, and are acid in reaction (pH 3-5), with a high aluminum content. The moisture regimes of these areas are mesic to wet due to high rainfall, abundant cloud cover, fog deposition, and low temperatures. The climate has been classified as perhumid, with the temperature varying elevationally from mesothermal to microthermal. The regional geology is dominated by complexly folded metamorphic, sedimentary, and igneous rocks of the Precambrian and early Paleozoic age, including phyllites, slates, schists, sandstones, quartzites, granites, and gneisses. These forests are affected by debris avalanches, wind disturbance and lightning fire. Because of the shallow soils and extreme wind exposure, these forests are susceptible to large blowdowns, particularly in areas damaged by ~Adelges piceae$, the Balsam Woolly Adelgid.LVALsECEGL004006CSCSA.1191V.A.5.N.aAndropogon gerardii - Schizachyrium scoparium - Dichanthelium scoparium - Rhynchospora glomerata Herbaceous VegetationBig Bluestem - Little Bluestem - Broom Witchgrass - Clustered Beaksedge Herbaceous VegetationHighland Rim Wet-Mesic Prairie1996-02-01GCUSMP/ASW 2-96M. Pyne and A.S. WeakleyG199-12-13G1QOGE-" #CEGL004001CSCSA.1153V.A.1.N.cIva imbricata / Uniola paniculata - Helianthus debilis ssp. debilis Herbaceous VegetationDune Marsh-elder / Sea-oats - Beach Sunflower Herbaceous VegetationSoutheast Florida Beach Dune1995-02-01GCUSASW 2-95 after Johnson et al. (1990b), mod.Johnson et al. (1990b)G2G300-01-13G286.*ۿ|# CEGL004000CSCSA.1153V.A.1.N.cErnodea littoralis / Uniola paniculata - Muhlenbergia filipes Herbaceous VegetationBeach Creeper / Sea-oats - Southern Hairgrass Herbaceous VegetationSouthwestern Florida Beach Dune Grassland1995-02-01GCUSASW 2-95, mod.A.S. WeakleyG1G297-10-12G1 v# CEGL003999CSCSA.1184V.A.3.N.cCroton linearis - Morinda umbePlant associations within this alliance are reported from the subalpine and alpine zones of northwestern Wyoming. Elevations range from 2500-3900 m. Associations are found in mesic meadows, seeps, streambanks, and moist woods, and the slopes are typically gentle. Soils are mesic with a deep A horizon. The texture varies from fine to medium and is sandy or loamy. These communities are dominated by ~Phleum alpinum$. ~Carex aquatilis$ or ~Carex microptera$ typically codominate in the graminoid layer. Other common graminoids include ~Deschampsia caespitosa, Calamagrostis canadensis$, and ~Trisetum wolfii$. Associates in the forb layer can be ~Symphyotrichum foliaceum (= Aster foliaceus), Antennaria corymbosa, Agoseris glauca, Geum macrophyllum, Polygonum bistortoides$, and ~Epilobium ciliatum ssp. glandulosum (= Epilobium glandulosum)$.LVAL6 CEGL004039CSCSA.1199V.A.5.N.aUniola paniculata - SThis alliance encompasses seasonally flooded areas dominated by ~Panicum virgatum$. Most examples are maritime-related, including interdunal depressions, but associations are also described from areas in Arkansas and other interior states where streams cross prairies and natural depressions in prairies. Associated species in the maritime examples include ~Spartina patens, Juncus canadensis, Solidago sempervirens, Festuca rubra, Eleocharis palustris, Toxicodendron radicans, Linum medium, Carex albolutescens$, and ~Euthamia caroliniana (= Euthamia tenuifolia)$. This community is variable in its expression but is typically dominated by 40-85% cover of ~Panicum virgatum$ and occurs in larger interdunal depressions (up to 0.5 hectare). Variability occurs in the cover of ~Panicum virgatum$ and the richness of associated species. In some Coastal Plain cases, ~Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera)$ or ~Baccharis halimifolia$ will constitute less than 10% shrub cover. The vegetation is similar in total floristic composition to ~Morella$-dominated shrublands, but shrubs are generally lacking or at very low cover and grasses are much more abundant. In most cases, shrub coverage is much less or none and other herbs codominate. When ~Panicum virgatum$ is not as dense, it is most often associated with ~Schoenoplectus pungens (= Scirpus pungens), Spartina patens$, or a mixture of both. Soils are characterized by a shallow organic layer (usually a few centimeters in depth) overlying loamy sand or sand. The water table is at or close to the surface in the spring. These depressions are saturated or seasonally flooded and somewhat poorly drained. Many other associations remain to be described in this alliance, and its complete range of variation described.LVAL/x{CEGL004063CSCSA.1198V.A.5.N.aSchizachyrium scoparium - Panicum anceps - Panicum virgatum - Lespedeza capitata -This alliance occupies relatively shallow to deep, seasonally flooded portions of Coastal Plain ponds and lakes, including limesink ponds from the Atlantic Coastal Plain, East Gulf Coastal Plain, and West Gulf Coastal Plain. Characteristic species are ~Aristida palustris, Andropogon capillipes$ ('wetland variant'), ~Andropogon glaucopsis$, and ~Rhynchospora$ spp. Other typical species (some occurring only in parts of the alliance's distribution) are ~Andropogon glomeratus var. hirsutior, Andropogon virginicus, Carex glaucescens, Centella erecta, Coreopsis linifolia, Dichanthelium longiligulatum, Dichanthelium scabriusculum, Eleocharis equisetoides, Eleocharis melanocarpa, Eleocharis microcarpa, Eleocharis tuberculosa, Eriocaulon compressum, Eriocaulon decangulare var. decangulare, Eupatorium leptophyllum, Eupatorium mohrii, Euthamia leptocephala, Euthamia caroliniana (= Euthamia tenuifolia), Fuirena bushii, Gratiola brevifolia, Helenium drummondii, Hyptis alata, Juncus marginatus, Juncus validus, Lachnocaulon beyrichianum, Leersia hexandra, Ludwigia sphaerocarpa, Ludwigia suffruticosa, Ludwigia microcarpa, Ludwigia pilosa, Lycopodiella appressa, Lycopodiella alopecuroides, Lycopodiella caroliniana, Panicum hemitomon, Panicum tenerum, Panicum virgatum, Proserpinaca palustris, Proserpinaca pectinata, Rhexia mariana, Rhynchospora caduca, Rhynchospora cephalantha, Rhynchospora elliottii, Rhynchospora fascicularis var. fascicularis, Rhynchospora microcarpa, Sabatia campanulata, Scleria baldwinii, Scleria georgiana, Stylisma aquatica$, and ~Xyris fimbriata$. Scattered trees, especially ~Nyssa biflora$, can occur, though ponds are usually treeless. Wetland shrubs such as ~Hypericum brachyphyllum$ and ~Hypericum galioides$ are sometimes common or locally dominant in shallower ones.LVALy_This alliance, found in the upper midwestern and northeastern regions of the United States, contains wet meadows and interdunal wetlands where ~Cladium mariscoides$ is a typical dominant. In the East, this alliance is found in Coastal Plain pondshores, where ~Coelorachis rugosa$ is a diagnostic associate, in Coastal Plain poor fens, where ~Eleocharis equisetoides$ is a diagnostic associate, and in the pine barrens wet meadows, where ~Danthonia sericea$ and ~Lophiola aurea$ are diagnostic associates. In the Midwest, this type is found in the Great Lakes lakeplain, where associated species include ~Carex cryptolepis, Rhynchospora alba, Juncus canadensis, Carex lasiocarpa, Calamagrostis stricta$, and ~Oligoneuron riddellii (= Solidago riddellii)$. In interdunal wetlands, typical herbaceous species include ~Calamagrostis canadensis, Carex$ spp., ~Cladium mariscoides, Eleocharis quinqueflora, Equisetum variegatum, Juncus balticus, Dichanthelium acuminatum, Rhynchospora capillacea, Schoenoplectus acutus (= Scirpus acutus)$, and ~Typha$ spp. ^Stands in this alliance occur in low-lying, seasonally flooded basins with muck overlaying mineral soils. In the Midwest, stands can occur as wet meadows or interdunal wetlands along the Great Lakes shoreline. The substrate is 75-100% sand. Organics and silts occur in small amounts in depressions of exposed dunelands, and in larger amounts in sheltered, inland wet depressions. High concentrations of carbonate, magnesium, and calcium increase alkalinity and fertility.This alliance includes seasonally flooded depressional wetlands dominated by ~Carex hyalinolepis$. Other species present may include ~Rumex verticillatus, Ipomoea sagittata$, and ~Cyperus$ spp. This alliance occurs in seasonally flooded depressions in sea islands. The water is fresh, but receives saltwater in hurricane events.eLVALqeCEGL004137CSCSA.1392V.A.5.N.kTypha domingensis Seasonally Flooded Gulf Coastal Plain Herbaceous VegetationSouthern Cattail Seasonally Flooded Gulf Coastal Plain Herbaceous VegetationGulf Coastal Plain Southern Cattail Marsh1997-11-26GCUSG3?01-01-16G3p#CEGL004134CSCSA.1386V.A.5.N.kScirpus cyperinus - Dulichium arundinaceum / Sphagnum spp. Herbaceous VegetationWoolgrass Bulrush - Threeway Sedge / Peatmoss species Herbaceous VegetationSouthern Appalachian Montane Upland Pool1997-11-26GCUSKP after Newell and Peet 1995K.D. Patterson after Newell and Peet (1995)G1Q95-07-15G1IG?<s# CEGL004132CSCSA.1383V.A.5.N.kRhynchospora (careyana, inundata) Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Vegetation(Carey's Horned Beaksedge, Narrow-fruit Horned Beaksedge) Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous VegetationCoastal Plain Beaksedge Depression1997-11-26GCUSA.S. Weakley 1-96G3?01-09-19G3m#  CEGL004131CSCSA.1370V.A.5.N.kRhynchospora filifolia - Juncus abortivus Herbaceous VegetationThreadleaf Beaksedge - Pondshore Rush Herbaceous VegetationCoastal Plain Limesink Pond (Threadleaf Beaksedge Type)1994-09-01GCUSASW 9-94A.S. WeakleyG2?98-01-11G2ԝb#CEGL004129CECSA.1362V.A.5.N.k(Morella cerifera) - Panicum virgatum - Spartina patens Herbaceous Vegetation(Wax-myrtle) - Switchgrass - Saltmeadow Cordgrass Herbaceous VegetationInterduneThis alliance consists of marshes dominated by ~Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense$ in temperate regions of the southeastern United States. Other typical species include ~Woodwardia virginica, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Toxicodendron radicans$, and ~Persea palustris$. Some communities of this alliance are now often being invaded by the alien tree ~Triadica sebifera (= Sapium sebiferum)$.=LVALIForests in this alliance are strongly dominated by ~Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana$ on usually high pH, fire-suppressed sites or old fields, but also mature (100+ year) stands, on limestone or chalk, mostly in blacklands, but occasionally on sandstone (e.g., in Oklahoma). This alliance is most common in old fields and pastures, successional cleared land, and other various disturbed areas, especially on calcareous rocks. The growth of ~Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana$ may be very dense, and the stature may be rather low. Other species that may occur in the canopy of Tennessee stands include ~Carya alba, Carya ovata, Cercis canadensis$, and ~Pinus virginiana$. Various oaks (including ~Quercus coccinea, Quercus falcata$, and ~Quercus phellos$) also may be present. The midstory is typically sparse, with canopy species as well as ~Cornus florida, Ilex opaca, Liquidambar styraciflua$, and ~Prunus serotina var. serotina$. ~Frangula caroliniana$ may occur in several strata. Herb distribution is patchy, and typical species include ~Asplenium platyneuron, Chasmanthium laxum, Eupatorium$ spp., ~Polystichum acrostichoides$, and ~Carex$ spp. This vegetation is also found in the Blackbelt of Alabama, on the margins of Chalk Prairies. In the central and upper midwestern United States, stands of semi-natural vegetation dominated by ~Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana$ typically occur in old fields and other disturbed places. The vegetation may vary in structure from open-canopy woodland (particularly as it invades herbaceous old fields) to dense, closed-canopy forest. ~Rhus typhina$ may be an associate. This semi-natural red-cedar forest type is expected to be found in locally disturbed areas.LVALR&CEGL004164CSCSA.1092IV.A.1.N.gChamaedaphne calyculata / Carex striata var. striata - Sarracenia (flava, purpurea, rubra ssp. rubra) Dwarf-shrublandLeatherleaf / Southern Peatland Sedge - (Yellow Pitcherplant, Purple PitcheStands of this widespread western grassland alliance require seasonally to permanently saturated soils. Stands cannot tolerate permanent standing water, but often grow on the saturated soils surrounding a permanent water body, or on depressions subject to seasonal flooding. Stands are found from sea level to 2500 m elevation in meadows, seeps, swales, and shorelines. Water chemistry is fresh. Precipitation averages from 50-250 cm per year, and falls mostly from November to May. Stands of this western wetland herbaceous alliance are dominated by one or more species of ~Eleocharis$. Species may include ~Eleocharis quinqueflora (= Eleocharis pauciflora), Eleocharis palustris, Eleocharis montevidensis$, and/or ~Eleocharis rostellata$. Other species present may include ~Muhlenbergia asperifolia, Oreostemma alpigenum (= Aster alpigenus), Carex utriculata, Carex$ spp., ~Schoenoplectus americanus (= Scirpus americanus), Scirpus$ spp., ~Oxypolis occidentalis, Triglochin palustris, Phleum alpinum, Juncus nevadensis, Mimulus primuloides, Crassula aquatica$, and ~Callitriche hermaphroditica$.Coastal Plain ponds of the southeastern Coastal Plain, characterized by ~Dichanthelium wrightianum, Dichanthelium erectifolium$, and ~Rhynchospora filifolia$. Other characteristic species include (variously in the several associations) ~Eleocharis tricostata, Rhynchospora nitens, Rhynchospora pleiantha, Centella erecta, Juncus abortivus, Juncus repens, Rhexia$ spp., ~Fuirena$ spp., and ~Panicum$ spp. Isolated individuals of various woody species may occur in some examples of this alliance, especially near their edges.LVAL2 CEGL004175CSCSA.1463V.A.5.N.mSarracenia alata - Rhynchospora gracilenta - Rudbeckia scabrifolia - Schoenolirion croceum Herbaceous VegeWetlands dominated or codominated by ~Fimbristylis castanea$ that often occur in interdune swales. The general aspect and species composition of this vegetation are variable, not only among occurrences, but also over the course of the growing season. Documented from Assateague National Seashore, where it is typically characterized by dense ~Schoenoplectus pungens (= Scirpus pungens)$ (up to 80% cover). When ~Schoenoplectus pungens$ is not as dense, it is most often associated with an even mixture of ~Spartina patens$ or ~Fimbristylis castanea$. In spring, ~Schoenoplectus pungens$ is generally dominant with few other associates except ~Eleocharis$ spp., imparting a distinct aerial photo signature. By late summer a number of other species, such as ~Fimbristylis castanea$ and ~Sabatia stellaris$, contribute more substantial cover. Other herbs are sparse and contribute very little to the overall vegetative cover. These associated species include ~Andropogon virginicus, Eleocharis rostellata, Phragmites australis, Pluchea foetida, Juncus scirpoides, Hydrocotyle umbellata, Eleocharis parvula, Panicum amarum var. amarulum, Fimbristylis autumnalis, Sabatia stellaris, Ptilimnium capillaceum$, and ~Juncus canadensis$. Diagnostic species are ~Schoenoplectus pungens, Fimbristylis castanea, Eleocharis$ spp., and ~Juncus$ spp. There is usually standing water present in these swales in the spring. In Florida, these are early successional, interdune swales which are dominated by ~Fimbristylis castanea$, sometimes monospecific, sometimes intermixed with ~Triglochin striata, Sesuvium portulacastrum$, and ~Lilaeopsis carolinensis$.LVAL lCEGL004190CSCSA.1471V.A.5.N.nSpartina alterniflora - Juncus roemerianus - Distichlis spicata Louisianian Zone Salt Tidal Herbaceous VegetationSaltmarsh Cordgrass - Black Needlerush - Saltgrass Louisianian Zone Salt Tidal Herbaceous VegetationGulf Coast Cordgrass Salt Marsh1996-08-01GCUSMP 8-96, mod. LMS 4-99M. Pyne, mod. L.M. SmithG597-11-22G5_]US;%#!#CEGL004189CSCSA.1478V.A.5.N.nSchoenoplectus pungens - (Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis) Herbaceous VegetationThreesquare - (Royal Fern) Herbaceous Vegetation1995-01-01GCUSASW 1-95A.S. WeakleyG2G397-08-13G2ƺt#CEGL004188CECSA.1478V.A.5.N.nSchoenoplectus pungens Tidal Herbaceous VegetationTThis alliance includes wetland herbaceous vegetation dominated or codominated by ~Juncus effusus$. These communities are most characteristically seasonally flooded, but in some cases, examples may have temporarily or semipermanently flooded hydrologies. Still, all these are conceptually placed in this alliance, at least until more detailed information is available. These marshy communities vary greatly in size, situation, geographical location, species composition, and naturalness. Some are beaver-made or human-made impoundments. It should be noted that this species has a very wide ecological amplitude, and additional alliances with different hydrologies may need to be defined.This alliance occurs in seasonally flooded depressional wetlands in the southeastern Coastal Plain. These depressions are of various origins, including limesink ponds, interdune swales, Carolina bays, and other Coastal Plain ponds and lakes. Hydrology varies from short flooding to that of long seasonal duration. ~Fuirena scirpoidea$ is characteristic; a number of ~Rhynchospora$ spp. also typically occur, including such species as ~Rhynchospora tracyi, Rhynchospora cephalantha, Rhynchospora filifolia, Rhynchospora corniculata$, and ~Rhynchospora latifolia$.LVAL MThis alliance often occupies seasonally flooded swales and wet, low- to mid-elevation sites. Habitats are often alkaline. It is a wide-ranging alliance, occurring from the plains to montane regions, and has much variability. Elevations range from sea level in California to 3500 m in Colorado. Montane plant associations can occur on alluvial terraces, floodplains, overflow channels, seeps, meadows, and near springs. Sites are typically gently sloping (1-3%) on all aspects. An association was documented in northern California coastal salt marshes. Soils are mineral with dark surface horizons containing large amounts of well-decomposed organic matter. Soils are Mollisols, or rarely Entisols. Soil texture ranges from silt to sandy loam. Water tables are often at or near the soil surface in early summer but may drop below 50 cm by late August. Soil reaction ranges from neutral to mildly alkaline (pH 7.0-8.0). The graminoid layer is dense with up to 98% cover and dominated by ~Juncus balticus$, a creeping, often sod-forming, rhizomatous perennial. Other graminoid cover is minor but can include ~Carex pellita (= Carex lanuginosa), Carex aquatilis, Carex canescens, Leymus cinereus, Deschampsia caespitosa, Hordeum jubatum$, or ~Sporobolus airoides$. Forb cover is typically minor and may include ~Achillea millefolium, Iris missouriensis$, or ~Geum macrophyllum$. The plant association from California is composed of ~Distichlis spicata, Carex lyngbyei, Carex obnupta$, and ~Schoenoplectus robustus (= Scirpus robustus)$. Occasionally, a few tree or shrub seedlings are present, including ~Populus angustifolia, Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda (= Pentaphylloides floribunda)$, and ~Salix exigua$. ~Salix exigua$ shrublands, ~Distichlis spicata$ marshes, or ~Carex$ spp. meadows occur in adjacent riparian areas. ~Abies lasiocarpa - Picea engelmannii, Pseudotsuga menziesii$, and ~Populus tremuloides$ forests, ~Pinus edulis - Juniperus$ spp. woodlands, and ~Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus), SarcobatusLVAL%H|=WefCEGL004329CSCSA.1984V.C.2.N.aNuphar lutea ssp. ulvacea Herbaceous VegetationFlorida Pond-lily Herbaceous Vegetation1994-09-01GCUSASW 9-94A.S. WeakleyG201-01-31G2yyR#fCEGL004328CSCSA.1984V.C.2.N.aNuphar lutea ssp. sagittifolia Herbaceous VegetationNarrowleaf Pond-lily Herbaceous VegetationNarrowleaf Pond-lily Blackwater Pond-lily Bed1994-08-01GCUSASW 8-94A.S. WeakleyG3?00-01-23G3ļW#fCEGL004327CSCSA.1984V.C.2.N.aNuphar lutea ssp. orbiculata Herbaceous VegetationOkefenokee Pond-lily Herbaceous VegetationOkefenokee Pond-lily Aquatic Wetlan vermiculatus$, and ~Artemisia tridentata$ shrublands occur on adjacent hillslopes. In the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia, an association in this alliance occurs in seasonally flooded areas on level alluvium with somewhat poorly to poorly drained soils. In Virginia associated species include ~Carex trichocarpa, Lysimachia quadriflora, Lythrum alatum var. alatum, Filipendula rubra, Juncus balticus, Carex prairea, Carex buxbaumii, Cladium mariscoides, Iris versicolor, Agrostis gigantea (= Agrostis alba), Scirpus atrovirens, Scirpus pendulus, Juncus dudleyi, Holcus lanatus$ (alien), ~Mentha arvensis$ (alien), ~Toxicodendron radicans, Solidago canadensis$, and ~Symphyotrichum puniceum (= Aster puniceus)$. In low-disturbance areas, ~Juncus balticus$ plant associations appear to be a stable, climax community. However, in some areas, this association is considered to be grazing-induced. ~Juncus balticus$ is considered an increaser due to its low forage value and high tolerance to grazing. It usually increases in abundance on sites formerly dominated by ~Deschampsia caespitosa$ or ~Calamagrostis canadensis$. Nearly pure stands of ~Juncus balticus$ indicate that the site may have been heavily grazed in the past. ~Juncus balticus$ is listed as a facultative wetland species.LVAL\aCEGL004340CSCSA.1815V.D.2.N.dSporobolus (neglectus, vaginiflorus) - Aristida longispica - Panicum flexile - Panicum capillare Herbaceous Vegetation(Barrens DropseedThis alliance represents the central and deepest zones of some seasonally flooded wet depressions in the southeastern United States. It has been documented from the Interior Low Plateau of Tennessee, and could occur in various parts of the Coastal Plain. The central portions of the depressions may be dominated by ~Eleocharis microcarpa$ or ~Juncus repens$, or by a combination of the two. Other species which may be present in this low- to medium-stature herbaceous vegetation may include ~Mecardonia acuminata, Ludwigia linearis, Proserpinaca pectinata, Proserpinaca intermedia, Rhynchospora corniculata$, and ~Xyris laxifolia var. iridifolia$. In the central Atlantic Coastal Plain (Chesapeake Bay Lowlands) of Delaware, stands may include ~Boltonia asteroides, Sclerolepis uniflora, Juncus repens, Ludwigia alternifolia, Dichanthelium spretum, Rhynchospora macrostachya, Rhexia virginica, Polygonum hydropiperoides, Xyris smalliana, Pluchea foetida$, and ~Proserpinaca palustris$. In Tennessee, this vegetation may grade up into that of the V.A.5.N.k ~~Rhynchospora$ spp. - ~Panicum (rigidulum, verrucosum) - Rhexia virginica$ Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance (A.1384)$$, and some species typical of this alliance may be present, including ~Panicum verrucosum, Panicum rigidulum var. rigidulum, Juncus marginatus$, and various other ~Rhynchospora$. The upland depressions where this vegetation occurs typically have a pronounced seasonal fluctuation in water level, filling in the winter and often drying completely in the summer. During some years, the deepest zone in the center of the depression may remain inundated.LVAL_-.>NCEGL004391CECSA.1831VII.A.1.N.aAsplenium montanum Central Appalachian Sandstone Sparse VegetationMountain Spleenwort Central Appalachian Sandstone Sparse VegetationSpleenwort Acidic Cliff1997-11-26GCUSG?97-12-01G?This alliance is found throughout the northeastern United States, but its distribution as a natural type is complicated elsewhere. Stands are dominated by ~Phalaris arundinacea$, which tends to occur in monocultures or associated with ~Calamagrostis canadensis$. Other associates in the Northeast include ~Viburnum nudum, Alnus incana$ or ~Alnus serrulata, Viburnum dentatum$, and ~Agrostis gigantea$. Further work is required to resolve the natural versus introduced nature of this type in North American before a complete alliance description can be completed. Stands are typically minerotrophic wetlands rather than river shores.This alliance encompasses a variety of temperate wetland communities dominated by ~Panicum hemitomon$, including various ponds, lakes, depression meadows, flatwoods ponds, pineland ponds, Carolina bays, interdune swales, etc. It is wide-ranging, occurring throughout the eastern and southeastern Coastal Plain of the United States. It is very common in Florida, where it occurs in thousands of lakes and ponds. It is also common in Louisiana.This is a brackish, non-tidal, seasonally flooded alliance including the wettest parts of non-tidal ponds with brackish water from hurricane flooding, storm tides, or island overwash. It includes zonal vegetation dominated by ~Leptochloa fusca ssp. fascicularis (= Leptochloa fascicularis var. maritima)$. Other characteristic species include ~Bacopa monnieri, Pluchea odorata var. odorata$, and ~Eleocharis parvula$.LVAL QEvergreen forests dominated by ~Picea rubens$ or codominated by ~Picea rubens$ and ~Tsuga canadensis$, occurring in the Central Appalachians and Southern Blue Ridge, from West Virginia south to western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee. Other species that may occur with low coverage in the canopy or subcanopy are ~Acer pensylvanicum, Acer spicatum, Aesculus flava, Amelanchier laevis, Betula alleghaniensis, Halesia tetraptera var. monticola, Prunus pensylvanica$, and ~Sorbus americana$. Density and composition of shrub and herbaceous strata vary with association and geographic location. Exposed, drier sites, such as upper convex slopes or slopes with a southerly aspect, will often have high coverage of evergreen shrub species. Typical shrubs in this alliance include ~Photinia melanocarpa (= Aronia melanocarpa), Crataegus$ spp., ~Ilex montana, Kalmia latifolia, Leucothoe fontanesiana, Rhododendron carolinianum, Rhododendron catawbiense, Rhododendron maximum, Smilax rotundifolia, Vaccinium angustifolium, Vaccinium erythrocarpum, Vaccinium simulatum, Viburnum lantanoides$, and ~Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides$. Herbaceous cover is typically sparse, but where the shrub stratum is more open, a moderate herb stratum may develop. Characteristic herbaceous species include ~Athyrium filix-femina, Clintonia borealis, Dryopteris campyloptera, Galax urceolata, Huperzia lucidula, Lycopodium clavatum, Lycopodium dendroideum, Lycopodium obscurum, Medeola virginiana, Mitchella repens, Oxalis montana, Rugelia nudicaulis, Schizachne purpurascens$, and ~Trillium undulatum$. Nonvascular plants are common and often abundant, especially on moister sites, where they grow on branches and around the base of trees and shrubs. Bryophyte species include ~Bazzania trilobata, Hylocomium splendens, Polytrichum ohioense, Ptilium crista-castrensis$, and ~Sphagnum$ spp. This alliance includes forests occurring on steep, seepy boulderfields, and on ridges and steep slopes with northeast to southwest exposures, above 1370 m (4500 FLVALR.CEGL004487CSCSA.499II.A.4.N.aPinus palustris / Quercus incana - Quercus stellata / Aristida beyrichiana - Sporobolus junceus - Nolina georgiana WoodlandLongleaf Pine / Bluejack Oak - Post Oak / Southern Wiregrass - Sandhill Dropseed - Georgia Bear-grass Woodland1996-07-01GCUSRKP/EK/ASW 7-96R.K. Peet, E. Kjellmark and A.S. WeakleyG2G397-08-11G2_]UQ) #CEGL004486CSCSA.520II.A.4.N.aPinus palustris / Serenoa repens - Vaccinium myrsinites / Aristida beyrichiana - Sporobolus curtissii WoodlandLongleaf Pine / Saw Palmetto - Southern Evergreen Blueberry / Southern Wiregrass - Curtiss' Dropseed WoodlandSouth Atlantic Coastal Plain Longleaf Flatwoods1996-07-01GCUSRKP/EK/ASW 7-96, mod. MP/CWN 5-02R.K. Peet, E. Kjellmark and A.S. Weakley, mod. M. Pyne and C.W. NordmanG2G397-05-03G2\;97-#CEGL004485CSCSA.520II.A.4.N.aPinus palustris / Asimina angustifolia / Aristida beyrichiana - Schizachyrium scoparium - Dyschoriste oblongifolia WoodlandLongleaf Pine / Longleaf Pawpaw / Southern Wiregrass - Little Bluestem - Pineland Dyschoriste Woodland1996-07-01GCUSRKP/EK/ASW 7-96R.K. Peet, E. Kjellmark and A.S. WeakleyG3?98-01-22G3VTLI!#CEGL004484CSCSA.357I.B.2.N.hNyssa biflora - (Nyssa aquatica, Taxodium distichum) Tidal ForestSwamp Blackgum - (Water Tupelo, Bald-cypress) Tidal ForestTidal Hardwood Swamp Forest1997-11-26GCUSG3G400-12-28G3¸c"CEGL004483CSCSA.356I.B.2.N.hFraxinus pennsylvanica - feet) elevation. It descends to 1000 m (3100 feet) in the Central Appalachians. In local landscapes of the Southern Blue Ridge and Central Appalachians, this alliance tends to occur bimodally, on high ridges and summits and steep, rocky upper slopes, and at lower elevations in frost pocket situations, where ~Picea rubens$ apparently has a competitive advantage because of moist, acid, organic soils and/or cold air drainage.ALVALM/9CEGL004492CSCSThis semi-natural grassland is widespread in the western U.S. and northern Great Plains where it has invaded natural meadows and riparian areas. Elevation ranges from 1100-2625 m (3600-8600 feet). Sites are generally flat to moderately sloping and occur on all aspects. Stands typically occur on pastures found in the plains, montane meadows, stream benches and terraces. In the semi-arid region it is restricted to relatively mesic sites. Soils are highly variable, but ~Poa pratensis$ grows best on moist, fertile sandy to clayey alluvium with high organic content. It does not tolerate prolonged flooding, high water tables or poor drainage well. However, it can tolerate mildly alkaline and saline soils, and some drought. The vegetation is characterized by a moderate to dense herbaceous canopy that is strongly dominated by the introduced perennial, sod-forming graminoid ~Poa pratensis$. ~Poa pratensis$ has invaded many other natural plant associations, but the diagnostic character in this association is that there is typically not enough of the native grassland left to classify it as a poor-condition natural type. Associates are often those early-seral and weedy species that tolerate historic heavy livestock grazing or other disturbance well, such as ~Achillea millefolium, Cirsium arvense, Elymus repens, Equisetum$ spp., ~Fragaria virginiana, Hordeum$ spp., ~Juncus balticus, Linaria vulgaris, Potentilla gracilis, Taraxacum officinale$, and introduced forage species such as ~Agrostis stolonifera, Bromus inermis$, and ~Phleum pratense$. Remnant natives ~Pascopyrum smithii, Deschampsia caespitosa$, and ~Carex$ spp. are often present in low cover. Occasional trees and shrubs may also be present.LVAL#hCEGL004500CSCSA.578II.A.4.N.fPinus palustris - Pinus serotina / Magnolia virginiana / Sporobolus teretifolius - Carex striata WoodlandLongleaf Pine - Pond Pine / Sweetbay / Wireleaf Dropseed - Peatland Sedge Woodland1996-07-01GCUSRKP/ASW 7-96R.K. Peet and A.S. WeakleyG197-12-31G1ތ# CEGL004499CSCSA.578II.A.4.N.fPinus palustris - Pinus serotina / Ctenium aromaticum - Scleria paucifloThis alliance, found in the midwestern United States and southern Canada, is comprised of tall, coarse-leaved, mixed emergent marsh species, especially ~Schoenoplectus fluviatilis (= Scirpus fluviatilis)$. Associated emergent species can include ~Calamagrostis canadensis, Eupatorium perfoliatum, Sagittaria latifolia, Sparganium eurycarpum, Typha$ spp., and ~Verbena hastata$. ^This alliance is found in depressions and near rivers and ponds where the ground is flooded for much of the growing season. The soils are usually mucky and deep.These are seasonally flooded upland depressions dominated by ~Rhynchospora inundata$ and/or ~Rhynchospora careyana$ (the two species currently taxonomically muddled). Some additional species that may be present in stands of this type include ~Panicum hemitomon, Panicum verrucosum, Rhynchospora cephalantha, Rhynchospora filifolia, Andropogon capillipes, Xyris fimbriata, Xyris$ sp., ~Lachnanthes caroliana, Fuirena$ sp., ~Lycopodiella appressa, Eupatorium leptophyllum, Pontederia cordata, Solidago latissimifolia$, and ~Triadenum virginicum$. One very rare association that occurs in South Carolina also contains ~Eriocaulon decangulare var. decangulare, Panicum virgatum var. virgatum (= Panicum virgatum var. cubense)$, and ~Muhlenbergia expansa$ in addition to the nominal species. Floating aquatic plants such as ~Nymphaea odorata$ and ~Nymphoides aquatica$ may be present. Woody plants, present at low cover, may include ~Hypericum brachyphyllum$ and seedlings of ~Pinus elliottii$.LVAL UThis alliance accommodates a variety of seasonally flooded vegetation of pondshore and lakeshore environments. It occurs primarily along the Atlantic Coastal Plain from Nova Scotia, Canada, south to Georgia, with inland stations in the central Great Lakes area, the Great Valley of Virginia, and central Tennessee. Occurrences of this alliance are usually small and are dominated predominantly by herbaceous, mostly graminoid, species. Many species are annual or short-lived perennial plants. They persist for years in the seed bank until the hydrologic conditions are right for germination. Thus, species composition of particular stands may change from year to year. In interior stations of this alliance, many of these seedbank plants are species significantly disjunct from their main range on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. There are two major vegetation zones that occur in this environment: Zone 1 is a seasonally flooded zone of sparse cover by graminoids; and Zone 2 is a saturated zone of dense graminoid cover. Some associations may include a zone dominated by taller graminoids, including ~Saccharum$ spp. or ~Scirpus cyperinus$. These zones remain largely intact, but a succession of wet or dry years can cause them to shift slightly in location. Pondshore examples of this alliance occupy a zone around a more open pond center with a longer hydroperiod. These ponds have a pronounced seasonal fluctuation in water level, filling in the winter and drying in the summer. Abundant species in this alliance include the graminoids ~Calamagrostis canadensis, Carex$ spp., ~Carex scoparia, Cladium mariscoides, Eleocharis melanocarpa, Fimbristylis autumnalis, Juncus$ spp., ~Rhynchospora capitellata, Rhynchospora scirpoides$, and ~Schoenoplectus hallii (= Scirpus hallii)$. Some prominent forbs include ~Ludwigia$ spp., ~Rhexia mariana$, and ~Rhexia virginica$. Other species that may occur are ~Agalinis purpurea, Dulichium arundinaceum, Eleocharis melanocarpa, Eleocharis obtusa, Eleocharis palustris (= Eleocharis smallii), LVAL VEupatorium perfoliatum, Euthamia caroliniana (= Euthamia tenuifolia), Fimbristylis autumnalis, Fuirena squarrosa, Hypericum boreale, Juncus effusus, Lobelia canbyi, Rhynchospora corniculata, Rhynchospora glomerata, Rhynchospora macrostachya, Rhynchospora perplexa, Rotala ramosior, Scirpus cyperinus, Spiraea alba, Spiraea tomentosa, Stachys hyssopifolia, Triadenum virginicum, Viola lanceolata$, and ~Xyris difformis$. Examples of this alliance from Lower New England and the North Atlantic Coast of Nova Scotia south to Delaware may be found on Coastal Plain pondshores with cobble substrates and little or no organic material accumulation; the broad margins and shorelines of shallow basins or deeper ponds on variable substrates; or on the shores of glacial outwash ponds or large lakes. In the Great Lakes, stands of this alliance are found on sandy pitted outwash plains and glacial lake plains. The level topography of these plains produces gently sloping, shallow basins with no outlets and sometimes no inlets. The water table fluctuates seasonally and yearly. It is highest in late winter and spring, and during years of high precipitation. The soils are derived mainly from sand. The sand is poor in nutrients and is acidic, with pH ranging from 4.4-7.0. These conditions inhibit microbial decomposition and considerable organic material accumulates as peat. The peat mixes with sand or forms more-or-less pure deposits. Basin shorelines typically have stretches of pure sand in areas where wave action is greatest, pure peat in protected areas, and a mixture of the two substrates in other areas. In some basins, an impermeable layer of clay develops 2-5 m below the surface. This layer may hold the local water table above the regional water table for long periods. In the South, this alliance is found in upland depression ponds of the Interior Low Plateau (Eastern Highland Rim) of Tennessee, seasonally flooded anthropogenic peatland depressions in the Great Dismal Swamp of Virginia (where it may occupy seasonally LVALgJvCEGL004523CSCSA.1277V.A.5.N.eCarex biltmoreana - Pycnanthemum spp. - Krigia montana Herbaceous VegetationBiltmore Sedge - Mountain-mint species - Mountain Cynthia Herbaceous VegetationSouthern Appalachian Biltmore Sedge Granitic Dome1996-08-01GCUSCLN/ASW 8-96C. Newell and A.S. WeakleyG2G396-09-08G21/'# o# CEGL004522CSCSA.1275V.A.5.N.eBouteloua ramosa Herbaceous VegetationChino Grama Herbaceous Vegetation1996-09-01GCUSASW 9-96A.S. WeakleyG?96-09-08G?xvtjjI#CEGL004521CSCSA.1231V.A.5.N.cSporobolus silveanus - Carex meadii Herbaceous VegetationSilveus Dropseed - Mead's Sedge Herbaceous Vegetation1996-08-01GCUSASW 8-96A.S. WeakleyG198-12-11G1\# CEGL004520CSCSA.1218V.A.5.N.cMuhlenbergia reverchonii - Bouteloua hirsuta var. pectinata - Carex microdonta Herbaceous VegetationSeep Muhly - Tall Grama - Little-tooth Sedge Herbaceous Vegetation1996-08-01GCUSBC/ASW 8-96B. Carr and A.S. WeakelyG3?98-12-11G3ɇ#CEGL004519CSCSA.1197V.A.5.N.aSchizachyrium scoparium - Sorghastrum nutans - Paspalum plicatulum - Carex microdonta - Neptunia lutea Vertisol Herbaceous VegetationLittle Bluestem - Yellow Indiangrass - Brownseed Crowngrass - Little-tooth Sedge - Yellow-puff Vertisol Herbaceous VegetationVertisol Coastal Prairie1996-08-01GCUSASW 8-96A.S. WeakleyG198-12-11G1kia_SKIG=%#ponded depressions of anthropogenic origin, such as experimental marsh restoration clearings, burned-out peat areas, or depressional basins in powerlines), seasonally flooded upland depressions occurring on clays in the Inner Coastal Plain of southeastern Virginia, as well as Grady Ponds in Georgia and possibly some vegetation of Carolina bays. In central Tennessee examples, vegetation of this alliance may grade down into that of the V.A.5.N.k ~~Juncus repens - Eleocharis microcarpa$ Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance (A.1376)$$.]LVALi!c This alliance, which is found in the eastern and southeastern United States, inhabits seasonally flooded marshes or emergent zones of upland depression ponds. The vegetation is dominated by ~Scirpus cyperinus$, or at least with substantial cover of this species. The habitat of this alliance may have a pronounced seasonal fluctuation in water level, becoming saturated to ponded in the winter and often drying completely in the summer. The vegetation is typically dominated by patches or zones of ~Scirpus cyperinus$; other species present may include ~Carex$ spp., ~Dichanthelium$ spp., ~Dulichium arundinaceum, Glyceria$ spp., ~Juncus$ spp., ~Leersia$ spp., ~Panicum rigidulum, Rhynchospora$ spp., and ~Thelypteris palustris$, as well as other species of ~Scirpus$ including ~Scirpus microcarpus (= Scirpus rubrotinctus)$ and ~Scirpus atrovirens$. The vegetation may consist of monospecific clumps of the component species, either scattered in the marsh or around the pond margin. Mats of ~Sphagnum$ mosses may be prominent in some examples (e.g., ~Sphagnum lescurii, Sphagnum pylaesii, Sphagnum cuspidatum, Sphagnum palustre$, and ~Sphagnum recurvum$. Some examples may have scattered woody plants, including shrubs and small trees such as ~Acer rubrum, Alnus serrulata, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Rosa palustris$, and ~Nyssa sylvatica$. To the north, ~Vaccinium corymbosum$ is a typical associate, while ~Hibiscus moscheutos, Itea virginica, Liquidambar styraciflua, Pinus taeda$, and ~Quercus phellos$ occur more frequently in the southern portion of the range. Sparsely distributed shrubs in montane examples may include ~Vaccinium$ spp. and ~Leucothoe racemosa$. The floristics and physiognomic expression may vary with context and management. In a burned or mowed context, examples of this vegetation type may grade down into other wetland herbaceous types, but in a more forested context may grade into upland depression forests.#LVAL41dThis alliance consists of seasonally flooded wetlands dominated by ~Spartina bakeri$, or at least with substantial cover of it. Seasonally flooded coastal interdunal swales of the Florida peninsula dominated by ~Spartina bakeri$ may also contain ~Muhlenbergia filipes$ (which may be codominant), ~Andropogon glomeratus, Aristida$ sp., ~Rhynchospora colorata, Sagittaria lancifolia, Eupatorium mikanioides, Setaria magna, Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense, Phyla nodiflora, Sabatia stellaris$, and ~Pluchea rosea$. Additional herbaceous species in South Carolina ~Spartina bakeri$ ponds may include ~Woodwardia virginica, Hibiscus moscheutos, Juncus effusus, Saccharum giganteum, Panicum virgatum, Cyperus odoratus$, and ~Juncus roemerianus$. ~Hibiscus grandiflorus$ is reported from some associations. These areas are not tidally flooded, but are apparently maintained as marsh by occasional flooding by brackish water during severe storm tides in hurricane events. These storm-flooding events maintain brackish soil conditions.This alliance includes vegetation of wet, bog-like areas in the southern Appalachian Mountains, with seasonal flooding, especially areas formerly flooded by beavers, as well as shoreline vegetation of artificial impoundments of the East Gulf Coastal Plain (and likely other coastal regions as well). Other species that may be present in the montane examples, in addition to ~Sparganium americanum$, include ~Epilobium leptophyllum, Epilobium coloratum, Polygonum punctatum, Potamogeton$ sp., ~Ludwigia palustris$, and others. Other species in the Coastal Plain community include ~Saccharum giganteum, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Rhynchospora corniculata, Lycopus rubellus, Woodwardia areolata$, and others.LVALLz CEGL004548CSCSA.265I.B.2.N.bAcer grandidentatum - Quercus gravesii ForestBigtooth Maple - Chisos Red Oak Forest1996-10-01GCUSASW/KP This alliance, found in the midwestern United States and the central provinces of Canada, is characterized by emergent graminoids and forbs in shallow marshes. Shallow aquatics like ~Sparganium eurycarpum$ or ~Sagittaria latifolia$ may be more diagnostic than ~Typha$ spp. or ~Schoenoplectus$ spp. (= ~Scirpus$ spp.). Other species present include ~Carex comosa, Lemna minor$, and ~Rumex orbiculatus$. Further work is needed to characterize this alliance. ^Shallow marshes have soils that are saturated to inundated by standing water up to 15 cm in depth throughout much of the growing season.Seasonally flooded ~Typha latifolia$ marshes occurring in depressional wetlands, including peat soils of seasonally flooded depressions in the Coastal Plain of Florida. ~Pontederia cordata$ may codominate. In these areas, surface water is present for extended periods during the growing season, but is absent by the end of the growing season in most years.This alliance includes temperate, non-tidal wetlands dominated by ~Typha domingensis$. This includes wet parts of non-tidal interdune ponds with brackish water from hurricane flooding, storm tides, or island overwash. Other characteristic species may include ~Setaria magna$ and ~Cyperus$ spp. This alliance can be zonal with other vegetation including ~Leptochloa fusca ssp. fascicularis (= Leptochloa fascicularis var. maritima)$ and alien ~Phragmites australis$. This alliance occurs in coastal areas of North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida, Texas, and in scattered localities in the mountains of Colorado and Utah, and the intermountain desert region of California, Arizona and Nevada.LVAL&|+eCEGL004558CSCSA.780III.B.2.N.aQuercus havardii - (Penstemon ambiguus, Croton dioicus) / Sporobolus giganteus ShrublandHavard Oak - (Gilia Penstemon, GrassThis alliance, found in the northern Great Plains, typically forms a central core of a wetland or bands along more permanent water. Vegetation cover is usually high but can vary in wet or dry years. Dominant species are herbaceous and typically between 0.5 and 1 m tall. Forb diversity is moderate to high. ~Carex atherodes$ can either form almost monotypic stands or be the dominant species. Common associated species include ~Alisma triviale, Eleocharis palustris, Glyceria grandis$ (in drier stands), ~Mentha arvensis, Phalaris arundinacea, Polygonum amphibium, Schoenoplectus fluviatilis (= Scirpus fluviatilis), Scolochloa festucacea$ (especially on mildly saline sites), ~Sium suave$, and ~Sparganium eurycarpum$. Shrubs, including ~Salix$ spp., can invade stands of this alliance, especially in the eastern portions of its range. ^Stands of this alliance occur on lowland sites that have standing water for several weeks each year. These sites are typically in depressions or basins but can be along streams and rivers. The water may be fresh to mildly saline. Soils can be mineral but mucks often form through the buildup of organic material.Temperate marsh vegetation dominated by ~Zizaniopsis miliacea$, occurring in a variety of situations, from rocky beds of slow-moving rivers to stagnant Coastal Plain waters. This vegetation often consists of essentially monospecific stands of ~Zizaniopsis miliacea$. Slow-moving stretches of rocky river margins may include ~Schoenoplectus pungens$? (= ~Scirpus pungens$?) and ~Justicia americana$. Many more associations will probably need to be developed in this alliance.=LVALK)QzCEGL004566CSCSA.851III.A.5.N.aLarrea tridentata - Jatropha dioica var. graminea ShrublandCreosotebush - Leatherstem Shrubland1996-10-01GCUSASW/KP 10-96A.S. Weakley and K.D. PattersonG3?01-01-30G3ǿ_$CEGL004565CSCSA.851III.A.5.N.aLarrea tridentata - Hechtia texensis ShrublandCreosotebush - Texas False Agave Shrubland1996-10-01GCUSASW/KP 10-96A.S. Weakley and K.D. PattersonG3?01-01-30G3||R$This alliance contains basins, swales, moats of bog mats, and pondshores dominated by ~Dulichium arundinaceum$. Communities in this alliance typically occur in basins of porous substrate where the water level drops significantly during dry years. Substrate is variously mucky or sandy. Typical communities also contain a mix of low grasses, sedges, rushes, and scattered shrubs. This alliance is wide-ranging and poorly known.This alliance, found primarily in the Great Lakes and northeastern regions of the United States, includes seasonally flooded communities dominated by the sedge ~Carex stricta$, often occurring with other tussock-forming sedges. ~Carex stricta$ often occurs with ~Calamagrostis canadensis$. A variety of forb species are found in these stands, including tall forbs such as ~Asclepias incarnata, Angelica atropurpurea, Eupatorium maculatum, Eupatorium perfoliatum, Thalictrum dasycarpum$, and low forbs such as ~Lycopus americanus, Galium obtusum$, and ~Thelypteris palustris$. ^Stands occur along slow streams and near inlets and outlets of lakes or ponds and may be inundated with water during floods. These wetlands generally contain little or no ~Sphagnum$ and can be the result of beaver-caused flooding of once more sphagnous wetlands. The ground may be flooded in the spring or after heavy rains, but it typically lies just above the permanent water table. Soils are either a raw sedge peat or a muck comprised of decomposed peat.LVALCEGL004588CSCSA.878III.A.5.N.cOpuntia imbricata ShrublandCane Cholla Shrubland1996-10-01GCUSASW 10-96A.S. WeakleyGD01-05-14*ywkb`^TT?$CEGL004587CSCSA.649II.B.2.N.cSalix exigua / Baccharis salicifolia - Baccharis neglecta / Schoenoplectus spp. WoodlandCoyote Willow / Seep-willow - Rooseveltweed / Clubrush species WoodlandChihuahuan Desert Willow Dune Depression1996-10-01GCUSASW/KP 10-96A.S. Weakley and K.D. PattersonG2?96-10-20G20.&#{# CEGL004586CSCSA.648II.B.2.N.cNyssa biflora / Panicum hemitomon - Woodwardia virginica WoodlandSwamp Blackgum / Maidencane - Virginia Chainfern WoodlandSwamp Blackgum Boggy Flatwoods Pond Forest1996-10-01GCUSASW 10-96A.S. WeakleyG3?98-12-11G3ǝd#CEGL004585CSCSA.523II.A.4.N.aPinus remota / Juniperus pinchotii - Quercus mohriana WoodlandPapershell Pinyon / Pinchot's Juniper - Mohr Shin Oak Woodland1996-10This montane forest alliance of central and southern California grows on steep to moderate slopes. Stands are found between 275 and 2400 m of elevation, and grow on slopes of all aspects. Annual precipitation varies with elevation, and ranges from 70-100 cm, with a distinct summer dry season. Precipitation is episodic, and droughts of several years duration are not uncommon. Soils that support this alliance are skeletal, rocky, and well-drained. Stands contain ~Pseudotsuga macrocarpa$ and ~Quercus chrysolepis$ as important canopy species. Other trees present may include ~Quercus kelloggii, Pinus coulteri, Pinus attenuata, Pinus sabiniana, Pinus monophylla, Umbellularia californica$, and ~Juglans californica$. In older stands the canopy tends to be two-tiered, with ~Quercus chrysolepis$ forming the subcanopy beneath the conifers. The shrub and herbaceous layers are sparse.VLVALbBCEGL004595CSCSA.1865VII.C.2.N.cSesuvium verrucosum Sparse VegetationWinged Sea-purslane Sparse Vegetation1996-10-01GCUSASW 10-96A.S. WeakleyG3?99-12-22G3}{yooJ%CEGL004594CSCSA.945III.B.2.N.dJuglans microcarpa / Sorghastrum nutans ShrublandLittle Walnut / Yellow This alliance is found throughout the northern states of the United States, excluding the Great Plains states. It is a wide-ranging alliance with much variability in species composition and habitat. Stands of this alliance have a dense graminoid cover, generally over 1 m tall, with either a flat or tussocky microtopography. Tall shrubs may occupy as much as 25% cover. ~Calamagrostis canadensis$ is the characteristic dominant but can be associated with ~Phalaris arundinacea$ or a variety of Carices. Other associates include, in the Northeast, shrubs such as ~Viburnum nudum, Alnus incana$, or ~Alnus serrulata, Viburnum dentatum, Spiraea alba$, and graminoids such as ~Agrostis gigantea (= Agrostis alba)$. In the Midwest, typical associates include several Carices, such as ~Carex stricta, Carex rostrata$, or ~Carex lacustris$, and occasionally ~Poa palustris$ or ~Glyceria grandis$ (Harris et al. 1996). The ground layer can be a heavy mat of grass stems and leaves, with patches of bare soil present in wetter locations. ^The habitat of this alliance is typically mineral soil or well-decomposed peat, usually held together by a dense root mat. Stands are found in floodplains of small streams, beaver meadows, and lakeshores. The hydrology is typically seasonally flooded (Harris et al. 1996). In the southern Appalachians of Tennessee and Virginia, this vegetation occurs in depression meadows and occasionally in beaver ponds.LVALrO CEGL004601CSCSA.1751V.C.2.N.aNymphoides aquatica - Nymphaea odorata - Gratiola brevifolia Herbaceous VegetationBig Floatingheart - White Water-lily - Shortleaf Hedge-hyssop Herbaceous VegetationWest Gulf Coastal Plain Floatingheart Pond1996-10-01GCUSASW 10-96A.S. WeakleyG3?00-01-24G3"  u#  CEGL004600CSCSA.392I.C.3.N.aPinus cembroides - Quercus gravesii - Juniperus flaccida / Salvia regla / Piptochaetium fimbriatum ForestMexican Pinyon - Chisos Red Oak - Weeping Juniper / Royal Sage / Pinyon Speargrass Forest1996-10-01GCUSASW/KP 10-96A.S. Weakley and K.D. PattersonG2?96-10-20G2*( "  CEGL004599CSCSA.510II.A.4.N.aPinus cembroides - Quercus grisea / Muhlenbergia montana - Piptochaetium pringlei WoodlandMexican Pinyon -This alliance, found in the northeastern Great Plains, occurs in shallow marshes or wet prairies. The moderately dense to dense vegetation is dominated by graminoids 0.5-1.0 m tall. Forbs are not common, and shrubs are very rare. ~Scolochloa festucacea$ is the single most abundant species and may occur in almost monotypic stands. Other abundant species include ~Carex atherodes$ (especially on less saline sites), ~Carex laeviconica, Eleocharis palustris, Glyceria grandis, Juncus balticus, Sium suave$, and ~Typha latifolia$ (in wetter stands). ~Lemna minor$ may also be abundant where surface water is present for most of the growing season. ^This alliance is found on sites with standing water for part of the growing season. The water table may be above the surface for only a few weeks in spring and after heavy rains or constantly until midsummer. Stands dominated by ~Scolochloa festucacea$ can be found on marginally fresh to moderately saline stands. The soils are typically medium- to fine-textured and often have an accumulation of organic matter.LVAL(h\#CEGL004610CSCSA.247I.B.2.N.aQuercus nigra / Ilex vomitoria / Chasmanthium sessiliflorum ForestWater Oak / Yaupon / Longleaf Spikegrass ForestSemi-natural Gulf Coast Small Stream Water Oak Forest1996-10-01GCUSASW 10-96A.S. WeakleyGD01-06-28*ȓd"CEGL004609CSCSA.1870VII.C.3.N.bBouteloua bThis alliance occurs around the eastern and central Great Lakes. The physiognomy is dominated by sedges and grasses with scattered shrubs, and sometimes trees, growing in thin soil over calcareous bedrock. Areas of exposed bedrock pavement are common. There are three mosaic patches that typically make up stands of this alliance. The dominant species in each are as follows: Mosaic Patch 1: ~Schizachyrium scoparium, Sporobolus heterolepis, Carex scirpoidea$, and ~Carex$ spp. Mosaic Patch 2: ~Eleocharis compressa, Andropogon gerardii, Muhlenbergia richardsonis$, and ~Spartina pectinata$. Windthrow is probably common in alvar because of the thin soils and proximity to major streams (which often funnel windstorms) and the Great Lakes. The thin soils are also droughty, giving the potential for tree-killing drought or ground fires. Thus, stands of this alliance are maintained as primarily herb-and-shrub-dominated communities. Flooding after spring snowmelt may also limit tree growth by creating anaerobic conditions for a few weeks. ^Alvar is found over calcareous bedrock (dolomite or limestone) of Middle and Late Ordovician and Early Silurian origin. Within these sites there are three mosaic patches: Mosaic Patch 1 in places where there is a soil layer of about 15 cm over bedrock and in areas where soil is present only in crevasses in bedrock; Mosaic Patch 2 in moist areas. The soils are mildly to moderately alkaline (pH 7.2-8.0) sandy loams or loamy sands less than 25 cm deep. Although saturated by water in the spring, they are very droughty in the summer. Lower areas can be more moist and therefore often develop loam.LVAL8)CEGL004626CSCSA.297I.B.2.N.dSalix nigra - Platanus occidentalis ForestBlack Willow - Sycamore ForestBlack Willow - Sycamore Montane BottomlaThis alliance is found from the western Great Lakes to the western United States. This description is based on the one community that occurs in the Midwest. Stands typically occur in depressions or around ponds or lakes, although they sometimes can be found adjacent to streams or rivers. The sites on which it develops are flooded for some time during the growing season in most years. ~Carex aquatilis$-dominated stands were found in the northern Great Plains on mostly mineral soils in fresh or slightly saline shallow marshes. The vegetation is dominated by graminoids approximately 0.4-0.7 m tall. ~Carex$ spp. predominate, especially ~Carex aquatilis$, and often include ~Carex rostrata, Carex lacustris$, and ~Carex stricta$. ~Eleocharis palustris, Polygonum amphibium, Scirpus$ spp., and ~Typha$ spp. may all be found in stands of this alliance. ~Scolochloa festucacea$ may be found in drier stands. Woody species are rare. If present, they are shrubs such as ~Salix$ spp.This alliance is found in the upper midwestern United States and most western states as well as several Canadian provinces. Stands usually occur on wet mineral soil, muck, or shallow peat (<0.5 m). Standing water (generally stagnant) is present in the spring and after heavy rains, but the water table is generally below the surface for most of the growing season. This permits the breakdown of dead organic matter and the release of nutrients. Where stands are found along stream courses or lake margins, water levels may be more constant relative to stands in depressions or basins. This vegetation is dominated by tall wider-leaved sedges, with a mixture of forbs. Typical dominants include ~Carex rostrata$ or ~Carex utriculata (= Carex rostrata var. utriculata)$, as well as ~Carex vesicaria$. Further study is needed to clarify the floristic characteristics of this alliance.MLVALR[EognCEGL004645CSCSA.351I.B.2.N.gNyssa biflora - Acer rubrum var. trilobum - Liriodendron tulipifera / Ilex coriacea - Lyonia lucida ForestSwamp Blackgum - Carolina Red Maple - Tuliptree / Big Gallberry - Shining Fetterbush ForestSandhills Swamp Blackgum Hillside Seepage Forest1997-01-01GCUSASW/MP 1-97, mod. MP/SL 3-99A.S. Weakley, M. Pyne, and S. LandaalG398-08-04G3rphfA%#!"CEGL004644CSCSA.330I.B.2.N.eQuercus phellos / Carex striata var. brevis ForestWillow Oak / Northern Peatland Sedge ForestDelmarva Upland Oak Pool1996-12-01GCUSGPF 12-96, mod. MP 11-00G.P. Fleming, mod. M. PyneG2?97-08-15G2׽Vegetation included in this alliance occurs in wet meadows in the Washington Cascades. It was described near Findley Lake at 1130 m elevation. Stands are found on the margins of lakes and in small depressions. Other information is not available. This vegetation includes subalpine wet meadows from the Cascade Mountains of Washington. Stands have a dense herbaceous layer (100% cover) by perennial graminoid ~Elymus hirsutus$ and the perennial forb ~Caltha leptosepala ssp. howellii$. Associates include ~Aconitum columbianum, Carex$ spp., ~Trisetum$ sp., ~Senecio triangularis, Sanguisorba canadensis (= Sanguisorba sitchensis), Dodecatheon jeffreyi$, and several others. Small differences in microtopography result in large variation in species composition.This alliance includes grasslands dominated by an introduced perennial sod grass native to Europe. Stands have been described from Montana, but the alliances is likely more widespread. ~Agrostis stolonifera$ has been widely planted for forage in North America and has invaded native communities from hay fields, especially more mesic areas such as riparian floodplains and seasonally flooded wetlands in the semi-arid western U.S.}LVAL ^ qCEGL004664CSCSA.1198V.A.5.N.aSchizachyrium scoparium - Sorghastrum nutans - Dalea candida - Liatris squarrosa - (Silphium terebinthinaceum) Black Belt Herbaceous VegetationLittle Bluestem - Yellow Indiangrass - White Prairie-clover - Scaly Blazingstar - (Prairie-dock) Black Belt Herbaceous VegetationBlack Belt Prairie1997-11-26GCUSRW/ARS 3-97R. Wieland and A. SchotzG197-02-28G1xv^SQOE3#CEGL004663CSCSA.228I.B.2.N.aFagus grandifolia - Quercus alba - Liriodendron tulipifera / Hydrangea arborescens / SchisandrThis tall grassland alliance is found on scattered low-elevation sites of the northern and western Great Plains, and in northern portions of the Intermountain West. Locations supporting this alliance are moist, poorly drained, often alkaline areas along ephemeral, intermittent or perennial streams, as well as swales, meadows, the margins of marshes and ponds and on moist sandy overflow channels and backwater areas of large rivers. Water tables are typically high, within 1 m of the surface, but the sites are not permanently flooded. Soils are fine-textured, and range from clays to silt-loam, and are usually slightly to moderately alkaline, but non-saline. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by a tall perennial graminoid layer that is dominated by ~Spartina gracilis$, sometimes forming pure stands. Other graminoids present, and occasionally codominant, include ~Schoenoplectus pungens (= Scirpus pungens), Juncus balticus$, and ~Pascopyrum smithii$. Forb species tend to be weedy, such as ~Grindelia squarrosa, Glycyrrhiza lepidota$, and ~Xanthium strumarium$. These forbs can be somewhat abundant in disturbed locations, but otherwise are found in small amounts. Diagnostic of this alliance is the ~Spartina gracilis$-dominated tall graminoid layer in a grassland that has a relatively shallow water table and is flooded for an extended period during the growing season.:LVALH$JCEGL004678CSCSA.291I.B.2.N.dQuercus laurifolia - Quercus michauxii - Liquidambar styraciflua / Carpinus caroliniana ForestDiamondleaf Oak - Swamp Chestnut Oak - Sweetgum / Ironwood ForestDiamondleaf Oak Atlantic Brownwater River Floodplain Terrace This alliance includes grasslands dominated by an introduced perennial sod grass native to Europe. Stands have been described from Montana and South Dakota, but the alliances is likely more widespread. Sites include more mesic areas such as riparian floodplains and seasonally flooded wetlands. Soils are alluvial.Plant associations included in this alliance are circumboreal and are common in alpine, wet meadows and wetland margin habitats. Stands are found in moist, low-gradient valley bottoms and along streams throughout the mountainous areas of the western U.S. Typically, communities occur in areas of abundant snowfall where snowmelt saturates soils from late spring through early summer. Communities occur in the alpine tundra in snowmelt basins and around the edges of alpine wetlands. At lower elevations, the communities are typically wetlands, requiring wet or moist soils throughout most of the growing season. Soils are variable. Fine-textured soils retain soil moisture longer in areas of seasonal drought, and coarse substrates allow aeration in areas with perennial high water tables. This vegetation is characterized by a moderately dense to dense herbaceous layer dominated by the perennial bunchgrass ~Deschampsia caespitosa$. Commonly associated graminoid species include ~Carex nebrascensis, Carex microptera, Carex aquatilis, Juncus balticus, Phleum alpinum, Danthonia intermedia$, and ~Agrostis scabra$. Common forbs include ~Geum rossii, Ligusticum tenuifolium, Polygonum bistortoides$, and ~Caltha leptosepala$. Diagnostic of this herbaceous alliance is the dominance or codominance of ~Deschampsia caespitosa$ and the presence of surface water for extended periods during the growing season.dLVALp_*dCEGL004708CSCSA.1905V.B.2.N.bImpatiens (capensis, pallida) - Heuchera villosa - (Saxifraga virginiensis, Cardamine diphylla) Herbaceous Vegetation(Orange Jewelweed, Yellow Jewelweed) - Rock Alumroot - (Early Saxifrage, Crinkleroot Toothwort) Herbaceous VegetationHighland Rim Limestone Cliff/Talus Seep1997-04-01GCUSMP 4-97M. PyneG300-12-21G3\ZRPIB@>4 #CEGL004707CSCSA.66I.A.5.N.aEucalyptus robusta ForestBeakpod Eucalyptus Forest1997-04-01GCUSASW 4-97A.S. WeakleyGW97-06-23*wuia_]SS:!CEGL004706CECSA.1703V.B.2.N.gPeltandra virginica - Pontederia cordata Tidal Herbaceous VegetationGreen Arrow-arum - Pickerelweed Tidal Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSASW 4-97 after Odum et al. 1984, mod. SLN 11-01A.S. Weakley 4-97 after Odum et al. (1984), mod. S.L. NeidG3G498-11-04G3'%߰g# CEGL004705CSCSA.1485V.A.5.N.nZizaniopsis miliacea Tidal Herbaceous VegetationSouthern Wild Rice Tidal HerbaceoThis montane alliance of central and southern California occurs primarily on north-facing slopes at elevations between 275 and 2400 m. Slopes can be moderate to steep. Annual precipitation varies with elevation, ranging from 70-100 cm, with a distinct summer dry season. Precipitation is episodic, and droughts of several years duration are not uncommon. Soils that support this alliance are rocky and derived from schists or sandstones. These soils are skeletal and well-drained. Stands of this forest alliance are dominated by ~Pseudotsuga macrocarpa$. Other trees present may include ~Quercus kelloggii, Quercus chrysolepis, Calocedrus decurrens, Pinus coulteri, Pinus ponderosa, Pinus monophylla, Pinus lambertiana$, and ~Abies concolor$. On flat sites the canopy tends to be continuous; on steeper sites the canopy is more intermittent. There is no subcanopy, and the shrub and herbaceous layers are sparse.LVALf CEGL004720CSCSA.324I.B.2.N.eNyssa biflora / Ilex myrtifolia / Carex glaucescens - Eriocaulon compressum ForestSwamp Blackgum / Myrtle Dahoon / Southern Waxy Sedge - Soft-head Pipewort ForestEast Gulf Coastal Plain Blackgum Dome Swamp1997-04-01GCUSASW 4-97A.S. WeakleyG2G397-06Stands included in this seasonally flooded grassland alliance are found in eastern Oregon's Columbia Basin and northwestern Nevada. The elevational range is from 1900-2400 m. Stands are found in flat, poorly drained floodplains and internally drained basins or historic lake basins (playas). Soils are moderately deep to deep, alkaline loams or clay loams. They are typically flooded in the spring and have a shallow water table that may drop below 1 m by the early summer. Upper soil horizons may be well-drained. Parent material is alluvium that may be derived from volcanic ash, rhyolite or basalt. Stands have moderately dense cover of perennial bunch grasses that are typically less than 0.5 m tall, but may extend up to 1 m. ~Poa secunda$ dominates or codominates the stands with ~Puccinellia lemmonii$ or ~Elymus elymoides$. Other consistent graminoids may include ~Carex microptera, Hordeum brachyantherum, Muhlenbergia richardsonis, Juncus balticus, Juncus ensifolius$, and ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$. Forbs commonly found include the perennials ~Achillea millefolium, Arnica longifolia, Iris missouriensis, Stellaria longipes$, and the annuals ~Montia linearis$ and ~Trifolium cyathiferum$. The deciduous, succulent-leaved shrub ~Sarcobatus vermiculatus$ may occasionally occur in some stands and is typically 1-3 m tall. Estimates of plant species cover were not available. Adjacent vegetation may include fresh or saline wetlands dominated by species of ~Carex$ or ~Juncus$. Uplands are typically shrublands dominated by ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana$.FLVALR]@ CEGL004735CSCSA.328I.B.2.N.eQuercus lyrata - Quercus laurifolia - Taxodium distichum / Saururus cernuus ForestOvercup Oak - Diamondleaf Oak - Bald-cypress / Lizard's-tail ForestOvercup Oak - Diamondleaf Oak - Bald-cypress Blackwater Bottomland Forest1997-06-01GCUSMPS Vegetation in this seasonally flooded, temperate or subpolar grassland alliance occurs in mountainous regions adjacent to streams on alluvial terraces, old beaver ponds, and seeps. Elevations range from 1920-2900 m. The communities occur on gentle slopes; however, some stands in Utah are located on subirrigated sites with slopes greater than 5%. Soils are mineral with little development, and range from sands to silts and clays, although clayey surface horizons are common. Stands with sandy soils are typically subirrigated. Thin organic surface horizons may exist in stands near seeps. Water tables generally remain within the rooting zone throughout the growing season, but may be more than 1 m below the surface on drier sites. ~Carex microptera$ is the dominant graminoid. ~Carex utriculata$ and ~Carex aquatilis$ are often present on wetter sites. Other graminoids present include ~Carex praegracilis, Carex pellita (= Carex lanuginosa)$, and ~Juncus hallii$. On drier sites, ~Deschampsia caespitosa$ and ~Phleum alpinum$ are present and may codominate. Common forb species include ~Symphyotrichum foliaceum (= Aster foliaceus), Fragaria virginiana$, and ~Geum macrophyllum$. ~Salix wolfii$ is common in the short-shrub layer, but generally has a sparse cover. Adjacent riparian communities are ~Carex aquatilis, Carex utriculata$, and ~Salix wolfii$. Drier, upland communities typically are dominated by ~Deschampsia caespitosa$ or mesic forbs.LVAL&pCEGL004748CSCSA.1376V.A.5.N.kEleocharis microcarpa - Juncus repens - Rhynchospora corniculata - (Mecardonia acuminata, Proserpinaca spp.) Herbaceous VegetationSmall-fruit Spikerush - Creeping Rush - Short-bristle Horned Beaksedge - (Axil-flower, Mermaid-weed species) Herbaceous VegeStands included in this alliance have been described from montane wetlands in forests on the west side of the Cascade Mountains in Oregon. Elevations range from 850-1590 m within a maritime climate. This vegetation is found in glacial cirques and valleys, often along streams, below seeps, and especially on the edge of beaver ponds. Substrates are moderately deep (50-90 cm), silt or silty clay loam textured soils with a deep organic horizon (20-50 cm). Parent materials are alluvium or volcanic pumice deposits. These wetlands have a high water table and are seasonally flooded during much of the growing season. Vegetation included in this alliance has a dense herbaceous layer dominated by the perennial graminoid ~Carex aquatilis var. dives$ (50% cover) with ~Carex vesicaria$ often codominating. Many other wet-site graminoids occur, such as ~Scirpus microcarpus, Agrostis humilis (= Agrostis thurberiana), Calamagrostis canadensis, Glyceria grandis$, and 13 other species of ~Carex$. The most common forbs are ~Mimulus alsinoides, Hypericum scouleri (= Hypericum formosum)$, and ~Pedicularis groenlandica$. Other associated forbs may include ~Caltha leptosepala ssp. howellii (= Caltha biflora), Hypericum anagalloides, Cicuta douglasii$, and the ferns ~Athyrium filix-femina$ and ~Dryopteris campyloptera (= Dryopteris austriaca)$. Scattered deciduous and evergreen shrubs may also be present, such as ~Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra (= Salix lasiandra), Spiraea douglasii$, and ~Vaccinium uliginosum$. Adjacent stands include montane forests and riparian communities.gLVALsiZ"mCEGL004764CSCSA.83I.A.5.N.fRhizophora mangle Fringe ForestRed Mangrove Fringe ForestMangrove Fringe Forest1997-08-01GCUSASW 8-97A.S. WeakleyG3G597-09-12G4~|zpZ@!CEGL004763CSCSA.404I.C.3.N.aPinus taeda - Quercus falcata - Quercus alba / Ostrya virginiana / Chasmanthium sessiliflorum ForestLoblolly Pine - Southern Red Oak - White Oak / Eastern Hop-hornbeam / Longleaf Spikegrass Forest1997-08-01GCUSMP/SL 8-97M. Pyne and S. LandaalG4G597-09-15G4" " CEGL004761CECSA.394I.C.3.N.aPinus echinata - Quercus (alba, falcata, stellata, velutina) ForestShortleaf Pine - (White Oak, Southern Red Oak, Post Oak, Black Oak) ForestAllegheny Ohio Shortleaf Pine - Mesic Oak Forest1997-11-26OCUSG?97-09-01G?߯e"CEGLVegetation types within these seasonally flooded, temperate or subpolar grasslands are found in peat bogs, marshes, and wet meadows from near sea level in the Pacific Northwest to moderately high (3200 m) elevations in the Rocky Mountains. Types occur in moderately broad valley bottoms in wet meadows or fens. Soils are mineral with accumulations of well-decomposed organic matter throughout the upper soil horizon. Wet stands may have accumulations of organic matter 20-35 cm thick overlying clayey mineral soils, resulting in a perched water table. Occurrences are widespread but uncommon. Vegetation types within this alliance are dominated by ~Carex buxbaumii$ with greater than 25% cover in the graminoid stratum. ~Carex aquatilis, Carex saxatilis$, and ~Carex utriculata$ are present and occasionally codominant. ~Deschampsia caespitosa, Caltha leptosepala, Pedicularis groenlandica$, and ~Ligusticum tenuifolium$ are among the common associates typically present in minor cover. Adjacent wetlands are often dominated by sedges such as ~Carex utriculata$ and ~Carex aquatilis$. Adjacent upland communities are ~Pinus contorta$ or ~Picea engelmannii$ forests.LVAL(-2CEGL004779CSCSA.1823VI.A.1.N.cPallavicinia lyellii - Sphagnum sp. Nonvascular VegetationPallavicinia - Peatmoss species Nonvascular VegetationMossy Coastal Plain Streamwall Vegetation1997-09-01GCUSMP 9-97M. PyneG4?01-09-19G4ǽ^$ CEGL004778CSCSA.328I.B.2.N.eQuercus lyrata - Quercus palustris / Acer rubrum var. drummondii / Itea virginica - Cornus foemina - (Lindera melissifolia) ForestOvercup Oak - Pin Oak / Swamp Red Maple / Virginia-willow - Stiff Dogwood - (Pondberry) ForestMixed Oak - Hardwood Sand Pond Forest1997-10-01GCUSMP/DZ 10-97D. Zollner and T. Foti, mod. M. PyneG2?01-01-08G2qogd@531'"CEGL004775CSCSA.238I.B.2.N.aQuercus alba - QVegetation types within this seasonally flooded grassland alliance occur in wet meadows, basins, and sometimes shallow standing water. They are found from the plains (<300 m) and lowlands (1050 m) to moderate (2700 m) elevations in the mountains in low-gradient, trough-shaped, moderately wide valleys with gentle to moderately steep sideslopes. Stands occur in depressions and swales at the saturated edge of stream channels or in standing water. Sites are poorly drained, often flooded during spring runoff, and water levels normally remain in the rooting zone throughout the growing season. Soils are variable, but most commonly mineral with large amounts of organic matter or, more rarely, with thick accumulations of partially decomposed sedges. Streambanks have alluvial soils composed of sand, silt, and clay deposits. This alliance is often characterized by a nearly monotypic cover of 40-90% ~Carex pellita (= Carex lanuginosa)$. Other graminoid cover is minor, but includes ~Carex microptera, Phalaris arundinacea, Calamagrostis stricta, Carex nebrascensis, Juncus balticus, Scirpus microcarpus, Schoenoplectus acutus (= Scirpus acutus)$, and ~Schoenoplectus pungens (= Scirpus pungens)$. Scattered forbs include ~Geum macrophyllum, Mentha arvensis, Prunella vulgaris$, and ~Potentilla gracilis$.LVAL+QCEGL004790CSCSA.578II.A.4.N.fPinus palustris - Pinus elliottii var. elliottii / Ctenium aromaticum - Aristida beyrichiana - (Sporobolus floridanus) WoodlandLongleaf Pine - Slash Pine / Toothache Grass - Southern Wiregrass - (Florida Dropseed) Woodland1997-10-01GCUSKT/CK 10-97K. Tassin and C. KindellG1G297-10-10G1@>62 #CEGL004789CSCSA.806III.A.2.N.lMorella cerifera - Toxicodendron radicans / Spartina bakeri ShrublandWax-myrtle - Poison-ivy / SVegetation types within this seasonally flooded, temperate or subpolar grassland alliance are associated with meadows, basins, glacial kettle ponds, and lake margins. Elevations range from 1380 m in Oregon to 2900 m in Utah. Sites are anaerobically favorable to the buildup of deep organic soils. Soils are usually Histosols with thick accumulations of partially decomposed sedges. Soil texture is predominantly loamy. Types occur on poorly drained organic mats. Sites are often flooded into the growing season with water tables remaining within the root zone. ~Carex lasiocarpa$ typically is the only dominant graminoid with up to 98% cover. ~Carex utriculata, Carex aquatilis$, and ~Carex canescens$ are occasionally present on slightly raised microsites. The forb layer in the Montana stands have up to 40% cover. Species include ~Symphyotrichum spathulatum (= Aster occidentalis), Argentina anserina (= Potentilla anserina)$, and ~Comarum palustre (= Potentilla palustris)$. ~Equisetum arvense$ characterizes the fern layer (0-40% cover) in the Montana sites. Adjacent wetter communities are dominated by either ~Carex utriculata$ or ~Carex aquatilis$. Drier communities are dominated by ~Deschampsia caespitosa$ or ~Artemisia cana$.;LVALG9O2CEGL004852CLACDA.700III.A.1.N.aEugenia borinquensis - Tabebuia rigida - Marcgravia sintenisii ShrublandGuayabota de Sierra - Roble de Sierra - Pegapalma Shrubland1997-11-26GCG197-12-01G1m%CEGL004851CLACDA.698III.A.1.N.aDalbergia ecastaphyllum Shrubland [Provisional]Coin-vine Shrubland1997-11-26OCG?97-12-01G?}ussssqggT%CEGL004850CLACDA.697III.A.1.N.aCroton lucidus Shrubland [Provisional]Firebush Shrubland1997-11-26OCG?97-12-01G?uskiiiig]]K%CEGL004849CLACDA.696III.A.1.N.aColubrina spp. Shrubland [Provisional]Nakedwood species Shrubland1997-11-26OCG?97-12-01G?~|trrrrpffK%This alliance is reported from Montana, California, and Utah, but may occur elsewhere because the dominant species is circumboreal. Elevation ranges from sea level in coastal stands to 3235 m in the Uinta Mountains. Most stands are associated with pond and lake margins, and the vegetation typically develops floating or quaking mats. In some sites, the vegetation may occur on low-gradient inflows or outflows of ponds or lakes. California types are associated with springs and seeps. Soils are wet, organic and deep, often forming peat. The vegetation is characterized by a dense graminoid stratum that is dominated by ~Carex limosa$ with up to 90% cover. Associated graminoids include ~Carex aquatilis, Carex buxbaumii, Carex lasiocarpa, Carex livida, Carex utriculata, Eriophorum scheuchzeri$, and ~Trichophorum caespitosum (= Scirpus cespitosus)$. Forb cover is sparse, ranging from 0-30%. Species include ~Drosera linearis, Menyanthes trifoliata, Pedicularis groenlandica$, and ~Scheuchzeria palustris$. A dense layer of ~Sphagnum$ spp. may occur in some stands. Diagnostic of this herbaceous alliance is a ~Carex limosa$-dominated wetland that is flooded for extended periods during the growing season.LVAL xcL CEGL004889CLACDA.1152V.A.1.N.cSporobolus indicus Herbaceous VegetationSmut Grass Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCGW96-09-08*zxxxxvllL$ CEGL004888CLACDA.1149V.A.1.N.cAndropogon gracilis Herbaceous Vegetation [Provisional]Wire Bluestem Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26OCG?97-12-01G?~~[$CEGL004885CLACDA.1Vegetation types within this seasonally flooded, temperate or subpolar grassland alliance occur on saturated soils of flat floodplains bordering ponds or pools adjacent to stream channels. Stands also occur on flat marshy areas surrounding springs or wet meadows. Elevations range from sea level in California to 2400 m in Colorado. The alluvial soils are heavy clays and silty clay loams with high organic matter content. Soils are alkaline in some sites. Anoxic conditions often occur within 20 cm of the surface either in the form of a gleyed layer or abundant mottling. Soils often remain saturated throughout the summer, but water tables occasionally drop below 1 m of the soil surface by the end of the growing season. This alliance is dominated by 30-98% cover of ~Carex nebrascensis$. ~Carex nebrascensis$ typically occurs on sites where water flows over the surface but does not pond. Other graminoids include ~Eleocharis palustris, Carex praegracilis, Catabrosa aquatica, Calamagrostis stricta, Triglochin maritima$, and ~Schoenoplectus pungens (= Scirpus pungens)$. Forb cover is generally low. Adjacent riparian vegetation includes ~Populus angustifolia$ and ~Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (= Populus trichocarpa)$ forests, ~Salix exigua, Salix lucida$, and ~Salix boothii$ shrublands, and ~Carex praegracilis, Carex utriculata$, and ~Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani$? (= ~Scirpus lacustris$) meadows. ~Pinus edulis - Juniperus$ spp. and ~Quercus gambelii$ woodlands, ~Sarcobatus vermiculatus$ and ~Artemisia tridentata$ shrublands, and ~Bouteloua gracilis$ shortgrass prairies occur on adjacent hillslopes.=LVALI CEGL004915CSCSA.1210V.A.5.N.cBothriochloa ischaemum var. songarica Herbaceous VegetationKing Ranch Beardgrass Herbaceous Vegetation1997-10-01GCUSBH 10-97B. HoaglandGW97-10-14*^#CEGL004914CSCSA.336I.B.2.N.eTaxodium ascendens / Magnolia virginiana / Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense ForestPond-cypress / Sweetbay / Sawgrass ForestGulf Coast Pond-cypress Dune Swale1997-10-01GCUSBAS 10-97B. SorrieG101-01-31G1ɿt"CEGL004913CSCSA.1225V.A.5.N.cSchizachyrium scoparium - Lechea tenuifolia - Acalypha radians Herbaceous VegetatiVegetation types within this seasonally flooded, temperate or subpolar grassland alliance occur on meadows, streambanks, and depressions in subalpine and alpine areas. Elevations range from 1750-2150 m in the Cascade Range, and from 3210-3540 m in Colorado. Sites typically are small depressions located below late-melting snowpatches on eastern slopes. Habitats are mostly southeast-facing and gently inclined (0-22%), 3-4 months snow-free, and well-stabilized. Soils are poorly drained with some peaty soil development. Soil pH levels range from 4.2-5.1. ~Carex nigricans$ forms a low, dominant mat with high average cover and frequency. Other prominent species in the Washington stands are ~Luetkea pectinata$ and ~Vahlodea atropurpurea (= Deschampsia atropurpurea)$. ~Polytrichum lyallii (= Polytrichadelphus lyallii), Pseudoleskea radicosa (= Lescuraea radicosa)$, and the lichen ~Lepraria neglecta$ are important cryptograms in the Washington stands. ~Phleum alpinum$ is a codominant in Colorado. Other constants are ~Deschampsia caespitosa$ and ~Juncus drummondii$. The moss layer in the Colorado stands is poorly developed. ~Carex nigricans$ is likely to form pure stands next to melting snowdrifts.LVAL(Kyr{CEGL004938CSCSA.625II.B.2.N.aQuercus marilandica / Schizachyrium scoparium WoodlandBlackjack Oak / Little Bluestem WoodlandOklahoma Blackjack Oak / Little Bluestem Woodland1997-11-26GCUSBH 11-97B. HoaglandG3G4Q02-09-03G3Y#CEGL004937CSCSA.477II.A.2.N.aQuercus fusiformis - (Quercus stellata) / Schizachyrium scoparium Granite WoodlandPlateau Live Oak - (Post Oak) / Little Bluestem Granite Woodland1997-11-01GCUSBH/ASW 11-97B. Hoagland and A.S. WeakleyG2?97-11-04G2u#CEGL004935CSCSA.383I.C.3.N.aQuercus stellata - Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana ForestPost OaVegetation types within this seasonally flooded, temperate or subpolar grassland alliance occur in wet meadows and moist swales and adjacent to seeps, springs, and stream channels in the mountains and shortgrass prairie. Elevations range from 1300-2400 m. Sites range from wet meadows that are often alkaline to peat-accumulating fens. The majority of the sites are relatively flat (1-4% slope). Soils are variable. Some sites have fairly deep soils that range from heavy clays to sandy clay loams with mottling. Sites near seeps or springs have peaty soils, up to 60 cm deep. Surface water is typically present for extended periods well into the growing season. The water table is usually near the soil surface. ~Carex praegracilis$ dominates the graminoid stratum with up to 100% cover. Stands on drier sites form narrow bands with 25-30% cover. Other graminoid species include ~Calamagrostis stricta, Carex aquatilis, Carex simulata, Carex utriculata, Deschampsia caespitosa, Eleocharis palustris$, and ~Juncus balticus$. The forb stratum is present with up to 30% cover; species include ~Cicuta douglasii$ and ~Senecio hydrophilus$. Adjacent vegetation includes patches of ~Carex nebrascensis$ and ~Pascopyrum smithii (= Agropyron smithii)$ on the prairie and ~Salix$ spp. shrublands in the mountains.LVALZCEGL004971CSCSA.1274V.A.5.N.eSpartina patens - This alliance is found in the Great Lakes region and northeastern United States and southern Canada. The canopy is closed and dominated by ~Thuja occidentalis$ with a mix of other coniferous and deciduous trees. The associated trees vary across the range of this alliance. In the East, ~Acer saccharum, Betula alleghaniensis, Fraxinus americana, Pinus resinosa$ (in the eastern parts of this alliance's range), ~Quercus muehlenbergii, Quercus rubra$, and ~Tsuga canadensis$ are common associates, while in the northern states and Canada ~Abies balsamea, Betula papyrifera, Pinus strobus$ (also in the East), and ~Populus tremuloides$ can be abundant. The understory is sparse in eastern stands of this alliance but often diverse with a prominent tall-shrub/sapling layer and abundant herbaceous ground layer species in the western Great Lakes states. The tall-shrub/sapling layer contains species such as saplings of ~Thuja occidentalis$ and ~Abies balsamea$ (in the North) and the shrubs ~Acer spicatum, Corylus cornuta, Lonicera canadensis, Rubus pubescens$, and ~Sorbus decora$. The ground layer is diverse on mesic stands and less so on steep, drier stands. Typical species in the North include ~Aralia nudicaulis, Eurybia macrophylla (= Aster macrophyllus), Clintonia borealis, Cornus canadensis, Galium triflorum, Maianthemum canadense, Mitella nuda$, and ~Trientalis borealis$. In the East the sedge ~Carex eburnea$ and the ferns ~Polypodium virginianum, Cypripedium arietinum, Dryopteris intermedia$, and ~Cystopteris bulbifera$ characterize the understory. ^Communities in this alliance are found on gentle wet-mesic slopes to very steep well-drained slopes. The predominant aspect is north to northeast. Soils are fine-textured, calcareous, moderately deep to deep (50-100 cm), and often contain boulders at the surface.BLVALNQLPypQ55U5E%%u S$zQM\PypQEe%e%ee%07$zQNPypQ%e%eee%u`a$zQOQypQeu%eueu%`u$zQPXQypQE5eeeuue`w$zQQQypQeue%uueU@r$zQRRypQeu%e%ueuThis alliance has been described from wet meadows, streambanks, and lakeshores in the mountains of Oregon, Nevada, Colorado and Montana, and likely occurs in similar habitats throughout the western U.S. Stands also occur in wet areas in alpine tundra. Soils are generally poorly drained. Saturated soils retard plant decomposition and favor organic matter accumulation. Flooding during spring runoff is common, and water tables remain within the root zone throughout the summer. Vegetation within this alliance is characterized by an herbaceous layer dominated or codominated by ~Carex scopulorum$. Many other graminoids may be present to common including ~Agrostis humilis (= Agrostis thurberiana), Alopecurus alpinus, Carex phaeocephala, Carex jonesii, Carex illota, Carex nigricans, Deschampsia caespitosa$, and ~Eleocharis quinqueflora (= Eleocharis pauciflora)$. Forb cover may codominate the herbaceous layer. Characteristic species include ~Caltha leptosepala, Mimulus primuloides, Ligusticum filicinum, Saxifraga odontoloma, Oreostemma alpigenum (= Aster alpigenus), Parnassia fimbriata, Dodecatheon jeffreyi, Pedicularis groenlandica$, and ~Equisetum arvense$. Scattered shrubs are occasionally present, such as ~Salix commutata, Salix planifolia$, and ~Kalmia microphylla$. Diagnostic of this herbaceous alliance is the dominance or codominance of ~Carex scopulorum$ and the presence of surface water for extended periods during the growing season.LVAL CEGL004989CSCSA.1621V.B.2.N.bSaxifraga michauxii - Cheilanthes lanosa - Hylotelephium telephioides Herbaceous VegetationCliff Saxifrage - Hairy Lipfern - Appalachian Live-forever Herbaceous VegetationLow-Elevation Rocky Summit (Basic Type)1998-04-07GCUSMPS/KPM.P. SchafaleG198-04-30G1"  ~# CEGL004988CSCSA.1834VII.A.1.N.aCystopteris bulbifera / Dumortiera hirsuta Sinkhole Wall Sparse VegetationBulblet Bladderfern / Dumortiera Sinkhole Wall Sparse VegetationSouthern Appalachian Limestone Sinkhole1998-01-10GCUVegetation types within this seasonally flooded, temperate or subpolar grassland alliance occur in marshes, muddy shores, and other wet places from the lowlands to high elevations in the western United States (specific information on elevation range is not available). Types typically occur in wet basins, exposed pond bottoms, or concave areas in meadows. Sites have water during the first third of the growing season but eventually dry out. Widely fluctuating water tables are typical. Soils are often fine-textured mineral soils. Texture ranges from silt loam to sandy clay loam with thick, dark soil profiles. Soil pH is strongly acidic, 5.4. ~Eleocharis acicularis$, an obligate wetland plant, dominates the graminoid stratum with dense tufts. Percent cover ranges from 25-99%. ~Muhlenbergia filiformis$ and ~Equisetum fluviatile$ can occur occasionally in the graminoid layer. The forb layer can include ~Trifolium longipes$ and ~Sagittaria cuneata$. This plant association's species diversity is normally low. Adjacent drier communities are typically ~Deschampsia caespitosa$ or ~Poa palustris$ grasslands.nLVALza"CEGL005004CMCSA.216I.B.2.N.aAcer saccharum - Fagus grandifolia - Betula spp. / Maianthemum canadense ForestSugar Maple - American Beech - Birch species / Wild Lily-of-the-Valley ForestBeech - Maple - Northern Hardwoods This herbaceous wetland alliance occurs in shallow, mostly still water throughout the much of the western United States and central Great Plains, from sea level to alpine. Stands occur on a variety of landforms including lake margins, stream terraces, floodplains, gravel bars, and wet basins (cienegas). Sites are flat to gently sloping on any aspect. Soils and parent materials are variable, but often highly organic and derived from alluvium. Surface water is typically present for an extended period during the growing season, and the high water table remains high most of the year. The vegetation is characterized by a sparse to dense herbaceous layer that is dominated or codominated by ~Eleocharis palustris$, a facultative wetland species. Because of the variety of habitats where this alliance occurs, associated species are diverse. Characteristic associates include several species of ~Carex, Juncus$, and ~Scirpus$, most notably ~Carex praegracilis$ and ~Juncus balticus$. Other important graminoids are ~Phalaris arundinacea (= Phalaroides arundinacea), Spartina pectinata, Panicum virgatum, Deschampsia caespitosa, Distichlis spicata$, and ~Muhlenbergia asperifolia$. Forb cover is also variable, and may include ~Sparganium angustifolium, Lemna$ spp., ~Potamogeton$ spp., ~Berula erecta, Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum, Pedicularis groenlandica, Rhodiola integrifolia, Caltha leptosepala, Mentha arvensis, Rumex crispus, Iris missouriensis$, and ~Ranunculus cymbalaria$. Diagnostic of this herbaceous wetland alliance is the dominance or codominance of ~Eleocharis palustris$ and the presence of surface water for extended periods during the growing season.LVAL": CEGL005029CMCSA.612II.B.2.N.aQuercus velutina - (Quercus ellipsoidalis) - Quercus alba / Deschampsia flexuosa WoodlandBlack Oak - (Northern Pin Oak) - White Oak / Wavy Hairgrass WoodlandBlack Oak - Northern Pin Oak / Common Hairgrass Woodland1997-11-26GCUSDFLD. Faber-LangendoenG?96-10-03G?(& |# $CEGL005023CMCSA.248I.B.2.N.aQuercus prinus - Quercus (alba, coccinea, velutina) / Viburnum acerifolium - (Kalmia latifolia) ForestRock Chestnut Oak - (White Oak, Scarlet Oak, Black Oak) / Mapleleaf Viburnum - (Mountain Laurel) ForestAppalachian Oak - (Chestnut) Forest1997-11-26GCUSDFL, mod. MP/SM 10-02D. Faber-Langendoen, mod. S. MenardG4?01-02-01G4ec[X5 "$CEGL005022CMCSA.248I.B.2.N.aQuercus prinus / Smilax spp. ForestRock Chestnut Oak / Greenbrier species FThis alliance forms uniform peatland communities and is found from the plains to upper subalpine and lower alpine in the western U.S. Sites can occur in wet basins, stream terraces, ponds, cirque basins, and marshy meadows associated with seeps. Soils are always organic and wet or saturated throughout the summer. The vegetation is characterized by a moderately dense to dense herbaceous layer that is dominated by ~Eleocharis quinqueflora$. Common codominants are ~Carex scopulorum$ or ~Carex aquatilis$. Other graminoids can include ~Carex buxbaumii, Carex utriculata, Deschampsia caespitosa$, and ~Eleocharis rostellata$. Forb cover is low, but can include ~Caltha leptosepala, Pedicularis groenlandica, Oreostemma alpigenum (= Aster alpigenus), Dodecatheon alpinum$, and~Polygonum bistortoides$. Diagnostic of this herbaceous wetland alliance is the dominance or codominance of ~Eleocharis quinqueflora$ and the presence of surface water for extended periods during the growing season.DLVALPkCEGL005052CMCSA.603II.B.2.N.aBetula papyrifera Cliff Rim WoodlandPaper Birch Cliff Rim WoodlandPaper Birch Cliff Rim Woodland1997-11-26GCCALee et al. 1998/DFLLee et al. (1998) and D. Faber-LangendoenG?94-12-15G?ͤeG#CEGL005050CMCSA.544II.A.4.N.bThuja occidentalis Limestone Bedrock WoodlandNorthern White-cedar Limestone Bedrock WoodlandWhite-cedar Limestone Bedrock Woodland1997-11-26GCUSDFLD. Faber-LangendoenG2G402-1Vegetation types within this alliance range from upper montane to the alpine belts in the mountains. Elevation ranges from 2300-3600 m. Occurrences are restricted to flooded marsh or lake margins, swamps, wet meadows, around frost boils and on hummocks. The sites are typically flat or slightly inclined, mesic to saturated, snow-covered in winter, and cool to cold in the summer. Surface water is present for extended periods during the growing season, but is absent by the end of the growing season in most years. Soils from stands in Colorado are loess, with accumulations of organic matter. The average pH of the surface horizon is 5.2. The pH increases with depth; clay and organic matter, moisture retention capacity and available water decrease sharply with depth. Vegetation types within this alliance are classified as seasonally flooded subpolar grasslands. They are dominated by ~Carex lachenalii (= Carex bipartita), Carex capillaris$, and ~Carex illota$ with at least 60% cover. Other graminoids can include ~Juncus biglumis, Juncus triglumis$, and ~Carex misandra$. The forb stratum, when present, is dominated by ~Polygonum viviparum$. Other forbs can include ~Geum rossii (= Acomastylis rossii), Lloydia serotina$, and ~Gentiana algida$. The moss layer can be equally important in some stands in Colorado. Species include ~Cladonia pyxidata, Paraleucobryum enerve$, and ~Tortella arctica$. Information on adjacent vegetation is unavailable.LVALI "E#CEGL005072CMCSA.897III.B.2.N.aCorylus americana - Salix humilis / Schizachyrium scoparium ShrublandAmerican Hazelnut - Prairie Willow / Little Bluestem ShrublandHazelnut Sand Barrens1997-11-26GCUSDFLJ. Steffen et al. (199This alliance includes Coastal Plain depression meadows, dominated by ~Carex striata (= Carex walteriana)$. Associations include vegetation on the outer margins of Coastal Plain pondshores in New York and Delaware or in localized swales in the New Jersey pine barrens. Substrate is typically composed of sand and gravel, but some community types may occur on organic muck. ~Carex striata$ usually occurs in dense stands with few other associates, which may include seedlings of ~Cephalanthus occidentalis$ and ~Acer rubrum$, as well as ~Cladium mariscoides, Rhexia virginica$, and ~Panicum hemitomon$. ~Sphagnum$ is often abundant. Tyndall et al. (1990) describe ~Carex striata$ communities from Maryland. This alliance is also known from depression meadows in North Carolina and South Carolina, and is assumed to occur in Virginia. A Florida association is found in seasonally flooded peat depressions.Vegetation types included in this alliance have been described from montane wetlands in the Snoqualmie River and Skykomish River drainages in northwestern Washington. The climate is maritime and elevations range from 840-1235 m. Stands occupy the edges of lakes and ponds and wetlands with some open water. Sites are flat and are seasonally flooded. The dense herbaceous layer is dominated by the perennial graminoid ~Carex interior$ (50% cover) with many other wet-site graminoids, such as ~Carex vesicaria, Carex nigricans, Carex lenticularis$, and ~Calamagrostis canadensis$. The associated forb cover is relatively sparse and is composed of mesic species such as ~Caltha leptosepala ssp. howellii (= Caltha biflora), Dodecatheon jeffreyi, Hypericum anagalloides$, and ~Triantha glutinosa (= Tofieldia glutinosa)$. Adjacent stands include montane forests and riparian communities.@LVALNzdThis alliance includes the vegetation of deeper Coastal Plain depressional wetlands, typically dominated by aquatic ~Eleocharis$ spp., such as ~Eleocharis elongata, Eleocharis equisetoides$, and ~Eleocharis cellulosa$. ~Rhynchospora tracyi$ may also be present. The depressions can be of various geomorphic origins, including limesinks and interdune swales.This alliance encompasses rush-dominated vegetation of small, interdunal, very shallow, seasonally flooded basins. The 'dune swales' of the related ~~Vaccinium macrocarpon$ Saturated Dwarf-shrubland Alliance (A.1094)$$ (Sneddon et al. 1994) share some species with this alliance, such as ~Lycopodiella appressa, Utricularia subulata$, and ~Drosera intermedia$. However, sedges and rushes rather than ~Vaccinium macrocarpon$ are more characteristic of the ~~Juncus dichotomus$ Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance (A.1427)$$. Associates include ~Andropogon virginicus, Juncus dichotomus, Juncus canadensis, Juncus biflorus, Juncus scirpoides, Drosera intermedia, Fimbristylis autumnalis, Linum medium, Schoenoplectus pungens (= Scirpus pungens)$, and ~Solidago sempervirens$. Soils are characterized by a shallow organic layer overlying sands. The water table is generally high (from 10-50 cm from the surface). This alliance occurs in close association, and often as part of a finely textured mosaic, with the III.A.2.N.i ~~Morella cerifera$ Saturated Shrubland Alliance (A.1906)$$ and the ~~Morella (cerifera, pensylvanica) - Vaccinium formosum$ Seasonally Flooded Shrubland Alliance (A.1010)$$ (which is not known from south of Maryland). Further data analysis will be required to establish the status and range of this alliance with greater confidence.LVAL This alliance is found in the Great Lakes area, the southern Appalachians, and the Coastal Plain of Maryland. The overstory is strongly dominated by ~Tsuga canadensis$, typically around 20 m tall in Canada. ~Betula alleghaniensis$ is often present in the canopy and subcanopy. Other species that may be present in small amounts in the Great Lakes region include ~Abies balsamea, Acer rubrum, Acer saccharum, Pinus strobus, Tilia americana$, and ~Thuja occidentalis$. ~Abies balsamea$ and ~Thuja occidentalis$ can be common as saplings, especially in canopy gaps. Shrubs are rare and herbaceous species only moderately abundant under the canopy in ~Tsuga canadensis$-dominated forests. Where gaps occur in the canopy, however, ~Acer spicatum, Amelanchier$ spp., ~Gaultheria procumbens$, and ~Rubus idaeus$ may be moderately abundant. Herbaceous species found in stands of this alliance include ~Coptis trifolia, Cornus canadensis, Dicranum$ spp., ~Maianthemum canadense$, and ~Pteridium aquilinum$. In the Southern Blue Ridge, common canopy/subcanopy associates include ~Liriodendron tulipifera, Tilia americana var. heterophylla, Pinus strobus, Betula alleghaniensis, Betula lenta, Magnolia fraseri, Acer rubrum, Halesia tetraptera$, and ~Fraxinus americana$. The density and composition of shrub and herbaceous strata vary with geography and habitat. In the south, shrub strata are often dense and dominated by a single species, such as ~Rhododendron maximum$ or ~Leucothoe fontanesiana$, but other typical shrub species include ~Ilex opaca, Clethra acuminata, Hydrangea arborescens$, and ~Kalmia latifolia$. In some forests shrubs are sparse or absent and herbs diversity is low. Characteristic herbaceous species in Appalachian ~Tsuga$ forests include ~Chimaphila maculata, Actaea racemosa (= Cimicifuga racemosa), Dennstaedtia punctilobula, Dryopteris intermedia, Galax urceolata, Goodyera pubescens, Hexastylis shuttleworthii, Medeola virginiana, Mitchella repens, Polystichum acrostichoides, Thalictrum clavatum, Thelypteris n QEq j?$ &A.1399CMidwestV.A.5.N.kLEERSIA ORYZOIDES - GLYCERIA STRIATA SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCERice Cutgrass - Fowl Mannagrass Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous AllianceYMCSg   %A.1398CEastV.A.5.N.kDULICHIUM ARUNDINACEUM SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEThreeway Sedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@[YECS, MOD. M. DAMMV   $A.1397CMidwestV.A.5.N.kCAREX STRICTA SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETussock Sedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance @[YA.S. WEAKLEY/K.D. PATTERSP   #A.1396CMidwestV.A.5.N.kCAREX ATHERODES SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAwned Sedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance~@ZYMCSR   "A.1395CSoutheastV.A.5.N.kZIZANIOPSIS MILIACEA SEASONALLY FLOODED TEMPERATE HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESouthern Wild Rice Seasonally Flooded Temperate Herbaceous Alliance@ZYA.S. WEAKLEYc   !A.1394CMidwestV.A.5.N.kTYPHA SPP. - (SCHOENOPLECTUS SPP., JUNCUS SPP.) SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECattail species - (Clubrush species, Rush species) Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous AllianceQ@YYMCSr   A.1393CSoutheastV.A.5.N.kTYPHA LATIFOLIA SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBroadleaf Cattail Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Allianced@YYA.S. WEAKLEYT   A.1392CSoutheastV.A.5.N.kTYPHA DOMINGENSIS SEASONALLY FLOODED TEMPERATE HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESouthern Cattail Seasonally Flooded Temperate Herbaceous Alliance@YYA.S. WEAKLEY 9-94, MOD. MǮ`   A.1390CEastV.A.5.N.kSPARTINA PATENS SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESaltmeadow Cordgrass Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@ YECSO   A.139CWestI.A.8.N.cPICEA SITCHENSIS FOREST ALLIANCESitka Spruce Forest AllianceYWCSXUTT8   A.1389CSoutheastV.A.5.N.kSPARTINA BAKERI SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESand Cordgrass Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@XYA.S. WEAKLEYT  I !z+ji /A.1408CWestV.A.5.N.kDESCHAMPSIA CAESPITOSA SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETufted Hairgrass Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance~@cYD. SARRV   .A.1407CWestV.A.5.N.kSPARTINA GRACILIS SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAlkali Cordgrass Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliancew@bYM.S. REIDQ   -A.1406CWestV.A.5.N.kELYMUS HIRSUTUS SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBoreal Wild Rye Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@aYK. SCHULZO   ,A.1405CWestV.A.5.N.kAGROSTIS STOLONIFERA SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESpreading Bentgrass Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@aYM.S. REID, MOD. K. SCHULZT   +A.1404CWestV.A.5.N.kCAREX AQUATILIS SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAquatic Sedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@`YD. CULVERO   *A.1403CWestV.A.5.N.kCAREX (ROSTRATA, UTRICULATA) SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Swollen-beak Sedge, Beaked Sedge) Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Allianceq@`YD. CULVER\   )A.1402CMidwestV.A.5.N.cSPOROBOLUS HETEROLEPIS - (DESCHAMPSIA CAESPITOSA, SCHIZACHYRIUM SCOPARIUM) HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPrairie Dropseed - (Tufted Hairgrass, Little Bluestem) Herbaceous Allianceh@_YMCSz   (A.1401CMidwestV.A.5.N.kSCOLOCHLOA FESTUCACEA SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESprangletop Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance$@^YMCSX   'A.1400CMidwestV.A.5.N.kCALAMAGROSTIS CANADENSIS SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBluejoint Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@]YMCS/ECS/SCS 6-96, MOD. M.[   A.140CWestI.A.8.N.cPSEUDOTSUGA MACROCARPA - QUERCUS CHRYSOLEPIS FOREST ALLIANCEBigcone Douglas-fir - Canyon Live Oak Forest Alliancet@\YM. SCHINDELT   A.14CLatin AmericaI.A.1.N.bMANGIFERA INDICA FOREST ALLIANCEMango Forest AllianceB@!YLACDfbaU@    1]S aCEGL004691CSCSA.289I.B.2.N.dP 9A.1418CWestV.A.5.N.kCAREX NIGRICANS SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBlack Alpine Sedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@mYD. CULVERO   8A.1417CWestV.A.5.N.kCAREX NEBRASCENSIS SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCENebraska Sedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous AllianceY@lYD. CULVERR   7A.1416CWestV.A.5.N.kCAREX LIMOSA SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMud Sedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@kYD. CULVER|L   6A.1415CWestV.A.5.N.kCAREX LASIOCARPA SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWiregrass Sedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@jYD. CULVERP   5A.1414CWestV.A.5.N.kCAREX PELLITA SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWoolly Sedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@iYD. CULVER, MOD. D. FABER-M   4A.1413CWestV.A.5.N.kCAREX BUXBAUMII SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBrown Bog Sedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@hYD. CULVERO   3A.1412CWestV.A.5.N.kCAREX AQUATILIS VAR. DIVES SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESitka Sedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance&@gYK. SCHULZZ   2A.1411CWestV.A.5.N.kCAREX MICROPTERA SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESmall-wing Sedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@fYD. CULVERP   1A.1410CWestV.A.5.N.kPOA SECUNDA SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECurly Bluegrass Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance!@eYK. SCHULZK   A.141CWestI.A.8.N.cPSEUDOTSUGA MACROCARPA FOREST ALLIANCEBigcone Douglas-fir Forest Alliance@dYM. SCHINDELynma>   0A.1409CWestV.A.5.N.kPOA PALUSTRIS SEMI-NATURAL SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEFowl Bluegrass Semi-natural Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance:@cYM.S. REID, MOD. K. SCHULZ©Z   OmrdCEGL004947CSCSA.1883III.B.2.N.dCrataegus viridis - Crataegus mollis ShrublandGreen Hawthorn - Downy Haw ShrublandHaw Successional Bottomland19 BA.1427CEastV.A.5.N.kJUNCUS DICHOTOMUS SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEForked Rush Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous AllianceM@vYECSQ   AA.1426CEastV.A.5.N.kCAREX STRIATA SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPeatland Sedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@uYD.J. ALLARD, MOD. M. PYNEM   @A.1425CWestV.A.5.N.kCAREX INTERIOR SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEInland Sedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliances@uYK. SCHULZN   ?A.1424CWestV.A.5.N.kCAREX (LACHENALII, CAPILLARIS, ILLOTA) SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Arctic Harefoot Sedge, Hair Sedge, Small-head Sedge) Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@tYD. CULVERf   A.1423CWestV.A.5.N.mELEOCHARIS (QUINQUEFLORA, ROSTELLATA) SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Few-flower Spikerush, Beaked Spikerush) Saturated Herbaceous Alliance@sYD. CULVER\   =A.1422CWestV.A.5.N.kELEOCHARIS PALUSTRIS SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMarsh Spikerush Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@rYD. CULVERT   <A.1421CWestV.A.5.N.kELEOCHARIS ACICULARIS SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCENeedle Spikerush Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous AllianceY@qYD. CULVERU   ;A.1420CWestV.A.5.N.kCAREX SCOPULORUM SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEHolm's Rocky Mountain Sedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@pYD. CULVERP   A.142CMidwestI.A.8.N.cTHUJA OCCIDENTALIS FOREST ALLIANCENorthern White-cedar Forest Alliance&oYMCSqnma=   :A.1419CWestV.A.5.N.kCAREX PRAEGRACILIS SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEClustered Field Sedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@nYD. CULVERR   ;jK6 A.1436CMidwestV.A.5.N.lTYPHA (ANGUSTIFOLIA, LATIFOLIA) - (SCHOENOPLECTUS SPP.) SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Narrowleaf Cattail, Broadleaf Cattail) - (Clubrush species) Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous Allianceb YMCS, MOD. M.S. REID   A.1435CSoutheastV.A.5.N.mSPOROBOLUS WRIGHTII SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBig Alkali Sacaton Saturated Herbaceous Alliance@YGREAT PLAINS PROGRAM 1-95O   A.1434CSoutheastV.A.5.N.lSCHOENOPLECTUS ROBUSTUS SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAlkali Bulrush Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@!YECSa   A.1433CWestV.A.5.N.lSCHOENOPLECTUS PUNGENS SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEThreesquare Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@YD. CULVER[   A.1432CWestV.A.5.N.lSCHOENOPLECTUS AMERICANUS SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEChairmaker's Bulrush Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous AllianceI@YGREAT PLAINS PROGRAM 1-95ī^   A.1431CSoutheastV.A.5.N.lPHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECommon Reed Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliancea@YD.J. ALLARD^   A.1430CEastV.A.5.N.lJUNCUS MILITARIS SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBayonet Rush Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous AllianceYECSU   A.143CMidwestI.A.8.N.cTSUGA CANADENSIS FOREST ALLIANCEEastern Hemlock Forest Alliance wYD.J. ALLARDrgfZ;   A.1429CEastV.A.5.N.lELEOCHARIS SPP. - ERIOCAULON AQUATICUM SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESpikerush species - Seven-angle Pipewort Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous AllianceX@!YECS˿k   A.1428CSoutheastV.A.5.N.lELEOCHARIS (ELONGATA, EQUISETOIDES) - RHYNCHOSPORA TRACYI SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Florida Spikerush, Horsetail Spikerush) - Tracy's Beaksedge Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliancee@vYA.S. WEAKLEY  M #Dk A.145CWestI.A.8.N.cTSUGA HETEROPHYLLA FOREST ALLIANCEWestern Hemlock Forest AllianceYM.S. REID/D. SARRwfeY:   A.1447CEastV.A.5.N.mCLADIUM MARISCOIDES SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETwig-rush Saturated Herbaceous Alliance@YK.D. PATTERSON~}qJ   A.1446CWestV.A.5.N.lTRICHOPHORUM CAESPITOSUM SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEDeerhair Bulrush Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@YD. CULVER]   A.1445CWestV.A.5.N.lGLYCERIA BOREALIS SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESmall Floating Mannagrass Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance!@YM. DAMMV   A.1444CMidwestV.A.5.N.lSCHOENOPLECTUS MARITIMUS SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESaltmarsh Clubrush Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@YMCS, MOD. M.S. REID`   A.1443CMidwestV.A.5.N.lSCHOENOPLECTUS ACUTUS - (SCHOENOPLECTUS TABERNAEMONTANI) SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEHardstem Bulrush - (Softstem Bulrush) Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous AllianceYMCS, MOD. M.S. REIDр   A.1441CMidwestV.A.5.N.lZIZANIA (AQUATICA, PALUSTRIS) SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Indian Wild Rice, Northern Wild Rice) Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@YMCS÷e   A.144CSoutheastI.A.8.N.cTSUGA CAROLINIANA FOREST ALLIANCECarolina Hemlock Forest Alliance@YK.D. PATTERSONykj^>   A.1439CMidwestV.A.5.N.lCAREX COMOSA - (CAREX DECOMPOSITA) SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEComosa Sedge - (Decomposite Sedge) Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@YMCSĸj   A.1437CSoutheastV.A.5.N.lZIZANIA (AQUATICA, TEXANA) - POTAMOGETON ILLINOENSIS SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Indian Wild Rice, Texas Wild Rice) - Illinois Pondweed Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEY~   x6s% A.146CWestI.A.8.N.cTSUGA MERTENSIANA FOREST ALLIANCEMountain Hemlock Forest AllianceYM.S. REID/D. SARRkZYY9   A.1459CSoutheastV.A.5.N.mELEOCHARIS SP. - IVA ANGUSTIFOLIA SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESpikerush species - Narrowleaf Marsh-elder Saturated Herbaceous AllianceK@YL.M. SMITH/A.S. WEAKLEYɲ]   A.1458CSoutheastV.A.5.N.mELEOCHARIS COMPRESSA - NOTHOSCORDUM BIVALVE SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEFlat Spikerush - Grace-garlic Saturated Herbaceous Alliance@YM. PYNEg   A.1457CSoutheastV.A.5.N.mDICHANTHELIUM SCOPARIUM SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBroom Witchgrass Saturated Herbaceous Alliance @YB. HOAGLANDS   A.1456CWestV.A.5.N.mDESCHAMPSIA CAESPITOSA SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETufted Hairgrass Saturated Herbaceous Alliance@YM. DAMM{M   A.1455CMidwestV.A.5.N.mCAREX SPP. SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESedge species Saturated Herbaceous Alliance @YMCS|{oD   A.1453CMidwestV.A.5.N.mCAREX LASIOCARPA SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWiregrass Sedge Saturated Herbaceous Alliance @YMCSwJ   A.1452CMidwestV.A.5.N.mCAREX LURIDA - CAREX LEPTALEA - (CAREX ATLANTICA, CAREX INTERIOR, PARNASSIA GRANDIFOLIA) SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESallow Sedge - Little Bog Sedge - (Prickly Bog Sedge, Inland Sedge, Largeleaf Grass-of-Parnassus) Saturated Herbaceous Alliance YD. FABER-LANGENDOEN 94, M7   A.1451CMidwestV.A.5.N.mCAREX CRINITA - OSMUNDA SPP. / SPHAGNUM SPP. SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEFringed Sedge - Royal Fern species / Peatmoss species Saturated Herbaceous Alliance@YMCSŹf   A.1450CSoutheastV.A.5.N.mCAREX (ATLANTICA, ECHINATA) - ERIOPHORUM VIRGINICUM - RHYNCHOSPORA CAPITELLATA - SOLIDAGO PATULA SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Prickly Bog Sedge, Star Sedge) - Tawny Cotton-grass - Northern Beaksedge - Roughleaf Goldenrod Saturated Herbaceous Alliancex@YA.S. WEAKLEY/K.D. PATTERS?&%   Z.VGCEGL006354CECSA.407I.C.3.N.aPi A.1470CWestV.A.5.N.mCAREX MICROGLOCHIN SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEFalse Uncinia Sedge Saturated Herbaceous AllianceY@YD. CULVERzI   A.147CWestI.A.8.N.cABIES BRACTEATA FOREST ALLIANCESanta Lucia Fir Forest Alliance}@YM. SCHINDELncbV7   A.1469CWestV.A.5.N.mCAREX SIMULATA SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAnalogue Sedge Saturated Herbaceous Alliance@YD. CULVER~}qE   A.1468CWestV.A.5.N.mCAREX APERTA SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEColumbian Sedge Saturated Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZ}|pC   A.1467CMidwestV.A.5.N.mCAREX OLIGOSPERMA - CAREX LASIOCARPA SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEFew-seed Sedge - Wiregrass Sedge Saturated Herbaceous Alliance@YMCS^   A.1466CMidwestV.A.5.N.mCAREX PELLITA - (CAREX NEBRASCENSIS) - SCHOENOPLECTUS SPP. SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWoolly Sedge - (Nebraska Sedge) - Clubrush species Saturated Herbaceous Alliance5@YMCSt   A.1465CMidwestV.A.5.N.mCAREX SPP. - TYPHA SPP. SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESedge species - Cattail species Saturated Herbaceous AllianceK@YMCSQ   A.1463CSoutheastV.A.5.N.mRHYNCHOSPORA OLIGANTHA - SARRACENIA SPP. - (ARISTIDA BEYRICHIANA, CTENIUM AROMATICUM) - OSMUNDA CINNAMOMEA / SPHAGNUM SPP. SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEFeather-bristle Beaksedge - Pitcherplant species - (Southern Wiregrass, Toothache Grass) - Cinnamon Fern / Peatmoss species Saturated Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYh\[O   A.1461CSoutheastV.A.5.N.mRHYNCHOSPORA ALBA SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCENorthern White Beaksedge Saturated Herbaceous Alliance@YM.P. SCHAFALE/A.S. WEAKLEM   A.1460CSoutheastV.A.5.N.mPANICUM ABSCISSUM SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECut-throat Panicgrass Saturated Herbaceous Alliancey@YA.S. WEAKLEYM  LVALU+5CEGL005272CMCSA.1414V.A.5.N.kCarex spp. - (Carex pellita, Carex vulpinoidea) Herbaceous VegetationSedge species - (Woolly Sedge, Fox Sedge) Herbaceous VegetationCentral Midwest Sedge Meadow2000-03-24GCUSD. Faber-LangendoenG. Steinauer and D. Faber-LangendoenG?00-03-24G? çh# CEGL005271CMCSA.197I.A.8.N.gPicea mariana - (Larix laricina) / Ledum groenlandicum / Sphagnum spp. ForestBlack Spruce - (Tamarack) / Labrador-tea / Peatmoss species ForestBlack Spruce - Tamarack / Labrador-tea Poor Swamp2000-06-27GCUSD. Faber-Langendoen, mod. SCG 2-02D. Faber-LangendoenG500-06-27G51/'%o" CEGL005270CMCSA.3565VII.C.4.N.aEriogonum pauciflorum - Gutierrezia sarothrae Badlands Sparse VegetationSmall-flower Wild Buckwheat - Snakeweed Badlands Sparse VegetationWild Buckwheat - Snakeweed Badlands Sparse Vegetation1999-11-05GCUSD. Faber-LangendoenD. Faber-LangendoenG4G500-01-31G4&$m% CEGL005269CMCSA.3566I.B.2.N.aElaeagnus angustifolia Semi-natural WoodlandRussian-olive Semi-natural WoodlandRussian Olive Woodland1999-11-05GCUSD. Faber-Langendoen, mod. K. Schulz 7-01D. Faber-LangendoenGW99-11-05*ѾrO#CEGL005268CMCSA.3564V.B.2.N.aEuphorbia esula Herbaceous VegetationLeafy Spurge Herbaceous VegetationLeafy Spurge Meadow1999-08-24GCUSDFLD. Faber-LangendoenGW99-08-24*}jH#CEGL005266CMCSA.3563V.A.5.N.dAgropyron cristatum - (Pascopyrum smithii, Hesperostipa comata) Semi-natural oveboracensis, Tiarella cordifolia$, and ~Viola rotundifolia$. ^Communities within this alliance are found on acidic soils that may be poorly drained. stands of this alliance occur on sandy loam and loam that averaged 115 cm deep and had a fragipan at 45-70 cm. Windthrow is the most common disturbance; surface fires and crown fires occur rarely. In the Southern Blue Ridge, these forests are found on valley flats, narrow ravines, and north- to east-facing slopes, at elevations from 1800-3500 feet (550-1060 m).HLVALVyCEGL005277CMCSA.1092IV.A.1.N.gChamaedaphne calyculata / Carex oligosperma / Sphagnum spp. Poor FenThis alliance, found in the southern Great Plains and several western states, contains bulrush wetlands dominated by ~Schoenoplectus americanus (= Scirpus americanus)$. This alliance is not well understood across its range. In cienegas in Trans-Pecos Texas (and possibly also in southern New Mexico), ~Schoenoplectus americanus$ typically dominates the stands, though ~Flaveria chlorifolia$ or ~Helianthus paradoxus$ may be locally dominant. Other species include ~Samolus ebracteatus ssp. cuneatus, Limonium limbatum$, and ~Distichlis spicata$. Most examples of this community have been hydrologically altered by use of water for irrigation. Elsewhere in Texas it occurs in permanent springs where species may include ~Schoenoplectus americanus, Eleocharis macrostachya, Fuirena simplex, Paspalum distichum, Potamogeton illinoensis$, and in outer zones, ~Andropogon gerardii$. ~Schoenoplectus americanus$-dominated marshes occur throughout Oklahoma, but are most common in the central and western portions of the state, and in the panhandle. Further study is needed to characterize this alliance.This alliance consists of non-tidal ~Phragmites$ marshes with semipermanently or, rarely, seasonally flooded hydrology, occurring either in depressions or along rivers with seasonal fluctuation in water level throughout the United States and adjacent Canada. This includes semipermanently flooded marshes, ditches, impoundments, etc., which are strongly dominated by essentially monospecific stands of ~Phragmites australis$, which is rapidly spreading in disturbed areas and excluding native vegetation. Stands may be composed entirely of ~Phragmites australis$, with few or no other vascular plants present.LVAL eCEGL005284CMCSA.1919V.A.6.N.qQuercus muehlenbergii / Schizachyrium scoparium - Bouteloua curtipendula Wooded Herbaceous VegetationChinquapin Oak / Little Bluestem - Sideoats Grama Wooded Herbaceous VegetationChinquapin Oak Limestone - Dolomite Savanna2000-12-08GCUSNelson, P./DFLP. Nelson, mod. D. Faber-LangendoenG2G300-12-06G2NLDThis alliance includes saline grasslands occurring in the lower Rio Grande Valley, characterized by ~Sporobolus wrightii$. This vegetation occurs at the base of many clay dunes (lomas). It may also form a continuous cover on low-elevation lomas with only scattered emergent shrubs. It often grades downward into vegetation dominated by ~Spartina spartinae, Spartina patens, Batis maritima$, or ~Borrichia frutescens$. Other species occurring in this community may include ~Spartina spartinae$ and emergent ~Yucca treculeana$. This grassland occurs on saline clayey substrates at the wetland/upland boundary, and the hydrology is unclear. These grasslands occur with vegetation in the III.A.1.N.c ~~Ebenopsis ebano - Phaulothamnus spinescens$ Shrubland Alliance (A.723)$$.This alliance, found in the northern Great Plains, Utah, and Nevada, is made up of graminoid-dominated communities found in saline wetlands. Medium-tall and short graminoids predominate. Woody species are very uncommon. ~Schoenoplectus pungens (= Scirpus pungens), Suaeda calceoliformis, Distichlis spicata$ (on drier margins), and ~Ruppia maritima$ are all common species. ~Chenopodium incanum, Monolepis nuttalliana$, and ~Picradeniopsis oppositifolia$ are sometimes abundant on less saline portions of the alliance. ^This alliance occurs in depressions and river valleys. The loam to sandy loam soils are deep, poorly drained and formed in alluvium (Steinauer 1989). These soils are slightly to strongly affected by soluble salt. Standing water is at or near the surface for most of the year.LVAL This alliance, found in virtually every state in the United States and probably most Canadian provinces, contains stands dominated by ~Typha angustifolia$ and/or ~Typha latifolia$, either alone or in combination with other tall emergent marsh species. Associated species vary widely; in the Midwest they include many sedges such as ~Carex aquatilis, Carex rostrata, Carex pellita (= Carex lanuginosa)$, bulrushes such as ~Schoenoplectus americanus (= Scirpus americanus), Schoenoplectus acutus (= Scirpus acutus)$, and ~Schoenoplectus heterochaetus (= Scirpus heterochaetus)$, and broad-leaved herbs such as ~Thelypteris palustris, Asclepias incarnata, Impatiens capensis, Sagittaria latifolia, Scutellaria lateriflora, Sparganium eurycarpum, Hibiscus moscheutos$, and ~Verbena hastata$. Floating aquatics such as ~Lemna minor$ may predominate in deeper zones. ^This alliance is found most commonly along lake margins and in shallow basins, and occasionally in river backwaters. Lacustrine cattail marshes typically have a muck-bottom zone bordering the shoreline, where cattails are rooted in the bottom substrate, and a floating mat zone, where the roots grow suspended in a buoyant peaty mat. ~Typha angustifolia$ can grow in deeper water compared to ~Typha latifolia$, although both species reach maximum growth at a water depth of 50 cm. ~Typha$ often occurs in pure stands, and can colonize areas recently exposed by either natural or human causes. ~Lythrum salicaria$, an exotic species from Europe, has become a common associate of many eastern ~Typha$ marshes. In the Southeast, this alliance is widespread and currently representative of a wide variety of mixed marshes with no clear dominants. Vegetation in this alliance may be natural or semi-natural and includes mixed stands of the nominal species, as well as essentially monospecific stands of ~Typha latifolia$. These monospecific stands occur especially in artificial wetlands, such as borrow pits or ponds. This alliance occurs on hydric soils in wetlands, ditche~LVALV.F=CEGL006013CECSA.348I.B.2.N.gAcer rubrum - Nyssa sylvatica - Liquidambar styraciflua - Populus heterophylla ForestRed Maple - Blackgum - Sweetgum - Swamp Cottonwood ForestCape May Lowland Swamp1997-11-26GCUSBreden, T.T. BredenG197-11-18G1ưw",CEGL006012CECSA.3016I.A.8.N.bPinus thunbergiana ForestJapanese Black Pine ForestJapanese Black Pine Forest2001-10-10GCUSLAS 8-01L.A. SneddonGD01-10-10*~|zpV<#CEGL006011CSCSA.130I.A.8.N.bPinus taeda / Liquidambar styraciflua - Acer rubrum var. rubrum / Vaccinium stamineum ForestLoblolly Pine / Sweetgum - Red Maple / Deerberry ForestSuccessional Loblolly Pine Forest1994-06-01GCUSRR 6-94, mod. SL 12-94R. Roecker, mod. S. LandaalGM00-07-06* ֵ~"  CEGL006010CECSA.507II.A.4.N.aPinus resinosa / Gaylussacia baccata - Vaccinium angustifolium WoodlandRed Pine / Black Huckleberry - Northern Lowbush Blueberry WoodlandRed Pine Woodland1997-11-26GCUSNAP 6-98, mod. SCG 2-02Northern Appalachian Planning TeamG3G597-12-01G4ǽj# CEGL006009CECSA.347I.B.2.N.gFraxinus nigra - As, ponds, lakes, and rivers, as well as on shorelines and streambanks. Inundation is commonly 3-6 dm (1-2 feet) in depth. These marshes have hydric soils and are flooded with water levels ranging from several centimeters to more than 1 m for a significant part of the growing season. Occurrences may display areas of open water, but emergent vegetation dominates (80% cover). Seasonal flooding during winter and spring or flooding during heavy rains help maintain these marshes by causing water exchange which replenishes freshwater and circulates nutrients and organic debris. Soils which support this community can be mineral or organic but are saturated, flooded, or ponded long enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions in the upper part. Vegetative diversity and density is highly variable in response to water depth, water chemistry, and natural forces. LVAL .u/rCEGL006031CECSA.1086IV.A.1.N.dPicea mariana / Kalmia angustifolia Dwarf-shrublandBlack Spruce / Sheep Laurel Dwarf-shrublandSubalpine Summit Heath1997-11-26GCUSNAP 6-98, mod. LAS 12-99, mod. SCG 3-02Northern Appalachian Planning Team, mod. L.A. SneddonG?97-12-01G? ͦW$ CEGL006030CECSA.621II.B.2.N.aQuercus muehlenbergii / PaThis alliance, found in the midwestern United States, is characterized by graminoid-dominated sinkholes. Vegetation composition and cover can be variable, depending on yearly and seasonal fluctuations in water depth. Typical dominants include ~Carex comosa, Carex decomposita, Glyceria acutiflora, Dulichium arundinaceum, Nuphar lutea, Scirpus$ spp., and ~Wolffia brasiliensis$. Shrubs, especially ~Cephalanthus occidentalis$, are sometimes present. ^Stands of this alliance are found in sinkholes and depressions of terraces and broad, level uplands, often in karst topography. The soils are very poorly drained, and surface water may be present for much of the growing season. Soils are deep peats or mucks, or sometimes mineral.This alliance includes semipermanently flooded grasslands in spring-fed rivers, with near constant water level and temperature, dominated either by ~Zizania aquatica$ (in Florida) or by the narrow endemic ~Zizania texana$ (in Texas), with various emergent and submerged aquatics including ~Potamogeton illinoensis, Ludwigia palustris, Sparganium americanum, Pontederia cordata, Sagittaria lancifolia, Sagittaria$ sp., ~Polygonum$ sp., ~Cicuta maculata var. maculata (= Cicuta mexicana), Hydrocotyle umbellata$, and filamentous green algae. The exotics ~Hydrilla verticillata$ and ~Egeria densa$ may also be present. This community is threatened by exotic species, changes in hydrology (related to groundwater pumping), sedimentation, and recreational impacts.LVAL'J'CEGL006046CECSA.251I.B.2.N.aAcer saccharum - Quercus rubra / Hepatica nobilis var. obtusa ForestSugar Maple - Northern Red Oak / Round-lobe Liverleaf ForeThis alliance, found in parts of the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence region of the United States and adjacent Canada, is characterized by freshwater marshes dominated by ~Zizania aquatica$ or ~Zizania palustris$. Further work is needed to characterize this alliance.Stands of this alliance are forests with dense to open canopies dominated by ~Tsuga caroliniana$. Trees may be wind-shorn, gnarled and twisted in exposed situations. Occurrences in gorges sometimes have a substantial admixture of ~Tsuga canadensis$. Other associated species may include ~Quercus prinus, Quercus rubra, Pinus rigida, Pinus virginiana$, and ~Pinus pungens$. The shrub stratum is dense and dominated by ericaceous species, such as ~Rhododendron maximum, Rhododendron catawbiense, Rhododendron carolinianum, Kalmia latifolia, Gaylussacia$ spp., and ~Vaccinium$ spp. The herbaceous stratum is sparse, with typical species including ~Gaultheria procumbens, Mitchella repens, Chimaphila maculata, Galax urceolata$, and ~Xerophyllum asphodeloides$. Lichens, including ~Cladina rangiferina$ and ~Cladina subtenuis$, can be abundant. Forests in this alliance occur mostly on cliffs, rocky slopes and ridges, and less commonly on more gentle slopes and flat areas in valleys. Soils are usually nutrient-poor and rocky, with much exposed rock surface. Occurrences of these forests tend to be small and have distinct boundaries. ~Tsuga caroliniana$ is an Appalachian endemic with a very limited range, scattered in the Southern Blue Ridge and occasional in the Piedmont and Ridge and Valley.LVALUCEGL006053CECSA.546II.A.4.N.bPicea rubens / Vaccinium angustifolium / Sibbaldiopsis tridentata WoodlandRed SpThis alliance is found in the midwestern and western United States and central Canada. Vegetation is characterized by medium to tall graminoids which typically range from 1 to over 2 m. The vegetation is moderately dense to dense. Some stands are heavily dominated by one or two ~Scirpus$ species while others have several graminoids common throughout the stand. The most abundant species are typically ~Schoenoplectus acutus (= Scirpus acutus), Schoenoplectus fluviatilis (= Scirpus fluviatilis)$, and ~Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (= Scirpus tabernaemontani)$. Species composition and abundance can vary from year to year depending mostly on water level fluctuations. In most years, typical species include ~Lemna$ spp., ~Phragmites australis, Schoenoplectus americanus (= Scirpus americanus)$ (in alkaline stands), ~Triglochin maritima$ (in alkaline stands), ~Typha latifolia$, and ~Utricularia macrorhiza$. ~Potamogeton$ spp. often occur in the deeper parts of stands of this alliance and where emergent species are not densely packed. Shrubs, such as ~Salix$ spp., are not common but may become established in shallow water areas. During droughts, species more tolerant of low water, such as ~Polygonum amphibium$, may invade and alter the species composition of stands of this alliance. ^Stands of this alliance are flooded for most or all of the growing season. Stands can have water from 0 (exposed soil) to approximately 1.5 m deep, but usually are less than 1 m. Within a stand, water levels can vary by up to 1 m during the year. The water can be fresh to mildly saline throughout most of this alliance's range; however, in the Nebraska Sandhills, some stands occur in moderately alkaline water. Across the range of this alliance, soils are deep, poorly drained, muck, peat, or mineral.1LVAL=~CEGL006064CECSA.929III.B.2.N.bAlnus viridis ssp. crispa - Spiraea alba / Solidago macrophylla ShrublandMountain Alder - White Meadowsweet / Largeleaf Goldenrod ShrublandAlpine Slope Shrub Thicket2003-03-20GCUSSCG 3-03S.C. GawlerG?03-03-21G?ɯm$ CEGL006062CECSA.950III.B.2.N.dAlnus incana - Cornus sericea / Clematis virginiStands of this saline emergent wetland alliance are scattered from California to New York, mostly in the northern half of the United States and the southern Prairie Provinces of Canada. This description is based on the two communities that occur in the Midwest. The dominant vegetation is medium-tall graminoids with a sparse to complete canopy. Woody species are very rare, and forbs are common in some eastern stands but rare in most of the Great Plains. Stand-to-stand species variability can be substantial, especially east of the Great Plains, where the stands tend to be smaller and more isolated. The most abundant species across the range of this alliance is ~Schoenoplectus maritimus (= Scirpus maritimus)$, often with smaller amounts of ~Schoenoplectus americanus (= Scirpus americanus), Sium suave$, and ~Typha$ spp. Species common in the Great Plains include ~Juncus balticus, Schoenoplectus acutus (= Scirpus acutus), Scolochloa festucacea$, and ~Triglochin maritima$. ~Symphyotrichum lanceolatum (= Aster lanceolatus), Atriplex patula, Eleocharis parvula$, and ~Hibiscus moscheutos$ are found from Illinois eastward. ^Stands of this alliance are flooded by shallow saline water for much of the growing season and saturated for nearly all of it. In the Great Plains these sites are typically near shallow marshes, ponds, or lakes, while in Michigan they may also occur near rivers and streams. The soils are fine-textured and vary from fine sandy loams to mucks.LVALwSrCEGL006074CECSA.624II.B.2.N.aQuercus rubra - Quercus prinus - Pinus strobus / Penstemon hirsutus WoodlandNorthern Red Oak - Rock Chestnut Oak - Eastern White Pine / Hairy Beardtongue Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG3G597-12-01G4o#CEGL006070CECSA.1340V.A.5.N.jCarex torta - Calamagrostis canadensis Herbaceous VegetationTwisted Sedge - Bluejoint Herbaceous VegetationHerbaceous Cobble Bar and Shore2003-03-25GCUSSLN 3-03S.L. NeidG?03-03-25G?û_#CEGL006069CECSA.1011III.B.2.N.fCephalanthus occidentalis / Glyceria canadensis ShrublandButtonbush / Rattlesnake Mannagrass ShrublandButtonbush Shrub Swamp2003-03-25GCUSSLN 3-03S.L. NeidG?03-03-25G?^%CEGL006068CECSA.1563V.A.7.N.pMyrica gale - Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda / Carex lasiocarpa - Cladium mariscoides Shrub Herbaceous VegetationSweet Gale - Shrubby-cinquefoil / Wiregrass Sedge - Twig-rush Shrub Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG2G398-01-12G2 # CEGL006067CECSA.1533V.A.7.N.gMorella pensylvanica / Schizachyrium littorale - Danthonia spicata ShThe vegetation in this alliance occurs in wetlands along pond and lake margins and low-gradient streams in the northwestern United States. Stands are located between 670-1810 m elevation. Stands are found on level sites in standing water. Water is present above the soil surface throughout the summer. Soils are poorly to very poorly drained and vary from mineral to organic. Mineral soils usually have a thick layer of organic matter in the upper horizon. Species diversity is low due to the wet conditions. ~Glyceria borealis$ generally forms monotypic stands with 30-90% cover. Other graminoids that may be present include ~Eleocharis acicularis, Eleocharis palustris$, and ~Glyceria striata (= Glyceria elata)$. ~Ranunculus aquatilis$ and ~Sparganium angustifolium$ are occasional forb associates.LVAL0>gCEGL006084CSCSA.1921V.A.6.N.qPinus rigida / Schizachyrium scoparium - Packera plattensis Wooded Herbaceous VegetationPitch Pine / Little Bluestem - Prairie Ragwort Wooded Herbaceous VegetationUltramafic Outcrop Barren1997-11-26GCUSECSEastern Ecology GroupG197-11-18G1{#  CEGL006082CECSA.5~~Trichophorum caespitosum - Carex livida$ Herbaceous Vegetation (CEGL001842)$$ defines this alliance. It is found in marshes and bogs in central Idaho. It occurs in bogs located in wide valley bottoms that are supported by many rivulets. This association is found on gentle slopes (1-7%). It occurs perched above the valley center along the edges or on toeslopes. The elevation ranges from 2070-2190 m. Soils are variable but tend to be comprised of organic materials. The wettest communities are organic mats floating on water or muck. Slightly drier sites have organic mats overlying saturated mineral layers, with large rocks protruding as shrubby hummocks. Still drier sites have soils with proportionately greater mineral composition. Mineral parent materials are strictly granitic, derived from Idaho Batholith and Sawtooth Batholith formations. The plant association within this alliance is classified as a semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland. ~Trichophorum caespitosum$-dominated the graminoid layer with at least 5% cover. ~Carex livida$ is generally present, with up to 75% coverage in some stands. Other herbaceous species commonly present in the Idaho study are ~Gentiana calycosa, Packera buekii (= Senecio cymbalarioides), Spiranthes romanzoffiana, Swertia perennis$, and ~Carex muricata$. Moss, including ~Sphagnum$ spp. may be prevalent on the ground surface. Small hummocks usually support stunted ~Vaccinium uliginosum (= Vaccinium occidentale)$ and ~Lonicera caerulea$ shrubs.HLVALT:]dYq CEGL006101CECSA.1456V.A.5.N.mDeschampsia caespitosa - Symplocarpus foetidus Herbaceous VegetationTufted Hairgrass - Skunk-cabbage Herbaceous VegetationInland Acidic Seep Community1997-11-26GCUSG199-03-22G1ùg# CEGL006098CECSA.585II.A.4.N.fPicea mariana / (Vaccinium corymbosum, Gaylussacia baccata) / Sphagnum sp. WoodlandBlack Spruce / (Highbush Blueberry, Black Huckleberry) / Peatmoss species WoodlandBlack Spruce Woodland Bog1997-11-26GCUSNAP 6/98, mod. LAS 12/99Northern Appalachian Planning Team, mod. L.A. SneddonG3G597-12-01G4JH@<v# CEGL006097CECSA.809III.A.3.N.aPinus rigida - Quercus ilicifolia / Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ShrublandPitch Pine - Bear Oak / Kinikinnick ShrublandNorthern Dwarf Pine Plains1997-11-26GCUSG1Q98-12-07G1i$ CEGL006095CECSA.1347V.A.5.N.jSpartina pectinata North Atlantic Coast Herbaceous VegetationPrairie Cordgrass North Atlantic Coast Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG?97-12-31G?`#CEGL006093CECSA.544II.A.4.N.bThuja occidentalis / Oligoneuron album WoodlandNorthern White-cedar / Prairie Goldenrod WoodlandNorthern White-cedar Woodland1997-11-26GCUSNAP 6/98Northern Appalachian Planning TeamG?97-12-01G?ضR#This alliance currently includes a variety of palustrine herbaceous vegetation dominated by ~Cladium mariscoides$ in combination with other grasses and sedges; shrubs typically account for less than 25% cover in these communities. This alliance contains a diversity of vegetation types, with variable species composition. Associations in this alliance include sea-level fens of the mid-Atlantic coast, high-elevation (4200 feet) fens over mafic geology in the Southern Blue Ridge, communities of floodplains, streams, and stream channels in the New Jersey Pine Barrens, certain Coastal Plain pondshore communities in Delaware, and Coastal Plain poor fens in Rhode Island and New York.,LVAL8HiQ|zpQThis alliance occurs in all the maritime-influenced regions of the Pacific Northwest, from north coastal California to the Kenai Peninsula in Alaska and eastward to the Continental Divide in northwestern Montana. Throughout the range of this alliance, much of the annual precipitation occurs as rain. Where snow does occur, it can generally be melted by rain during warm winter storms. In all settings, this type occurs where environmental conditions are moderated by the marine influence, with moderate drought and frost. Stands of the alliance generally occur on all slopes and aspects, except for wet bottomland sites. It occurs on a wide variety of soil types across its range, but growth of ~Tsuga heterophylla$ is decreased on heavy soils, or soils with poor drainage. The geographic and environmental range of this type is wide and associated vegetation is correspondingly diverse. Along with ~Tsuga heterophylla, Pseudotsuga menziesii$ commonly shares the canopy, and ~Pinus monticola, Pinus contorta, Abies grandis, Abies lasiocarpa, Taxus brevifolia$, or ~Picea engelmannii$ may be present. ~Thuja plicata$ is commonly present in these forests and can be codominant at sites which are wetter or drier than optimum for ~Tsuga heterophylla$. In the interior (northern Rockies) stands, ~Paxistima myrsinites, Vaccinium membranaceum, Acer glabrum$, and ~Spiraea betulifolia$ are common shrub species. In Cascades or Coast Range stands, ~Acer circinatum, Mahonia nervosa, Arctostaphylos nevadensis, Holodiscus discolor$, and ~Oplopanax horridus$ are common associates. The composition of the herbaceous layer reflects local climate and degree of canopy closure. In moist stands with dense tree canopies, ~Polystichum munitum, Trientalis borealis ssp. latifolia (= Trientalis latifolia), Achlys triphylla$, and ~Linnaea borealis$ are common forbs. In drier habitats, such as south-facing slopes, ~Pteridium aquilinum, Adenocaulon bicolor$, or ~Xerophyllum tenax$ become more frequent.|LVALrpzJ CEGL006109CECSA.412I.C.3.N.aTsuga canadensis - Betula alleghaniensis Lower New England / Northern Piedmont ForestEastern Hemlock - Yellow Birch Lower New England / Northern Piedmont ForestHemlock - Northern Hardwood Forest1997-11-26GCUSNAP 6/98G. Fleming and P. CoullingG4?97-12-31G4!w"  CEGL006108CECSA.126I.A.8.N.bPinus resinosa / Menziesia pThis alliance includes non-alluvial, palustrine vegetation of the unglaciated southern highlands of the eastern United States. Stands are dominated by mixtures of graminoids and forbs, with substantial ~Sphagnum$ cover and occasional shrubs. The nominal species are characteristic and nearly constant. Typical species include ~Carex atlantica, Carex echinata, Carex folliculata, Carex leptalea, Carex lurida, Eriophorum virginicum, Houstonia serpyllifolia, Lysimachia terrestris, Osmunda cinnamomea, Oxypolis rigidior, Parnassia asarifolia, Polytrichum commune, Rhynchospora alba, Rhynchospora capitellata, Scirpus atrovirens, Scirpus cyperinus, Scirpus expansus, Scirpus polyphyllus, Packera aurea (= Senecio aureus), Solidago patula var. patula$, and ~Vaccinium macrocarpon$. Typical mosses are ~Sphagnum palustre, Sphagnum affine (= Sphagnum imbricatum), Sphagnum bartlettianum, Sphagnum recurvum$, and ~Aulacomnium palustre$. Scattered shrubs are typically present, and in some cases are patchy dominants. Typical shrub species include ~Alnus serrulata, Rosa palustris, Salix sericea, Spiraea tomentosa, Ilex verticillata, Kalmia latifolia, Lyonia ligustrina var. ligustrina$, and ~Rhododendron maximum$. These seepage-fed communities occur in the unglaciated southern highlands of the eastern United States, on flat to slightly sloping topography, often associated with small streams and rivers.LVAL'CEGL006125CECSA.251I.B.2.N.aQuercus rubra - Acer saccharum - Liriodendron tulipifera ForestNorthern Red Oak - Sugar Maple - Tuliptree ForestHigh Allegheny Rich Red Oak - Sugar Maple Forest1997-11-26GCUS2/96, LS, mod. DF-L 98D. Faber-LangendoenG?97-12-31G?’a"hCEGL006124CSCSA.266I.B.2.N.aBetula alleghaniensis / Ribes glandulosum / Polypodium appalachianum This seep alliance, found in the central and upper southeastern United States, is dominated by herbaceous species but can also have a significant shrub component. Stands often occur in a forested setting and are small enough that the surrounding trees cast shade and otherwise affect the microenvironment. Some stands contain trees from the surrounding forest communities. The most abundant herbaceous species include ~Athyrium$ spp., ~Carex crinita, Carex lurida$, and other ~Carex$ spp., ~Impatiens capensis, Dryopteris carthusiana, Glyceria striata, Leersia oryzoides, Osmunda$ spp., and ~Symplocarpus foetidus$. In some stands of this alliance, ~Sphagnum$ spp. occur in patches. Although not found in every stand, they may be good diagnostic species. ~Alnus serrulata, Photinia melanocarpa (= Aronia melanocarpa)$, and ~Physocarpus opulifolius$ are common shrubs in some stands. Where trees occur, ~Acer rubrum, Betula nigra, Liriodendron tulipifera, Liquidambar styraciflua$, and ~Platanus occidentalis$ are typical. Stands of this alliance are found where groundwater flows to the surface at the edges of outwash plains, beach ridges, or at the contact between acidic gravel and bedrock. Soils are saturated sandy loams or sandy silts overlain with mucks and peats. They can be shallow to deep (40-100+ cm). There is weak nutrient input from the slightly to highly acidic (pH 3.7-6.0) groundwater. The groundwater flow is generally diffuse, but concentrated localized flows can occur, especially in the spring.LVAL This alliance is found on calcareous seepage fens and related sites in the central and southeastern United States, including Arkansas and Missouri (Ozarks), Kentucky (Interior Low Plateau), Tennessee (Interior Low Plateau, Ridge and Valley), as well as Virginia and possibly North Carolina (Southern Blue Ridge). This mixed grass or sedge fen is a complex of zoned vegetation dominated by hydrophytic plants, particularly graminoids, although shrubs are often found scattered or in thickets. Trees are sometimes present but never common. Herbaceous cover is high except in areas of marly ooze. Abundant herbaceous species include ~Andropogon gerardii, Carex interior, Carex leptalea, Carex lurida, Impatiens capensis, Lysimachia quadriflora, Rhynchospora capillacea, Oxypolis rigidior, Silphium terebinthinaceum$ (in prairie-like fens), and ~Thelypteris palustris$. Shrubs include ~Alnus serrulata, Cornus amomum, Physocarpus opulifolius, Salix caroliniana$, and ~Salix humilis$. ~Acer rubrum$ is typical where trees are present. In Missouri, several zones or types of vegetation are recognized: (1) tussocks, dominated by ~Carex interior$ and ~Carex leptalea$; (2) drier areas or margins dominated by ~Andropogon gerardii, Rudbeckia fulgida var. umbrosa$, and ~Parnassia grandifolia$; and (3) marly ooze areas dominated by ~Carex leptalea, Rhynchospora capillacea$, and ~Scleria verticillata$. In addition to the ones mentioned above, other species present in most Missouri examples include ~Carex lurida, Carex leptalea, Castilleja coccinea, Lysimachia quadriflora, Oxypolis rigidior, Pedicularis lanceolata, Physostegia virginiana, Pycnanthemum virginianum, Clinopodium arkansanum (= Calamintha arkansana)$, and ~Packera aurea (= Senecio aureus)$. Characteristic species in Missouri examples include ~Menyanthes trifoliata$ and ~Pogonia ophioglossoides$. Kentucky and middle Tennessee examples from the Interior Low Plateau contain ~Carex atlantica ssp. atlantica$ and ~Carex atlantica ssp. capillacea$ (instead of ~Carex interioLVALwn5 CEGL006288CECSA.677II.C.3.N.aPinus virginiana - Quercus prinus / Deschampsia flexuosa - Cunila origanoides WoodlandVirginia Pine - Rock Chestnut Oak / Wavy Hairgrass - Rock Oregano WoodlandCentral Appalachian Acidic Shale Woodland1997-11-26GCUSECSG. Fleming and P. CoullingG398-12-14G3#!y# CEGL006287CECSA.658II.B.2.N.fFraxinus (profunda, pennsylvanica) - (Nyssa biflora) / Polygonum arifolium Woodland(Pumpkin Ash, Green Ash) - (Swamp Blackgum) / Halberd-leaf Tearthumb WoodlandAsh-Blackgum Freshwater Tidal Swamp1997-11-26GCUSECS 12-97, mod. SLN 4-02Ear), Carex lurida, Carex leptalea ssp. harperi, Parnassia grandifolia, Juncus brachycephalus, Rudbeckia fulgida (var. umbrosa$ in Tennessee occurrences, ~Rudbeckia fulgida var. speciosa$ in the Kentucky occurrence), ~Cardamine bulbosa, Impatiens capensis, Juncus coriaceus, Juncus effusus, Lobelia puberula, Lobelia cardinalis, Oxypolis rigidior, Phlox glaberrima, Rhynchospora capitellata, Scirpus atrovirens, Scirpus cyperinus, Solidago patula var. patula$, and ~Thelypteris palustris var. pubescens$. An adjoining shrub zone is usually present, and woody species may invade the fen, including ~Alnus serrulata, Salix humilis, Salix caroliniana, Cornus amomum$, and ~Acer rubrum$. Some of these middle Tennessee examples provide habitat for ~Xyris tennesseensis$. Southern Blue Ridge examples are graminoid-dominated but also contain conspicuous forbs and mat-forming species. Dominant or characteristic species include ~Carex leptalea, Packera aurea, Rhynchospora alba, Parnassia grandifolia, Houstonia serpyllifolia$, and ~Drosera rotundifolia$. Woody species may include ~Physocarpus opulifolius$ and ~Alnus serrulata$. They are associated with ultramafic geology, influenced by magnesium-rich seepage and are found in open areas of gravel and muck associated with stream or spring heads.LVAL*PG$CEGL006300CECSA.1384V.A.5.N.kRhexia virginica - Crotalaria sagittalis Herbaceous VegetationVirginia Meadow-beauty - Arrowhead Rattlebox Herbaceous VegetationCoastal Plain Cobble - Gravel Pondshore1997-11-26GCUSG298-12-14G2ʣa#CEGL006298CECSA.1116IV.B.2.N.bVaccinium uliginosum - Rhododendron lapponicum / Juncus trifidus Dwarf-shrublandBog Blueberry - Lapland Rose-bay / Highland Rush Dwarf-shrublandAlpine Heath Meadow1997-11-26GCUSNAP 6-98, mod. SCG 3-02, mod. SCG 3-03S.C. GawlerG2G397-11-13G2 Ǵt$  CEGL006295CECSA.902III.B.2.N.aMorella pensylvanica - Prunus maritima ShrublandNorthern Bayberry - Beach Plum ShrublandNorthern Bayberry Dune ShrublThis alliance, concentrated in the north-central United States and adjacent Canada, is composed of rich and moderately rich fens. The vegetation is dominated by sedges, with ericaceous shrubs, small trees, and forbs also common. ~Carex lasiocarpa$ is a characteristic dominant in many stands. Other characteristic and often abundant graminoids include ~Calamagrostis canadensis, Carex aquatilis, Carex buxbaumii, Rhynchospora capillacea$, and ~Trichophorum caespitosum (= Scirpus cespitosus)$. Typical shrubs include ~Andromeda polifolia, Betula pumila, Kalmia polifolia, Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda (= Pentaphylloides floribunda)$, and ~Vaccinium oxycoccos$. Small ~Larix laricina$ and ~Picea mariana$ are also common. Forbs that can occur in stands of this alliance include ~Drosera rotundifolia, Equisetum fluviatile, Lobelia kalmii, Menyanthes trifoliata, Comarum palustre (= Potentilla palustris), Sarracenia purpurea$, and ~Utricularia$ spp. ~Decodon verticillatus$ is common in southern stands of this alliance. ~Sphagnum$ spp. form a nearly continuous ground layer. ^This alliance is found on shallow to deep peat, often in areas of calcareous groundwater. Some stands occur on floating peat mats. The groundwater is slightly acidic to circumneutral and minerotrophic to moderately minerotrophic.LVAL)bCEGL006308CSCSA.136I.A.8.N.cAbies fraseri / (Rhododendron catawbiense, Rhododendron carolinianum) ForestFraser Fir / (Catawba Rhododendron, Carolina Rhododendron) ForestFraser Fir Forest (Evergreen Shrub Type)1997-11-26GCUSKPK.D. PattersonG100-01-04G1ׯn"CEGL006307CECSA.571II.A.4.N.eChamaecyparis thyoides / Alnus maritima WoodlandAtlantic White-cedar / Seaside Alder Woodland1997-11-26GCUSLS 1996L.A. Sneddon 1996G?00-04-17G?S#CEGL006304CECSA.401I.C.3.N.aPinus strobus - Quercus rubra - Liriodendron tulipifera ForestEastern White Pine - Northern Red Oak - Tuliptree Forest1997-11-26GCUSLS/MA/KM 1996, mod. Central Appalachian ecoregional planning group 12/98, edited LS 12/99L.A. Sneddon, M. Anderson, and K. Metzler 1996, mod. Central Appalachian Planning Team, mod. L.A. SnG?97-12-01G?omec`"  CEGL0063This alliance, found in the glaciated north-central United States, is composed of wet, sedge-dominated communities with rich fen characteristics. Open to dense graminoids less than 1 m tall comprise the majority of the vegetation. Currently, the floristic relations between these fens are not well understood, and diagnostic species have not been identified. ~Andropogon gerardii, Carex lasiocarpa, Carex sterilis, Carex prairea, Cladium mariscoides, Eleocharis quinqueflora, Lobelia kalmii, Rhynchospora capillacea, Oligoneuron ohioense (= Solidago ohioensis), Schoenoplectus americanus (= Scirpus americanus)$, and ~Triglochin maritima$ are all abundant in parts of the alliance. Trees are rare, but shrubs occur in some stands. Among these ~Betula pumila, Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda (= Pentaphylloides floribunda)$, and ~Salix$ spp. are frequent. ^This alliance is found near calcareous seeps and springs. Most sites are on flat to gently sloping ground and occur over coarse-textured glacial deposits. Peat often develops.LVAL2'1GCEGL006320CECSA.624II.B.2.N.aBetula alleghaniensis - Quercus rubra / Polypodium virginianum WoodlandYellow Birch - Northern Red Oak / Rock Polypody WoodlandNorthern Hardwood - Oak Talus Slope Woodland1997-11-26GCUSNAP 6-98, mod. SCG 2-02Northern Appalachian Planning TeamG3G597-12-01G4#!΢j# ,CEGL006319CECSA.237III.B.2.N.aPrunus Acid seeps of southeastern Oklahoma. Stands are dominated by ~Dichanthelium scoparium$. Associated species include ~Juncus effusus, Juncus interior$, and ~Panicum anceps$. In Oklahoma, ~Eriocaulon koernickianum$, a species of concern, is associated with this habitat.This wetland alliance occurs in subalpine meadows and alpine tundra in the Rocky Mountains and in New Jersey. In the Rocky Mountains, stands are found in shallow depressions and on flat surfaces where snow accumulates in the winter and melts relatively late in the spring. Soil texture varies among stands, but soils are poorly drained and remain saturated throughout the growing season. Topographic position accounts for the poorly drained soils. ~Deschampsia caespitosa$ and ~Caltha leptosepala$ codominate the herbaceous layer. ~Pedicularis groenlandica, Polygonum bistorta$, and ~Veronica wormskjoldii$ and a number of ~Carex$ species are common associates. In the Kittattiny Mountains in New Jersey, similar vegetation occurs in a forb-dominated, acidic, seepage wetland community that is confined to a single location. On this site, seepage water is diverted to the surface by a clay fragipan. The herbaceous layer is dominated by ~Deschampsia caespitosa, Carex bromoides, Carex atlantica ssp. atlantica (= Carex atlantica var. incomperta)$, and ~Claytonia virginica var. hammondiae$. Diagnostic of this wetland alliance is the perennially saturated soils dominated or codominated by the bunchgrass ~Deschampsia caespitosa$.LVALG[q<CEGL006327CSCSA.119I.A.8.N.bPinus echinata Early-Successional ForestShortleaf Pine Early-Successional ForestShortleaf Pine Early-Successional Forest1994-11-01GCUSASW 11-94, mod. KP 5-00, mod. REE 4-02A.S. Weakley and K.D. Patterson, mod. R.E. EvansGD00-04-03* ΨrJ"CEGL006326CECSA.1561V.A.7.N.pDasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda / Carex (sterilis, hystericina, flava) Shrub Herbaceous VegetationShrubby-cinquefoil / (Sterile Sedge, Porcupine Sedge, YInland saline prairies, apparently associated with saline seepage from inland salt domes, with scattered patchy vegetation dominated by ~Eleocharis$ sp. and ~Iva angustifolia$. This alliance is known from outcrops of saline material apparently associated with inland salt domes. The clayey soils (Bonn series, a Glossic Natraqualf) are saturated to rarely flooded with saline seepage. Saline springs form artesian mudpots or 'ooze mounds' at scattered locations. The vegetation is patchy, with much bare soil. The shrub stratum consists of widely scattered individuals of ~Sabal minor$ and ~Baccharis halimifolia$. The herbaceous stratum consists of scattered patches of ~Eleocharis$ sp., ~Iva angustifolia$ (an annual), ~Distichlis spicata, Juncus$ sp., ~Bacopa monnieri$, and others. The only known occurrences are in Winn Parish, Louisiana.This herbaceous community is a zonal component of Limestone Cedar Glades in the Central Basin of Tennessee and the Moulton Valley of Alabama, as well as similar limestone glade vegetation in Kentucky. It occurs where seasonal seepage of unconfined aquifers emerges during the winter and spring, and supports a distinctive assemblage of graminoid vegetation. Examples are dominated by some combination of ~Eleocharis compressa, Schoenolirion croceum, Carex crawei$, and ~Allium cernuum$. Other species present may include ~Isoetes butleri$ and ~Hypoxis hirsuta$. Kentucky examples lack ~Schoenolirion croceum$, but this species may be a late-April aspect dominant in Tennessee and Alabama examples.eLVALsB 2CEGL006346CECSA.1429V.A.5.N.lEriocaulon aquaticum - Lobelia dortmanna Herbaceous VegetationSeven-angle Pipewort - Dortmann's Cardinal-flower Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG?97-12-01G?a#CEGL006345CECSA.1430V.A.5.N.lJuncus militaris Herbaceous VegetationBayonet Rush Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSNAP 6/98Northern Appalachian Planning TeamG?97-12-01G?ywukkI#-CEGL006344CECSA.3021VI.C.2.N.aLaminaria agardhii - Chondrus crispus Tidal Algal Nonvascular VegetationCommon Southern Kelp - Irish-moss Tidal Algal Nonvascular VegetationNew England Kelp Bed Community2002-05-14GCUSSLN 2-02S.L. NeidG?02-05-14G?ΰl$CEGL006342CECSA.1390V.A.5.N.kSpartina patens - Eleocharis parvula Herbaceous VegetationSaltmeadow Cordgrass - Dwarf Spikerush Herbaceous VegetationNortheastern Atlantic Brackish Interdunal Swale1997-11-26GCUSDH/LS 3/97, mod. SLN 2-02D. Hunt and L.A. Sneddon, mod. S.L. NeidG?97-12-01G?#!ș]# ,CEGL006341CECSA.3011VI.C.2.N.aAscophyllum nodosum - Fucus vesiculosus Tidal Algal NonvasThis alliance includes floating peat mat communities, in acidic depressions such as Carolina bays and flooded peat wetlands. Stands are dominated by ~Rhynchospora alba$. Other species present include a variety of wetland plants, including ~Calopogon tuberosus var. tuberosus$.This alliance is found in seasonally wet seeps and low spots in Florida scrub/flatwoods of the Florida peninsula. These areas are dominated by ~Panicum abscissum$, which forms a dense turf, with various other wetland herbs, and often scattered shrubs such as ~Lyonia lucida, Lyonia ferruginea, Serenoa repens, Vaccinium darrowii, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Persea borbonia$, and others. A very sparse canopy of ~Pinus elliottii$ is sometimes present. Other typical herbaceous plants include ~Andropogon capillipes, Schizachyrium scoparium var. stoloniferum, Panicum hemitomon, Ctenium aromaticum$, and ~Dichanthelium$ spp. LVALQCEGL006361CECSA.149I.A.8.N.cPicea mariana - Picea rubens / Pleurozium schreberi ForestBlack Spruce - Red Spruce / Feathermoss ForestSpruce - Fir Flats1997-12-01GCUSLAS/KM/MA 4-96, mod. MA/NAP 8-This alliance includes herbaceous bogs and wetland savannas of the southeastern Coastal Plain ranging from Texas and Oklahoma eastward to North Carolina. Such communities have been variously called hillside seepage bogs, wet prairies, muck bogs, poor fens, sandhill seeps, and other names. Examples are influenced by groundwater seepage and/or seasonally high water tables. Given the large geographic range and extensive species turnover within the Coastal Plain, associations found in this alliance are quite floristically variable. Most types are heavily dominated by wetland herbaceous species. Woody species may occur in scattered clumps and patches in most examples, with density dependent largely on fire frequency and seasonality. In some parts of the distribution of this alliance, especially the Atlantic Coastal Plain, shrubs can be very prominent, even when fire is relatively frequent. ~Rhynchospora$ spp. are especially prominent and diverse in most examples; many associations may have as many as ten ~Rhynchospora$ spp. present. Carnivorous taxa are also usually present and diagnostic, especially ~Sarracenia$ spp. ~Sarracenia$ spp. range from dominant or codominant to sparse but diagnostic, and from a single species to several present. The range of species include ~Sarracenia alata, Sarracenia leucophylla, Sarracenia psittacina, Sarracenia flava, Sarracenia purpurea (= Sarracenia purpurea var. burkii)$, and ~Sarracenia rubra$. Woody species are ~Magnolia virginiana, Smilax laurifolia, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera var. cerifera), Morella caroliniensis (= Myrica heterophylla), Morella inodora (= Myrica inodora), Cliftonia monophylla, Cyrilla racemiflora, Clethra alnifolia, Arundinaria gigantea ssp. tecta$, and ~Toxicodendron vernix$.LVALCEGL006370CECSA.1769V.C.2.N.bRuppia maritima - Schoenoplectus maritimus Herbaceous VegetationBeaked Ditch-grass - Saltmarsh Clubrush Herbaceous VegetationSalt Panne Pool1998-04-14GCUSECS, mod. SLN 2-02Eastern Ecology Group, mod. S.L. NeidG?98-04-14G?Ͻc#CEGL006369CECSA.1704V.B.2.N.gSalicornia bigelovii - Triglochin maritima Herbaceous VegetationDwarf Glasswort - Seaside Arrow-grass Herbaceous VegetationForb Panne1998-04-14OCUSG?98-04-14G?c# CEGL006368CECSA.1481V.A.5.N.nSpartina patens - Festuca rubra Herbaceous VegetationSaltmeadow Cordgrass - Red Fescue Herbaceous Vegetation1998-04-14GCUSmod. SLN 4-02Eastern Ecology Group, mod. S.L. NeidG?98-04-14G?ϪX#CEGL006367CECSA.1561V.A.7.N.pJuniperus virginiana / Betula pumila / Carex sterilis - Oligoneuron rigidum Shrub Herbaceous VegetationEastern Red-cedar / Bog Birch / Sterile Sedge - Bold Goldenrod Shrub Herbaceous Vegetation1998-01-26GCUSG1Q98-01-22G1# CEGL0This alliance is dominated by hydrophytic graminoids and found in the central United States near acid or neutral seeps. Vegetation cover is moderate to high and 1 m or less tall. Diagnostic species of this alliance are not well understood. ~Typha latifolia$ is the most common of the taller species. Among the shorter species, ~Carex$ spp., ~Equisetum hyemale, Climacium americanum, Eupatorium perfoliatum$, and ~Scirpus$ spp. are abundant. Shrubs and small trees, such as ~Populus deltoides, Salix$ spp., and ~Lindera benzoin$ (in the southeast of this alliance's range), are sometimes present. ^This alliance forms on the slopes and at the bases of hills, valleys, and bluffs. Soils are shallow to deep and formed from sandstone, glacial till, loess, and colluvium. Moderately minerotrophic groundwater saturates stands for much of the year.LVALCEGL006377CECSA.229I.B.2.N.aFagus grandifolia - Quercus alba - Quercus rubra ForestAmerican Beech - White Oak - Northern Red Oak ForestNortheastern Atlantic Coastal Oak - Beech - Tuliptree Forest1998-04-16GCUSLAS, mod. SLN 5-02L.A. Sneddon, mod. S.L. NeidG?97-12-01G?ɍY" ,CEGL006376CECSA.3002I.A.4.N.aIlex opaca / Morella pensylvanica ForestAmerican Holly / Northern Bayberry ForestMaritime Holly Forest1998-04-16GCUSDavid Hunt, NYNHP, mod. SLN 3-02D. Hunt, NYNHP, mod. S.L. NeidG198-04-16G1շtK#dCEGL006375CECSA.1911I.B.2.N.aQuerThis alliance, found in the central Great Plains, occurs where groundwater seeps to the surface. The vegetation of these seepage fens is predominantly hydrophytic graminoids which typically forms dense cover. Common herbaceous species include ~Carex hystericina, Carex pellita (= Carex lanuginosa), Carex nebrascensis, Eleocharis$ spp., ~Eupatorium maculatum, Leersia oryzoides, Scirpus$ spp., ~Thelypteris palustris$, and ~Typha latifolia$. Shrubs, primarily ~Salix$ spp., may occasionally occur. Ferns may be locally common. Species composition is variable between sites and is probably related to factors such as depth and composition of organic soils, water chemistry, and level of disturbance. Vegetation zonation is often conspicuous and related to hydrologic regime. ^Stands of this alliance are found on mid to lower slopes of hillsides and terraces in canyons and stream valleys. In eastern Nebraska, stands are associated with sandstone outcrops or loess and glacial till slopes. Soils are deep and consist of peat or muck, often mixed with sands. Peat layers range from 0.5-1.5 m deep. Fens are constantly saturated by groundwater. Mounded groundwater discharge zones are common features of these fens. Groundwater pH typically ranges from 6.0-7.5 and is not calcium-rich. The water table is usually near the soil surface.8LVAL`Fzr(This herbaceous wetland alliance occurs on lakeshores, river floodplains, and in wet meadows in western and south-central Montana, and the tidally influenced overflow plain of the Columbia River in western Oregon and Washington. Elevations extend just above the tidal influence zone in coastal habitats to 2500 m in the subalpine forests of Montana. Stands occur in low-lying areas with prolonged seasonal flooding that maintain saturated soils throughout the growing season. Soils are heavy textured, often with a thick organic layer, and are derived from alluvium. The vegetation is characterized by nearly pure stands of the perennial graminoid ~Carex aperta$ (70-90% cover) with lesser amounts of ~Agrostis$ spp., ~Poa palustris, Argentina anserina, Bidens cernua, Bidens frondosa, Ludwigia palustris, Polygonum amphibium$, and ~Erysimum cheiranthoides$. Adjacent stands include forests dominated by ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ at lower elevations and ~Abies lasiocarpa$ or ~Picea engelmannii$ in the subalpine zone, and a variety of riparian stands.This alliance, found in the north-central United States and south-central Canada, is composed of weakly minerotrophic peatlands dominated by graminoids. Species diversity is intermediate between richer fens and bogs. ~Carex lasiocarpa$ and ~Carex oligosperma$ are typically dominant. Associated species include ~Carex chordorrhiza, Eriophorum$ spp., ~Rhynchospora alba, Scheuchzeria palustris$, and ~Trichophorum caespitosum (= Scirpus cespitosus)$. ~Sphagnum$ spp. form a moderate to nearly continuous ground cover. Shrubs and small trees are common. ~Betula pumila, Chamaedaphne calyculata, Larix laricina, Ledum groenlandicum, Picea mariana$, and ~Salix$ spp. are the most abundant. ^This alliance is found in depressions on deep peat (>1.0 m) that receives minimal nutrient-rich run-off from surrounding uplands. The surface water is slightly acidic. The microtopography consists of low to intermediate hummocks and hollows.LVAL  CEGL006390CECSA.243I.B.2.N.aQuercus falcata - Quercus phellos / Ilex opaca ForestSouthern Red Oak - Willow Oak / American Holly ForestMesic Coastal Plain Oak Forest1998-05-05GCUSLAS, mod. SLN 4-02L.A. Sneddon, mod. S.L. NeidG?97-12-01G?ʸW",CEGL006389CECSA.3005I.CVegetation types within this saturated, temperate or subpolar grassland alliance occur in wet meadows from the foothills to moderate elevations in the mountains. Elevations range from 1350 m in eastern Oregon to 2700 m in Wyoming. Stands occur in wet basins on gentle slopes below seeps and on flat alluvial terraces adjacent to streams. Surface topography is usually smooth to slightly undulating. Soils are typically Histosols with organic matter accumulations 30-120 cm thick, but may be poorly drained, fine-textured mineral soils as well. Redox depletions or reduced matrices are common throughout the profile. Water tables remain at or near the soil surface during the growing season. Soils are slightly acidic to neutral (pH 6.0-7.0). The soils often quake when walked on due to cold, mucky, groundwater flowing just below the surface. ~Carex simulata$ dominates the graminoid stratum with 30-80% cover. Other graminoid species include ~Carex aquatilis, Carex utriculata, Deschampsia caespitosa$, and ~Juncus balticus$. Forb cover is sparse and includes ~Pedicularis groenlandica$ and ~Triglochin maritima$. Shrub species are uncommon, typically forming less than 5% cover. Shrub species include ~Betula nana (= Betula glandulosa), Salix wolfii$, and ~Salix planifolia$. The moss layer may be dense with up to 90% cover. Adjacent vegetation includes ~Schoenoplectus acutus (= Scirpus acutus)$ on wetter sites and ~Carex utriculata$ and ~Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda (= Pentaphylloides floribunda)$ on drier sites.wLVAL.',CEGL006397CECSA.3007V.A.7.N.pGaylussacia dumosa / Calamovilfa brevipilis Shrub Herbaceous VegetationDwarf Huckleberry / Pinebarren Sandreed Shrub Herbaceous VegetationPine Barrens Sandreed Savanna1998-05-08GCUSLesley Sneddon, Andrew WindischL.A. Sneddon and A. WindischG198-11-12G1ʭj# CEGL006395CECSA.657II.B.2.N.eAcer rubrum / Alnus incana - Ilex verticillata / Osmunda Stands of the ~~Abies bracteata$ Forest Alliance (A.147)$$ are found between 250 and 1400 m elevation in the central California Coast Ranges, most commonly near the crest of the range. Annual precipitation increases with elevation and totals approximately 80 cm, with a distinct summer dry season. This alliance occurs above the zone of summer fogs, and temperatures show more fluctuation than those at lower elevations. Stands are concentrated on steep, rough terrain that does not carry intense fire. Sites include rocky slopes, ridges, and canyons or ravines; slope aspects are typically northerly or easterly. Stands in ravines are found on stream benches or terraces, usually with concave topography and seasonally saturated soils. Soils in ravines are skeletal to deep, with loamy textures. On steep slopes and ridges the parent materials are sandstones and shales with overlying skeletal soils of various textures. These soils are well-drained and rocky. ~Abies bracteata$ is the sole, dominant, or codominant species in the canopy. The broad-leaved evergreen tree ~Quercus chrysolepis$ is important or codominant in most stands. Several other conifers, such as ~Pinus coulteri, Pinus ponderosa$, or ~Pinus lambertiana$, may be present. Broad-leaved evergreens, such as ~Arbutus menziesii$ and ~Lithocarpus densiflorus$, are often present. Shrubs are infrequent, and the herbaceous layer is sparse.LVALH$CEGL006412CECSA.1397V.A.5.N.kCarex stricta - Carex vesicaria Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous VegetationTussock Sedge - Inflated Sedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous VegetationEastern Tussock Sedge Meadow2000-08-29GCUSNAP 6-98, mod. SCG 5-02Northern Appalachian Planning TeamG?00-08-29G?!βk# CEGL006411CECSA.544II.A.4.N.bThuja occidentalis / Gaylussacia baccata - Vaccinium angustifolium WoodlandNorthern White-cedar / Black Huckleberry - Northern Lowbush Blueberry WoodlandWhite-cedar Heath Woodland2000-06-08GCUSSCG/LAS 4-00, mod. SCG 2-02S. Gawler and L.A. SneddonG?00-04-18G?%#ּn# CEGL006406CECSA.316I.B.2.N.eAcer rubrum - Fraxinus (pennsylvanica, americana) / Lindera benzoin / Symplocarpus foetidus ForestRed Maple - (Green Ash, White Ash) / Northern Spicebush / Skunk-cabbage ForestSouthern New England Red Maple Seepage Swamp1998-06-25GCUSG4G598-06-25G4 ҄" CEGL006405CECSA.302I.B.2.N.dTilia americana - Acer saccharum - Acer nigrum / Laportea canadensis ForestAmerican Basswood - Sugar Maple - Black Maple / Wood Nettle ForestRich FloodplaiVegetation in this alliance occurs in marshy depressions or calcareous fens in the subalpine and alpine areas of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado and western Montana. Types are locally abundant but considered rare. Sites typically range in elevations from 3000-3600 m. Stands are found in depressions with saturated soils, typically on the eastern slope. Sites do dry out in the summer. Soils are calcareous, derived from fine limestone gravel and sand. Vegetation within this alliance is classified as seasonally flooded, temperate or subpolar grasslands. ~Carex microglochin$ dominates the graminoid layer. Other graminoids can include ~Juncus triglumis$ and ~Juncus castaneus$. ~Polygonum viviparum (= Bistorta vivipara), Gentiana algida$, and ~Rhodiola integrifolia$ are typically found in the forb layer. Adjacent community information is not available.cLVALo'CEGL006427CECSA.1400V.A.5.N.kCalamagrostis canadensis - Doellingeria umbellata - Spartina pectinata Herbaceous VegetationBluejoint - Parasol Whitetop - Prairie CordgThis alliance includes various tidal marshes dominated by ~Spartina alterniflora$. The hydrology is usually regularly tidally flooded. In the northern part of its range, southern Maine to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, this alliance is generally limited to the zone between mean sea level and the mean high water level. The habitat occurs in protected inlets behind barrier beaches or in drowned river valleys. Peat depth ranges from a few feet, if the community formed over a mud flat, to 80 feet in drowned river valleys. ~Spartina alterniflora$ is limited to the low marsh zone by moderate salinity; it can withstand longer submergence than other salt marsh grasses, but still requires periodic exposure of the substrate. It also requires moderately high levels of iron (7-15 ppm). This community is commonly known as the 'low salt marsh,' occurring as a tall grassland strongly dominated by ~Spartina alterniflora$. There is little variation in vascular plant species composition across the range. It occurs in nearly pure stands, with occasional low growing species such as ~Spergularia salina (= Spergularia marina), Salicornia$ spp., ~Suaeda maritima$, and seaweeds such as ~Ulva lactuca$ and other algae such as ~Fucus vesiculosus$ and ~Ascophyllum nodosum$, which grow at the bases of the ~Spartina$ plants. Herbs of ~Salicornia virginica$ and ~Salicornia bigelovii$ can be quite common mixed in with the ~Spartina$, often becoming more apparent later in the growing season. ~Limonium carolinianum$ is another characteristic herb, but only as scattered individuals. More detailed information is needed on the variability of the alliance in the southern parts of its range.qLVAL6cCEGL006504CECSA.302I.B.2.N.dAcer saccharum / Ostrya virginiana / Brachyelytrum erectum Floodplain ForestSugar Maple / Eastern Hop-hornbeam / Bearded Shorthusk Floodplain ForestHigh-gradient Hardwood Floodplain Forest1999-07-02GCUSNAP 6-98, mod. SCG 5-02Northern Appalachian PlanThis alliance includes tidal sawgrass marshes, where alkaline chemistry comes from brackish water, rather than from underlying calcareous rock as in the Everglades sawgrass marshes. These communities occur inland from ~Juncus roemerianus$ or ~Typha angustifolia$ marshes.Tidal marshes dominated by ~Typha angustifolia$ and/or ~Typha domingensis$. Examples of this alliance are composed of a mixture of salt marsh and freshwater tidal marsh species. The vegetation is dense and characterized by tall graminoids such as ~Typha angustifolia$, with associates including ~Spartina cynosuroides, Phragmites australis$ or ~Schoenoplectus americanus (= Scirpus americanus), Pontederia cordata, Lilaeopsis chinensis, Hibiscus moscheutos (= Hibiscus palustris)$, and ~Pluchea odorata$. Other characteristic species include ~Hibiscus moscheutos, Spartina patens, Distichlis spicata, Schoenoplectus pungens (= Scirpus pungens), Lycopus americanus, Eleocharis palustris, Hydrocotyle umbellata, Eupatorium capillifolium, Ptilimnium capillaceum, Bidens$ spp., and ~Spartina alterniflora$. This community is typically a brackish tidal marsh occurring where water salinity ranges from 0.5-18.0 ppt. Brackish marshes are most extensive on large tidal rivers, but smaller marshes of this alliance also occur at the upper limits of larger tidal creeks. The alliance occurs along the Atlantic coast from Maine through South Carolina and along the Gulf coast in Alabama and Texas. Alabama and Texas communities occur in oligohaline tidal marshes and are dominated by ~Typha domingensis$. Further research is necessary to determine the classification, and thus the range, with confidence.NLVAL\CEGL006510CECSA.1078IV.A.1.N.bMorella pensylvanica - Empetrum nigrum Dwarf-shrublandNorthern Bayberry - Black Crowberry Dwarf-shrublandCrowberry - Bayberry Maritime Shrubland1999-07-02GCUSNAP 6-98, mod. SCG 5-02S.C. GawlerG?99-07-02G?Z$CEGL006509CECSA.349I.B.2.N.gLarix laricina / Chamaedaphne calyculata - Vaccinium corymbosum / Carex trisperma WoodlandTamarack / Leatherleaf - Highbush Blueberry / Three-seed Sedge WoodlandLarch / LeatherleaThis alliance consists of brackish to oligohaline tidal marshes dominated by ~Panicum virgatum$. Hydrology of this alliance is irregularly tidally inundated, usually occurring above ~Juncus roemerianus$ and other tidal marshes, and at the conceptual edge of tidal and upland communities. Associated species in the northern part of the alliance's range include ~Spartina pectinata, Agrostis stolonifera, Cladium mariscoides, Schoenoplectus americanus (= Scirpus americanus), Solidago sempervirens, Baccharis halimifolia$, and ~Tripsacum dactyloides$. Associates in the southern portion of the range include ~Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense, Sagittaria lancifolia$, and ~Spartina cynosuroides$.This alliance includes peaty oligohaline marshes, well away from tidal guts, with frequent to dominant ~Eleocharis fallax$ and ~Eleocharis rostellata$; these have been termed 'spikerush lawns' in very slightly brackish (oligohaline) marshes. Other characteristic species can include ~Centella erecta, Eriocaulon decangulare, Ludwigia alata, Cyperus haspan, Cladium mariscoides, Sabatia dodecandra, Eryngium aquaticum, Proserpinaca palustris, Ludwigia alata$, and ~Juncus$ spp. This alliance ranges from Maryland southwards along the southeastern Coastal Plain. Salinity is 0.5-5 ppt. Even though there is some variability in the expression of this marsh vegetation between North Carolina and Virginia examples, only one association has been described. f!z^m CEGL006434CECSA.612II.B.2.N.aQuercus alba - Quercus stellata - Quercus velutina / Cornus florida / Andropogon gerardii WoodlandWhite Oak - Post Oak - Black Oak / Flowering D A.1480CSoutheastV.A.5.N.nSPARTINA CYNOSUROIDES TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGiant Cordgrass Tidal Herbaceous Alliance@YECSvM   A.148CMidwestI.A.8.N.cPICEA GLAUCA - ABIES BALSAMEA FOREST ALLIANCEWhite Spruce - Balsam Fir Forest AllianceA@YMCS~}qH   A.1479CSoutheastV.A.5.N.nSPARTINA BAKERI - (SPARTINA PATENS) TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESand Cordgrass - (Saltmeadow Cordgrass) Tidal Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEY 9-94, MOD. A©[   A.1478CEastV.A.5.N.nSCHOENOPLECTUS PUNGENS TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEThreesquare Tidal Herbaceous Alliance @YA.S. WEAKLEY{znI   A.1477CSoutheastV.A.5.N.nPHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECommon Reed Tidal Herbaceous Alliance YA.S. WEAKLEY~}qL   A.1476CEastV.A.5.N.nPANICUM VIRGATUM TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESwitchgrass Tidal Herbaceous Alliance@YECSxuthC   A.1475CSoutheastV.A.5.N.nJUNCUS ROEMERIANUS TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBlack Needlerush Tidal Herbaceous AllianceYD.J. ALLARD, MOD. A.S. WEtJ   A.1474CSoutheastV.A.5.N.nELEOCHARIS FALLAX - ELEOCHARIS ROSTELLATA TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECreeping Spikerush - Beaked Spikerush Tidal Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEY 1-95, MOD. Gƭa   A.1473CSoutheastV.A.5.N.nCLADIUM MARISCUS SSP. JAMAICENSE TIDAL TEMPERATE HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESawgrass Tidal Temperate Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYb   A.1472CEastV.A.5.N.nTYPHA (ANGUSTIFOLIA, DOMINGENSIS) TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Narrowleaf Cattail, Southern Cattail) Tidal Herbaceous Alliancer@YECS/A.S. WEAKLEYT   A.1471CEastV.A.5.N.nSPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESaltmarsh Cordgrass Tidal Herbaceous Alliance@YD.J. ALLARDuH  W 8b.w?yCEGL007130CSCSA.136I.A.8.N.cPicea rubens - A.1496CMidwestV.A.6.N.fPINUS STROBUS - QUERCUS (ALBA, RUBRA) WOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEEastern White Pine - (White Oak, Northern Red Oak) Wooded Herbaceous AllianceR@YMCS\   A.1493CMidwestII.B.2.N.aPOPULUS DELTOIDES WOODLAND ALLIANCEEastern Cottonwood Woodland Alliance@YMCStqpd@   A.1492CMidwestV.A.6.N.cQUERCUS VELUTINA - (QUERCUS ELLIPSOIDALIS) WOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBlack Oak - (Northern Pin Oak) Wooded Herbaceous AllianceN@YMCSa   A.1491CMidwestV.A.6.N.cQUERCUS MACROCARPA - (QUERCUS ALBA) WOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBur Oak - (White Oak) Wooded Herbaceous AllianceV@YMCSZ   A.149CMidwestI.A.8.N.cPICEA MARIANA FOREST ALLIANCEBlack Spruce Forest Alliance@YMCSda`T8   A.1489CWestV.A.6.N.bJUNIPERUS OCCIDENTALIS WOODED TALL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWestern Juniper Wooded Tall Herbaceous Alliance;@YD. SARR~O   A.1488CWestV.A.6.N.bPINUS PONDEROSA WOODED TALL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPonderosa Pine Wooded Tall Herbaceous Alliance@YM.S. REIDvH   A.1487CWestV.A.6.N.bPINUS MONOPHYLLA WOODED TALL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESingleleaf Pinyon Wooded Tall Herbaceous AllianceH@YD. SARRzI   A.1485CSoutheastV.A.5.N.nZIZANIOPSIS MILIACEA TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESouthern Wild Rice Tidal Herbaceous Alliance|@YA.S. WEAKLEYxL   A.1484CEastV.A.5.N.nZIZANIA AQUATICA TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEIndian Wild Rice Tidal Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYzymC   A.1483CSoutheastV.A.5.N.nSPARTINA SPARTINAE TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGulf Cordgrass Tidal Herbaceous Alliance @YA.S. WEAKLEY 1-95, MOD. A~rJ   A.1481CEastV.A.5.N.nSPARTINA PATENS - (DISTICHLIS SPICATA) TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESaltmeadow Cordgrass - (Saltgrass) Tidal Herbaceous Alliance% YA.S. WEAKLEY 9-94, MOD. JY  : Y>h?l^CEGL007460CSCSA.369I.C.2.N.aFagus grandifolia - Magnolia g A.1520CSoutheastV.A.7.N.dSCHIZACHYRIUM SCOPARIUM SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELittle Bluestem Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYxO   A.152CWestI.A.8.N.cABIES CONCOLOR FOREST ALLIANCEWhite Fir Forest AlliancetYD. SARRc\[O6   eA.1519CSoutheastIII.A.2.N.iSERENOA REPENS / ARISTIDA BEYRICHIANA SATURATED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESaw Palmetto / Southern Wiregrass Saturated Shrubland Alliance1YA.S. WEAKLEY 12-95, MOD. ƭb    A.1517CWestV.A.7.N.bPURSHIA TRIDENTATA SHRUB TALL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBitterbrush Shrub Tall Herbaceous Alliance@YD. SARRtJ   A.151CWestI.A.8.N.cABIES CONCOLOR - ABIES X SHASTENSIS FOREST ALLIANCEWhite Fir - Shasta Red Fir Forest AllianceYM.S. REID/D. SARRvuuK   A.1506CWestV.A.6.N.gQUERCUS GARRYANA WOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEOregon White Oak Wooded Herbaceous AllianceYD. SARRwpooD   A.1505CMidwestV.A.6.N.gQUERCUS MACROCARPA WOODED MEDIUM-TALL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBur Oak Wooded Medium-tall Herbaceous Alliance@YMCSU   A.1502CWestV.A.6.N.fJUNIPERUS OSTEOSPERMA WOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEUtah Juniper Wooded Herbaceous Alliance@YD. SARR}|pI   A.1501CWestV.A.6.N.fPINUS JEFFREYI WOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEJeffrey Pine Wooded Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZvuiB   A.1500CWestV.A.6.N.fJUNIPERUS OCCIDENTALIS WOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWestern Juniper Wooded Herbaceous Alliance@YD. SARRtJ   A.150CEastI.A.8.N.cPICEA RUBENS - ABIES BALSAMEA FOREST ALLIANCERed Spruce - Balsam Fir Forest Alliancev@YECS|yxlE   A.15CLatin AmericaI.A.1.N.bSYZYGIUM JAMBOS FOREST ALLIANCERose-apple Forest Alliance; Pomarrosa Forest AllianceD@!YLACDt?    A.1499CMidwestV.A.6.N.fPINUS BANKSIANA - (PINUS RESINOSA) WOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEJack Pine - (Red Pine) Wooded Herbaceous Alliance YMCSY   i^ZC A.1530CWestV.A.7.N.eMUHLENBERGIA SETIFOLIA / ARTEMISIA BIGELOVII SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECurly-leaf Muhly / Bigelow Sagebrush Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZ_   A.153CWestI.A.8.N.cABIES GRANDIS FOREST ALLIANCEGrand Fir Forest AllianceYD. SARR/M.S. REID`ONN5   A.1529CWestV.A.7.N.ePLEURAPHIS RIGIDA / GUTIERREZIA SAROTHRAE SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBig Galleta / Snakeweed Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZ\   A.1528CWestV.A.7.N.eARTEMISIA TRIPARTITA SSP. TRIPARTITA SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEThreetip Sagebrush Shrub Herbaceous Alliance2@YD. SARR, MOD. M.S. REIDW   A.1527CWestV.A.7.N.eARTEMISIA TRIDENTATA SSP. WYOMINGENSIS SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWyoming Big Sagebrush Shrub Herbaceous AllianceYD. SARR, MOD. K.A. SCHULZY   A.1526CWestV.A.7.N.eARTEMISIA TRIDENTATA SSP. VASEYANA SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMountain Big Sagebrush Shrub Herbaceous AllianceKYD. SARR, MOD. M.S. REIDU   A.1525CWestV.A.7.N.eSPOROBOLUS CRYPTANDRUS SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESand Dropseed Shrub Herbaceous Alliance1@YK. SCHULZ}|pI   A.1524CWestV.A.7.N.eCHRYSOTHAMNUS VISCIDIFLORUS SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGreen Rabbitbrush Shrub Herbaceous AllianceF@YK. SCHULZyN   A.1523CWestV.A.7.N.ePURSHIA TRIDENTATA SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBitterbrush Shrub Herbaceous AllianceDYD. SARR~wvjE   A.1522CWestV.A.7.N.eARTEMISIA TRIDENTATA (SSP. TRIDENTATA, SSP. XERICENSIS) SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Basin Big Sagebrush, Foothill Big Sagebrush) Shrub Herbaceous AllianceYD. SARR, MOD. K.A. SCHULZ׾j   A.1521CWestV.A.7.N.eARTEMISIA TRIDENTATA SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBasin Big Sagebrush Shrub Herbaceous AllianceN@YK. SCHULZtG  D #H9"h7790CSCSA.1031III.B.3.N.aProsopis glandulosa var. glandulosa - Opunt A.1542CWestV.A.7.N.hSPOROBOLUS NEALLEYI SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGyp Dropseed Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZyxlF   A.1541CWestV.A.7.N.hMUHLENBERGIA SETIFOLIA SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECurly-leaf Muhly Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZsI   A.1540CWestV.A.7.N.hYUCCA GLAUCA SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESoapweed Yucca Shrub Herbaceous Allianceo@YM.S. REID/G.P. JONEStsg?   A.154CWestI.A.8.N.cABIES X SHASTENSIS FOREST ALLIANCEShasta Red Fir Forest AllianceYD. SARR`YXX:   A.1539CWestV.A.7.N.hPLEURAPHIS RIGIDA SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBig Galleta Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YM. SCHINDELvuiD   A.1538CWestV.A.7.N.gCERCOCARPUS MONTANUS SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMountain-mahogany Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZ~rG   A.1537CWestV.A.7.N.gRHUS TRILOBATA SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESquawbush Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZzqpdA   A.1536CWestV.A.7.N.gRHUS GLABRA SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESmooth Sumac Shrub Herbaceous AllianceYK. SCHULZnedd>   A.1535CMidwestV.A.7.N.gSARCOBATUS VERMICULATUS SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBlack Greasewood Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YMCSwM   A.1534CWestV.A.7.N.gDASIPHORA FRUTICOSA SSP. FLORIBUNDA SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEShrubby-cinquefoil Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YMCS, MOD. D. CULVERV   A.1533CEastV.A.7.N.gSCHIZACHYRIUM LITTORALE SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESeaside Bluestem Shrub Herbaceous Alliancem@YA.S. WEAKLEYtJ   A.1532CWestV.A.7.N.ePLEURAPHIS JAMESII SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEJames' Galleta Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YK.A. SCHULZzymE   A.1531CWestV.A.7.N.eARTEMISIA CANA (SSP. BOLANDERI, SSP. VISCIDULA) SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Bolander Silver Sagebrush, Mountain Silver Sagebrush) Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YD. SARR, MOD. WCSпb   h /qP$z|mnQ%<pQ$zmnQ&pQ$ A.1554CWestV.A.7.N.nSARCOBATUS VERMICULATUS INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBlack Greasewood Intermittently Flooded Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZa   A.1553CWestV.A.7.N.mBOUTELOUA ERIOPODA XEROMORPHIC SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBlack Grama Xeromorphic Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZQ   A.1552CWestV.A.7.N.mBOUTELOUA CURTIPENDULA SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESideoats Grama Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZ~}qI   A.1551CWestV.A.7.N.mPLEURAPHIS MUTICA SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETobosa Grass Shrub Herbaceous Allianceo@YK. SCHULZwvjD   A.1550CWestV.A.7.N.mPROSOPIS GLANDULOSA SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEHoney Mesquite Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZ{znF   A.155CWestI.A.8.N.cCALOCEDRUS DECURRENS - PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII FOREST ALLIANCEIncense-cedar - Douglas-fir Forest AllianceYD. SARRT   A.1549CWestV.A.7.N.mACHNATHERUM SPECIOSUM SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEDesert Needlegrass Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YM. SCHINDELtH   A.1548CSoutheastV.A.7.N.mBOUTELOUA HIRSUTA - BOUTELOUA GRACILIS - BOUTELOUA ERIOPODA SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEHairy Grama - Blue Grama - Black Grama Shrub Herbaceous Alliance`@YK.D. PATTERSONs   A.1546CWestV.A.7.N.jERICAMERIA NAUSEOSA SHRUB SHORT HERBACEOUS ALLIANCERubber Rabbitbrush Shrub Short Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZ~L   A.1545CWestV.A.7.N.jBOUTELOUA ERIOPODA MICROPHYLLOUS EVERGREEN SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBlack Grama Microphyllous Evergreen Shrub Herbaceous Alliance"@YK. SCHULZ]   A.1543CWestV.A.7.N.hACHNATHERUM HYMENOIDES SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEIndian Ricegrass Shrub Herbaceous Alliance @YK.A. SCHULZsI  r ;u9+CEGL008087CWCSA.1142V.A.1.N.cErag A.1570CWestV.A.8.N.aBOUTELOUA ERIOPODA DWARF-SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBlack Grama Dwarf-shrub Herbaceous AllianceI@YK. SCHULZvK   A.157CWestI.A.8.N.cPSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII FOREST ALLIANCEDouglas-fir Forest AllianceV@YM.S. REID, D. SARRwedX=   A.1568CWestV.A.8.N.aPOA SECUNDA DWARF-SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECurly Bluegrass Dwarf-shrub Herbaceous AllianceYK. SCHULZ}tssD   A.1567CWestV.A.7.N.eARTEMISIA NOVA SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBlack Sagebrush Shrub Herbaceous AllianceU@YD. SARR~wvjA   A.1566CWestV.A.7.N.eARTEMISIA ARBUSCULA SSP. ARBUSCULA SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEDwarf Sagebrush Shrub Herbaceous AllianceYD. SARR, MOD. D. SARR, C.~U   A.1565CWestV.A.8.N.aKRASCHENINNIKOVIA LANATA DWARF-SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWinter-fat Dwarf-shrub Herbaceous AllianceG@YK. SCHULZ{Q   A.1563CEastV.A.7.N.pMYRICA GALE / CAREX LASIOCARPA SATURATED SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESweet Gale / Wiregrass Sedge Saturated Shrub Herbaceous AllianceYECS[   A.1562CMidwestV.A.7.N.pDASIPHORA FRUTICOSA SSP. FLORIBUNDA / CAREX (FLAVA, INTERIOR, LASIOCARPA, STERILIS) SATURATED SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEShrubby-cinquefoil / (Yellow Sedge, Inland Sedge, Wiregrass Sedge, Sterile Sedge) Saturated Shrub Herbaceous Alliance2YMCS   A.1561CEastV.A.7.N.pCAREX (FLAVA, HYSTERICINA, INTERIOR, STERILIS) SATURATED SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Yellow Sedge, Porcupine Sedge, Inland Sedge, Sterile Sedge) Saturated Shrub Herbaceous Alliance6YECSk   A.156CWestI.A.8.N.cPICEA BREWERIANA FOREST ALLIANCEBrewer's Spruce Forest AllianceYK. SCHULZaXWW8   A.1557CEastV.A.7.N.oCHAMAEDAPHNE CALYCULATA / CAREX LASIOCARPA SATURATED SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELeatherleaf / Wiregrass Sedge Saturated Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YECSg  X f:P&^| A.1583CWestV.B.1.N.bMARSILEA VILLOSA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEIhi'ihlauakea Herbaceous AllianceYWCSb_^^=   A.1582CWestV.B.1.N.bIPOMOEA SPP. HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMorning-glory species Herbaceous AllianceYWCSfcbb9   A.1581CSoutheastV.B.1.N.bIPOMOEA PES-CAPRAE HERBACEOUS ALLIANCERailroad-vine Herbaceous Alliance; Bejuco de Playa Herbaceous Alliance-@YA.S. WEAKLEYD   A.1580CWestV.B.1.N.bHAWAIIAN FUMAROLE HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEHawaiian Fumarole Herbaceous AllianceYM.S. REIDmdcc>   A.158CWestI.A.8.N.cTSUGA MERTENSIANA - ABIES AMABILIS FOREST ALLIANCEMountain Hemlock - Pacific Silver Fir Forest AllianceYM.S. REID/D. SARRJ   A.1579CLatin AmericaV.B.1.N.bCHAMAESYCE MESEMBRIANTHEMIFOLIA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECoastal Beach Sandmat Herbaceous Alliance@"YLACD~U"   A.1578CSoutheastV.B.1.N.aPTERIDIUM CAUDATUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETropical Bracken Herbaceous Alliancep@YA.S. WEAKLEYuthD   A.1577CWestV.A.8.N.cDRYAS OCTOPETALA DWARF-SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEEight-petal Mountain-avens Dwarf-shrub Herbaceous Alliance @YD. SARRI   A.1576CWestV.A.8.N.cDRYAS INTEGRIFOLIA DWARF-SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWhite Mountain-avens Dwarf-shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YM. DAMMK   A.1575CWestV.A.8.N.cCALAMAGROSTIS BREWERI DWARF-SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEShorthair Reedgrass Dwarf-shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YM. SCHINDELN   A.1574CWestV.A.7.N.lARTEMISIA RIGIDA SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEScabland Sagebrush Shrub Herbaceous Alliance3@YK. SCHULZ, MOD. J. KAGAN|{oC   A.1573CEastV.A.8.N.bVACCINIUM ULIGINOSUM DWARF-SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBog Blueberry Dwarf-shrub Herbaceous AllianceYECS~{zzM   A.1571CWestV.A.8.N.aBOUTELOUA GRACILIS DWARF-SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBlue Grama Dwarf-shrub Herbaceous Alliance @YK.A. SCHULZuK  TLVAL` ~Juncus roemerianus$-dominated marshes with tidal hydrology. Associations in this alliance have a range of water chemistry, including saline, brackish, and (rarely) freshwater. This widely distributed salt marsh alliance occurs in association with low salt marshes or in brackish marshes, and is characterized by discrete, dense patches of vegetation usually strongly dominated by ~Juncus roemerianus$ with few other associates. Associates which occur at low cover may include ~Borrichia frutescens, Baccharis halimifolia, Spartina alterniflora, Distichlis spicata, Schoenoplectus robustus (= Scirpus robustus), Symphyotrichum tenuifolium (= Aster tenuifolius)$, and ~Symphyotrichum subulatum (= Aster subulatus)$. This community may occur as isolated patches within low salt marsh, or may dominate vast areas at the heads of tidal creeks that drain the marsh. Its hydrology is generally irregularly tidally flooded. Soils of this association are generally poorly to very poorly drained, often with standing water atop peat accumulations (averaging 15 cm in depth) which in turn overlie gleyed sands. Degree of tidal inundation and relative elevation control the distribution of salt marsh vegetation in general; ~Juncus roemerianus$ is typically found at lower elevation than the associated ~Spartina patens$ marshes or mixed marshes. ~Juncus roemerianus$ generally occurs on sandy substrates. The alliance may more rarely occur in freshwater, wind tidal situations. In these examples, ~Juncus roemerianus$ is the dominant, but other characteristic species may include ~Thelypteris palustris var. pubescens, Polygonum punctatum, Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense, Asclepias lanceolata, Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis, Eleocharis fallax, Boehmeria cylindrica$, and others. This species composition is indicative of the freshwater marsh conditions, as they do not occur in more brackish and saline associations in the ~Juncus roemerianus$ alliance.LVAL This alliance includes both natural and invasive fresh to brackish tidal marsh communities dominated by (often essentially monospecific) ~Phragmites australis$. Although ~Phragmites australis$ rhizomes have been noted in salt marsh sediments exceeding 3000 years in age and it is thus a native component of salt marshes in some areas of North America, the growth habit of the species in its native condition was likely to have been significantly different than the dense monotypic, invasive stands documented in this alliance. Evidence suggests that a new, more invasive genotype of ~Phragmites australis$ was introduced to the U. S. from the Old World. This new genotype, along with a continued increase in and variety of disturbances, may explain the heightened invasiveness of this species. Evidence suggests that along the Gulf Coast of Louisiana and Texas, the genotype found in invasive communities differs from the genotype found in natural, stable communities. Although invasive and natural communities of ~Phragmites australis$ are difficult to differentiate, this can be accomplished by considering the degree of disturbance at a site and observing a given stand over time to determine the degree of invasiveness. Based on observations of this nature by individuals familiar with the coastal marshes of Louisiana and Texas, apparently stable, natural communities dominated by ~Phragmites australis$ are present. However, the dominance of ~Phragmites australis$ in many tidal wetlands today often indicates human-induced disturbance, either through direct habitat manipulation or through passive introduction of reproductive material to naturally disturbed substrates. ^In many areas of the southeastern United States, it is well documented that ~Phragmites$ is recently introduced and spreading rapidly in tidal and non-tidal situations. In invasive communities, associated species are highly variable, depending on the vegetation that has been invaded. Spreading in large colonies, ~Phragmites$ may eventually dominate diDLVALPtF*<'CEGL006943CECSA.251I.B.2.N.aAcer saccharum - Betula alleghaniensis - Quercus rubra / Viburnum acerifolium ForestSugar Maple - Yellow Birch - Northern Red Oak / Mapleleaf Viburnum Forest2000-11-08OCUSG?00-11-08G?ɿv"CEGL006942CECSA.524II.A.4.N.aPinus (rigida, echinata) - Quercus (alba, velutina, stellata, falcata) / Quercus ilicifolia Woodland(Pitch Pine, Shortleaf Pine) - (White Oak, Black Oak, Post Oak, Southern Red Oak) / Bear Oak Woodland2000-11-08OCUSG?00-11-08G?#CEGL006941CECSA.524II.A.4.N.aPinus rigida - Quercus (stellata, coccinea, velutina, prinus, alba) / Quercus (marilandica, ilicifolia, prinoides) WoodlandPitch Pine - (Post Oak, Scarlet Oak, Black Oak, Rock Chestnut Oak, White Oak) / (Blackjack Oak, Bear Oak, Dwsturbed areas at coverage up to 100%. More typically, though, scattered individuals of other species may occur, such as sparse ~Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera)$ shrubs, ~Kosteletzkya virginica, Calystegia sepium, Boehmeria cylindrica, Typha angustifolia, Apocynum cannabinum, Rosa palustris, Polygonum$ sp., and ~Mikania scandens$. Vines of ~Toxicodendron radicans$ are also frequent, but typically occur at low cover. ^In areas where ~Phragmites australis$ is highly invasive, if ~Phragmites australis$ is a significant component of the vegetation but the vegetation retains sufficient species composition to retain its identity, the site is considered an unhealthy or degraded example of that vegetation type. In these same areas, if ~Phragmites australis$ cover is so high that native species have been excluded and the original community is no longer recognizable, then the occurrence falls within an invasive association within the ~~Phragmites australis$ Tidal Herbaceous Alliance (A.1477)$$. In natural communities, associated species may include ~Sagittaria platyphylla, Spartina alterniflora, Schoenoplectus americanus (= Scirpus americanus), Vigna luteola, Typha$ spp., and others.ULVALczCEGL006961CECSA.348I.B.2.N.gAcer rubrum - Magnolia virginiana / Clethra alnifolia / Carex (stricta, lurida) ForestRed Maple - Sweetbay / Coastal Sweet-pepperbush / (Tussock Sedge, Sallow Sedge) Forest2000-11-08OCUSG?00-11-08G?x"CEGL006960CECSA.0Rosa palustris / Carex (stricta, lurida) ShrublandSwamp Rose / (Tussock Sedge, Sallow Sedge) Shrubland2000-11-08OCUSG?00-11-08G?}}IϖCEGL006959CECSA.137I.A.8.N.cJuniperus virginiana ForestEastern Red-cedar Forest2000-11-08OCUSG?00-11-08G?omeccca_UU="$CEGL006958CECSA.248I.B.2.N.aQuercus prinus - Quercus rubra - Acer rubrum / Rhododendron maximumTidal marshes dominated by ~Spartina bakeri$. Other associated species include ~Kosteletzkya virginica, Ipomoea sagittata, Mikania scandens, Vicia floridana, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera)$, and ~Baccharis halimifolia$. Scattered shrubs are often present (in the absence of fire) and include ~Baccharis halimifolia, Morella cerifera, Acer rubrum, Salix caroliniana$, and ~Fraxinus caroliniana$.This alliance is characterized by seasonally wet maritime interdunal depressions, commonly known as interdunal swales. It includes irregularly flooded brackish marshes dominated or codominated by ~Schoenoplectus pungens (= Scirpus pungens)$, and peaty oligohaline marshes (salt 0.5-5 ppt) dominated by ~Schoenoplectus pungens$, sometimes with ~Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis$ as codominant. Other associated species can include ~Spartina patens, Juncus canadensis, Juncus scirpoides, Hydrocotyle umbellata$, and ~Eleocharis parvula$. The general aspect and species composition of this vegetation is variable, not only among occurrences, but also over the course of the growing season. This alliance occurs in the Atlantic Coastal Plain from North Carolina north to Massachusetts.LVAL~!2CEGL007003CSCSA.33I.A.3.N.aBursera simaruba - Swietenia mahagoni - Lysiloma latisiliquum / Nectandra coriacea - Coccoloba diversifolia ForestGumbo Limbo - West Indian Mahogany - Wild Tamarind / Lancewood - Pigeon-plum ForestInland Tropical Hardwood Hammock1995-04-01GCUSASW 4-95, mod. 2-98, mod. REE 10-02A.S. Weakley, mod. R.E. EvansG1G298-01-10G1b`XT7!CEGL007002CSCSA.33I.A.3.N.aFicus aurea - Sideroxylon foetidissimum - Bursera simaruba / Eugenia foetida - Piscidia piscipula / Hymenocallis latifolia ForestStrangler Fig - Mastic - Gumbo Limbo / Spanish Stopper - Jamaica-dogwood / Broadleaf Spiderlily ForestSouthwest FloThis alliance, found in the southern boreal region, is composed of upland conifer forests. Stands in this alliance have a closed canopy which is dominated by ~Picea glauca$ and ~Abies balsamea$. There are generally other associated tree species such as ~Acer rubrum, Betula papyrifera, Picea mariana, Populus balsamifera, Populus tremuloides$, and ~Thuja occidentalis$ (on more mesic sites). A significant tall-shrub/sapling layer is also characteristic, with a less extensive, but still present, short-shrub layer. The former is usually dominated by ~Abies balsamea, Acer spicatum, Amelanchier$ spp., ~Corylus cornuta$, and ~Picea mariana$, while the most abundant species in the latter are typically ~Diervilla lonicera, Rosa acicularis$, and ~Rubus pubescens$. The herbaceous layer is often quite poor and includes species such as ~Anemone quinquefolia, Aralia nudicaulis, Eurybia macrophylla (= Aster macrophyllus), Cornus canadensis, Clintonia borealis, Maianthemum canadense, Mitella nuda$, and ~Trientalis borealis$. Feathermosses are common to abundant on the forest floor (Sims et al. 1989, Zoladeski et al. 1995). ^Stands of this alliance are found on level to gently sloping dry-mesic to mesic sites. The soils are generally moderately well-drained, deep, loams, sands, or silts. Organic content is low (LaRoi 1967, Sims et al. 1989).0LVALI>-]CEGL007026CSCSA.55I.A.4.N.aQuercus virginiana - Quercus hemisphaerica - Pinus taeda - Quercus falcata / Ilex vomitoria ForestLive Oak - Sand Laurel Oak - Loblolly Pine - Southern Red Oak / Yaupon ForestAtlantic Coastal Fringe Evergreen Forest1997-11-26GCUSKPWentworth et al. (1993)G296-10-20G2+)!Ѓ! CEGL007023CSCSA.372I.C.2.N.aQuercus hemisphaerica - Carya glabra / Oxydendrum arboreum / Sebastiania fruticosa / Carex baltzellii ForestSand Laurel Oak - This alliance consists of irregularly tidally flooded marshes dominated by ~Spartina spartinae$. Examples of this alliance are known from the Gulf Coast of Texas to the Florida Keys, with the exception of Louisiana. It could extend south into Mexico, and could possibly exist in the Chenier Plain of Louisiana. It occurs in areas that are generally somewhat hypersaline from evaporation of seawater after storm surges or exceptionally high tides. It is distinguished from non-tidal (and usually taller) inland ~Spartina spartinae$ marshes, placed in ~~Spartina spartinae$ Saturated Herbaceous Alliance (A.1230)$$. Other species present can include ~Monanthochloe littoralis, Sporobolus virginicus, Suaeda linearis, Batis maritima, Borrichia frutescens$, and ~Distichlis spicata$.This alliance occurs as narrow, almost pure, stands of ~Spartina cynosuroides$ along tidal creeks and sloughs or on levees of oligohaline tidal marshes. Some ~Spartina cynosuroides$ communities are nearly monospecific, while others have a diverse component of other graminoids and forbs. Associated plants include ~Schoenoplectus pungens (= Scirpus pungens), Schoenoplectus robustus (= Scirpus robustus), Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (= Scirpus validus), Pontederia cordata, Peltandra virginica, Typha domingensis$, and ~Typha angustifolia$, among others. Communities in this alliance occur mainly in the mid-Atlantic states with the northern extent of distribution being southern New England.LVAL This alliance comprises "high salt marsh" vegetation dominated or codominated by ~Spartina patens$ along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts from Maine to Texas. The high salt marsh is irregularly flooded by tides and forms at slightly higher elevations than regularly flooded low marshes; they establish where peat accumulation raises the marsh surface above mean high tide. Landward the vegetation can transition to brackish marsh or upland vegetation. Vegetation of this alliance also occurs in mesohaline zones along lower reaches of tidal rivers. ^Variation in codominant species occurs across the geographic range. From the Canadian maritime provinces south to Delaware (discontinuously south to Virginia), this alliance is characterized by the dominance of ~Spartina patens, Distichlis spicata$, and ~Juncus gerardii$ and the presence of more northerly distributed marsh species such as ~Puccinellia fasciculata, Plantago maritima$, and ~Triglochin maritima$. In brackish reaches of tidal rivers, this alliance includes ~Spartina patens$-dominated vegetation that may also be characterized by the presence of ~Agrostis stolonifera, Festuca rubra, Symphyotrichum novi-belgii (= Aster novi-belgii), Hierochloe odorata, Carex paleacea$, or ~Spartina pectinata$. ^From Delaware south to Florida, this high salt marsh coastal community is dominated by ~Spartina patens$, forming meadows at slightly higher elevations in relation to the adjacent ~~Spartina alterniflora$ Tidal Herbaceous Alliance (A.1471)$$. Diagnostic species for this community are ~Spartina patens, Distichlis spicata, Borrichia frutescens, Kosteletzkya virginica$, and ~Pluchea odorata$. Shrub seedlings such as ~Baccharis halimifolia$ and ~Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera)$ may also be present. The associated ~~Juncus roemerianus$ Tidal Herbaceous Alliance (A.1475)$$ often occurs as discrete patches which may reach substantial size. ^This alliance also includes mesohaline to oligohaline marshes of the Gulf Coast of Texas and Louisiana. In these associationsLVAL`mnE2CEGL007110CSCSA.130I.A.8.N.bPinus taeda / Schizachyrium scoparium - Tephrosia virginiana ForestLoblolly Pine / Little Bluestem - Goat's-rue ForestSubmontane Loblolly Pine Modified / Successional Forest1994-11-01GCUSASW 11-94A.S. WeakleyGM01-05-22*Ϙe"CEGL007109CSCSA.130I.A.8.N.bPinus taeda / Saccharum alopecuroidum - (Andropogon spp.) ForestLoblolly Pine / Silver Plumegrass - (Bluestem species) ForestLoblolly Pine Modified / Successional Forest1994-11-01GCUSASW 11-94, mod. 12-98, mod. KP 5-00A.S. WeakleyGM01-04-02* ˟b" CEGL007108CSCSA.130I.A.8.N.bPinus taeda / Rhus copallinum Managed ForestLoblolly Pine / Winged Sumac Managed ForestWest Gulf Coastal Plain Managed Loblolly Pine Forest1994-12-01GCUSJEM 12-94J.E. Mohan, mod. R.E. EvansGM01-10-04*ĻyN"CEGL007105CSCSA.130I.A.8.N.bPinus taeda / Liriodendron tulipifera - Acer saccharum Successional ForestLoblolly Pine / Tuliptree - Sugar Maple Successional Forest1997-11-26GCUSAA 5-95M. Andreu and M. TukmanGM00-12-22*Ӽl" CEGL007102CSCSA.127I.A.8.N.bPinus strobus - Tsuga canadensis / Rhododendron maximum - (Leucothoe , ~Spartina patens$ may strongly dominate, ~Distichlis spicata, Spartina alterniflora$, and ~Spartina patens$ may codominate, ~Distichlis spicata$ may form pure stands, ~Paspalum vaginatum$ may strongly dominate, or ~Spartina patens$ and ~Vigna luteola$ may codominate. Other characteristic species include ~Juncus roemerianus, Spartina spartinae, Spartina cynosuroides$ (within its range), ~Schoenoplectus robustus, Schoenoplectus americanus, Sagittaria lancifolia, Phragmites australis$, and ~Eragrostis$ spp. Here, this alliance forms mosaics with ~Spartina spartinae$ and ~Spartina alterniflora$ marshes and saline herbaceous vegetation. ^Western states have a different alliance for inland situations dominated by ~Distichlis spicata$, the ~~Distichlis spicata$ Intermittently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance (A.1332)$$.LVAL@CEGL007143CSCSA.171I.A.8.N.eTsuga canadensis - (Pinus strobus) Temporarily Flooded ForestEastern Hemlock - (Eastern White Pine) Temporarily Flooded ForestMontane Alluvial Forest (Small River Type)1997-11-26GCUSG302-09-03G3ʠ_"CEGL007142CSCSA.437I.C.3.N.bPinus taeda Temporarily Flooded ForestLoblolly Pine Temporarily Flooded Forest1997-11-26GCUSG4?01-09-19G4~~~|zppH" CEGL007139CSCSA.144I.A.8.N.cTsuga caroliniana / Kalmia laTidal marshes, often occurring as fringing marshes, dominated by ~Zizaniopsis miliacea$, often where water levels are stabilized by daily tides or other phenomena. Other dominants that may occur include ~Zizania aquatica, Pontederia cordata, Peltandra virginica$; other common plants are ~Saccharum giganteum, Rhynchospora corniculata, Cicuta maculata$, and ~Boltonia asteroides$.This alliance contains freshwater tidal marshes dominated by tall graminoids. ~Zizania aquatica$ is usually dominant or codominant with other graminoids such as ~Typha angustifolia, Schoenoplectus fluviatilis (= Scirpus fluviatilis)$, and ~Sparganium eurycarpum$. These marshes typically occur along tidal river systems (in shallow bays, shoals, or at the mouth) within the reach of the tide, but beyond the influence of saline waters. Soils are highly variable and are composed of varying amounts of silts, silty mucks, fine peat, to very coarse sands. Other characteristic species include ~Sagittaria latifolia, Leersia oryzoides, Amaranthus cannabinus, Impatiens capensis, Bidens bidentoides, Acorus americanus$, and ~Echinochloa walteri$. In the Southeast, ~Zizania aquatica$-dominated vegetation occurs primarily as fringing marshes along tidal freshwater rivers. Communities of this alliance occur in Coastal Plain from Maine south and west to Louisiana.LVAL0ACEGL007162CSCSA.578II.A.4.N.fPinus palustris / Morella cerifera - Morella caroliniensis - Ilex coriacea WoodlandLongleaf Pine / Wax-myrtle - Evergreen Bayberry - Big Gallberry WoodlandWest Gulf Coastal Plain Longleaf Pine Flatwoods (Fire-suppressed Phase)1995-04-01GCUSJEM 4-95, mod. MP 10-97J. Mohan, mod. M. PyneGM97-12-01*KJB@*v#CEGL007157CSCSA.578II.A.4.N.fPinus elliottii var. elliottii - (Pinus palustris) / Morella cerifera - Ilex coriacea WoodlandSlash Pine - (Longleaf Pine) / Wax-myrtle - Big Gallberry WoodlandWest Gulf Coastal Plain Slash Pine Flatwoods1995-01-01GCUSJEM/LMS, mod. 9-98, mod. REE 1-01J.E. Mohan, mod. R.E. EvansGM01-01-31*DC;9Á# CEGL007156CSCSA.441I.C.These communities have been described from the Basin and Range Province of southern Idaho at between 1800 and 2200 m in elevation. The climate is semi-arid, with approximately 25-30 cm of precipitation annually. Soils are derived from gneiss, schist, quartzite, and amphibolite, and are well-drained. ~Leymus cinereus$ is known to typically occur on gravelly soils, but especially on those derived from alluvium along washes and gullies. From this it can be inferred that this alliance may occupy topographic depressions and narrow canyons where alluvial deposition has occurred. It may also occupy small alluvial fans at the base of erosional features such as rock ridges and tors. These communities are characterized by an open canopy (typically less than 25% cover) of ~Pinus monophylla$, usually in association with ~Juniperus osteosperma$. There is apparently no shrub layer. The herbaceous layer is dominated by ~Leymus cinereus$, a tall perennial bunchgrass. A number of Great Basin species probably occur in these stands, however, no other information on species composition is available.2LVAL>B `CEGL007178CSCSA.98I.A.8.C.xPinus strobus Planted ForestEastern White Pine Planted ForestWhite Pine Plantation1994-08-01GCUSASW 8-94A.S. Weakley, mod. D. Faber-LangendoThis alliance is found on the eastern side of the Continental Divide in the foothills of the Colorado Front Range. Topographic features include hogbacks, ridges, mesas and slopes. Slopes vary from gentle to somewhat steep, and aspects are often easterly, except at the higher elevations where they are southerly. Stands occupy the most xeric of the wooded sites in the eastern Front Range, a zone between grass- and shrub-dominated vegetation at lower elevations and more densely forested in more mesic and higher elevation areas. Soils are poorly developed, well-drained, very rocky and/or gravelly, loam or sandy loam in texture, and with much exposed surface rock. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by ~Pinus ponderosa$, which forms an open tree layer (10-30% cover). The understory is composed of broad-leaved deciduous shrubs, succulents, suffrutescents and graminoids. ~Cercocarpus montanus$ dominates the shrub layer, with ~Rhus trilobata$ always present in lower abundance. Succulent species, such as ~Opuntia polyacantha, Echinocereus viridiflorus$, and ~Yucca glauca$, and suffrutescent species, such as ~Artemisia frigida, Artemisia ludoviciana$, and ~Eriogonum umbellatum$, are also consistently present. The moderately dense graminoid layer is dominated by perennial bunch grasses. ~Andropogon gerardii$ is always present to codominant. Other important species include ~Elymus albicans (= Elymus lanceolatus ssp. albicans), Schizachyrium scoparium, Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata), Bouteloua hirsuta$, and ~Bouteloua curtipendula$. Diagnostic of this alliance is the open tree canopy of ~Pinus ponderosa$ with a moderately dense graminoid layer dominated by medium-tall to tall bunch grasses.LVALd(CEGL007194CSCSA.252I.B.2.N.aQuercus shumardii - Fraxinus americana - Carya myristiciformis / Viburnum dentatum / Carex cherokeensis ForestShumard Oak - White Ash - Nutmeg Hickory / Southern Arrow-wood / Cherokee Sedge ForestKeiffer Prairie Margin Oak-Ash-Hickory Forest1996-11-01GCUSJEM 3-95, mod. 11-96J.E. Mohan and W. AllenG1Q99-12-04G1YWOL5!" CEGL007192CSCSA.222I.B.2.N.aAlbizia julibrissin ForestSilktree ForestSuccessional Silktree Vegetation within this alliance is located at the mesic fringe of the steppe habitats of the interior Pacific Northwest between 600 and 1800 m elevation. Throughout this range the climate is semi-arid, with 23-36 cm of precipitation annually, the maximum occurring in winter. The temperature regime is cool summer-continental, with a wide range in diurnal temperatures and night frosts through most of the year. Summer lightning storms and associated fires are common in the environments where this type occurs and are presumably important in structuring the vegetation. Generally, soils are medium-textured, with abundant coarse fragments, often derived from volcanic parent materials or aeolian deposits. Vegetation within this alliance is usually characterized by a sparse overstory of ~Juniperus occidentalis$. ~Cercocarpus ledifolius$, a tall shrub or small tree, may also be abundant. Other shrubs which commonly occur in these woodlands are ~Purshia tridentata, Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus), Prunus virginiana, Ribes cereum$, and ~Artemisia$ spp. There is a well-developed herbaceous layer of robust perennial bunch grasses dominated by ~Leymus cinereus$, usually well over 1 m in height. Contiguous vegetation is most commonly ~Pinus ponderosa$ forests, ~Juniperus occidentalis$ woodlands, or ~Artemisia$ steppe.eLVALqWCEGL007207CSCSA.228I.B.2.N.aFagus grandifolia - Quercus alba / Acer (barbatum, leucoderme) / Solidago auriculata ForestAmerican Beech - White Oak / (Southern Sugar Maple, Chalk This alliance is found in the northern United States and southern Canada. It is not well defined in Canada, and further work may result in an extension of the range. Stands in this alliance have mostly to completely closed tree canopies. Tall and short shrubs are present to abundant. The vascular herbaceous layer is typically poorly developed, but nonvascular species, especially feathermosses, are very abundant. The canopy is composed of relatively pure stands of ~Picea mariana$ with smaller amounts of ~Abies balsamea, Betula papyrifera, Picea glauca, Pinus banksiana, Pinus strobus$ (in the southern part of this alliance's range), ~Populus tremuloides$ usually present. The shrub/sapling layer typically contains ~Abies balsamea, Picea mariana, Corylus cornuta$ (in the western part of this alliance's range), ~Diervilla lonicera$ (in the west), and numerous ericaceous shrubs such as ~Gaultheria procumbens, Kalmia angustifolia, Ledum groenlandicum$, and ~Vaccinium$ spp. The herbaceous layer contains species often found in northern dry-mesic habitats, including ~Eurybia macrophylla (= Aster macrophyllus), Cornus canadensis, Clintonia borealis$, and ~Maianthemum canadense$. There is a prominent bryophyte layer of ~Pleurozium schreberi, Hylocomium splendens$, and ~Ptilium crista-castrensis$. ^Communities of this alliance occur on nutrient-poor loamy sands, sandy loams, and silts which may be shallow to moderately deep to bedrock. Stands may become established following fire, particularly on dry sandy soils. Boulders are often present on the surface or in the upper soil horizons. Communities in this alliance are typically on flat to gently sloping topography.LVAL=@CEGL007213CSCSA.229I.B.2.N.aQuercus alba - Fagus grandifolia / Hydrangea quercifolia - Viburnum acerifolium / Carex picta - Polystichum acrostichoides ForestWhite Oak - American Beech / Oakleaf Hydrangea - Mapleleaf Viburnum / Painted Sedge - Christmas Fern ForestCumberland Plateau Mesic White Oak - Beech Forest1994-11-01GCUSASW 11-94, mod. KP 5-00A.S. Weakley and K.D. PattersonG3G401-01-04G3dMKI?"CEGL007211CSCSA.228I.B.2.N.aFagus grandifolia - Quercus nigra ForestAmerican Beech - Water Oak ForesThis alliance, found in the midwestern United States and southern Canada, is characterized by a dry-mesic and mesic prairie understory with a sparse tree canopy. The dominant herbaceous species are the graminoids ~Andropogon gerardii, Schizachyrium scoparium, Sorghastrum nutans, Sporobolus heterolepis$, and ~Hesperostipa spartea (= Stipa spartea)$. Other typical species include ~Amorpha canescens, Antennaria$ spp., ~Calamagrostis canadensis$ (in moist stands), ~Carex$ spp., ~Lespedeza capitata, Ratibida pinnata, Silphium laciniatum$, and ~Zizia aurea$. ~Quercus macrocarpa$ is a common tree throughout the range of this alliance. ~Populus tremuloides$ (in the northern portion of this alliance's range), ~Quercus alba, Quercus bicolor$, and ~Quercus stellata$, can be found in some stands. The total tree canopy may exceed 30%. The shrub layer can be absent to prominent. Where shrubs are present, ~Corylus$ spp. tend to be dominant, accompanied by species such as ~Cornus foemina, Rosa$ spp., ~Rubus allegheniensis$, and ~Symphoricarpos occidentalis$ (in the west). ^This alliance is found on a variety of sites. It occurs on lakeplains near the Great Lakes, but more commonly on rolling outwash plains, hills, and ridges. Most soils are sandy to loamy. Some, especially near the Great Lakes, can be on clay loam. This alliance is maintained by periodic fire.LVAL1|<CEGL007246CSCSA.243I.B.2.N.aQuercus falcata - Quercus stellata - Carya alba / Vaccinium spp. Coastal Plain ForesThis dry to dry-mesic herbaceous alliance is found in the Great Lakes region and northeastern Great Plains. Herbaceous species dominate this alliance, but trees and shrubs are common and can be abundant in the prolonged absence of fire. Trees and shrubs may be scattered across the landscape or clumped. The herb layer is dominated by graminoids, with forbs more prominent in shaded areas. Species found in the herb layer include ~Ambrosia psilostachya, Amphicarpaea bracteata, Artemisia ludoviciana, Andropogon gerardii, Calamovilfa longifolia, Carex pensylvanica, Carex$ spp., ~Comandra umbellata, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Sorghastrum nutans, Hesperostipa spartea (= Stipa spartea)$, and ~Schizachyrium scoparium$. The most abundant trees are ~Quercus macrocarpa$ and ~Quercus ellipsoidalis$, which have a height of 5-15 m and an open canopy (5-60%). Cover in the tall-shrub and low-shrub layers varies from 0-40%. Short-shrub species include ~Amorpha canescens, Corylus americana, Rhus glabra$, and ~Toxicodendron radicans$. ~Symphoricarpos occidentalis$ can be common on heavier soils. ^Stands of this alliance are found on well-drained, coarse-textured sandy soils derived from glacial outwash or end moraine formations. Soils range from almost pure sand, to loamy sand, to sandy loam. The soils have low fertility, organic matter, and moisture-retention capacity. Factors which affect seasonal soil moisture are strongly related to variation in this type; slope, aspect, topographic position, elevation, depth to water table, and presence or absence of less permeable soil layers are among these factors.LVAL-b%CEGL007268CSCSA.249I.B.2.N.aQuercus prinus - Carya ovata - Quercus rubra / Acer saccharum ForestRock Chestnut Oak - Shagbark Hickory - Northern Red Oak / Sugar Maple ForestChestnut Oak - Shagbark Hickory - Sugar Maple Forest1994-06-01GCUSDJA 6-94, mod. AA 5-95D.J. Allard, mod. A. AndreuG4?01-10-09G420(% f" &CEGL007267CSCSA.250I.B.2.N.aQuercus prinus - (Quercus rubra) - Carya spp. / Oxydendrum arboreum - Cornus florida ForestRock Chestnut Oak - (Northern Red Oak) - Hickory species / Sourwood - Flowering Dogwood ForestAppalachian Montane Oak Hickory Forest (Chestnut Oak Type)1997-12-01GCUSKP 10-95, mod. 12-97K.D. PattersonG4G5This alliance is composed of herbaceous communities with a scattered tree layer found on infertile sites in the Great Lakes region. The dominant herbaceous stratum is dominated by graminoid species which are adapted to the dry conditions. These include ~Carex pensylvanica, Danthonia spicata$, and ~Schizachyrium scoparium$. The tree layer is composed of both evergreen and deciduous species and typically has 10-30% canopy. ~Pinus strobus, Quercus alba, Quercus ellipsoidalis, Quercus rubra$, and ~Quercus velutina$ are all common. ~Arctostaphylos uva-ursi$ and ~Vaccinium$ spp. are typical shrubs. ^This alliance is found on flat to moderately steep slopes. Stands occur on infertile sites either with sandy soil or shallow soil over bedrock. These sites are most commonly found on outwash plains or where granite bedrock is at or near the surface.This alliance is found on dune systems in the Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada. The canopy is very open, ranging from 5-25%, with little subcanopy or shrub layer. ~Populus deltoides$ is the dominant species, though ~Tilia americana, Fraxinus pennsylvanica$, and other species may be present. The ground layer is dominated by exposed sand, with a scattered herbaceous layer. Typical associates include ~Schizachyrium scoparium, Ammophila breviligulata, Sporobolus cryptandrus$, and ~Poa compressa$.LVAL This alliance, found in the Great Lakes region, occurs on dry, sandy sites. Stands have widely spaced individual or clumps of trees with a canopy generally less than 25%. In the interior of lower Michigan the average tree height is 8 m. The herbaceous layer is dense to moderate. Shrubs are rare to abundant. Graminoids dominate the herbaceous stratum. ~Schizachyrium scoparium$ and ~Carex$ spp., especially ~Carex pensylvanica$, are widespread in stands of this alliance. ~Andropogon gerardii, Calamovilfa longifolia, Danthonia spicata, Koeleria macrantha, Poa pratensis$, and ~Hesperostipa spartea (= Stipa spartea)$ are common but rarely dominant. Forbs include ~Symphyotrichum oolentangiense (= Aster oolentangiensis), Dalea$ spp., ~Euphorbia corollata, Liatris$ spp., and ~Solidago nemoralis$. The most abundant tree species is usually ~Pinus banksiana$, but this alliance includes stands that are dominated to codominated by ~Quercus ellipsoidalis$. Other trees that can be abundant include ~Pinus resinosa, Populus grandidentata, Populus tremuloides$, and ~Quercus macrocarpa$. Common shrubs are ~Comptonia peregrina, Corylus americana, Gaylussacia baccata, Salix humilis$, and ~Vaccinium$ spp. Along the shores of the Great Lakes in Michigan, the low shrubs ~Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Juniperus horizontalis$, and ~Juniperus communis$ are often abundant, and ~Pinus strobus$ can be found in the tree layer. Semi-aquatic species can be found in low areas. ^The topography of stands of this alliance is flat to rolling. The soils are sandy, acidic, droughty, and infertile. They occur predominantly on glacial outwash or the sandy beds of former lakes. These sands have poor nutrient-retaining capability due to the continuous presence of acidic pine litter during the Holocene, low concentrations of divalent cations in the parent material, and the sandy, well-drained character of the soils. The soils are mostly entisols; some transient stands may be on Mollisols. The Entisols are usually fine to coarse sands but can be loLVALKCEGL007451CSCSA.210I.B.2.C.xPlatanus occidentalis Planted ForestSycamore Planted ForestSycamore Plantation1995-12-01GCUSASW 12-95A.S. WeakleyGC97-12-01*~|zp]F"CEGL007450CSCSA.209I.B.2.C.xLiquidambar styraciflua Planted ForestSweetgum Planted ForestSweetgum Plantation1995-12-01GCUSASW 12-95A.S. WeakleyGC97-12-01*~|r_H"CEGL007449CSCSA.353I.B.2.N.gQuercus michauxii - Quercus pagoda / Clethra alnifolia - Leucothoe axillaris ForestSwamp Chestnut Oak - Cherrybark Oak / Coastal Sweet-pepperbush - Coastal Doghobble Forest1997-11-26GCUSMPS 2-96M.P. Schafale and G. FlemingG297-12-01G2 u" CEGL007447CSCSA.352I.B.2.N.gQuercus laurifolia - Nyssa biflora / Clethra alnifolia - Leucothoe axillaris ForestDiamondleaf Oak - Swamp Blackgum / Coastal Sweet-pepperbush - Coastal Doghobble Forest1997-11-26GCUSMPS 2-96, mod. 8-96M.P. SchafaleG2G301-06-14G2u"CEGL007445CSCSA.351I.B.2.N.gNyssa biflora - Acer rubrum var. trilobum / Persea palustris ForestSwamp Blackgum - Carolina Red Maple / Swampbay Forest1995-01-01GCUSASW 1-95A.S. WeakleyGM97-08-15*ƾe"CEGL007444CSCSA.348I.B.2.N.gAcer rubrum var. trilobum - Liquidambar styraciflua - Magnolia tripetala / Osmunda regalis - (Cypripedium kentuckiense) ForestCarolina Red Maple - Sweetgum - Umbrella Magnolia / Royal Fern - (Southern Yellow Lady's-slipper) ForestOuachita Mountains Acid Forested Seep1995-12-01GCUSJC/KP 12-95, mod. ASW 11-98J. Campbell and K.D. Patterson, mod. A.S. WeakleyG3?01-01-03G3V;97-"CEGL007443CSCSA.348I.B.2.N.gAcer rubrum var. trilobum - Nyssa sylvatica / Osmunda cinnamomea amy sands. Near the Great Lakes in lower Michigan, changes in the water table can affect the floristic composition. Fire is very important in maintaining the open character of this alliance. In the prolonged absence of fire, the tree canopy fills in and stands become woodlands or forests.~LVALbBCEGL007489CSCSA.394I.C.3.N.aPinus echinata - Quercus (alba, rubra) / Vaccinium (arboreum, pallidum) / Schizachyrium scoparium - Chasmanthium sessiliflorum - Solidago ulmifolia ForestShortleaf Pine - (White Oak, Northern Red Oak) / (Farkleberry, Hillside Blueberry) / Little Bluestem - Longleaf Spikegrass - Elmleaf Goldenrod ForestInterior Highlands Shortleaf Pine - Oak Dry-Mesic Forest1995-12-01GCUSASW/KP/JC 12-95, mod. DZ/KP 12-98A.S. Weakley and K.D. Patterson, mod. D. Zollner and K.D. PattersonG3G401-01-09G3 Q"CEGL007476CSCSA.379I.C.2.N.dQuercus virginiana - Quercus nigra - Liquidambar styraciflua / Ilex opaca var. opaca / Viburnum dentatum ForestLive Oak - Water Oak - Sweetgum / American Holly / Southern Arrow-wood Forest1996-01-01GCUSLMS/ASW 1-96L.M. Smith and A.S. WeakleyG2G399-12-04G2!This alliance contains spruce-fir forest communities of northern New England and New York. The canopy may be dominated by ~Picea rubens, Abies balsamea$, or codominated by both species. Typical canopy associates include ~Betula alleghaniensis$ and ~Betula papyrifera$, with an understory of ~Sorbus americana, Acer spicatum$, and ~Acer pensylvanicum$. Common herbs of this alliance include ~Clintonia borealis, Oxalis montana, Huperzia lucidula (= Lycopodium lucidulum), Cornus canadensis, Maianthemum canadense, Oclemena acuminata (= Aster acuminatus), Coptis trifolia$, and ~Trientalis borealis$. The bryophyte layer is generally very well-developed, characterized by ~Bazzania trilobata, Brotherella recurvans, Pleurozium schreberi$, and many others. This alliance occurs primarily on acidic till derived from granites or from sandstone, at elevations near sea level up to 4500 feet.nLVALzJpCEGLStands of this alliance are widely distributed along the northern and western margins of the Great Basin, from southwestern Idaho to northeastern California, from 200 m to over 1500 m elevation. Throughout the range the climate is semi-arid, with 23-36 cm of precipitation annually. Most of the precipitation is winter rain. The temperature regime is cool summer-continental, with a wide range in diurnal temperatures and night frosts through most of the year. Summer lightning storms and associated fires are common in the environments where this type occurs and are presumably important in structuring the vegetation. Generally soils are medium-textured, with abundant coarse fragments, and derived from volcanic parent materials. In central Oregon, the center of its range, vegetation of this alliance is found on all aspects and slope positions. Vegetation within this alliance is usually characterized by a sparse overstory of ~Juniperus occidentalis$. ~Cercocarpus ledifolius$, a tall shrub or small tree, may also be common. Other shrubs which commonly occur in these woodlands are ~Purshia tridentata, Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus), Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus, Ribes cereum$, and ~Artemisia rigida, Artemisia arbuscula$ or ~Artemisia tridentata$. The herbaceous layer is usually comprised of annual and perennial grasses such as ~Pseudoroegneria spicata, Festuca idahoensis, Poa secunda, Koeleria macrantha$, and ~Stipa$ spp. Common forbs include ~Achillea millefolium, Balsamorhiza$ spp., and ~Trifolium macrocephalum$. Adjacent vegetation is most commonly ~Pinus ponderosa$ forests, ~Juniperus occidentalis$ woodlands, or ~Artemisia$ steppe.CLVALOZStands in this alliance occur in the mountains of northwestern California and southwestern Oregon. Elevations range from 380-2400 m in Oregon and 60-2900 m in California. The climate throughout most of this alliance's range is Mediterranean, with warm, dry summers and moist winters. Precipitation ranges from 60-150 cm per year, falling mostly as rain. The bulk of the rain falls between November and May. Stands occur on rolling topography with moderately steep to steep slopes (12-60%). Stands occur on all aspects, except north. Soils are well-drained, gravelly clays and clay loams with 0-25% cobbles. Average bare ground and rock cover is less than 20% each. Most commonly stands are found on serpentine, mixed-ultramafic with metavolcanics and peridotite-derived soils. Vegetation included in this alliance has a sparse canopy of trees (10-25% cover), over a sparse to dense herbaceous layer. The evergreen needle-leaved conifer ~Pinus jeffreyi$ dominates the tree layer. Other common trees include ~Arbutus menziesii, Calocedrus decurrens, Pseudotsuga menziesii$, and ~Quercus chrysolepis$. The shrub layer is sparse to moderately dense (5-60% cover). Frequent shrubs are ~Ceanothus pumilus (= Ceanothus prostratus ssp. pumilus), Ceanothus cuneatus$, and ~Arctostaphylos canescens$. The sparse to dense (1-90% cover) herbaceous layer is dominated by perennial graminoids such as the cool-season, medium-tall, bunchgrass ~Festuca idahoensis$, with ~Koeleria macrantha, Elymus glaucus$, and ~Elymus elymoides$ frequently present. Forb cover is sparse (<20%) and may include ~Achillea millefolium, Allium falcifolium, Castilleja applegatei, Eriogonum umbellatum, Eriophyllum lanatum$, and ~Phlox divaricata$.]LVAL0kU%eue`a$z|lQ<~pQ%u%eueeupt$zlQ~pQueeEeeee`c$z$lQ~pQ%ee%eeue`p$zxlQ8 ~pQeuu%eeThis alliance, found in the northern Great Plains, is a mixedgrass savanna. Mid grasses and tall grasses dominate the vegetation. Scattered and clumped trees and shrubs are always present, but both strata have less than 25% cover. ~Andropogon gerardii, Carex pensylvanica, Schizachyrium scoparium$, and ~Sorghastrum nutans$ are abundant herbaceous species. ~Quercus macrocarpa$ is the most common tree and may be the only tree species in some stands. ~Corylus$ spp. and ~Symphoricarpos occidentalis$ are typical shrubs. ^Stands of this alliance occur on sandy lacustrine and glacial outwash deposits reworked by wind, on shale, and on glacial till. Soils are relatively infertile and excessively well-drained.Vegetation within the ~~Juniperus osteosperma$ Wooded Herbaceous Alliance (A.1502)$$ is described only from the semi-arid Basin and Range Province of southern Idaho. In this region it occurs from 1800-2200 m in elevation. Average annual precipitation is 25-40 cm with a peak in early summer. Soils are rocky, well-drained, and derived from limestone parent materials. These communities are characterized by an open canopy of ~Juniperus osteosperma$, usually as the only tree species. ~Cercocarpus ledifolius$ is a common associate on thin soils near rock outcrops. Shrub associates include ~Artemisia tridentata, Artemisia nova$, and ~Krascheninnikovia lanata$. Perennial bunch grasses dominate the herbaceous layer, with ~Pseudoroegneria spicata, Leymus ambiguus$, and ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$ being the most common species. Adjacent vegetation is ~Artemisia$ shrub-steppe at the lower elevation margin and ~Cercocarpus ledifolius$ shrublands on rocky outcrops.YLVALEgn-Open glade vegetation with large areas of bare or lichen-covered rock, with only scattered herbs and shrubs. These are herbaceous grass-dominated openings with scattered shrubs restricted to microsites with slightly deeper soils. Sites may be seasonally wet, and the flora may reflect these soil and moisture conditions. This alliance currently contains communities of the high-elevation Blue Ridge uplands where soils are droughty and thin over generally flat, continuous rock.Vegetation in this alliance has only been reported from southern Idaho in a region of relatively recent 'plains' volcanic activity. The elevation where the alliance is found is roughly 1760 m. The region is semi-arid with annual precipitation ranging from 25-40 cm, falling in a bimodal pattern with winter and late spring peaks. The area is under a continental temperature regime of cold winters, hot summers, and a large diurnal variation. This alliance is found on medium-aged and older cinder cones. The weathering of these cinder deposits has proceeded far enough that water-holding capacity is increased over younger cinder deposits, which are dominated by ~Eriogonum ovalifolium$. In general, this alliance is associated with coarse, well-drained soils. A canopy of ~Purshia tridentata$ characterizes these shrublands. Other important shrubs include ~Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus), Eriogonum heracleoides, Ribes cereum, Symphoricarpos oreophilus$, and ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana$. The herbaceous layer is usually dominated by perennial bunch grasses, including ~Leymus cinereus, Pseudoroegneria spicata$, and ~Festuca idahoensis$. Associated forbs include ~Arabis holboellii, Balsamorhiza sagittata, Eriogonum umbellatum, Pteryxia terebinthina (= Cymopterus terebinthinus)$, and ~Lithospermum ruderale$. Adjacent vegetation is typically ~Artemisia$ steppe, ~Pseudoroegneria - Poa - Festuca$ grasslands, or ~Pinus flexilis$ woodlands.LVAL This open shrubland alliance consists of nearly treeless, open grassy to shrubby expanses including ~Aristida beyrichiana, Aristida spiciformis, Aristida purpurascens, Andropogon virginicus, Andropogon brachystachyus$, and ~Eragrostis$ spp. with sparse to dense cover of low, scrubby ~Serenoa repens$ and scattered patches of low shrubs including ~Quercus pumila, Asimina$ spp., ~Ilex glabra, Lyonia ferruginea, Lyonia fruticosa, Lyonia lucida, Vaccinium myrsinites$, and ~Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera)$. An occasional tree may occur (less than 2 trees/1.0 ha), typically ~Pinus elliottii var. densa$ or ~Sabal palmetto$. Other typical plants include ~Andropogon capillipes (= Andropogon virginicus var. glaucus), Axonopus fissifolius, Sorghastrum secundum, Schizachyrium scoparium var. stoloniferum (= Schizachyrium stoloniferum), Pityopsis graminifolia, Eryngium aromaticum, Liatris$ spp., ~Pterocaulon pycnostachyum, Piloblephis rigida, Lilium catesbaei, Sabatia brevifolia, Polygala$ spp., ~Solidago$ spp., and ~Hyptis alata$. This alliance is endemic to Florida and occurs within a matrix of mesic pine flatwoods in the southern portion of the state on flat, moderately to poorly drained sandy sites. These areas are seldom inundated but may flood with several centimeters of water for short periods after heavy summer rains. This alliance is threatened rangewide by urban development, use as unimproved pasture or conversion to improved pasture, agriculture, and citrus groves. Historical acreage of this alliance has greatly decreased, with few large tracts remaining and few occurrences of reasonable quality. This vegetation is closely related floristically to mesic pine flatwoods, except that it has no tree layer. The open structure and species composition is maintained by frequent fire. The natural fire frequency is thought to be more frequent than in the surrounding mesic pine flatwoods. Some sources suggest that this vegetation type may be the result of anthropogenic factors that provided an unnaturally hLVALs*BsCEGL007681CLACDA.1728V.C.1.N.aUtricularia foliosa Herbaceous VegetationLeafy Bladderwort Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCG?97-11-05G?~ttM$ CEGL007679CLACDA.1725V.C.1.N.aNymphaea odorata - Nymphoides aurea - Cabomba piauhyensis Herbaceous VegetationWhite Water-lily - Golden Floatingheart - Fishgrass Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCG?97-11-05G?Ƽs$ CEGL007678CLACDA.1724V.C.1.N.aNymphaea ampla Herbaceous VegetationDotleaf Water-lily Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCG?97-11-05G?~||||zppH$ CEGL007677CLACDA.1723V.C.1.N.aNuphar lutea ssp. advena Herbaceous VegetationBroadleaf Pond-lily Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCG?97-11-05G?{{R$CEGL007676CLACDA.1721V.C.1.N.aNelumbo lutea - Nymphaea ampla - Utricularia foliosa Herbaceous VegetationAmerican Lotus - Dotleaf Water-lily - Leafy Bladderwort Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCG?97-11-05G?Żn$CEGL007675CLACDA.1721V.C.1.N.aNelumbo lutea - Eleocharis interstincta - Nymphoides aurea Herbaceous VegetationAmerican Lotus - Giant Spikerush - Golden Floatingheart Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCG?97-11-05G?t$CEGL007674CLACDA.1719V.C.1.N.aMyriophyllum sparsiflorum Herbaceous VegetationWater-milfoil Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCG?97-11-05G?vvS$CEGL007673CLACDA.1717V.C.1.N.aMayaca fluviatilis ssp. wrightii Herbaceous VegetationWright's Flowering Bog-moss Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCG?97-11-05G?Z$CEGL007672CLACDA.1717V.C.1.N.aMayaca fluviatilis ssp. fluviatilis Herbaceous VegetationFlowering Bog-moss Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCG?97-11-05G?]$CEGL007671CSCSA.1716V.C.1.N.aEichhornia crassipes Herbaceous VegetationCommon Water-hyacinth Herbaceous VegetationWater-hyacinth Aquatic Vegetatigh fire frequency or removed biomass through logging or grazing.LVAL Forests included in this alliance occur in mountain or foothill environments from southwestern Oregon to the Colorado Plateau and southern Rocky Mountain regions. Pacific Coast stands occur at relatively low elevations (370-1500 m). In the Sierra Nevada, the Colorado Plateau regions and the southern Rocky Mountains, these forests occur at middle to high elevations (1200-3150 m). These forests occupy a variety of topo-edaphic positions, such as lower and middle slopes of ravines, upper slopes at higher elevations, along stream terraces, ridgetops, and north- and east-facing slopes that burn somewhat infrequently. Parent materials and soils are highly variable and nondefinitive for these forests. Temperature and moisture regimes appear to be the key factors in their distribution. In general, these mixed conifer forests have a moderately dense to closed canopy (>60%), with ~Abies concolor$ successfully reproducing and typically codominant in the tree canopy. The composition of other species in the tree canopy varies across the range of the alliance with ~Pinus ponderosa$ or ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ being most consistent. Other conifers may include ~Calocedrus decurrens, Pinus lambertiana, Pinus jeffreyi, Pinus monophylla, Pinus contorta, Abies magnifica, Pinus flexilis, Pinus strobiformis, Abies lasiocarpa, Picea engelmannii$, and ~Picea pungens$. Many stands, especially in southwestern Oregon and northwestern California, have a significant broad-leaved tree component and include species such as ~Arbutus menziesii, Quercus$ spp., ~Cornus nuttallii$, and ~Chrysolepis chrysophylla (= Castanopsis chrysophylla)$. ~Acer$ spp. or~Quercus gambelii$ may be present in Colorado Plateau and southern Rocky Mountain stands. The density of the understory varies with the amount of tree canopy shading. Shrub and dwarf-shrub layers may be present and vary in structure and composition. Ericaceous or cold-deciduous shrubs are most common. The herbaceous layer may be dominated by either shade-tolerant forbs, ferns or gralLVALxdCEGL007695CSCSA.235I.B.2.N.aAesculus flava - Acer saccharum - (Fraxinus americana, Tilia americana var. heterophylla) / Hydrophyllum canadense - Solidago flexicaulis ForestYellow Buckeye - Sugar Maple - (White Ash, Appalachian Basswood) / Mapleleaf Waterleaf - Zigzag Goldenrod ForestSouthern Appalachian Cove Forest (Rich Montane Type)1998-02-01GCUSKP 2-98K.D. PattersonG3G499-12-29G3}ykdb`V""dCEGL007694CSCSA.1882V.A.1.N.iDistichlis spicata - (Sporobolus virginicus) Herbaceous VegetationSaltgrass - (Saltmarsh Dropseed) Herbaceous Vegetation1998-02-09GCUSASW 2-98A.S. WeakleyG3G598-02-09G4e#!CEGL007693CSCSA.413I.C.3.N.aTsuga canadensis - Halesia tetraptera - (Fagus grandifolia, Magnolia fraseri) / Rhododendron maximum / Dryopteris intermedia ForestEastern Hemlock - Mountain Silverbell - (American Beech, Fraser Magnolia) / Great Rhododendron / Fancy Fern ForestSouthern Appalachian Acid Cove Forest (Silverbell Type)1998-02-15GCUSKP 2-98K.D. Patterson, mod. G. Fleming and P. CoullingG200-01-04G2c\ZXN"CEGL007692CSCSA.239I.B.2.N.aQuercus alba - Quercus rubra - Quercus prinus / Collinsonia canadensis - Podophyllum peltatum - Amphicarpaea bracteata ForestWhite Oak - Northern Red Oak - Rock Chestnut Oak / Richweed - May-apple - Hog-peanut ForestAppalachian Montane Oak - Hickory Forest (Rich Type)1998-02-15GCUSMPS 1-98, mod. ASW 11-02M.P. SchafaleG301-01-31G3mkcaT<:8."dCEGL007691CSCSA.1911I.B.2.N.aQuercus alba - Quercus coccinea - Quercus falcata / Kalmia latifolia - Vaccinium pallidum ForestWhite Oak - Scarlet Oak - Southern Red Oak / Mountain Laurel - Hillside Blueberry ForestApminoids. The diagnostic characters of this alliance are successful ~Abies concolor$ regeneration and codominance in the tree canopy.^LVALlCEGL007705CSCSA.1191V.A.5.N.aAndropogon gerardii - (Andropogon glomeratus, Stands of the alliance occur on mesas on the Colorado Plateau. A stand has been described from a small woodland park at 2220 m elevation on south end of Bridger Jack Mesa in southern Utah. Slopes are gentle to moderate, and aspects are generally eastern. Soil is loamy fine sand derived from eolian deposits overlaying sandstone. Stands are characterized by a moderate graminoid layer dominated by the medium-tall bunchgrass ~Leymus salinus ssp. salinus$ with a sparse shrub layer dominated by the evergreen shrub ~Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus$. Other grasses present include ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$ and patches of ~Bouteloua gracilis$. Associated shrubs and dwarf-shrubs, such as ~Amelanchier utahensis, Artemisia tridentata, Ephedra viridis, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Mahonia fremontii$, and ~Yucca baccata$, were scattered in the park. Young ~Pinus edulis$ and ~Juniperus osteosperma$ trees were also present in the stand. The forb layer was sparse This grassland stand was surrounded by a ~Juniperus$ woodland and an ~Artemisia tridentata - Ephedra viridis$ shrubland.This alliance, found in the western United States, occurs on flat to gently rolling sites, often with fine soils. Stands can be found on uplands or dry alluvial plains. The herbaceous layer is composed of moderately open to moderately dense mid grasses and short grasses. The shrub layer is typically 10-30% but may be higher in some stands. ~Pascopyrum smithii$ is the dominant species, typically accompanied by ~Bouteloua gracilis, Koeleria macrantha, Nassella viridula, Sphaeralcea coccinea$, and ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$. ~Artemisia tridentata$ is the most abundant shrub.LVAL&This alliance is found in the steppe regions in the Intermountain West of the U.S. Sites typically occur in deep, generally alluvial soils of fans, swales and draws in basins and foothills. The vegetation is characterized by a moderate to dense herbaceous layer dominated by perennial graminoids, with ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. tridentata$ or ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. xericensis$ dominating or codominating the open to moderately dense (10-40% cover) short-shrub layer (<2 m tall). The herbaceous layer generally has >20% cover of perennial graminoids and is typically dominated by bunch grasses which may form a matrix surrounding the shrubs or occur in patches. The most widespread and common species is ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$, which occurs from the Columbia Basin to the northern Rockies. Other locally important species include ~Koeleria macrantha, Elymus elymoides, Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$, and ~Poa secunda$. Associated shrubs include ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis, Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana, Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus), Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus, Grayia spinosa, Tetradymia canescens, Gutierrezia sarothrae$, and ~Artemisia frigida$. Forbs are generally of low importance and highly variable across the range of the alliance. A cryptogamic soil crust is often present and will cover the ground surface in undisturbed stands. Diagnostic of this alliance is a moderate (>20% cover) perennial graminoid layer with an ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. tridentata$- or ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. xericensis$-dominated (or codominated) shrub layer that has 10-40% cover. ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. tridentata$ and/or ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. xericensis$ must contribute at least 40% of the total shrub cover if the shrub layer is mixed.LVALt)jThis shrub steppe alliance occurs throughout the Intermountain West and forms a landscape matrix which occurs over a broad range of landforms and microhabitats. Stands are often found on the margins of ~Pinus ponderosa$ woodlands or forests, forming the transition into sagebrush vegetation. They also occur on flats to moderate slopes in foothills, on slopes of lakebeds with ash or pumice soils, stabilized dunes and on dry sites within lower forest zones as shrub-steppe inclusions in forest. Soils are generally well-drained, coarse-textured without high salinity or pH. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by a sparse shrub canopy of ~Purshia tridentata$, often with ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana$ or ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis$ as codominants. Other important or occasional shrubs include ~Ericameria nauseosa)(= Chrysothamnus nauseosus), Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus, Ribes cereum$, and ~Ceanothus velutinus$. Scattered trees may form an emergent layer of individual trees; species include ~Pinus ponderosa, Juniperus occidentalis, Juniperus osteosperma, Juniperus scopulorum$, or ~Cercocarpus ledifolius$. The herbaceous layer is usually strongly dominated by perennial bunch grasses, including ~Pseudoroegneria spicata, Festuca idahoensis, Festuca campestris, Carex pensylvanica$, and ~Carex geyeri, Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$, and ~Achnatherum occidentale (= Stipa occidentalis)$. ~Balsamorhiza sagittata$ is an important forb associate. Other forbs include several species of ~Penstemon, Erigeron, Eriogonum, Castilleja, Astragalus$, and ~Lupinus$. Diagnostic of this shrub steppe alliance is a typically sparse shrub layer (10-25% cover) dominated by ~Purshia tridentata$ over an herbaceous layer that is typically dominated by perennial bunch grasses.LVAL!CEGL007728CSCSA.316I.B.2.N.eFraxinus pennsylvanica / Leersia lenticularis - Carex lupulina ForestGreen Ash / Catchfly Cutgrass - Hop Sedge Forest1998-05-01GCUSSL 4-98S. LandaalG2G398-06-08G2ºg"CEGL007727CSCSA.279I.B.2.N.dAcer saccharinum / Leersia lenticularis - Commelina virginica ForestSilver Maple / Catchfly Cutgrass - Swamp Dayflower ForestAtlantic Coastal Plain Silver Maple Sandy Riverfront Forest1998-05-01GCUSSL 4-98S. LandaalG3?98-05-01G3ڟf"Grasslands in this alliance are described from Montana, Idaho and New Mexico. In New Mexico, the alliance occurs in the northwestern part of the state on alluvial flats at an elevation of approximately 2140 m. Climate is semi-arid with most of the highly variable annual precipitation falling during the summer as high-intensity convectional storms. Sites are nearly level. Soils are calcareous, loamy and shallow (less than 25 cm deep). Soil surface averages 65% bareground, 17% plant litter with little rock. The vegetation is dominated by the perennial bunchgrass ~Sporobolus cryptandrus$ with a sparse shrub layer usually dominated by ~Artemisia tridentata$. In New Mexico, a stand has been described where total vegetation canopy cover is 22% with ~Sporobolus cryptandrus, Artemisia tridentata$, and ~Eriogonum$ spp., a perennial forb, having canopy cover of 13%, 3% and 2%, respectively. Other common grasses include ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Pascopyrum smithii, Achnatherum robustum (= Stipa robusta), Sporobolus contractus$, and ~Bouteloua gracilis$. Other shrubs, such as ~Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus), Gutierrezia sarothrae$, and ~Atriplex$ spp., may also be present. Common forbs, such as ~Sphaeralcea coccinea$ and Asteraceae spp., contribute very little to the total cover.LVAL45 CEGL007741CSCSA.1480V.A.5.N.nSpartina cynosuroides - Panicum virgatum - Phyla lanceolata Herbaceous VegetationGiant CoThis alliance is widespread in mountainous areas across the western U.S. The alliance can form large, continuous stands on mid-elevation mountain slopes and foothills, and can extend above lower treeline as patches within montane or subalpine coniferous forests. Sites are variable and range from flats to steep slopes to ridgetops with deep to shallow rocky soil. The vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by a sparse (<25% cover on average) shrub layer of ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana$, but generally high cover of perennial graminoids (>20% total cover). Associated shrubs include ~Artemisia arbuscula, Artemisia rigida, Ribes cereum, Symphoricarpos oreophilus, Purshia tridentata, Prunus virginiana, Tetradymia canescens$, and ~Amelanchier alnifolia$. The herbaceous layer is typically abundant and dominated by perennial graminoids. The most common species is the bunchgrass ~Festuca idahoensis$, or ~Carex geyeri$, a sod-forming sedge. Other locally important species include ~Pseudoroegneria spicata, Festuca thurberi, Bromus carinatus, Elymus elymoides, Elymus trachycaulus, Koeleria macrantha, Achnatherum occidentale (= Stipa occidentalis)$, and ~Poa secunda$. Forb canopy cover and species composition are variable; species of ~Castilleja, Potentilla, Erigeron, Phlox, Astragalus, Geum, Lupinus$, and ~Eriogonum$ are characteristic, and ~Balsamorhiza sagittata, Achillea millefolium, Eriogonum umbellatum, Antennaria rosea$, and ~Geranium viscosissimum$ are common. Trees are uncommon but individuals of ~Pinus ponderosa, Cercocarpus ledifolius, Populus tremuloides, Juniperus occidentalis, Pinus albicaulis$, and ~Abies lasiocarpa$ may occasionally occur. Diagnostic of this shrub herbaceous alliance is the relatively sparse ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana$ shrub layer (<25% cover on average) with an abundant graminoid layer.LVALThis dry steppe alliance is widespread across the northern part of the western U.S. and southwestern Canada from the Columbia River Basin across the Great Basin to the Rocky Mountains and northwestern Great Plains. Stands occur on flat to steeply sloping upland sites. Soils are variable but tend to be well-drained. The vegetation is characterized by a moderate to dense herbaceous layer dominated by perennial graminoids with ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis$ dominating or codominating the open to moderately dense (10-40% cover) short-shrub layer (<2 m tall). The herbaceous layer generally has >20% cover of perennial graminoids which forms the matrix surrounding the shrubs or occurs in patches. The most widespread and common species are ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$, which occurs from the Columbia Basin to the northern Rockies, and ~Pascopyrum smithii$, which is more common in the northwestern Great Plains. Associated shrubs include ~Artemisia frigida, Atriplex gardneri, Ericameria nauseosa, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Sarcobatus vermiculatus$, and species of ~Chrysothamnus$ or ~Tetradymia$. Trees are uncommon, but individuals of various conifers may occasionally occur. The herbaceous layer is typically abundant and dominated by perennial graminoids. Other locally abundant grass associates include ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata), Achnatherum thurberianum (= Stipa thurberiana), Elymus lanceolatus, Carex filifolia, Bouteloua curtipendula, Bouteloua gracilis, Koeleria macrantha, Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$, and ~Leymus ambiguus$. Forbs form a minor and highly variable portion of this vegetation. Mosses and lichens may also be important. Diagnostic of this alliance is a moderate to abundant (>20% cover) perennial graminoid layer with an ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis$-dominated (or codominated) shrub layer that has 10-40% cover. ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis$ must contribute at least 40% of the total shrub cover (relative cover) if the shrub layer is mixed.LVAL"CEGL007753CSCSA.947III.B.2.N.dSalix interior / Phragmites australis Temporarily Flooded ShrublandSandbar Willow / Common Reed Temporarily Flooded ShrublandLower Rio Bravo/Rio Grande Riparian Willow Shrubland1998-08-06GCUSTXCDC 7-98Texas CDCG?98-08-06G?աg$CEGL007752CSCSA.283I.B.2.N.dCeltis laevigata - Ulmus crassifolia - (Fraxinus berlandieriana) / Rivina humilis - Chromolaena odorata ForestSugarberry - Cedar Elm - (Rio Grande Ash) / Pigeonberry - Crucita Forest1998-07-28GCUSASW/BC 7-98A.S. Weakley and B. CarrG1G298-12-11G1 ؐ" This alliance is distributed from the Columbia Basin east to the northern Rockies. Climates range from semi-arid in intermountain basins to subhumid in higher elevations of the Rocky Mountains. Stands occur on flat to steeply sloping upland sites. Soil texture is loam, sandy loam, or clay loam, but is highly variable. Vegetation is characterized by an open, conspicuous shrub layer with herbaceous species having equal or greater coverage. ~Artemisia tripartita$ typically has 10-25% cover. ~Artemisia frigida, Artemisia tridentata ssp. tridentata, Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana, Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus, Krascheninnikovia lanata, Purshia tridentata$, or ~Tetradymia canescens$ may also be common. The herbaceous stratum is typically dominated by graminoids and of moderate to moderately high cover (25-70%). ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$ and ~Festuca idahoensis$ are the most common associates. Other locally abundant graminoid species include ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata), Festuca campestris, Carex filifolia, Bouteloua curtipendula, Bouteloua gracilis$, and ~Koeleria macrantha$. Forbs form a minor and highly variable portion of this vegetation. Recurrent species include ~Achillea millefolium, Camelina microcarpa, Balsamorhiza sagittata, Sphaeralcea coccinea, Erigeron$ spp., ~Opuntia$ spp., and ~Phlox$ spp.TLVAL`@GCEGL007761CSCSA.1031III.B.3.N.aProsopis glandulosa var. glandulosa / Spartina spartinae ShrublandHoney Mesquite / Gulf Cordgrass Shrubland1998-07-28GCUSBC/ASW 7-98B. Carr and A.S. WeakelyG3?01-06-12G3g%dCEGL007760CSCSA.1909III.B.3.N.aAcacia rigidula - Leucophyllum frutescens - Hechtia glomerata ShrublandChVegetation included in this alliance occurs extensively in Grand Canyon National Park in northwestern Arizona from 1160-1430 m of elevation. The climate is semi-arid, and total mean annual precipitation is approximately 25-30 cm. Flat to gently rolling sites of all aspects occur in Toroweep Valley and Tuckup Canyon. The substrate is derived from basalt lava flow or consolidated alluvium. Soils are shallow and cobbly. The vegetation is dominated by graminoids with sparse sclerophyllous evergreen and deciduous shrubs and dwarf-shrubs, all less than 1 m in height. Total vegetation canopy cover is less than 50%. The graminoid layer is a mixture of perennial and annual grasses codominated by the perennial grass ~Pleuraphis rigida (= Hilaria rigida)$ and the annual exotic grass ~Bromus tectorum$. Other characteristic grasses include ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$ and species of ~Aristida, Bouteloua, Muhlenbergia$, and ~Stipa$. The dwarf-shrub ~Gutierrezia sarothrae$ dominates the woody layer. Other characteristic shrubs and dwarf-shrubs include ~Atriplex canescens, Lycium pallidum, Krascheninnikovia lanata$, and ~Ephedra viridis$. Succulents may include the cacti ~Opuntia whipplei, Opuntia phaeacantha, Opuntia erinacea, Coryphantha$ spp., and the rosette ~Yucca baccata$. Other common annual forbs are ~Plantago ovata (= Plantago insularis), Eriogonum inflatum, Cleome lutea$, and the exotic ~Salsola kali$.LVAL(\eCEGL007768CSCSA.1919V.A.6.N.qSchizachyrium scoparium - Sporobolus compositus - Fimbristylis puberula var. puberula Wooded Herbaceous VegetationLittle Bluestem - Tall Dropseed - Hairy Fimbry Wooded Herbaceous VegetationUpper West Gulf Coastal Plain Dry Calcareous (Blackland) Prairie1998-08-06GCUSSimon/Zollner 5-98S. Simon and D. ZollnerG1G298-12-14G1ec[W@.,* #CEGL007767CSCSA.499Stands included in this Chihuahuan Desert alliance have been reported from rocky sites in the foothills of south-central New Mexico. Climate is semi-arid. Mean annual precipitation is about 24 cm. Summers are hot and winters have periods of freezing temperatures. The elevations range from 1900-2100 m. Stands are found on moderate to steep slopes, ridges of foothills and mesa escarpments on any aspect. The extremely rocky substrate is often derived from limestone. The soils are shallow, lithic, silty or clay loams with an average of 80% of the ground cover rock or gravel. The soils are relatively mesic because the limited precipitation is held in the fine-textured soil above the shallow bedrock and below rocky ground cover. Adjacent vegetation consists of Chihuahuan desertscrub at lower elevations dominated by ~Larrea tridentata$ and montane woodlands and shrublands at higher elevations. Stands included in this Chihuahuan Desert alliance have been described in the foothills and on mesa escarpments surrounding the Tularosa Basin in south-central New Mexico. Stands have a sparse woody layer dominated by the microphyllous evergreen shrub ~Artemisia bigelovii$. The sparse to moderately dense herbaceous layer is 0.5-0.8 m tall and dominated by the perennial warm-season bunchgrass ~Muhlenbergia setifolia$. Other associated perennial grasses include ~Bouteloua curtipendula, Bouteloua eriopoda, Bouteloua hirsuta$, and ~Muhlenbergia pauciflora$. Scattered forbs may also be present.^LVALj#uCEGL007783CSCSA.320I.B.2.N.eCrataegus rufula ForestRufous Mayhaw ForestRufous Mayhaw Pond1998-09-10GCUSMP 9-98M. PyneG2G399-03-29G2{tmki_M9"CEGL007782CSCSA.283I.B.2.N.dCeltis laevigata - Ulmus crassifolia - (Fraxinus spp.) / Celtis pallida / Elymus virginicus ForestSugarberry - Cedar Elm - (Ash species) / Granjeno / Virginia Wild Rye Forest1998-09-10GCUSBC 9-98B. CarrG3G498-12-11G3Є"eCEGL007780CSCSA.1912I.B.2.N.aQuercus muehlenbergii - Liquidambar This alliance occurs across the northern portions of the Great Basin in Oregon and Idaho, and into southwestern Montana, as well as the mountains of Nevada. Stands are found on inactive elevated stream and river terraces and on upland areas with sandy soils. This vegetation has a sparse shrub layer (<25%) composed primarily of the characteristic shrub ~Artemisia cana (ssp. bolanderi$ or ~ssp. viscidula)$, but ~Artemisia tridentata$ (usually ~ssp. vaseyana$ but occasionally ~ssp. tridentata$) are common in some stands. The herbaceous layer is dominated by graminoids, generally with >20% cover, and often with more cover than the shrub layer. Important understory associates include ~Festuca idahoensis, Poa fendleriana ssp. fendleriana, Poa cusickii, Muhlenbergia richardsonis, Elymus caninus, Koeleria macrantha (= Koeleria nitida), Achnatherum occidentale, Carex praegracilis$, and ~Elymus trachycaulus$. Common exotic associates include ~Poa pratensis, Taraxacum officinale$, and ~Agrostis stolonifera$. Among the forbs that are typically found are ~Achillea millefolium, Symphyotrichum campestre var. bloomeri (= Aster campestris var. bloomeri)$, and ~Cirsium foliosum$. The vegetation in the alliance includes non-wetland plant associations dominated by ~Artemisia cana ssp. bolanderi$ or ~Artemisia cana ssp. viscidula$ with typically less than 25% total shrub cover and an abundant herbaceous cover of medium stature.;LVALGJCEGL007797CSCSA.1820V.D.2.N.iSedum pulchellum - Clinopodium arkansanum - Sporobolus vaginiflorus Herbaceous VegetationWidow's-cross - Low Calamint - Poverty Dropseed Herbaceous VegetationWechThis alliance has been described from the southern Colorado Plateau in northwestern New Mexico and adjacent Arizona. Climate is semi-arid. The elevation ranges from 1500-1860 m, but stands likely occur over a wider elevational and geographical range. Sites occur on a variety of landforms including mesas, plains, alluvial flats and fans, floodplains, and hillslopes. Soils are shallow, poorly developed and alkaline. Soil textures range from fine sandy loam to silty clay loam to clay. The ground surface has high cover of bare ground (to 90%) with little litter or rock cover. The vegetation is dominated by a sparse to moderately dense herbaceous layer of perennial grasses that is characterized by ~Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii)$ with a open short-shrub canopy (10-25% cover). ~Pleuraphis jamesii$ typically grows as a bunchgrass, but under favorable conditions may produce a sod. It dominates the herbaceous layer growing in nearly pure stands or is codominated by ~Sporobolus airoides$ or ~Sporobolus cryptandrus$. Other common perennial grasses such as ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Elymus elymoides, Muhlenbergia torreyi, Schedonnardus paniculatus$, or ~Bouteloua gracilis$ may occur in small amounts (less than half the cover of ~Pleuraphis jamesii$). Forb cover is sparse and typically includes ~Sphaeralcea coccinea$ and ~Astragalus$ spp. The open short-shrub layer is often dominated by ~Atriplex obovata$ or ~Gutierrezia sarothrae$, but may include other shrubs and dwarf-shrubs such as ~Artemisia bigelovii, Atriplex canescens, Atriplex confertifolia, Ericameria nauseosa, Ephedra$ spp., ~Krascheninnikovia lanata, Opuntia$ spp., or ~Yucca$ spp., with less than 25% total cover.LVALtdCEGL007803CSCSA.1924VII.C.2.N.cEleocharis spp. - Schoenoplectus spp. - Fimbristylis spp. - Juncus spp. Southeastern Coastal Plain Inland Salt Flat Sparse VegetationSpikerush species - CluDune grasslands dominated by ~Schizachyrium littorale (= Schizachyrium scoparium ssp. littorale)$. This alliance occurs on deep well-drained sands of old leveled interdunes. It usually occurs within the influence of offshore winds and salt spray. Although highly variable in species composition, the typical expression of this alliance is characterized by a predominance (25-50% cover) of bunch grasses including ~Schizachyrium littorale, Andropogon virginicus, Panicum amarum var. amarulum, Ammophila breviligulata, Dichanthelium scoparium$, and ~Dichanthelium acuminatum$. Generally one or two of these species will dominate while the others occur as more infrequent, scattered clumps. Occasionally ~Spartina patens$, growing in a dry 'wispy' condition, will form the dominant graminoid cover. Shrubs of ~Morella pensylvanica (= Myrica pensylvanica)$ are sparse, and stunted ~Baccharis halimifolia$ and ~Diospyros virginiana$ are even less frequent. Dense tangles of ~Toxicodendron radicans$ are very characteristic of this alliance as they sprawl over the bareground and sparse vegetation. ~Rubus argutus$ is also scattered throughout. Much of the remaining dry sands are exposed with sparsely distributed herbs. Characteristic herb species include ~Cirsium horridulum, Solidago sempervirens, Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (= Gnaphalium obtusifolium), Nuttallanthus canadensis, Euthamia caroliniana (= Euthamia tenuifolia), Oenothera humifusa$, and ~Diodia teres$. This vegetation is related to maritime grasslands of New England and New York. Further analysis is required to determine the classification, and thus the range, with confidence.ILVALUI'%"CEGL007810CSCSA.279I.B.2.N.dAcer saccharinum - Betula nigra / Cephalanthus occidentalis ForestSilver Maple - River Birch / Buttonbush ForestSilver Maple - River Birch / Buttonbush Forest1998-12-07GCUSSL 11-98S. LandaalG3Q01-01-04G3d"CEGL007809CSCSA.329I.B.2.N.eQuercus palustThis alliance, found in the Rocky Mountains and western and northwestern Great Plains, is found in a dry to xeric landscape. Only one community within this alliance is found in the Midwest, and this description is based largely on that community. Stands in this alliance are found on sites that are more mesic than most of the surrounding area. Most of these sites are gentle to moderately steep, north-facing slopes, although other aspects are possible. The soils are shallow to deep and sandy loam to loam. There may be an impermeable layer of scoria, gravel, or sandstone beneath many of these sites. Some communities within this alliance have substantial amounts of exposed rock. Stands within this alliance are typically dominated by herbaceous species with a shrub canopy of 10-25%. Dominant herbaceous species are typically 0.5-1 m tall, while shrubs are closer to 0.5-0.7 m tall. The most abundant herbaceous species are mid grasses, such as ~Deschampsia caespitosa, Festuca idahoensis, Festuca altaica (= Festuca scabrella), Schizachyrium scoparium$, and short graminoids, such as ~Bouteloua gracilis, Carex$ spp., and ~Danthonia intermedia$ (in the western part of this alliance's range). Other graminoids that may be found with these species are ~Calamovilfa longifolia$ (in the east), ~Koeleria macrantha, Pascopyrum smithii$ (in the east), ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$, and ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$. ~Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda (= Pentaphylloides floribunda)$ is the most common shrub across this alliance's range with lesser amounts of ~Rhus aromatica$ and ~Symphoricarpos occidentalis$. In the eastern portion of its range ~Juniperus horizontalis$ is common to codominant.!LVAL-.CEGL007822CSCSA.348I.B.2.N.gAcer rubrum var. trilobum - Nyssa sylvatica / Rhexia mariana var. interior ForestCarolina Red Maple - Blackgum / Midwestern Meadow-beauty ForestSandstone Seepage Forest/Woodland1998-11-30GCUSASW 11-98A.S. WeakleyG2?98-11-30G2Ӳs" CEGL007821CSCSA.1200V.A.5.N.aSchizachyrium littorale - Paspalum plicatulum Texas Sand Sheet Herbaceous VegetationSeaside Bluestem - Brownseed Crowngrass Texas Sand Sheet Herbaceous Vegetation1998-12-14GCUSWest Gulf Prairies and Marshes Team 12-98West Gulf Prairies and Marshes TeamG?98-12-14G?+)!w# dCEGL007820CSCSA.1905V.B.2.N.b(Ribes cynosbati) / Deschampsia flexuosa - Dryopteris marginalis - Dennstaedtia punctilobula Herbaceous Vegetation(Eastern Prickly Gooseberry) / Wavy Hairgrass - Marginal Woodfern - Hay-scented Fern Herbaceous Vegetation1998-11-30GCUSASW 11-98A.S. WeakleyG2?98-12-14G2/-%" # This alliance is locally restricted in the northern Great Plains to saline sites. It is dominated by herbaceous species, but the presence of shrubs sets it apart from similar types found on saline soil. Total vegetation cover is open to moderate, with bare soil common. ~Distichlis spicata$ and ~Puccinellia nuttalliana$ dominate the herbaceous layer, accompanied by ~Symphyotrichum ericoides (= Aster ericoides), Grindelia squarrosa, Hordeum jubatum, Pascopyrum smithii, Plantago$ spp., and ~Salicornia rubra$ (on more saline inclusions). ~Sarcobatus vermiculatus, Artemisia frigida$, and ~Artemisia tridentata$ form a sparse shrub layer only rarely exceeding 25%. ^This alliance is found on terraces, floodplains, swales and other low sites where drainage is poor. The soils are moderately to strongly saline, fine-textured, and moderately deep to deep. Although periodic flooding is rare, stands of this alliance receive more water than the surrounding uplands through runoff.LVALX9xA*dCEGL007834CSCSA.1906III.A.2.N.iMorella cerifera - Panicum hemitomon Flotant Marsh ShrublandWax-myrtle - Maidencane Flotant Marsh ShrublandGulf Coast Flotant Marsh1998-12-08GCUSLMS 12-98, mod. REE 7-02L.M. Smith after Sasser et al. (1986)G2G302-09-03G2ζa%CEGL007833CSCSA.501II.A.4.N.aJuniperus ashei / Cotinus obovatus / Carex eburnea - Rudbeckia missouriensis WoodlandAshe's Juniper / American Smoketree / Bristleleaf Sedge - Missouri CThis alliance is concentrated in Montana but is also found in adjacent states. The vegetation is dominated by herbaceous species with a conspicuous component of ~Rhus trilobata$. Average cover is moderate with bare ground and rock exposed. The shrubs occur in patches 0.5-1 m tall and with fairly complete cover over small areas. The total canopy cover of shrubs, however, is approximately 10-25% (Mueggler and Stewart 1978, Hansen and Hoffman 1988). In addition to ~Rhus trilobata$ there are small amounts of ~Artemisia tridentata, Chrysothamnus$ spp., ~Prunus virginiana, Ribes$ spp., and ~Symphoricarpos occidentalis$. Shorter shrubs, such as ~Artemisia frigida, Rosa$ spp., and ~Yucca glauca$ are also present. The herbaceous stratum is dominated by graminoids, such as ~Bouteloua gracilis, Calamovilfa longifolia, Carex inops ssp. heliophila, Carex filifolia, Festuca idahoensis, Pseudoroegneria spicata, Pascopyrum smithii, Schizachyrium scoparium$, and ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$. Forbs that may occur in communities within this alliance include ~Artemisia dracunculus, Symphyotrichum ericoides (= Aster ericoides), Dalea purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia, Heterotheca villosa var. villosa, Gaura coccinea$, and ~Sphaeralcea coccinea$. ^Communities in this alliance are not extensive; they are usually found in patches or strips on gentle to moderate slopes (Hansen and Hoffman 1988, MTNHP 1988). The soils are shallow and rocky and may be sandy loam, loamy sand, or loam (Hansen and Hoffman 1988, Thilenius et al. 1995).:LVALF*~~CEGL007848CSCSA.321I.B.2.N.eLiquidambar styraciflua - Acer rubrum - (Nyssa biflora) / Woodwardia virginica ForestSweetgum - Red Maple - (Swamp Blackgum) / Virginia Chainfern Forest1998-12-29GCUSASW 12-98A.S. WeakleyG2G398-12-29G2ĺw"CEGL007847CSCSA.323I.B.2.N.eNyssa biflora - (Liquidambar styraciflua) / Itea virginica / Saururus cernuus ForestSwamp Blackgum - (Sweetgum) / Virginia-willow / Lizard's-tail ForestSmall BlackwatShrublands included in this alliance are found on breaks and foothill, mountain and canyon slopes throughout much of the western U.S. Sites are variable but are generally xeric and rocky with moderate to very steep south-facing slopes. Soils are typically shallow and well-drained with abundant rock outcrops. Soil texture is variable. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by a sparse shrub layer 1-2 m tall dominated by ~Cercocarpus montanus$. Occasional trees, such as ~Juniperus deppeana, Pinus edulis, Quercus gambelii$, and ~Quercus grisea$, may be present. Associated shrubs and dwarf-shrubs include ~Agave parryi, Ageratina herbacea, Dasylirion wheeleri, Ericameria laricifolia, Mimosa aculeaticarpa var. biuncifera, Nolina microcarpa, Robinia neomexicana, Symphoricarpos oreophilus, Yucca baccata$, and the shrubby cacti species ~Opuntia engelmannii$ and ~Opuntia imbricata$. The herbaceous layer is sparse to moderately dense and usually dominated by perennial grasses such as ~Muhlenbergia$ spp., ~Bothriochloa barbinodis, Bouteloua$ spp., ~Schizachyrium cirratum$, and ~Achnatherum lobatum (= Stipa lobata)$. Forbs may be diverse and include ~Artemisia$ spp., ~Eriogonum$ spp., ~Hedeoma plicata, Heliomeris$ spp., ~Mirabilis$ spp., and ~Viguiera dentata$. Diagnostic of this alliance is a relatively sparse shrub canopy (10-25% cover) dominated by ~Cercocarpus montanus$ and an abundant herbaceous layer dominated by perennial graminoids.lLVALx8N CEGL007861CSCSA.412I.C.3.N.aBetula alleghaniensis - (Tsuga canadensis) / Rhododendron maximum / Leucothoe fontanesiana ForestYellow Birch - (Eastern Hemlock) / Great Rhododendron / Mountain Doghobble ForestBlue Ridge Hemlock - Northern Hardwood Forest2001-09-28GCUSKP/CU 1-99, mod. RW 11-02G. Fleming and P. CoullingG3G4Q99-01-28G3QOGB( ԃ"eCEGL007860CSCSA.1931V.C.2.N.aOrontium aquaticum - Schoenoplectus (etuberculatus, subterminalis) - Eriocaulon decangulare - Juncus trigonocarpus Herbaceous VegetationGolden Club - (Swamp Bulrush, Water Bulrush) - Ten-angle Pipewort - Redpod Rush Herbaceous VegetationBlackwater Coastal Plain Small Stream Beaverpond1999-01-07GCUSASW 12-98A.S. WeakleyG2?01-01-17G2pnfcWNLJ@#eCEGL007859CSCSA.1931V.C.2.N.aOrontium aquaticum - Schoenoplectus subterminalis - Eriocaulon aquaticum Herbaceous VegetationGolden Club - Water Bulrush - SevenThis shrub herbaceous alliance of the Mojave and Colorado deserts occurs on flat ridges, lower slopes, and stabilized sand dunes. ~Pleuraphis rigida (= Hilaria rigida)$ stands occur from 75-1400 m of elevation. Yearly precipitation totals are between 0 and 25 cm. There is much year-to-year variation in precipitation. The summers are extremely hot. Winter temperatures, particularly at higher elevations, can get quite cold. ~Pleuraphis rigida$ is the sole or dominant graminoid in the herbaceous layer. Other grasses may include ~Bouteloua eriopoda, Dasyochloa pulchella (= Erioneuron pulchellum), Bromus madritensis, Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii)$, and ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$. Emergent shrubs make up 3-5% cover, and could include ~Larrea tridentata$ and/or ~Yucca brevifolia$. This alliance intergrades with stands of ~Larrea tridentata$ and/or ~Yucca brevifolia$.LVALAia>CEGL007876CSCSA.744III.A.2.N.bRhododendron carolinianum - Rhododendron catawbiense - Leiophyllum buxifolium ShrublandCarolina Rhododendron - Catawba Rhododendron - Sand-myrtle ShrublandSouthern Appalachian Heath Bald1999-02-16GCUSKP 2-99K.D. PattersonG199-02-16G1 ޿{$ CEGL007874CSCSA.802III.A.2.N.iViburnum nudThis alliance includes stands of herbaceous vegetation with a sparse shrub layer growing on sandstone outcrops and sandy soils in the northwestern Great Plains. Elevations range from 1100-1850 m. In the western Great Plains, precipitation occurs mostly in the spring. Summers are hot and dry, except for locally occurring, high-intensity convective storms. Stands typically occur along ridgetops and upper slopes, on sandstone or scoria outcrops and probably on stabilized sand dunes as well. Soils in some cases are residual and relatively deep, with genetic horizons. Texture varies from nearly pure sand on the surface to medium-textured and medium-coarse-textured at depth. Stands of this alliance contain an open to moderately dense (at least 10% cover), low-shrub layer above a species-rich herbaceous layer. Dominance of the shrub layer by ~Yucca glauca$ is characteristic (cover ranging from 5-15%). ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis$ and ~Artemisia cana ssp. cana$ may be present but are sparse and contribute little cover. In the herbaceous layer, ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$ and ~Calamovilfa longifolia$ are the most abundant and constant species, and ~Bouteloua gracilis, Schizachyrium scoparium$, and ~Carex filifolia$ often are present but contribute much less cover than do ~Hesperostipa$ or ~Calamovilfa$. ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$ is dominant in some stands. Forbs are common but contribute little cover; ~Artemisia frigida$ has the highest constancy, but no forbs are characteristic of the alliance. Litter covers can be high, up to 50% of the ground surface, and bare soil covers the rest of the ground surface.XLVALdQCEGL007906CSCSA.291I.B.2.N.dQuercus michauxii - Liquidambar styraciflua - Quercus texana - Quercus lyrata ForestSwamp Chestnut Oak - Sweetgum - Nuttall Oak - Overcup Oak ForestWest Gulf Coastal Plain Mixed Oak Bottomland Forest1999-07-22GCUSLMS 7-99L.M. SmithG?99-07-22G? v" CEGL007904CSCSA.378I.C.2.N.dMagnolia virginiana - Nyssa (biflora, sylvatica) - Acer rubrum / Morella caroliniensis / Woodwardia areolata ForestSweetbay - (Swamp Blackgum, BlackStands included in this Chihuahuan Desert alliance have been reported from rocky sites in the foothills of south-central New Mexico. Climate is semi-arid. Mean annual precipitation is about 24 cm. Summers are hot and winters have periods of freezing temperatures. The elevations range from 1900-2100 m. Stands are found on moderate to steep slopes, ridges of foothills and mesa escarpments on any aspect. The extremely rocky substrate is often derived from limestone. The soils are shallow, lithic, silty or clay loams with an average of 80% of the ground cover rock or gravel. The soils are relatively mesic because the limited precipitation is held in the fine-textured soil above the shallow bedrock and below rocky ground cover. Adjacent vegetation consists of Chihuahuan desertscrub at lower elevations dominated by ~Larrea tridentata$ and montane woodlands and shrublands at higher elevations. Stands have a sparse woody layer of xeromorphic drought-deciduous and evergreen rosette shrubs such as ~Fouquieria splendens$ or ~Dasylirion wheeleri$. The sparse to moderately dense herbaceous layer is 0.5-0.8 m tall and is dominated by the perennial warm-season bunchgrass ~Muhlenbergia setifolia$. Other associated perennial grasses include ~Bouteloua curtipendula, Bouteloua eriopoda, Bouteloua hirsuta$, and ~Muhlenbergia pauciflora$. Scattered forbs may be also present. More information is needed to fully describe this alliance.&LVALA4~Stands of this alliance occur on mesas, hillslopes, sand dunes, and along drainage channels on the Colorado Plateau and Great Basin. Elevation ranges from 1530-1920 m. Climate is semi-arid. Slopes vary from 0-30% depending on landform. All aspects are possible. The soil ranges from sand to sandy loam derived from aeolian deposits overlaying sandstone. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by a moderately dense graminoid layer (25-40% cover) dominated by the medium-tall bunchgrass ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$, with a sparse (10-25% cover) xeromorphic short-shrub layer typically dominated by ~Ephedra viridis$ or ~Ephedra torreyana$ mixed with occasional ~Artemisia bigelovii, Atriplex canescens, Ericameria nauseosa, Eriogonum corymbosum, Gutierrezia sarothrae$, or ~Parryella filifolia$. ~Bouteloua gracilis, Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata), Muhlenbergia porteri, Pleuraphis jamesii, Sporobolus airoides$, or ~Sporobolus cryptandrus$ may be present to codominant. Forbs have sparse cover.This minor alliance includes grasslands that occur on plains and basins with gypsiferous soil in southern New Mexico. Elevations range from 1160-1500 m. Climate is semi-arid to arid with most of the highly variable precipitation falling in late summer and early fall. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 20-25 cm. Sites are nearly level. This has been described as a Gypsum Grassland. Stands occur on Holloman and Yesum Series soils, which are shallow to moderately deep, fine sandy loams, slightly calcareous, gypsiferous, mildly alkaline and saline. The diagnostic species are the perennial grass ~Sporobolus nealleyi$, which dominates the herbaceous layer, and a sparse shrub layer dominated by ~Fouquieria splendens$. There is very little information available about these stands. Adjacent vegetation includes Chihuahuan desertscrub dominated by ~Larrea tridentata$, coppice dunes dominated by ~Prosopis glandulosa$, and sparsely vegetated gypsum dunes.LVALw-CEGL007950CSCSA.283I.B.2.N.dUlmus crassifolia - Celtis laevigata - (Ulmus rubra) / Carex digitalis - Geum canadense ForestCedar Elm - Sugarberry - (Slippery Elm) / Slender Wood Sedge - Canada Avens ForestUpper West Gulf Coastal Plain Circumneutral Cedar Elm Floodplain Forest1999-12-15GCUSRE/RT 12-99, mod. MP 5-02R.E. Evans and R. TurnerG2G300-12-08G2fd\X@'%#Ҁ"CEGL007947CSCSA.394I.C.3.N.aPinus echinata - (Pinus taeda) - Quercus falcata / Dichanthelium sphaerocarpon ForestShortleaf Pine - (Loblolly Pine) - Southern Red Oak / RounThe single plant association in this alliance is described from Grand Canyon National Park in northwestern Arizona. The climate is semi-arid. Total mean annual precipitation is approximately 50 cm along the western south rim. About half of the precipitation falls as snow in winter and half as rain in July to August. Sites occur on the top of the Grand Wash Cliffs (elevation 1430-1580 m) where pockets of soil accumulate in level swales. Soil is silty loam derived from Kaibab Limestone. Vegetation is dominated by graminoids with sparse microphyllous evergreen and deciduous shrubs and dwarf-shrubs, all less than 1 m in height. Total vegetation ground cover is 15-30%. The various short- and midgrass species tend to occur in patches. Characteristic species include ~Bouteloua eriopoda, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Krascheninnikovia lanata, Atriplex canescens$, and ~Sphaeralcea$ spp. Other prominent species are ~Aristida purpurea var. fendleriana, Coleogyne ramosissima, Pleuraphis rigida (= Hilaria rigida), Scleropogon brevifolius, Lycium andersonii$, Asteraceae spp., ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$, and ~Dasyochloa pulchella (= Erioneuron pulchellum)$. The various short- and midgrass species tend to have a patchy distribution, whereas the shrubs and dwarf-shrubs are scattered throughout.ILVALUdCEGL007963CSCSA.1198V.A.5.N.aQuercus falcata - Carya illinoinensis / Silphium integrifolium - Panicum anceps - (CareVegetation included in this minor alliance has only been described from alluvial flats within the Rio Puerco basin in northwestern New Mexico. Elevation ranges from 2100-2200 m. Climate is semi-arid with most of the highly variable precipitation falling in July and August. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 22-32 cm within the Rio Puerco watershed. Sites are flat to gently sloping occurring on all aspects. Soils are calcareous, shallow to moderately deep, and poorly developed with pH greater than 8.2. Soil textures range from silty loams to silty clay loams. Bare ground and litter cover ranged from 35-54% and 16-24%, respectively, for three sampled transects. Stands have a conspicuous sparse woody layer (<2 m tall) that is primarily composed of the microphyllous evergreen shrub ~Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus)$. Overall, the stands are dominated by moderately dense cover of the short sod grass ~Bouteloua gracilis$, with ~Pascopyrum smithii$ also present in smaller amounts. Other shrubs and dwarf-shrubs that may be present are ~Artemisia tridentata, Gutierrezia sarothrae$ or ~Ericameria parryi (= Chrysothamnus parryi)$. Other herbaceous species may include grasses such as ~Sporobolus cryptandrus, Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii), Aristida purpurea, Elymus elymoides, Schedonnardus paniculatus$, and ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$. Perennial forbs are sparse. The only forbs listed were species of ~Grindelia$ and ~Sphaeralcea$. Annual forbs and grasses may be present seasonally. Canopy cover values from three transects show ~Ericameria nauseosa$ (5-9%), ~Bouteloua gracilis$ (24-37%), ~Pascopyrum smithii$ (2%), and total vegetation (24-37%).LVAL  CEGL007974CSCSA.1692V.B.2.N.fOsmunda regalis - Osmunda cinnamomea - Eupatorium perfoliatum - Utricularia sp. Herbaceous Vegetation [Provisional]Royal Fern - Cinnamon Fern - Common Boneset - Bladderwort species Herbaceous VegetationUpper West Gulf Coastal Plain Herbaceous Sandhill Seep1999-12-20OCUSSimon/Zollner 10-99S. Simon and D. ZollnerG3?00-11-08This shrub herbaceous alliance of the Mojave Desert grows in very xeric conditions with hot summers and occasional freezes in the winter. This alliance requires well-drained rocky or sandy soils. The alliance was formerly widespread, but overgrazing has decimated stands. Remaining stands occur from 600-1000 m elevation, on flat ridges, lower slopes, valleys, and washes. Stands of this shrub herbaceous alliance of the Mojave Desert are dominated by ~Achnatherum speciosum (= Stipa speciosa)$, which is the sole, dominant or important plant in the herbaceous layer. Species composition varies between stands, but ~Achnatherum speciosum$ is the unifying species. Other graminoids which may be present include ~Nassella lepida, Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Nassella cernua, Poa secunda$, and ~Elymus elymoides$. Emergent shrubs, such as ~Hymenoclea salsola$ or ~Larrea tridentata$, compose 10-25% cover in the shrub layer.This alliance includes open grasslands with scattered xeromorphic desert shrubs, occurring in the Chihuahuan Desert region. These grasslands are typically dominated by ~Bouteloua hirsuta, Bouteloua gracilis, Bouteloua eriopoda$, and other desert grasses. Associated dominants can include ~Acacia neovernicosa, Larrea tridentata$, and ~Yucca faxoniana$.FLVALR;CEGL007985CSCSA.2This alliance occurs in Trans-Pecos Texas, southern New Mexico, and southeastern Arizona. Sites include sandy plains, bajadas, mesas and terraces along intermittent drainages. They are generally flat or gently sloping, occurring on all aspects. Substrate is usually sandy or gravelly alluvium. Soils are generally coarse-textured. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by a sparse shrub cover (less than 25%) dominated by the xeromorphic deciduous shrub ~Prosopis glandulosa$. Graminoid cover is greater than shrub cover and usually over 25%. The diversity of other species can vary greatly. Shrub associates may include ~Atriplex canescens, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Krascheninnikovia lanata, Lycium$ spp., and ~Parthenium incanum$. Succulents, such as ~Opuntia leptocaulis, Opuntia imbricata, Opuntia phaeacantha, Nolina microcarpa, Yucca baccata$, and ~Yucca elata$, are often present. Characteristic perennial grasses may include ~Aristida purpurea, Bouteloua curtipendula, Bouteloua eriopoda, Bouteloua gracilis, Pleuraphis mutica (= Hilaria mutica), Muhlenbergia porteri, Muhlenbergia richardsonis, Panicum obtusum, Sporobolus flexuosus$, and ~Sporobolus wrightii$. Annual grass cover is usually sparse and may include ~Aristida adscensionis, Bouteloua barbata$, and ~Dasyochloa pulchella (= Erioneuron pulchellum)$. Forb cover is also sparse, but it can be relatively diverse. Common forbs may include species of ~Chenopodium, Croton, Eriogonum, Euphorbia, Solanum$, and ~Zinnia$. Diagnostic of this alliance is the sparse shrub canopy (10-25% cover) that is dominated by ~Prosopis glandulosa$ with a sparse to moderately dense herbaceous layer that is dominated by perennial bunch grasses.LVAL3V CEGL007999CSCSA.288I.B.2.N.dPlatanus occidentalis - Betula nigra - Celtis laevigata - Fraxinus pennsylvanica / Arundinaria gigantea Temporarily Flooded ForestSycamore - River Birch - Sugarberry - Green Ash / Giant Cane Temporarily Flooded ForestOzark Elm - Ash - Sugarberry Forest2000-01-21GCUSMP 1-00, mod. KThis grassland alliance occurs on flats and slopes of mesas and mountains within the Chihuahuan and Sonoran deserts and has been described from extreme southwestern New Mexico and south-central Arizona. Soils are sandy to gravelly silt loams. Vegetation included in this alliance is often distributed in patches and is characterized by a sparse to moderately dense graminoid layer dominated by ~Pleuraphis mutica (= Hilaria mutica)$ with a sparse shrub layer. The herbaceous layer is potentially diverse. Other characteristic graminoids may include species such as the annuals ~Aristida adscensionis, Bouteloua barbata, Chloris virgata, Eragrostis pectinacea, Eriochloa lemmonii$, and ~Panicum hirticaule$, and the perennials ~Bouteloua eriopoda, Cyperus esculentus, Eragrostis intermedia, Muhlenbergia porteri, Panicum obtusum$, and ~Tridens muticus$. The shrub layer consists of clumps and stringers of ~Larrea tridentata$ and ~Prosopis glandulosa$ or ~Prosopis velutina$. Other common shrubs may include ~Parkinsonia microphylla, Fouquieria splendens, Lycium berlandieri, Menodora scabra$, and ~Zinnia acerosa (= Zinnia pumila)$. Scattered forbs include species such as ~Allionia incarnata, Amaranthus palmeri, Hoffmannseggia glauca, Solanum elaeagnifolium, Kallstroemia parviflora$, and ~Talinum aurantiacum$. Scattered cacti, such as ~Opuntia engelmannii, Opuntia imbricata, Opuntia macrorhiza (= Opuntia leptocarpa), Opuntia spinosior$, and ~Echinocereus pectinatus$, may also be present. Diagnostic of this alliance is the ~Pleuraphis mutica$-dominated herbaceous layer with a significant shrub layer (>10% cover), and the lack of flooding.LVAL?Q]Vegetation in this alliance is dominated by short sod grasses with a sparse xeromorphic shrub layer 1-3 m tall. Grasslands in this Chihuahuan Desert alliance are dominated by the perennial shortgrass ~Bouteloua eriopoda$, with a sparse xeromorphic shrub canopy of one or more of the following shrubs: ~Ayenia microphylla, Dasylirion wheeleri, Ephedra torreyana, Ephedra trifurca, Parthenium incanum$, and/or ~Yucca elata$.Vegetation in this Chihuahuan Desert alliance generally occurs on steep rocky slopes of mountains and mesas. Soils are generally rocky loams and range from shallow to moderately deep. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by a perennial bunchgrass-dominated herbaceous layer with moderately sparse cover (10-25%) of shrubs. The herbaceous layer is dominated or codominated by the medium-tall perennial bunchgrass ~Bouteloua curtipendula$. Other common graminoid species may include ~Bothriochloa barbinodis, Koeleria macrantha, Lycurus phleoides, Muhlenbergia pauciflora, Muhlenbergia tenuifolia, Piptochaetium fimbriatum$, and ~Achnatherum lobatum (= Stipa lobata)$. The diverse forb layer is dominated by mat-forming species of ~Selaginella$ and includes species of ~Artemisia, Heliomeris, Mirabilis, Sida$, and ~Viguiera$. The succulent ~Dasylirion wheeleri$ is the diagnostic species of the potentially diverse shrub layer. Other characteristic shrubs may include ~Ageratina herbacea, Cercocarpus montanus, Ericameria laricifolia, Garrya wrightii, Quercus turbinella, Robinia neomexicana, Yucca baccata$, and ten other shrubs. Cacti include ~Opuntia imbricata$ and ~Opuntia phaeacantha$. Scattered trees at higher elevations are often present, such as ~Juniperus deppeana, Pinus edulis$, and ~Quercus$ spp. Diagnostic of this alliance is a ~Bouteloua curtipendula$-dominated herbaceous layer with a sparse shrub layer with ~Dasylirion wheeleri$ present.LVAL)e'VCEGL008044CWCSA.467II.A.1.N.aNestegis sandwicensis Montane Mesic WoodlandOlopua Montane Mesic Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG197-12-01G1|zzzxvllO#CEGL008043CWCSA.466II.A.1.N.aMetrosideros polymorpha Subalpine Dry Woodland'Ohi'a Subalpine Dry Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG397-12-01G3~|||zxnnQ#CEGL008042CWCSA.466II.A.1.N.aMetrosideros polymorpha Montane Dry Woodland'Ohi'a Montane Dry Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG3This alliance is found in the northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountain foothills. The vegetation typically has moderate to dense cover. Medium-tall (0.5-1.5 m) shrubs are scattered throughout; their total canopy cover is 10-25%. The shrub layer is dominated by ~Sarcobatus vermiculatus$, with ~Atriplex confertifolia, Artemisia tridentata$, and ~Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus$ in smaller amounts. ~Symphoricarpos occidentalis$ and ~Rhus aromatica$ are sometimes found in more mesic microhabitats within this community. Herbaceous cover is sparse beneath the shrubs and moderate to dense in between. The dominant species are typically 0.5-1 m tall. The most abundant species is ~Pascopyrum smithii$, usually accompanied by ~Bouteloua gracilis, Bromus japonicus, Bromus tectorum$, and ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$. Few forbs are found in this community. ~Achillea millefolium$ and ~Opuntia polyacantha$ are the only species with high constancy. Overall species diversity in this community is low. ^Stands in this alliance are found on flat to gently sloping alluvial fans, terraces, lakebeds, and floodplains. ~Sarcobatus vermiculatus$ has been found in association with ~Pascopyrum smithii$ only on the most arid parts of southwestern Saskatchewan. The soil is usually deep clay, silty clay, sandy clay, or loam, although coarse soils are possible. They are saline or alkaline, but salt crusts on the surface are absent (Thilenius et al. 1995). Parent material is usually alluvium. Flooding during the spring is possible.,LVAL8>TCEGL008077CWCSA.1074IV.A.1.N.bSesbania tomentosa Lowland Dry Dwarf-shrubland'Ohai Lowland Dry Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG197-12-01G1}ssR$CEGL008076CWCSA.1073IV.A.1.N.bLipochaeta spp. Coastal Dry Dwarf-shrublandNehe species Coastal Dry Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG397-12-01G3wwO$CEGL008075CWCSA.1072IV.A.1.N.bChamaesyce celastroides CoThis alliance contains peatland communities, slightly enriched by minerotrophic groundwater and dominated by sedges with a sparse cover of shrubs. These 'poor fens' tend to occur in flat basins with deep peat, often as part of a larger bog complex. They may intergrade floristically with communities in the IV.A.1.N.g ~~Chamaedaphne calyculata$ Saturated Dwarf-shrubland Alliance (A.1092)$$ (bogs), as well as with the 'intermediate fens' in the ~~Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda / Carex (flava, interior, lasiocarpa, sterilis)$ Saturated Shrub Herbaceous Alliance (A.1562)$$. In contrast with these two alliances, however, communities in this alliance have both a strong component of bog acid-tolerant shrubs such as ~Chamaedaphne calyculata, Andromeda polifolia var. glaucophylla (= Andromeda glaucophylla), Ledum groenlandicum$, and ~Carex limosa$, as well as species indicative of local nutrient enrichment such as ~Carex lasiocarpa, Cladium mariscoides, Menyanthes trifoliata$, and ~Muhlenbergia glomerata$. In addition, Coastal Plain types of this alliance tend to contain species such as ~Eleocharis equisetoides$ and ~Rhexia virginica$. Other species likely to be present include ~Triadenum virginicum$ and ~Peltandra virginica$. Communities in this alliance are known by a variety of common names such as 'poor fen,' 'acidic fen,' 'Coastal Plain fen' and 'Coastal Plain quagmire.' Communities of this alliance occur in most states of the Northeast, and likely beyond.LVAL This alliance brings together a suite of spring-fed herbaceous vegetation occurring on shallow peat and irrigated by base-rich surface discharge or groundwater. The vegetation has a consistent set of characteristic species but a locally variable set of associates, many of which are uncommon within the region. Occurrences are generally small, local and restricted to a rather particular set of conditions. The prominent architectural elements of this alliance include a well-developed herbaceous layer dominated by short cespitose sedges, a ground layer of bulky "brown" mosses, and clumped or scattered shrubs (generally restricted to micro-hummocks). Typically there is no clear dominant species allowing for a highly variable compositional and structural aspect from occurrence to occurrence. Under undisturbed conditions the relative proportion of shrubs to herbs appears to reflect the hydrologic regime with shrubs becoming abundant in drier examples (or in drier, slightly raised, areas within a single example. In many examples the open herbaceous character of the vegetation appears to be maintained by grazing or burning which limits much of the shrub layer. ^The herbaceous layer in these communities is generally defined by a number of cespitose sedges: ~Carex hystericina, Carex leptalea, Carex interior, Carex flava, Carex sterilis$ (~Carex hystericina$ appears cespitose although it actually has short rhizomes). None of these sedges form the large tussocks typical of ~Carex stricta$ or the extensive rhizomatic mats of ~Carex lasiocarpa$ both of which may also be present. ~Carex lacustris$ may develop into large patches in wetter depressions within the community. The compact form and the microtopographical relief developed by the cespitose sedges allows for the development of a diverse herbaceous forb component. ^The grasses ~Muhlenbergia glomerata, Glyceria striata$, and ~Bromus kalmii$ are all common and widespread in this vegetation type generally being inconspicuously interspersed with the sedges. TheLVAL  rhizomatic marsh fern ~Thelypteris palustris$ is characteristic, and in lower New England occurrences it is often the most abundant herb forming an interlocking network of plants right at the ground level. ~Equisetum fluviatile$ and ~Equisetum arvense$ are almost always present and may be dominant in some occurrences. Likewise ~Eleocharis acicularis, Eleocharis elliptica, Eleocharis erythropoda$, and ~Eleocharis rostellata$ are common and occasionally locally dominant. Other herbs characteristic of the entire alliance include ~Packera aurea (= Senecio aureus), Parnassia glauca, Spiranthes romanzoffiana, Symplocarpus foetidus, Drosera rotundifolia, Iris versicolor, Lobelia kalmii, Lycopus uniflorus$, and ~Thalictrum pubescens$. In late summer, the short sedges and herbs are overtopped by a variety of tall coarse herbs such as ~Eupatorium maculatum, Eupatorium perfoliatum, Solidago rugosa, Solidago patula, Solidago uliginosa$, and ~Lythrum salicaria$ imparting a scruffy, weedy look to the appearance of these communities. ^In (apparently) undisturbed examples the moss layer forms a luxuriant ground cover (up to 100%) and is typically rich and varied in species. ~Campylium stellatum, Drepanocladus revolvens, Calliergonella cuspidata, Aulacomnium palustre, Climacium$ spp., ~Tomentypnum nitens, Philonotis fontana$, and ~Bryum pseudotriquetrum$ are all commonly found. In less pristine settings, however, the moss cover is often patchy and comprised mainly of the three species ~Campylium stellatum, Drepanocladus revolvens$, and ~Calliergonella cuspidata$. ^Some form of shrub component is almost always present, even in very graminoid appearing examples, although colonization may be restricted to small raised hummocks (a few centimeters is adequate). The cespitose, short shrub ~Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda (= Pentaphylloides floribunda)$ is perhaps the most characteristic species of the alliance although it is rarely present in the northern Appalachian examples. The ecology of this species is not welLVALbCEGL008427CSCSA.394I.C.3.N.aPinus echinata - Quercus alba / Vaccinium pallidum / Hexastylis arifolia - Chimaphila maculata ForestShortleaf Pine - White Oak / Hillside Blueberry / Arrowleaf Heartleaf - Striped Wintergreen ForestAppalachian Shortleaf Pine - Mesic Oak Forest2000-06-12GCUSKP/AW 5-00K.D. Patterson and A.S. WeakleyG3G400-06-12G3[YQM.$" "CEGL008426CSCSA.142I.A.8.N.cThuja occidentalis - Pinus strobus - Tsuga canadensis / Carex eburnea ForestNorthern White-cedar - Eastern White Pine - Eastern Hemlock / Bristleleaf Sedge ForestSouthern Appalachian Northern White-cedar Slope Forest1996-10-01GCUSASW/KP 10-96, mod. GPF 04-00A.S. Weakley and K.D. Patterson,l understood. In the western U.S. it occurs in dry mountainous soils and calcareous outcrops while in the east it is more or less restricted to wet springy places. It does not thrive in extremely wet soils (Jeglum 1971). Some managers have suggested that it may be a key species in providing bog turtle habitat while others have attempted to eradicate it from sites where it is believed to shade-out orchid populations. ~Rhamnus alnifolia$ is another characteristic and much more spreading short shrub, which may be quite extensive in some examples. Additionally tall branching shrubs such as ~Cornus sericea, Salix discolor, Salix bebbiana, Salix candida, Salix lucida, Salix serissima$, and others are very typical and often form a fringe around the lower slope of the fen. With alterations in local hydrology or grazing regime it is likely that many examples will succeed to shrub thickets dominated by these species. This alliance includes mineral soil or shallow peat seepage communities influenced by calcareous water and generally dominated by cespitose sedges, herbaceous species with scattered shrubs.LVALF This alliance is currently found in the upper Midwest of the United States and in Ontario, Canada. Stands are a variable combination of shrubs and herbs on minerotrophically rich mucks, often called fens. The shrub layer is low (0.5-1 m layer) and varies from scattered to dense cover over a dense herbaceous layer. Patterning within large fens may occur, leading to recognizable zones, such as sedge flats, which occur around the spring discharge, fen meadows, which occur in the adjacent saturated zone as a variable combination of shrubs and herbs, and tall-shrub fens, which occur on more elevated portions or edges of the fen. The central fen meadow is described here. The most consistent shrub dominant is ~Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda (= Pentaphylloides floribunda)$, but other shrubs include ~Salix discolor, Physocarpus opulifolius, Rosa palustris, Toxicodendron vernix$, and ~Cornus amomum$. Typical herbaceous associates include a variety of sedges that vary across the range of the alliance, including ~Carex sterilis, Carex flava, Carex interior, Carex lasiocarpa$, and ~Carex stricta$. In the Midwest portion of the range, many prairie species may be typically associated, including ~Andropogon gerardii, Sorghastrum nutans, Sporobolus heterolepis, Oligoneuron ohioense (= Solidago ohioensis)$, and others. In the more northeastern portion of the range, northern species such as ~Alnus serrulata, Drosera rotundifolia$, and ~Photinia melanocarpa (= Aronia melanocarpa)$ may be present. ^Dominance by ~Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda$ may be because of low fire probability, which historically may have occurred in fire-protected areas, e.g., where poorly vegetated areas with spring runs served as natural firebreaks. Soils are saturated mucks, neutral to alkaline, marly, and with excessive water-retaining capacity.LVAL wdCEGL008451CSCSA.2001I.B.2.C.xQuercus acutissima Planted ForestSawtooth Oak Planted ForestSawtooth Oak Wildlife Planting2000-07-18GCUSMP 7-00M. PyneGC00-07-18*}_D#CEGL008450CSCSA.130I.A.8.N.bPinus taeda - Quercus (falcata, hemisphaerica, nigra) - Liquidambar styraciflua / Rhus copallinum - Vaccinium stamineum ForestLoblolly Pine - (Southern Red Oak, Sand Laurel Oak, Water Oak) - Sweetgum / Winged Sumac - Deerberry ForestSuccessional Loblolly Pine - Oak Forest2000-08-28GCUSM. PyneGM00-07-06*RQIG@@><2 "CEGL008449CECSA.545II.A.4.N.bJuniperus virginiana var. virginiana - Pinus virginiana - Quercus stellata / Amelanchier stolonifera / Danthonia spicata - Melica mutica WoodlandEastern Red-cedar - Virginia Pine - Post Oak / Running Serviceberry / Poverty Oatgrass - Two-flower Melicgrass WoodlandAppalachian Gorge Evergreen/Deciduous Riverside Flatrock Woodland2000-08-30GCUSMP after Vanderhorst 8-00M. Pyne after Vanderhorst 2000G2?00-08-25G2zxvl+#dCEGL008447CSCSA.1987V.B.2.N.gSagittaria lancifolia - Glottidium vesicarium - Solidago sempervirens - Lythrum lineare Herbaceous VegetationLanceleaf Arrowhead - Bagpod - Seaside Goldenrod - Saltmarsh Loosestrife Herbaceous VegetationBulltongue - Bagpod FrinThis alliance occurs in the western Great Plains and southwestern United States. It is predominantly found in the West, and little is known about its expression in the Midwest. Short graminoids provide most of the vegetation cover, although a sparse short-shrub layer is what distinguishes this alliance from other vegetation types. ~Bouteloua gracilis$ is a typical abundant herbaceous species, while ~Krascheninnikovia lanata$ is characteristic of the shrub stratum. Exposed mineral soil is common. ^Stands of this alliance occur on fine-textured and often saline or alkaline soil.LVAL w0CEGL008458CSCSA.604II.B.2.N.aFraxinus americana - Carya ovata / Frangula carThis widespread shrub herbaceous alliance is known from cold, dry areas of the Intermountain West, as well as in dry alpine and subalpine habitats of the Sierra Nevada. Perennial grasses are prominent with ~Artemisia arbuscula ssp. arbuscula$ dominating the open to moderately dense low-shrub layer. Stands typically occur on shallow, rocky, poorly drained soils on a variety of landforms; from flats and depressions to slopes, ridges or alpine fell-fields. Soils are usually shallow, rocky clays, often with an impenetrable layer at less than 60 cm depth. Poor drainage often leads to perched water tables in the spring, which may control the distribution of the vegetation in this alliance and explain its patchy distribution. The vegetation is characterized by a moderate to dense herbaceous layer dominated by perennial graminoids. Dominant to common grass species include ~Achnatherum thurberianum (= Stipa thurberiana), Festuca idahoensis, Leymus salinus ssp. salmonis, Pascopyrum smithii, Poa secunda, Pseudoroegneria spicata$, and ~Elymus elymoides$ (in areas in poor condition). ~Agoseris glauca, Allium$ spp., ~Antennaria rosea, Balsamorhiza sagittata, Castilleja angustifolia, Phlox hoodii$, and ~Phlox longifolia$ are common forbs species. Shrub associates include ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis, Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana, Artemisia nova, Chrysothamnus$ spp., ~Ephedra viridis, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Juniperus occidentalis, Juniperus osteosperma, Purshia tridentata$, and ~Tetradymia canescens$. Diagnostic of this alliance is a moderate (>20% cover) perennial graminoid layer with an ~Artemisia arbuscula ssp. arbuscula$-dominated low-shrub layer that has 10-40% cover. At least 40% of the total shrub cover is ~Artemisia arbuscula ssp. arbuscula$.LVAL{.CEGL008466CSCSA.229I.B.2.N.aFagus grandifolia - Quercus rubra / Ostrya virginiana - Acer (barbatum, leucoderme) / Actaea racemosa - Sanguinaria canadensis ForestAmerican Beech - Northern Red Oak / Eastern Hop-hornbeam - (Southern Sugar Maple, Chalk Maple) / Black Cohosh - BAssociations in this alliance occur at intermediate elevations (1500-2500 m) in the Intermountain and Rocky Mountain West. The climate is semi-arid with 20-30 (45) cm of annual precipitation. The greatest proportion of the precipitation falls as summer rain, which favors the growth of the herbaceous vegetation in this alliance. The temperature regime is continental, with cold winters, warm summers, large diurnal ranges, and a short frost-free season. Soils are typically young, shallow, coarse-textured, and often derived from calcareous parent materials. In the Columbia River Basin, the vegetation in this alliance occupies the driest habitats of the ~Artemisia$ series. The shrublands occupy well-drained slopes and ridges and often grow with other ~Artemisia$ spp. on deeper soils. The vegetation in this alliance is characterized by the presence of the dwarf-shrub ~Artemisia nova$, typically with sparse (10-25%) cover. Associated shrub species may include ~Atriplex confertifolia, Krascheninnikovia lanata, Gutierrezia sarothrae$, and ~Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus$. The ground layer is dominated by a dense matrix of perennial bunch grasses that generally exceed the height of the shrubs. The most important species in the associations of this alliance are ~Festuca idahoensis$ and ~Leymus salinus ssp. salmonis$. Forbs generally have a low cover and frequency. Occasional species include ~Balsamorhiza sagittata, Phlox hoodii, Collinsia parviflora, Sphaeralcea coccinea$, and ~Castilleja angustifolia$. At the edges of intermountain basins, the shrublands are usually contiguous with ~Atriplex confertifolia$.LVALTdCEGL008473CSCSA.1996I.B.2.N.eQuercus alba - Nyssa sylvatica Seasonally Flooded Forest [Provisional]White Oak - Blackgum Seasonally Flooded ForestWhite Oak - Blackgum Seasonally Flooded Forest2001-02-14OCUSMP 1-01M. PyneG?01-01-31G?ŗi#dCEGL008472CSCSA.2005V.B.2.N.dPolygonum cuspidatum Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous VegetationJapanese Knotweed Temporarily Flooded HerbaThis alliance includes evergreen forests dominated by ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ occurring from Vancouver Island south through the Cascades and Coastal Ranges of northern California, through the Great Basin and Rocky Mountains, to extreme western Texas and northern Mexico. In the Pacific ranges the dominant species is ~Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii$, while ~Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca$ is the dominant in forests of the Rocky Mountains, south to Mexico. Currently this alliance includes 49 associations, occurring in 12 states or provinces. Associated species vary with geographic location but can include in the canopy/subcanopy ~Arbutus menziesii, Acer circinatum, Acer glabrum, Acer grandidentatum, Amelanchier alnifolia, Quercus arizonica, Quercus gambelii, Quercus hypoleucoides$, and ~Quercus rugosa$. Typical shrubs and herbs include ~Arctostaphylos patula, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Arnica cordifolia, Bromus ciliatus, Calamagrostis rubescens, Carex geyeri, Festuca$ spp., ~Gaultheria shallon, Holodiscus discolor, Jamesia americana, Juniperus communis, Juniperus osteosperma, Linnaea borealis, Mahonia$ spp., ~Muhlenbergia$ spp., ~Osmorhiza berteroi, Paxistima myrsinites, Physocarpus$ spp., ~Purshia tridentata, Spiraea betulifolia, Symphoricarpos$ spp., ~Thalictrum$ spp., and ~Vaccinium $ spp. In western Texas, this alliance is restricted to upper canyons and slopes at high elevations (6000-8000 feet) in the mountains of the Trans-Pecos, where important associates include ~Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum, Pinus strobiformis$ (Guadalupe Mountains), and ~Cupressus arizonica$ (Chisos Mountains).LVALs^HThis alliance is reported from the Tularosa Basin of southern New Mexico and the Colorado Plateau in southwestern Utah and northern Arizona. Elevations range from 1200-2700 m. Climate is semi-arid. Sites include valley bottoms, plains, hillslopes, mesa tops, sand sheets and dunes. Soils range from loamy sand to silt texture and are derived from alluvium and colluvium from sandstone and other parent materials. The vegetation is dominated by a sparse to moderately dense graminoid layer of the perennial shortgrass ~Bouteloua gracilis$ with an open (10-25% cover) dwarf-shrub layer. ~Hesperostipa comata, Pleuraphis jamesii$, or ~Sporobolus airoides$ may codominate the graminoid layer in some stands. Other associated grasses are ~Achnatherum hymenoides, Bouteloua curtipendula, Hesperostipa neomexicana, Muhlenbergia montana, Poa fendleriana$, and ~Sporobolus cryptandrus$. ~Artemisia bigelovii$ or ~Gutierrezia sarothrae$ are commonly present and may dominate the open dwarf-shrub layer. Other dwarf-shrubs and shrubs may include ~Arctostaphylos patula, Artemisia tridentata, Ephedra torreyana, Ephedra viridis, Ericameria nauseosa, Quercus gambelii, Tetradymia canescens$, and ~Yucca$ spp. An occasional ~Pinus edulis$ or ~Juniperus$ spp. tree may be present in higher elevation stands.One stand in this alliance was reported from White Sands Missile Range in the Tularosa Basin of southern New Mexico. Elevations range from 1200-2700 m at White Sands Missile Range. The climate is arid. Mean annual precipitation is 22 cm with over half occurring during the late summer monsoon season often as high-intensity convection storm. Grasslands in this Chihuahuan Desert alliance are dominated by the perennial shortgrass ~Bouteloua eriopoda$. There is also a sparse dwarf-shrub layer dominated by ~Artemisia bigelovii$. More detailed description information was not available.LVALoQ< pQ$zoQ=\ pQE5EE5%`u$zoQ> pQ%uU5eEEU@I$zDoQ?!pQue%eeEupt$zoQ@X!pQU%EEEUEE`d$zoQA!pQuE5eePR$z@oQB"pQUE%EEEEE`d$zoQCT"pQueeE%@.$zoQD"pQEE%UU%E% A$zABBBEMMNRSX[__hlmpz !"$&+/144: >?CKUU[]]^_`bbgjpvted during the cooler, wetter months, but are extremely dry and hard during summer droughts.>LVALLB!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!   '34CGThis alpine vegetation type apparently has been described only from three stands at about 10,700 feet elevation on Carter Mountain along the eastern edge of the Absaroka Mountains in northwestern Wyoming. These communities occur on the lower portions of relatively steep, leeward slopes where snow accumulation is thought to be moderate. The vegetation consists of a single stratum of scattered forbs, graminoids, and cushion plants up to 20 cm tall, with ~Antennaria microphylla$ and ~Artemisia scopulorum$ contributing 25% of the standing crop of herbage. Other forbs of any abundance include ~Achillea millefolium, Oxytropis parryi, Cerastium arvense$, and ~Lomatium cous (= Lomatium montanum)$. Graminoids contribute about 24% of the standing crop, and the most abundant taxa are ~Poa$ spp., ~Koeleria macrantha, Festuca rubra$, and ~Carex elynoides$.This alliance, dominated by exotic species, can be found along the immediate coast of California from north to south. Stands are widespread on bluffs, disturbed land, and sand dunes. This low-stature perennial forb vegetation forms a continuous canopy less than 50 cm in height. This is a highly invasive, exotic alliance, dominated by members of three genera: ~Mesembryanthemum, Malephora$, and/or ~Carpobrotus$, commonly referred to as 'iceplant.' The native shrubs ~Ambrosia chamissonis, Eriogonum latifolium$, and/or ~Abronia latifolia$ may be present as emergents. ~Poa douglasii$ may also be present. Disturbance aids the spread of this exotic alliance. Iceplant stands are being removed in several areas to restore native vegetation. However, these species are now so common in California, they must be recognized as components of the state's vegetation.LVAL This alliance consists of moderate- to high-elevation rocky summit communities of the southern and central Blue Ridge (metamorphic rock portions of the southern and central Appalachians), on various rock types, including amphibolite, metabasalt (greenstone), gneiss, and others. There are several globally rare communities contained in this alliance. More common vegetation in this alliance will have ~Saxifraga michauxii$ as a characteristic component; other species are variable, but may include ~Saxifraga virginiensis, Saxifraga micranthidifolia, Carex$ spp., ~Schizachyrium scoparium$, and others. Examples at high elevation exhibit a sparse vegetative cover of grasses, forbs and shrubs rooted in rock fissures and occur in a matrix of ~Picea rubens - Abies fraseri$ Forest. On rock outcrops of highly fractured felsic to mafic bedrock (over 1980 m), typical species include ~Carex misera, Abies fraseri, Menziesia pilosa, Heuchera villosa, Rhododendron catawbiense, Saxifraga michauxii, Sorbus americana, Oclemena acuminata (= Aster acuminatus), Solidago glomerata$. Other characteristic species are ~Minuartia groenlandica$ and ~Polypodium appalachianum$. On rock outcrops of felsic Anakeesta slate in the Great Smoky Mountains (from 1646-1987 m), typical species include ~Saxifraga michauxii, Carex misera, Calamagrostis cainii, Rhododendron carolinianum, Solidago glomerata, Oclemena acuminata, Abies fraseri$, and ~Leiophyllum buxifolium$. Other characteristic species are ~Gentiana linearis$ and ~Calamagrostis cainii$. At low to middle elevations (1256-1713 m) in the southern Appalachians on outcrops of mafic rock, or on felsic rock where perennial seepage exists, the sparse vegetation consists of graminoids, forbs, and shrubs. It is surrounded by deciduous forests dominated by ~Quercus rubra, Acer rubrum var. rubrum$, and occasionally ~Tsuga caroliniana$. Typical species here include ~Saxifraga michauxii, Coreopsis major, Schizachyrium scoparium, Kalmia latifolia, Dichanthelium acuminatum, Danthonia spicata$,LVAL2 @  @ @ and ~Paronychia argyrocoma$. Other characteristic species include ~Campanula divaricata, Solidago bicolor$, and ~Allium cernuum (= Allium allegheniense)$. On amphibolite, metabasalt, metagabbro, or metagraywacke bedrock from 1350-1870 m elevation within a matrix of ~Quercus rubra$ Forest or high elevation grasslands and shrublands, the vegetation includes ~Saxifraga michauxii, Danthonia spicata, Krigia montana, Carex misera, Angelica triquinata, Athyrium filix-femina ssp. asplenioides, Rhododendron catawbiense$, and ~Heuchera villosa$. Other characteristic species are ~Sanguisorba canadensis, Sibbaldiopsis tridentata, Hylotelephium telephioides (= Sedum telephioides), Houstonia purpurea var. montana, Geum radiatum, Solidago spithamaea$, and ~Huperzia appalachiana$. In the central Blue Ridge mountains of Virginia, at elevations of 850-1200 m, this alliance occurs on greenstone (metabasalt, a mafic metamorphic rock). Characteristic herbaceous species include ~Hylotelephium telephioides, Solidago simplex var. randii, Heuchera pubescens, Deschampsia flexuosa, Houstonia longifolia (= Houstonia longifolia var. compacta), Dennstaedtia punctilobula, Campanula divaricata, Agrostis perennans, Carex pensylvanica, Saxifraga michauxii, Arabis lyrata, Allium allegheniense$?, ~Phlox subulata ssp. brittonii, Sibbaldiopsis tridentata, Liatris turgida, Huperzia appalachiana, Polypodium appalachianum, Gymnocarpium appalachianum$, and ~Oclemena acuminata$. Shrubs include ~Physocarpus opulifolius, Sorbus americana, Betula alleghaniensis, Quercus rubra, Ribes rotundifolium, Diervilla lonicera, Hamamelis virginiana, Ilex montana, Kalmia latifolia, Menziesia pilosa$, and ~Abies balsamea$. Rare alpine disjunct species are sometimes present, including ~Juncus trifidus$ and ~Trisetum spicatum$.LVAL_                                            j`Yp` Yp` YpaYpa Ypa Ypa!Ypa!Ypa!Ypa!YpbYpbYpbYpbYpb YpbYpg!Ypg!Ypg!Zp`5Zp`This alliance occurs in the alpine tundra in the mountains of Colorado. Stands are found in the lower alpine zone between 3300-3410 m elevation on stable scree slopes, usually on southeast-facing slopes in warm, moist microsites. The ground is covered with rock and is snow covered in the winter. In this alliance ~Athyrium americanum$ is the dominant species. ~Ligusticum tenuifolium$ is a constant associate. ~Chamerion angustifolium (= Epilobium angustifolium), Mertensia ciliata, Carex ebenea$, and ~Luzula parviflora$ are often present in the herbaceous layer. Moss cover is very sparse due to the ~Athyrium americanum$ leaf litter that covers the ground surface.This alliance is found in the alpine tundra of the Colorado Rocky Mountains between 2500 and 4000 m in elevation. Soils are typically skeletal and prone to disturbance from frost heaving or burrowing animals. The soil surface is often stripped of fine-textured soil particles, leaving a gravel pavement. This alliance is associated with relatively shallow snowbeds, which result in moist, but not water-logged, soils during the growing season. The vegetation is dominated by ~Artemisia arctica$, which ranges from 25-60% cover. Other frequent forb associates include ~Trifolium parryi, Trifolium dasyphyllum, Lewisia pygmaea, Ranunculus adoneus, Polygonum bistortoides, Draba crassifolia, Cerastium arvense, Minuartia obtusiloba (= Arenaria sajanensis)$, and ~Sibbaldia procumbens$. Graminoid associates include ~Carex brunnescens, Luzula spicata, Poa fendleriana, Poa alpina, Deschampsia caespitosa$, and ~Festuca brachyphylla$.CLVALQvQ ЂpQEHr$z1vQ \ЂpQr$z0vQ ЂpQEHr$zx>vQ тpQEHrThese herbaceous communities are found scattered in alpine fell-field environments in the mountains of central Idaho. They are typically found on small, gently sloped ridgecrest sites between approximately 3170-3355 m elevation. Some sites resemble stabilized talus more than fell-field. Substrates are rocky, poorly developed with little soil development. Stands have a sparse herbaceous layer of low-growing, prostrate, mat-forming forb species and a few graminoids that grow between the exposed rocks. ~Ivesia gordonii$ is dominant or codominant with ~Eriogonum caespitosum$ or ~Minuartia obtusiloba$. Associated species may include ~Agoseris glauca, Minuartia obtusiloba (= Arenaria obtusiloba), Eriogonum ovalifolium, Oxytropis parryi, Poa cusickii ssp. epilis (= Poa epilis), Potentilla diversifolia, Phlox pulvinata, Smelowskia calycina$, and ~Trisetum spicatum$. The moss ~Selaginella densa$ is often present.This alliance occurs in the alpine tundra on windblown summits and ridges in the mountains of central Colorado. Stands are found above 3900 m on cold, dry microsites in rock crevices and on outcrop ledges primarily on southwest-facing slopes. Soils are young and poorly developed due to low soil temperature, low soil moisture during the summer, and a short growing season. The majority of the ground surface is covered with rock. ~Claytonia megarhiza$ is the dominant species. ~Draba fladnizensis, Draba lonchocarpa, Sagina saginoides, Silene acaulis, Festuca brachyphylla, Poa alpina$, and ~Poa lettermanii$ are common associates. A cryptogam layer is present with ~Hypnum revolutum, Bryoerythrophyllum recurvirostre$, and ~Physconia muscigena (= Physcia musigena)$ the most constant species.vLVAL%r` $zwQ. <؂pQEHeeEue%r`l$zDwQ/ ؂pQEHueueuer`n$zwQ0 ؂pQEH%%5eeer`r$zwQ1 8قpQEHue%uu%r` $z@wQ2 قpQEHȃeee%eer`n$z@7vQ قpQEHЃeueuee` $z7vQ 4ڂpQeh؃ueueee`r$z7vQ ڂpQEHe%euu% o$z<8vQ ڂpQEHeeeeue`e$z8vQ 0ۂpQEHeu%eue`l$z8vQ ۂpQEHeue%%ups$z   A.1605CWestV.B.2.N.aLUPINUS ARGENTEUS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESilver-stem Lupine Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZzqpd>   A.1604CWestV.B.2.N.aLIGUSTICUM FILICINUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEFernleaf Wild Lovage Herbaceous Alliance9@YK. SCHULZvuiA   A.1603CWestV.B.2.N.aAQUILEGIA CAERULEA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEColorado Blue Columbine Herbaceous Alliance)@YM. DAMM~wvj?   A.1602CWestV.B.2.N.aAGASTACHE URTICIFOLIA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCENettleleaf Giant-hyssop Herbaceous Alliancen@YK. SCHULZzymB   A.1601CWestV.B.2.N.aLIGUSTICUM PORTERI HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPorter's Wild Lovage Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZ}tsg?   A.1600CWestV.B.2.N.aXEROPHYLLUM TENAX HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWestern Turkeybeard Herbaceous AllianceYM.S. REIDofee>   A.160CWestI.A.8.N.cABIES AMABILIS - ABIES CONCOLOR FOREST ALLIANCEPacific Silver Fir - White Fir Forest AllianceYM.S. REID/D. SARRvuuG   A.16CWestI.A.1.N.cACACIA KOA / METROSIDEROS POLYMORPHA - CIBOTIUM SPP. FOREST ALLIANCEKoa / 'Ohi'a - Hapu'u species Forest AllianceYWCS[   A.1599CMidwestV.B.2.N.aPTERIDIUM AQUILINUM - BROMUS KALMII HERBACEOUS ALLIANCENorthern Bracken - Kalm's Brome Herbaceous Alliance@YMCSS   A.1598CMidwestV.B.2.N.aIMPATIENS PALLIDA - CYSTOPTERIS BULBIFERA - ADOXA MOSCHATELLINA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEYellow Jewelweed - Bulblet Bladderfern - Moschatel Herbaceous AllianceN@YMCSo   r`\ P4CEGL00860 A.1623CWestV.B.2.N.bANTENNARIA MICROPHYLLA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELittleleaf Pussytoes Herbaceous AllianceW@YM.S. REIDxwkC   A.1621CSoutheastV.B.2.N.bSAXIFRAGA MICHAUXII HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECliff Saxifrage Herbaceous AllianceYA.S. WEAKLEYuthE   A.1620CWestV.B.2.N.bMESEMBRYANTHEMUM SPP. - CARPOBROTUS SPP. SEMI-NATURAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEIceplant species - Hottentot Fig species Semi-natural Herbaceous Alliance]@YM. SCHINDELøb   A.162CWestI.A.8.N.cCHAMAECYPARIS NOOTKATENSIS FOREST ALLIANCEAlaska Yellow-cedar Forest AllianceYM.S. REID/D. SARRwfeeB   A.1619CSoutheastV.B.2.N.bLESQUERELLA (GORDONII, OVALIFOLIA) HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Gordon's Bladderpod, Oval-leaf Bladderpod) Herbaceous Alliance@YB. HOAGLANDT   A.1617CSoutheastV.B.2.N.bBIGELOWIA NUTTALLII HERBACEOUS ALLIANCENuttall's Rayless-goldenrod Herbaceous AllianceLYK.D. PATTERSONtE   A.1615CSoutheastV.B.2.N.bAQUILEGIA CANADENSIS - ASPLENIUM (HETEROCHROUM, X HETERORESILIENS) HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEEastern Columbine - (Varicolored Spleenwort, Carolina Spleenwort) Herbaceous AllianceO@YA.S. WEAKLEYt   A.1614CWestV.B.2.N.bAMBROSIA CHAMISSONIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBeach Bursage Herbaceous AllianceYM.S. REIDlcbbA   A.1613CSoutheastV.B.2.N.bADIANTUM TENERUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBrittle Maidenhair Herbaceous Alliance-@YA.S. WEAKLEYuthB   A.1611CWestV.B.2.N.aVALERIANA SITCHENSIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESitka Valerian Herbaceous Alliance@YM. DAMMwpocA   A.1610CWestV.B.2.N.aPOTENTILLA FLABELLIFOLIA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEFringeleaf Cinquefoil Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZ{znE   A.161CWestI.A.8.N.cABIES MAGNIFICA FOREST ALLIANCECalifornia Red Fir Forest Alliance*@YM. SCHINDELqfeY7   A.1609CWestV.B.2.N.aLUPINUS ARCTICUS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEArctic Lupine Herbaceous AllianceQ@YD. SARRrkj^=  S}gU(}y                            A.1636CWestV.B.2.N.bSILENE ACAULIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECushion Pink Herbaceous Allianceq@YM. DAMMohg[;   A.1635CWestV.B.2.N.bSIBBALDIA PROCUMBENS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECreeping Glow-wort Herbaceous Alliance&@YM. DAMM{tsgA   A.1634CWestV.B.2.N.bSENECIO TARAXACOIDES HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEDandelion Ragwort Herbaceous Alliancez@YM. DAMMzsrfA   A.1633CWestV.B.2.N.bSAXIFRAGA RIVULARIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAlpine Brook Saxifrage Herbaceous Alliance4@YM. DAMM~wvj@   A.1632CWestV.B.2.N.bSAXIFRAGA CHRYSANTHA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGolden Saxifrage Herbaceous Alliance@YM. DAMMyrqeA   A.1631CWestV.B.2.N.bPOLEMONIUM VISCOSUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESticky Jacob's-ladder Herbaceous AllianceN@YM. DAMM}vui@   A.1630CWestV.B.2.N.bMINUARTIA OBTUSILOBA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAlpine Stitchwort Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZ|srfA   A.163CWestI.A.8.N.cCUPRESSUS ARIZONICA FOREST ALLIANCEArizona Cypress Forest Alliance@YK. SCHULZpgfZ;   A.1629CWestV.B.2.N.bLUETKEA PECTINATA - SAXIFRAGA TOLMIEI HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPartridgefoot - Tolmie's Alpine Saxifrage Herbaceous Alliance@YD. SARRR   A.1628CWestV.B.2.N.bLIGUSTICUM TENUIFOLIUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESlenderleaf Wild Lovage Herbaceous Alliance~@YM. DAMM{znC   A.1627CWestV.B.2.N.bIVESIA GORDONII HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAlpine Mousetail Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZvml`<   A.1626CWestV.B.2.N.bCLAYTONIA MEGARHIZA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAlpine Springbeauty Herbaceous Alliance@YM. DAMM{tsg@   A.1625CWestV.B.2.N.bATHYRIUM AMERICANUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAmerican Alpine Lady Fern Herbaceous Alliance@YM. DAMMzym@   A.1624CWestV.B.2.N.bARTEMISIA ARCTICA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBoreal Sagebrush Herbaceous Alliance@YD. SARRvonb>  }mnbLI97@@@ A.165CWestI.A.8.N.cPICEA PUNGENS FOREST ALLIANCEBlue Spruce Forest Alliance@YD. SARRd]\P5   &A.1649CWestV.B.2.N.bPEDICULARIS CONTORTA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWhite Coil-beak Lousewort Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZ{znA   %A.1648CWestV.B.2.N.bLUPINUS LITTORALIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEChinook Lupine Herbaceous Alliance@YD. SARRunma?   $A.1647CWestV.B.2.N.bLOMATIUM MARTINDALEI HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECascade Desert-parsley Herbaceous Alliance@YM.S. REIDxwkA   #A.1646CWestV.B.2.N.bHEUCHERA BRACTEATA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCERocky Mountain Alumroot Herbaceous Alliance(@YM. DAMM~wvj?   "A.1645CWestV.B.2.N.bGEUM ROSSII HERBACEOUS ALLIANCERoss' Avens Herbaceous Alliance @YM. DAMMkdcW8   !A.1644CWestV.B.2.N.bERIOGONUM PYROLIFOLIUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEShasta Wild Buckwheat Herbaceous AllianceQ@YD. SARRyxlC   A.1643CWestV.B.2.N.bERIGERON AUREUS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAlpine Yellow Fleabane Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZ|srf<   A.1642CWestV.B.2.N.bARENARIA HOOKERI BARRENS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEHooker's Sandwort Barrens Herbaceous Alliance @YK. SCHULZ~rE   A.1641CWestV.B.2.N.bARABIS LYALLII HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELyall's Rockcress Herbaceous AllianceYM.S. REIDja``;   A.1640CWestV.B.2.N.bANTENNARIA LANATA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWoolly Pussytoes Herbaceous Alliance@YD. SARRvonb>   A.164CWestI.A.8.N.cPICEA ENGELMANNII FOREST ALLIANCEEngelmann Spruce Forest AllianceYM.S. REIDofeY9   A.1639CWestV.B.2.N.bALETES ANISATUS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCERocky Mountain Indian Parsley Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZzym<   A.1638CWestV.B.2.N.bTRIFOLIUM PARRYI HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEParry's Clover Herbaceous Alliance@YM. DAMMslk_=   A.1637CWestV.B.2.N.bTRIFOLIUM DASYPHYLLUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEUinta Clover Herbaceous Alliance5@YM. DAMMvonbB   lNO6                     @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ A.1662CWestV.B.2.N.dSAUSSUREA AMERICANA TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAmerican Saw-wort Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance&@YK. SCHULZT   A.1661CWestV.B.2.N.dHERACLEUM MAXIMUM TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECow-parsnip Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZR   A.1660CWestV.B.2.N.dCORYDALIS SCOULERI TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEScouler's Fumewort Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous AllianceYM.S. REIDS   A.166CWestI.A.8.N.cTHUJA PLICATA FOREST ALLIANCEWestern Red-cedar Forest AllianceYM.S. REID/D. SARRhWVV5   A.1659CWestV.B.2.N.dRHODIOLA RHODANTHA TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEQueen's Crown Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliances@YM. DAMMS   A.1657CSoutheastV.B.2.N.dJUSTICIA AMERICANA TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECommon Water-willow Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance"@YA.S. WEAKLEYX   ,A.1655CWestV.B.2.N.bTAUSCHIA STRICKLANDII HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEStrickland's Umbrella-wort Herbaceous Alliance@YM.S. REID/K. SCHULZ}|pB   +A.1654CWestV.B.2.N.bSPHAEROMERIA ARGENTEA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCENuttall's False Sagebrush Herbaceous Alliancey@YM.S. REID|{oB   *A.1653CWestV.B.2.N.bSAXIFRAGA TOLMIEI HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETolmie's Alpine Saxifrage Herbaceous Alliance@YM. DAMMxwk>   )A.1652CWestV.B.2.N.bPOTENTILLA SIERRAE-BLANCAE HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESierra Blanca Cinquefoil Herbaceous Alliance@YM.S. REIDsG   (A.1651CWestV.B.2.N.bPHLOX PULVINATA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECushion Phlox Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZsji]<   'A.1650CWestV.B.2.N.bPHLOX DIFFUSA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESpreading Phlox Herbaceous Alliance@YD. SARRqji]:  % E.}E@ A.1675CSoutheastV.B.2.N.eSAGITTARIA LATIFOLIA SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBroadleaf Arrowhead Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEY/B. HOAGLANDª^   dA.1671CSoutheastV.C.2.N.aNELUMBO LUTEA PERMANENTLY FLOODED TEMPERATE HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAmerican Lotus Permanently Flooded Temperate Herbaceous Alliance@ YA.S. WEAKLEY]   A.1670CSoutheastV.B.2.N.eLUDWIGIA GRANDIFLORA SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEUruguay Seedbox Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@#YA.S. WEAKLEY^   A.167CMidwestI.A.8.N.cPICEA GLAUCA FOREST ALLIANCEWhite Spruce Forest Alliance\@ YMCSc`_S7   A.1669CEastV.B.2.N.ePONTEDERIA CORDATA - PELTANDRA VIRGINICA SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPickerelweed - Green Arrow-arum Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@YECSĸm   A.1668CWestV.B.2.N.dVALERIANA SITCHENSIS TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESitka Valerian Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous AllianceYM.S. REIDU   A.1667CWestV.B.2.N.dSENECIO TRIANGULARIS TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEArrowleaf Ragwort Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZU   A.1666CWestV.B.2.N.dSAXIFRAGA ODONTOLOMA TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEStreambank Saxifrage Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Allianceo@YD. CULVERU   A.1665CWestV.B.2.N.dPRIMULA PARRYI TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEParry Primrose Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@YD. CULVERO   A.1664CWestV.B.2.N.dMIMULUS PRIMULOIDES TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEYellow Creeping Monkeyflower Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous AllianceS@YD. CULVERT   A.1663CWestV.B.2.N.dVERATRUM CALIFORNICUM TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECalifornia False Hellebore Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZV  @ 4P1,`@ @@ @ @ @ @  @ @ A.1688CSoutheastV.B.2.N.fDIPHYLLEIA CYMOSA - SAXIFRAGA MICRANTHIDIFOLIA SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEUmbrella-leaf - Branch-lettuce Saturated Herbaceous Alliance%@(YA.S. WEAKLEYj   A.1687CWestV.B.2.N.fDARLINGTONIA CALIFORNICA SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECalifornia Darlingtonia Saturated Herbaceous Alliance@'YD. SARRO   A.1686CSoutheastV.B.2.N.fDALEA FOLIOSA - MECARDONIA ACUMINATA SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELeafy Prairie-clover - Axil-flower Saturated Herbaceous Alliance@&YM. PYNE`   A.1685CEastV.B.2.N.fCHRYSOSPLENIUM AMERICANUM SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGolden-saxifrage Saturated Herbaceous Alliancey@&YECS/SCS~P   A.1683CSoutheastV.B.2.N.fADIANTUM CAPILLUS-VENERIS SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESouthern Maidenhair Saturated Herbaceous Alliance-@%YA.S. WEAKLEYU   A.1681CWestV.B.2.N.eTRIGLOCHIN MARITIMA SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESeaside Arrow-grass Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@$YK. SCHULZX   A.1680CWestV.B.2.N.eSENECIO TRIANGULARIS SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEArrowleaf Ragwort Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance'@!YK. SCHULZY   A.168CWestI.A.8.N.dABIES LASIOCARPA FOREST ALLIANCESubalpine Fir Forest Alliance"YM.S. REID/D. SARRsbaU8   A.1679CWestV.B.2.N.eRANUNCULUS AQUATILIS SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWhitewater Crowfoot Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous AllianceYM.S. REIDY   A.1678CWestV.B.2.N.eEQUISETUM FLUVIATILE SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWater Horsetail Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous AllianceH@!YM. DAMMY   A.1676CWestV.B.2.N.e(SARCOCORNIA UTAHENSIS) - (ARTHROCNEMUM SUBTERMINALE) SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Utah Swampfire) - (Parish's Glasswort) Herbaceous AllianceYM.S. REIDz  LVAL @ @ @ @ @ @ @                   jjaYp`7aYp`aYp`bWp`:bWpabWpabXp`:bXp`:bXp`:bXp`;bYp`bYp`bYp`bYp`bYp`bYp`bYp`bYp`bYp`bYp`5bYp`RbYp`SbYp`bYp`bYp`bYp`bYp`bYp`bYp` bYp` bYp` bYp`FbYp`PbYp`^bYp`mbYp`zbYp`bYp`bYp`Vegetation in this alliance has been described from the Pawnee National Grasslands in northeastern Colorado at elevations between 1300 and 1935 m. Stands are restricted to hot, dry sites such as exposed siltstone barrens and ravines on convex slopes where erosion is active and moisture penetration is minimal. Soils are shallow with little development, fine-textured and often gravelly. In Nebraska, a similar community is found in the badlands where substrates are largely clays and marls, which absorb little water, and are subject to excessive erosion during storm events. Stands have a sparse, short herbaceous layer of mostly perennial, mat-forming, cushion plants and a few grasses. These vegetation mats are surrounded by bare ground. These perennials are very drought-tolerant. The diagnostic cushion plant is the perennial forb ~Arenaria hookeri$. Other characteristic plants include ~Comandra umbellata, Astragalus gilviflorus, Astragalus sericoleucus, Astragalus spatulatus, Ipomopsis spicata, Oenothera flava, Phlox hoodii$, and ~Penstemon$ spp. The characteristic graminoid is the medium-tall bunchgrass ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$. Wet springs bring an abundance of cool-season annuals. Common annuals include ~Vulpia octoflora$ and ~Plantago patagonica$.LVAL                                             jjj`Yp`Yp`Yp`Yp`Yp`QYp`QYp``Yp``Yp`qYp`vYp`wYp`}Zp`Zp`Zp`Zp`Zp` ZpThis alliance occurs in subalpine and alpine habitats of the high mountains of the Pacific Northwest. The climate is cold and snowy with severe winds, snow abrasion, and a short growing season. Elevations where the alliance is found range from 1700-2400 m in the Cascades. Stands of this alliance typically occur on exposed, well-drained substrates. There are often late-lying snowpacks but some late-summer drought is possible. In the northern Cascades, the communities have been described as snowbed types. Vegetation in this alliance forms sparse, distinctive communities with ~Eriogonum pyrolifolium$ usually dominant, but often low in cover. ~Luzula piperi$ is the most common associate, but ~Carex pyrenaica, Erigeron aureus, Poa secunda (= Poa sandbergii), Sibbaldia procumbens$, and ~Antennaria alpina$ occur in stands in the North Cascades.This alliance occurs in alpine areas in the Washington Cascade Mountains. The elevational range extends from 1950-2500 m. These vegetation types grow between exposed rocks on nearly level to gentle southeast- and west-facing slopes. Sites are mesic to moderately dry fell-fields with significant frost action in the soils that causes stones to be pushed to the surface forming stone stripes. Stands have a sparse herbaceous layer codominated by two perennial forbs, ~Erigeron aureus$ and ~Lupinus sellulus var. lobbii$. This community has relatively poor species diversity. Other associated species include ~Carex phaeocephala, Festuca brachyphylla, Minuartia obtusiloba, Penstemon procerus, Phlox diffusa$, and ~Solidago simplex var. spathulata (= Solidago spathulata)$.LVAL                                    This alliance occurs in the alpine tundra in the Colorado Front Range. Stands are located primarily in the lower subnival zone, the area just below permanent snow and ice, on granite and gneiss rock outcrops that are nearly blown free of snow in winter. Stands are found on warm, dry microsites in rock crevices and on outcrop ledges. Soils are young and poorly developed, with the majority of the ground surface covered with rock. ~Heuchera bracteata$ and ~Heuchera parvifolia var. nivalis$ are the dominant species. ~Potentilla nivea$ and ~Elymus scribneri$ are common associates. The cryptogam layer is sparse due to the ~Heuchera$ leaf litter that covers the ground. ~Tortula norvegica$ is the most common moss species, and ~Cladonia pyxidata$ and ~Xanthoria elegans$ are the most common lichens present.This alliance occurs in the alpine tundra throughout the Rocky Mountains. In winter, strong westerly winds deposit snow on the leeward side of the mountains, resulting in areas of deep snow that melt relatively late in the summer. Stands are found in these snowbed habitats on frost-patterned ground, and in depressions where fine soil particles concentrate. Sites occur on all aspects of gentle to moderate-gradient slopes. The soils are wet, poorly developed, and may have a high organic matter content. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by the perennial forb ~Geum rossii$ dominating the herbaceous layer. Common associates include ~Polygonum bistortoides, Trifolium parryi, Trifolium nanum, Artemisia scopulorum, Erigeron simplex, Potentilla diversifolia, Deschampsia caespitosa$, and ~Festuca brachyphylla$. The moss layer is sparse due to the dense herbaceous cover and ~Geum rossii$ litter that covers the ground. Diagnostic of this alpine alliance is the dominance of ~Geum rossii$ in the herbaceous layer. LVAL)                                                         jjjaYp`aYp` aYp`aYp`aYp`aYp`aYp`aYp`aYp`aYp`aYp`aYp`aYp`aYp`aYp`aYp`aYp`aYp`aYp`aYp`aYp`aYp`aYp`aYp`aYp`aYp` aYp`aYp`aYp`aYp`aYp`aYp`aYp`aYp`aYp`aYp`<aYp`>aYp`?aYp`?aYp`?aYp`taYp`waYp`waYp`xaYp`aYp`aYp`aYp`aYp`aYp`aYp`?aYp`BaYp`aYp`aYp`aYp`aYp`aYp`aYp`aYp`aYp`*aYpaaYpa aYpa aYpaaYpaaYThe ~~Lomatium martindalei$ Herbaceous Alliance (A.1647)$$ occurs on some of the peaks of the Oregon Coast Ranges, ranging from 750-1250 m elevation. The peaks are composed of intrusive igneous bedrock and in scattered localities support areas of non-forested meadows, known as grass balds. These balds are small openings in areas otherwise heavily forested; implying presence of this alliance is due to an unusual combination of topo-edaphic factors. This alliance is found in these non-forested patches, adjacent to bedrock outcrops and restricted to shallow, rocky and well-drained soils. These herbaceous meadows are dominated by a mix of perennial forbs, such as ~Lomatium martindalei, Lupinus lepidus$, and ~Agoseris heterophylla$. Several grass species can also be common, including ~Koeleria macrantha$ and ~Aira praecox$ (introduced from Europe). The nonvascular layer is important in this alliance and is composed of mosses and, probably, lichens. Nonvascular species present are not known.,LVAL8-                                                                           z`[pfffff,f4fCfFfUfUf[ffff1ggggggggh hhhhhhhhhhhh hhhhhhhh hhhhhhhhh hh hhhhhvhNhNhNhNhOhOhOiiiii ii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii i iThese communities are found on shallow deflation plains and topographic depressions of coastal dunes along the northwestern Pacific Coast of Oregon. Annual precipitation is high, falling almost entirely as rain. Temperatures are cool in summer, with abundant fog. These communities occur on the driest of the backdune deflation plain habitats, usually at the highest microelevations. Soils are seasonally moist, stabilized sands with little organic material and are generally nutrient-poor. Sand movement is typically minor, but deposition becomes more important towards the seaward margin. This alliance typically has an open ground layer of ~Lupinus littoralis$, with ~Poa macrantha$ locally codominant. Other herbaceous associates include ~Polygonum paronychia, Calystegia soldanella, Agoseris apargioides, Glehnia littoralis ssp. leiocarpa$, and ~Lathyrus littoralis$. Other herbaceous species in the deflation swales where this alliance occurs are ~Carex obnupta, Juncus falcatus$, and ~Argentina egedii ssp. egedii (= Potentilla pacifica)$ in microhabitats with a somewhat longer hydroperiod. Shrub and tree seedlings occasionally colonize moister interior stands, especially ~Gaultheria shallon$ and ~Pinus contorta$.VLVALb/                                             z`\pa\pa\pa \pb)\pb;\pb;\pb;\pb_\pbW\pbW\pbd\pg\pg\pg\pg\pg\pg \pg \pg \pg \pg \pg \pg \pg \pg \pg \pg \pg_\pgn\pgx\pgX\pgX\pgX\pgY\pgk\ph \ph;\ph;\ph<\phY\phc\ptF\ptF\ptF\ptH\ptR\ptS\ptX\pt\pt\pt\pt\pt\pt\pt\pt \pt1\ptJ\ptX\ptY\ptj\pts\ptv\pt~\pt\pt\pt\pt\pt\pt\pt \pt,\pt-\pt7\pt?\pt?]pa]pd]pf]pf]pf]pf]pf]pf]pf]pf]pfThis alliance occurs in alpine areas in the Cascade Mountains of Washington. Elevations range from 1890-2165 m. This vegetation forms a turf on flat to steep, typically southwest- to northwest-facing slopes. Sites are mesic early in the growing season, then dry out in late summer. Soils are poorly drained and derived from andesite parent material. Stands have a moderately dense to dense herbaceous layer that forms the best alpine turf on Mount Rainier. They are codominated by the perennial forb ~Pedicularis contorta$ and the perennial graminoid ~Carex spectabilis$, but there is high consistency of other species such as ~Arenaria capillaris, Oreostemma alpigenum (= Aster alpigenus), Artemisia furcata var. furcata (= Artemisia trifurcata), Carex phaeocephala, Erigeron aureus, Lupinus sellulus var. lobbii, Penstemon procerus, Phlox diffusa$, and ~Veronica cusickii$. Moss and lichen are also present in small amounts.qLVAL}1 zaXpaZaXpaZaXpaaXpaaXpaaXpaaXpa/aXpa;aXpa@aXpaAaXpdThis forest alliance occurs at middle elevations (1800-3300 m) of the central and southern Rocky Mountains, usually in moist, concave topographic positions. Soils are variable, but usually young and derived from glacial or alluvially deposited materials. Stands often occupy sites that are protected from extreme sun and wind, within ~Pinus ponderosa$ or ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ montane forests. North aspects are most common. Forests included in this alliance are characterized by the dominance of ~Picea pungens$ in the forest canopy. Other conifers are usually present in these stands, and may include ~Pseudotsuga menziesii, Abies lasiocarpa, Abies concolor, Picea engelmannii, Pinus ponderosa, Pinus contorta$, and ~Pinus strobiformis$. ~Populus tremuloides$ is the only widespread hardwood associate. The shrub layer is usually of only moderate cover and dominated by ericaceous or cold-deciduous species, with the latter group increasing with soil moisture or proximity to watercourses. Common species include ~Quercus gambelii, Amelanchier alnifolia, Acer glabrum, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Juniperus communis, Mahonia repens$, and ~Rubus parviflorus$. Due to favorable soil moisture, the herbaceous layer is usually a diverse mixture of forbs and graminoids, including ~Carex siccata (= Carex foenea), Festuca arizonica, Arnica cordifolia, Packera cardamine (= Senecio cardamine), Fragaria virginiana, Linnaea borealis, Pseudoroegneria spicata, Erigeron eximius$, and ~Achillea millefolium$. Diagnostic of this alliance is the dominance of ~Picea pungens$ in the moderately closed to closed tree canopy on sites that are not flooded during the growing season.cLVALqJ @@ @ `WVZE `WV__ `WW_Z" `WX\Y `WYZV `WY__V `WZ]^ `W[[YThis vegetation occurs in alpine fell-fields in the Medicine Bow Mountains of Wyoming. Elevation is approximately 3300 m. Stands occur on ridges, and are exposed to extreme, desiccating winds. Snow cover is mostly scoured away by these winds resulting in a very dry habitat. Substrates are rocky, shallow sandy loams derived from parent materials of a complex of gneiss, schist, and granitic rocks. The plants grow in between the exposed surface rocks forming a sparse herbaceous layer dominated by the cushion plants ~Phlox pulvinata, Paronychia pulvinata, Trifolium dasyphyllum, Minuartia obtusiloba$, and the graminoids ~Carex rupestris var. drummondiana$ and ~Festuca campestris$.This alliance occurs on somewhat xeric alpine sites in the mountains of the Pacific Northwest, between 1800 and 2400 m in elevation. These communities typically occur at sites where snowmelt occurs early and plants are exposed to frequent freezing and thawing in the spring. Frost heaving is common and may result in striped patterns of bare substrate and vegetation perpendicular to the mountain slopes. Soils are typically skeletal and excessively drained. These communities are dominated by ~Phlox diffusa$, which forms scattered mats of vegetation less than 20 cm high. Associated species include other mat-formers such as ~Arenaria capillaris, Eriogonum pyrolifolium, Douglasia laevigata$, and ~Paxistima myrsinites$. ~Paxistima$ is a taller shrub at lower altitudes, but is a prostrate dwarf-shrub in these habitats. Other herbaceous species include ~Arabis cobrensis, Collinsia parviflora, Carex spectabilis, Penstemon procerus, Erigeron aureus, Lupinus lepidus$, and ~Antennaria alpina$.LVALA@ @ @ @ A@ @ @ @       @ @  @ @ @@ @   @ A @ AAAAAAAAAA A@ @ @ @ @ `WWThis alliance is found in the subalpine and alpine of the North Cascade Range of Washington and British Columbia. Stands occur between 1750 and 2100 m elevation on gentle to moderately steep south-facing slopes. This vegetation appears to be restricted to the western side of the North Cascades where a maritime climate predominates. ~Saxifraga tolmiei$ communities are associated with a snowbed habitat where snow remains on the ground until late July or early August. Soils are unstable, poorly to moderately well-drained, and somewhat acidic with a pH between 4.7 and 5.9. Stands are dominated by ~Saxifraga tolmiei$, a low-growing (3-8 cm), mat-forming perennial forb. The graminoid ~Luzula piperi$ is a constant associate. Less common graminoid species include ~Carex pyrenaica$ and ~Juncus drummondii$. The bryophytes ~Polytrichum sexangulare$ and ~Marsupella brevissima$ are usually present.This alliance occurs in a mountainous region of southern New Mexico. This alliance is found at high elevations (between 10,500 and 11,800 feet) on open, wind-swept slopes that can be characterized as alpine tundra. The sites are above timberline and typically cold and dry, due to constant winds which maintain snow-free slopes. The soils are thin, lithosolic, extremely cobbly and excessively drained. Most of the species in this alliance are perennial forbs, with the characteristic cushion-plant growth form found in tundra plants, an adaptation to the harsh, windy environment. ~Potentilla sierrae-blancae$ is the dominant species. Other common species include ~Minuartia obtusiloba, Primula rusbyi (= Primula ellisiae), Pseudocymopterus montanus$, and ~Zigadenus elegans$. Graminoid species are not abundant. Lichens are very common, but there is no information on what species are present.{LVAL @ @ @ @ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ `WX\ZX\[X\[X\[X\[X\[X\[X\[X\[X\[X\[X\[X\[X\[X\[X\[X\[X\\X\\X\]X\]X\]X\]X\]KX\^X\^X\^X\_X\_X]kX]oX]X]X]X]VX]V X]V X]VX]W X]X X]X X]X X]X X]ZX]ZFX]ZX]ZX]Z1X][X]\CThis alliance occurs in east-central Idaho in intermountain valleys near the Lost River and Lemhi ranges. The average annual precipitation is very low, typically around 5 cm. This alliance is found from approximately 1890-1980 m on coalescing alluvial fans which have been deposited at the base of many of the ranges. These fans are a complex of interlayered materials consisting of boulders, cobbles, and pebbles mixed with sand, silt, and clay. Most of the ground surface is covered by a cobble or boulder pavement. The soils are dry gravelly loams, with shallow rooting depths, and a wind-swept surface. The vegetation mosaic on these alluvial fans appears to be related to depth of winter snowpack. These communities are similar to wind-swept tundra vegetation, with a low sparsely vegetated appearance. The dominant species is ~Sphaeromeria argentea$, a suffrutescent, perennial forb less than 0.2 m in height. ~Artemisia frigida$, another suffrutescent forb, is codominant in some stands. The perennial bunch grasses ~Achnatherum swallenii (= Oryzopsis swallenii)$ and ~Poa secunda$ are the most common graminoids, but are typically short in height (less than 0.5 m) and inconspicuous. Other forbs occurring include ~Phlox hoodii ssp. muscoides (= Phlox muscoides), Ionactis alpina (= Aster scopulorum)$, and ~Penstemon pumilus$. No information is given on cover values or other species present.LVAL@ @ @ @ @ @ @ A@ @ @ A @ @ @  @ @      @ @ @ @ AAAAAA@ @ @ @ @ @ @ `WZV VVVVVVVVVV]VVVVVVVWIVXVVXcVYVYIVYVZVZVZVZIVZ~V[V\V]V^V^V^V^V^V^This alliance covers rocky river shoals dominated by ~Justicia americana$ with ~Orontium aquaticum, Podostemum ceratophyllum, Leersia$ spp., ~Lemna minor, Saururus cernuus$, and others. A sparse canopy may be present, and species may include ~Carpinus caroliniana ssp. caroliniana, Fagus grandifolia$, and ~Fraxinus pennsylvanica$. There is some apparent regional variation in the associated species. More Appalachian examples may contain ~Orontium aquaticum$ as a codominant. In parts of the Ridge and Valley and Piedmont, ~Hymenocallis caroliniana (= Hymenocallis coronaria)$ is codominant. In the Edwards Plateau of central Texas, associated with ~Justicia americana$ are ~Bacopa monnieri, Fuirena simplex, Eleocharis geniculata (= Eleocharis caribaea), Eleocharis montevidensis$, and ~Cyperus$ spp.Stands included in this alliance are limited to seasonally wet subalpine meadows on the northern and western sides of Mount Rainier, Washington. Elevation is approximately 1900 m. Sites are flat and have poor drainage. Soils are wet in early spring after snowmelt and then dry out completely later in the summer. Parent material is andesite. Forbs or a mixture of forbs and dwarf-shrubs dominate the vegetation. ~Tauschia stricklandii$ is always dominant or codominant. ~Vaccinium deliciosum$ is common and typically codominant. ~Ranunculus eschscholtzii, Oreostemma alpigenum (= Aster alpigenus), Carex spectabilis, Claytonia lanceolata$, and ~Antennaria lanata$ are also frequently present. Moss and lichen cover is typically nearly continuous in spaces between vascular plants (70-80%).LVAL@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ This alliance occurs in subalpine meadows in the mountains of western Wyoming. Elevations range from 1970-2720 m, and sites are moist, often concave, lower slopes and benches that temporarily flood or are saturated from snowmelt and remain moist most of the growing season. Slopes are generally moderately steep, up to 40%. Substrate is clay loam or clay soils with relatively high organic matter and therefore good water-holding capacity. Parent material may include sandstone, limestone, shale and quartzite. Stands have a dense (nearly 100% cover) herbaceous layer that is dominated by perennial forbs, typically ~Heracleum maximum$, but codominants include ~Rudbeckia occidentalis$ and ~Thalictrum fendleri$. Other frequent forb associates include ~Delphinium X occidentale, Geranium viscosissimum, Agastache urticifolia, Symphyotrichum foliaceum (= Aster foliaceus)$, and ~Lupinus argenteus$. Graminoids are sparse. The most common are ~Elymus trachycaulus, Bromus carinatus, Melica spectabilis$, and ~Elymus glaucus$.This alliance occurs in the alpine tundra in the mountains of Colorado. Stands are found in a wide altitudinal range between 3320 and 3760 m elevation on wet sites along streamlets. Soils have a large percentage of organic matter, primarily partially decomposed plant material, and are saturated with water for most of the year. The soil profile has only one horizon. The vegetation in the alliance occurs in small stands on permanently wet sites. ~Rhodiola rhodantha (= Sedum rhodanthum)$ and ~Rhodiola integrifolia (= Sedum integrifolium)$ dominate the herbaceous canopy. ~Carex capillaris, Juncus triglumis$, and ~Poa arctica$ are common associates. The moss layer has a moderate to dense cover. A number of moss species are present, including ~Bryum turbinatum, Calliergon stramineum, Drepanocladus aduncus, Grimmia mollis (= Hydrogrimmia mollis)$, and ~Polytrichastrum alpinum$.LVAL< @ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ @ `W]\Z']\Z(]\[(]\\]\]&]\]s]\^p]\^]\_]\_ ]\_]\_]]x]]{]]|]]r ]]V#]]Y>]]Z]][]]\>]^}]_~]_~]_^ ^WY^WYO^WZStands included in this alliance occur in moist subalpine meadows in the northeastern Olympic Mountains in Washington. Elevations range from 1350-1500 m. Although climate is maritime-influenced, the location is relatively dry because it is in a rainshadow on the lee side of the mountains from the prevailing winds. This dense herbaceous vegetation is restricted to shallow gullies and small streams that are temporarily flooded with snowmelt in the spring and remain moist throughout the growing season. Sites are in low areas and are gently to moderately sloping, often with southern aspects. Stands have a lush herbaceous layer (93% total cover) that can be divided into three distinctive dominated layers: tall- and short-forb layers and low ground cover or 'creepers'. The tall-forb layer is most the conspicuous layer. It is dominated by ~Saussurea americana$ and ~Heracleum maximum$ with moderate cover or high frequency of ~Hydrophyllum occidentale, Senecio integerrimus, Thalictrum occidentale$, and lower cover and frequency of ~Delphinium glaucum, Pedicularis bracteosa, Lupinus arcticus ssp. subalpinus (= Lupinus latifolius var. subalpinus)$, and ~Artemisia douglasiana$. Several graminoids also occur in this layer, such as ~Elymus glaucus, Bromus aleutensis$, and ~Festuca subulata$. ~Viola glabella$ is the dominant and diagnostic of the short-forb layer with ~Symphyotrichum foliaceum (= Aster foliaceus), Epilobium lactiflorum (= Epilobium alpinum var. lactiflorum)$, and ~Mitella breweri$ usually present. ~Vicia americana$ forms a low ground cover layer.LVAL@  @ @ @ @ @  @ @ @ @ This alliance is found in the Lake Tahoe area of California and Nevada in wet meadows and other moist, mostly open places at moderate to high elevation (2600 to 2700 m). These meadows are found on gentle slopes in areas where the snow may persist late into the season or melt early. Standing water may be present but is uncommon. Generally, the water table lies between 25 and 88 cm below the surface. Plant communities within this alliance are dominated by ~Mimulus primuloides$. Typically, ~Carex scopulorum$ codominates the canopy. ~Deschampsia caespitosa, Oreostemma alpigenum var. andersonii (= Aster alpigenus ssp. andersonii)$, and ~Salix eastwoodiae$ are associated species in the Lake Tahoe stands. Species richness is low to moderate with an average of 18 species per stand. Total cover is high, 90-100%, and generally with 0-2% bare ground.This herbaceous alliance has been reported from temporarily flooded, subalpine meadows in the Sierra Nevada near Lake Tahoe at elevations from 2330-2850 m. Stands occur on nearly flat to gently sloping sites on all aspects, and sites include stream terraces and floodplains. Soils are generally deep, well-drained and slightly acid. These stands are often subirrigated and have a shallow water table, usually >1 m, but occasionally up to 0.5 m below the surface. This alliance typically occurs as small patches within forested landscapes. Total vegetation cover ranges from 80-100%. Stands have a tall herbaceous layer dominated by the rhizomatous, perennial forb ~Veratrum californicum$. Other characteristic perennial forbs include ~Oreostemma alpigenum var. andersonii (= Aster alpigenus ssp. andersonii), Epilobium halleanum, Gentiana newberryi, Erigeron peregrinus$, and ~Mimulus primuloides$. Graminoids, such as ~Agrostis variabilis, Carex abrupta, Deschampsia caespitosa, Juncus nevadensis$, and ~Phleum alpinum$, are commonly present.KLVALt[@ @ @ @  @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ @@ @ @  @ `YYVYV YV0YV4YV6YVEYWYWYWYXYXYY YZ6YZThis alliance consists of semipermanently flooded wetlands dominated by ~Sagittaria latifolia$, often with other emergent aquatic species (such as ~Sagittaria longiloba$ in Oklahoma). Little is known about the dynamics, naturalness, or composition of associations in this alliance.This alliance occurs adjacent to streamsides, seeps, marshes, and springs in the subalpine and lower alpine areas in the Indian Peaks Wilderness, Colorado. Sites are located on stabilized, western slopes, ranging from 2250-3540 m. Soils are skeletal with a pH average of 6.0. ~Saxifraga odontoloma$ dominates the forb layer. Other constants include ~Epilobium anagallidifolium, Deschampsia caespitosa, Juncus drummondii$, and ~Primula parryi$. Several species can codominate in the moss layer, most often ~Philonotis fontana var. pumila (= Philonotis tomentella)$ and ~Warnstorfia exannulata (= Drepanocladus exannulatus)$.Plant associations within this alliance occur in the subalpine in the central and southern Rocky Mountains. Elevations range from 3300-3600 m. Types are found around springs, along streams, and below snowpatches. Stands occur on both east- and west-facing slopes. The general aspect of stands is quite similar in that they occupy very wet micro-basins. Soils are clayey with an average pH of 6.2. The composition of the substrate varies from a mineral to humus type. The forb layer is dominated by ~Primula parryi$. Other associates in the forb stratum are ~Caltha leptosepala$ and ~Epilobium anagallidifolium$. The graminoid layer typically is composed of ~Deschampsia caespitosa$ and ~Juncus drummondii$. The moss layer is dominated by ~Philonotis fontana var. pumila (= Philonotis tomentella)$.LVALsU%$zSyQX W^X>W^Y>W^Z>W^\>W^]>W^_>W_V?W_W?W_X?W_Y?W_Z?W_[?W_]?W_^@W__@XVW@XVX@XVY@XVZ@XV[AXV]AXV^AXV_AXWVAXWWBXWXBXWZBXW[BXW\BXW]BXW^CXW_This semipermanently flooded alliance has been described from high-elevation intermountain parks in Colorado. Stands occur in lowland habitats such as saline marshes, salt flats, and at calcareous springs in extreme rich fens. These habitats are flooded throughout the growing season in most years. The water table may drop below the surface at the end of the growing season or during drought years, but the soils will still be saturated which permits the development of organic peat. Soils are poorly drained, deep, saline and alkaline, often derived from calcareous marls or limestone. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by an herbaceous layer that is dominated by the perennial rhizomatous forb ~Triglochin maritima$. Other common species include ~Carex microglochin, Eleocharis quinqueflora, Puccinellia nuttalliana, Salicornia rubra, Ranunculus cymbalaria, Schoenoplectus americanus (= Scirpus americanus)$, and ~Symphyotrichum ciliatum (= Aster brachyactis)$. Cover and species composition is controlled largely by salinity, which is regulated by the amount of water dilution. ~Triglochin maritima$ and ~Salicornia rubra$ were more abundant in saline areas, and the salt-tolerant ~Distichlis spicata$ was restricted to the more saline sites. Generally, vegetation height, cover, and species diversity tend to vary inversely with salinity. Diagnostic of the wetland herbaceous alliance is the dominance of ~Triglochin maritima$.LVALV bfhmVVX][[z][\{][]{][^{][_{]\Y{]\Z{]\\{]\]{]\_{]]V|]]W|]]X|]]Y|]]Z|]]]|]^W|]^X|]^Y|]^Z}]^[}]^\}]^]}^^_}^_V}^_W}^_XCalcareous rock outcrop communities, usually more or less vertical, continuously or seasonally saturated with spray from nearby waterfalls, or wet by wave splash or seepage, with substantial or dominant ~Adiantum capillus-veneris$, and dense cover of bryophytes. Found in Kentucky (and Tennessee) along bluffs of the Cumberland River and its South Fork. At these sites, ~Boehmeria cylindrica$ and ~Lobelia siphilitica$ are common herbaceous associates; ~Hydrangea arborescens$ is a common shrub. Related vegetation is also reported from bluffs of the Cahaba River in central Alabama. Also includes waterfall spray cliff communities along streams in the Edwards Plateau of central Texas. These communities are continuously or at least seasonally saturated by spray, occur on limestone, have ~Adiantum capillus-veneris$ as one of the most abundant vascular plants, and dense cover and often also high diversity of bryophytes. In addition, this alliance occurs on seepy limestone exposed on shaded riverbanks, sinkhole sides, and stream ravines in Florida and adjacent states. At these sites, ~Adiantum capillus-veneris$ and ~Thelypteris kunthii$ are generally the dominant herbs. ~Decumaria barbara$ is often a common to codominant festooning vine. Other species may include ~Aristolochia serpentaria, Selaginella ludoviciana, Carex$ spp., and others. Bryophytes are abundant and lush, usually dominated by the thallose liverwort ~Dumortiera hirsuta$. Also includes wave splash community on marl outcrops, known from the north shore of Lake Waccamaw, Columbus County, North Carolina.LVALbfhmVVYXX]XX^XX_XYVXYWXYXXYYXYZXY[XY\XY^XY_XZVXZWXZXXZYXZZXZ[XZ\XZ]XZ^XZ_X[VX[WX[XX[YX[ZX[[X[\X[]X[^X[_X\V X\WX\XX\YX\ZX\[X\\X\]X\^X\_X]V X]WX]XX]YX]ZX][X]\X]]X]^X^VX^WX^XX^YX^ZX^[This alliance is a zonal component of Central Basin Cedar Glades. It occupies small areas along ephemeral streams, where the vegetation is rooted in thin soil over limestone. Stands contain ~Mecardonia acuminata, Dalea foliosa, Mitreola petiolata, Rudbeckia triloba$, and ~Ludwigia microcarpa$, along with various graminoids and nonvascular plants. Sites are seasonally saturated, becoming drier during the heat of summer, when moisture primarily comes from rainstorm events. ~Dalea foliosa$ is included in the name to indicate its range and rarity, but is not necessarily in all examples of the community; the alliance name may be revised. Related vegetation may be present in the Moulton Valley of Alabama.This alliance consists of small seepages with scattered cover of small forbs, including ~Chrysosplenium americanum, Cardamine clematitis, Circaea alpina$, and usually also with the moss ~Rhizomnium appalachianum$. Vegetation in this alliance is normally over-shaded by trees rooted in adjacent (non-wetland) communities. The spatial extent of this alliance is small, with individual occurrences normally much less than a hectare in size. Despite its small spatial scale, this alliance is an important component of the diversity of the landscapes in which it occurs. The alliance is distributed primarily in the Appalachian Mountains.VLVALbZ  @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @bfhmVVY^[WY^[ZY^[[Y^[]Y^[^Y^[_Y^\VY^\XY^\YY^\ZY^\\Y^\]Y^\_Y^]VY^]WY^]XY^]ZY^][Y^]]Y^]_Y^^WY^^XY^^YY^^ZY^^[Y^^\Y^^]Y^^_Y^_VY^_WY^_XY^_YY^_ZY^_[Y^_\Y^_]Y^_^Y^__Y_VWY_VYThis alliance occurs at low to moderate elevations (0-1400 m) of the central Pacific ranges, in regions of heavy precipitation (100-250 cm/year) and/or groundwater seepage. These sites remain moist or wet throughout the year and may have substantial ~Sphagnum$ accumulation. They may be bogs in the true sense, with moisture primarily from rainfall, or more commonly they are seeps or fens maintained by groundwater discharge. Soils are highly acidic and often composed of ultrabasic parent materials. The acidity and nutrient-poor substrates produce severe nitrogen-deficiency which favors insectivorous plants. This alliance is characterized by an herbaceous canopy of ~Darlingtonia californica$, a carnivorous plant which usually forms clonal populations. A shorter herbaceous layer is usually dominated by forbs and graminoids which tolerate saturated, nutrient-poor soils, including ~Carex$ spp., ~Cypripedium californicum, Rudbeckia californica$, and ~Parnassia palustris$. Other carnivorous plants can be common, such as ~Drosera rotundifolia$. There are occasional scattered emergent trees or shrubs, including ~Rhododendron occidentale, Ledum glandulosum$, and ~Chamaecyparis lawsoniana$. ~Sphagnum$ spp. may form a thick moss layer on the ground surface. These communities are usually surrounded by ~Pseudotsuga - Tsuga - Picea$ forest in coastal areas and ~Abies - Pinus - Calocedrus$-mixed conifer forest in the Sierra Nevada.LVALbfhmVVZW_VW_WW_XW_YW_ZW_[W_]W__XVWXVXXV_XWZXW]XXXXYWXYZXY\XY^XZVHigh-elevation, open seeps in the Southern Blue Ridge dominated by tall forbs. This palustrine vegetation occurs as small wetlands at high elevations (greater than 1200 m or 4000 feet), on upper slopes and ridgetops. These areas lack extensive ~Sphagnum$ and are typically open, without shading from a forest canopy. Other characteristic species include ~Aconitum reclinatum, Cardamine clematitis, Carex leptonervia, Carex debilis var. rudgei (= Carex flexuosa), Carex ruthii, Chelone lyonii, Cicuta maculata, Claytonia caroliniana, Conioselinum chinense, Euonymus obovata, Geum geniculatum, Helenium autumnale, Houstonia serpyllifolia, Lilium superbum, Lilium grayi, Packera aurea (= Senecio aureus), Solidago patula, Thalictrum clavatum, Trautvetteria caroliniensis, Veratrum viride, Viola cucullata$, and ~Viola macloskeyi ssp. pallens$.This alliance consists of moderate- to high-elevation, forested (shaded) seeps in the Southern Blue Ridge. ~Diphylleia cymosa$ and ~Saxifraga micranthidifolia$ are characteristic and often dominant. Other characteristic species include ~Laportea canadensis, Cardamine clematitis, Chelone lyonii, Chelone glabra, Chrysosplenium americanum, Boykinia aconitifolia, Cicuta maculata, Houstonia serpyllifolia, Viola cucullata, Viola macloskeyi ssp. pallens, Lilium grayi, Oxypolis rigidior, Parnassia asarifolia, Tiarella cordifolia, Thalictrum clavatum, Trautvetteria caroliniensis, Stellaria corei$, and ~Geum geniculatum$. Occurrences are typically small, but can be extensive (to more than a hectare in size). Vegetation of this alliance has a strong component of species endemic to the Southern Blue Ridge.LVALThis alliance, found in the Great Lakes region and northeastern Great Plains, occurs where circumneutral or slightly calcareous groundwater seeps to the surface. This alliance is dominated by forbs. ~Angelica atropurpurea, Caltha palustris$, and ~Symplocarpus foetidus$ are usual dominants. Other species that may be found include ~Carex lacustris, Carex stricta, Glyceria striata, Impatiens capensis$, and ~Thelypteris palustris$. Shrubs and trees from surrounding vegetation types sometimes occur. Where the cover of these becomes significant, the site is classified as another alliance. Typical woody species include ~Acer rubrum, Fraxinus nigra$, and ~Thuja occidentalis$. ^Stands of this alliance are found on lower slopes of glacial moraines, ravines, and terraces around seepage areas. Peat sometimes accumulates to a depth of 1 m. Other sites have little organic material, with groundwater typically welling up through carbonate encrusted gravel.Stands of this alliance are a variety of saturated wetlands dominated by ~Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis$ and/or ~Osmunda cinnamomea$. In peaty depressions or poorly developed flowages in the southeastern Coastal Plain, ~Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis$ is the strong dominant, forming 2- to 7-dm tall hummocks. Other characteristic species in these examples include ~Peltandra virginica, Sagittaria lancifolia, Woodwardia virginica, Saururus cernuus$, and ~Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense$. Scattered shrubs occur, rooting primarily on ~Osmunda$ hummocks; these include ~Acer rubrum var. trilobum, Itea virginica, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera var. cerifera)$, and the woody vine ~Smilax laurifolia$. In seeps along the margins of major creeks in the Cumberland Plateau, ~Osmunda regalis$ is the dominant herbaceous component, and shrubs, such as ~Alnus serrulata, Cornus$ sp., and ~Itea virginica$, may be present in variable amounts. Some other examples may be dominated by a combination of ~Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis$ and ~Osmunda cinnamomea$.LVAL +This alliance accommodates saturated communities associated with overhanging to vertical rocks and a seasonal to perennial waterfall as a source of aqueous aerosol. One association includes sparse to moderately dense vegetation of sandstone rockhouses in portions of the Cumberland Plateau, where seasonal waterfalls and strongly overhanging erosion features called rockhouses provide moist conditions. ~Vittaria appalachiana$ and ~Heuchera parviflora$ are dominant and characteristic. Endemics such as ~Ageratina luciae-brauniae$ and ~Solidago albopilosa$ are associated with the floors of the rockhouses and often dominate the vegetative cover, and the endemic ~Minuartia cumberlandensis$ also sometimes occupies the floor but is more characteristic of somewhat drier sandstone exposures. ~Thalictrum mirabile$ is also endemic to this community but is more characteristic of seepages on the rockhouse walls. In the Southern Blue Ridge escarpment region, this alliance includes herbaceous vegetation on rock substrates associated with waterfalls, on nearly vertical rock surfaces and ledges, slopes, and crevices with shallow soils which are constantly saturated. Other characteristic species include ~Huperzia porophila, Asplenium montanum, Asplenium trichomanes ssp. trichomanes, Asplenium monanthes, Cystopteris protrusa, Polypodium virginianum, Trichomanes boschianum, Grammitis nimbata (= Micropolypodium nimbatum), Hymenophyllum tayloriae, Trichomanes intricatum, Phegopteris connectilis, Adiantum pedatum, Saxifraga careyana, Saxifraga caroliniana, Impatiens capensis, Hydrocotyle americana, Thalictrum$ spp., ~Oxalis montana, Carex biltmoreana, Galax urceolata, Sphagnum quinquefarium, Sphagnum girgensohnii, Plagiomnium carolinianum, Plagiomnium affine, Mnium marginatum, Pseudotaxiphyllum distichaceum, Bryocrumia vivicolor, Thamnobryum alleghaniense, Oncophorus raui, Hyophila involuta, Dichodontium pellucidum, Plagiochila sharpii ssp. sharpii, Plagiochila caduciloba, Plagiochila sullivantii, Plagiochila austini, FissuLVALtQpQe%e5@$ztQ\pQE55EUPO$z,qQpQUEEUE%EE`l$zqQpQe%UE%$zԌqQXpQEEEUEEE%@E$z(qQpQeEeuee5 $z|qQ…pQ%E%EEEEE@D$zЍqQT…pQUuu%e%eu`c$zXtQ…pQU%5u@A$ztQ…pQEEEUEEee`l$ztQPÅpQU%UPS$zTtQÅpQE%UU%E%E` $ztQÅpQueeeeuee@E$ztQLąpQ5Eu%%U%@I$zPtQąpQeeuee$ztQąpQUEEUEEEU` $ztQHŅpQEu5@I$zLtQŅpQE%EEEEE%@A$ztQŅpQe%uueu%e`e$ztQDƅpQ5Eu%%@I$zHtQƅpQ%%E%EEEEpg$ztQƅpQeue%eeUE0C$ztQ@DžpQUEEUEEEUidens osmundioides, Bazzania denudata, Conocephalum conicum, Pellia epiphylla, Pellia neesiana$, and ~Riccardia multifida$.LVAL%$ztQ<ȅpQeepe$z@tQThis alliance occurs in subalpine and alpine areas in the Rocky Mountains. Elevations range from 2850-3500 m. Landforms that support these types are seeps, streamsides, springs, and wet meadows with high winter snow accumulation. Types can occur on slopes up to 30%. This type rarely occurs on eastern slopes, but is common on western slopes. Soils are poorly drained alluvium. The substrate is saturated to the surface for extended periods. Commonly there is standing water from underground seeps or subsurface flows. A dense, conspicuous layer of ~Caltha leptosepala$ dominates the forb stratum with 60-100% cover. Many graminoids and forbs that tolerate long-term soil saturation may also be present. ~Carex aquatilis$ and ~Deschampsia caespitosa$ are very common and typically codominant with ~Caltha leptosepala$. Other forbs may include ~Pedicularis groenlandica, Stellaria umbellata, Swertia perennis, Polygonum bistortoides, Ranunculus alismifolius, Senecio crassulus$, and ~Rhodiola rhodantha (= Sedum rhodanthum)$. Other graminoids can include ~Phleum alpinum, Calamagrostis canadensis, Carex scopulorum$, and ~Carex phaeocephala$. In forest openings this alliance is found with ~Salix planifolia$ shrublands and ~Carex aquatilis$ and ~Senecio triangularis$ meadows. On high-elevation peatlands it occurs with stands of ~Eleocharis quinqueflora$ and ~Salix planifolia$ shrublands.This alliance includes herbaceous seepage communities that develop on the shores of larger rivers, where flood scouring maintains semi-open conditions and groundwater discharge supports a fen-like aspect. Shore substrate may be sandy, gravelly, or bedrock. Characteristic species include ~Triantha glutinosa (= Tofieldia glutinosa), Spiranthes$ spp., ~Parnassia glauca$, and ~Carex hassei$. Communities in this alliance are referred to locally as 'riverside seeps' and 'calcareous riverside seeps.'LVALd=zdN8" xU>'u^>d='pIiR;$CEGL00065919CWIDESPREADLINEAR 7CEGL00065836CLARGE PATCHPERIPHERAL## CEGL00065835CLARGE PATCHPERIPHERAL## CEGL00065826C CEGL00065825C CEGL00065726C CEGL00065710CWIDESPREADLINEAR 7CEGL00065620CLIMITEDLINEAR 7CEGL00065610CPERIPHERAL CEGL00065520CLIMITEDLINEAR 7CEGL00065519CLIMITEDLINEAR 7CEGL00065427CSMALL PATCHPERIPHERAL## CEGL00065420CWIDESPREADLINEAR 7CEGL00065419CPERIPHERALLINEAR 7CEGL00065410CPERIPHERAL CEGL00065319CPERIPHERALLINEAR 7CEGL00065317CLIMITEDLINEAR 7CEGL00065310CLIMITEDLINEAR 7CEGL0006526C CEGL00065220CWIDESPREADLINEAR 7CEGL00065219CPERIPHERALLINEAR 7CEGL00065211CWIDESPREADThis alliance is found in and near running water of small streams, seeps, wet meadows, and springs in the mountains of Colorado. Elevations range from 3200-3800 m. The substrate is saturated to the surface for extended periods during the growing season. Soils range from mineral, thin and skeletal to loess with high organic matter accumulation. Occasionally stands are located in small openings of forested creeks, with ~Abies lasiocarpa - Picea engelmannii$ forests on adjacent streambanks. ~Cardamine cordifolia$ dominates the forb layer with at least 60% cover. Other forbs that can codominate include ~Mertensia ciliata, Senecio triangularis, Caltha leptosepala$, or ~Epilobium anagallidifolium$. Other commonly present forbs include ~Saxifraga odontoloma, Mitella pentandra, Oxypolis fendleri, Delphinium barbeyi$, and ~Epilobium hornemannii$. The graminoid layer is not well represented. The nonvascular stratum can include ~Philonotis fontana var. pumila (= Philonotis tomentella)$ and ~Bryum$ sp. ~Salix planifolia$ and ~Salix brachycarpa$ shrublands occur above and below, along broader, less steep reaches.-LVAL;u^G w`<\F0 mV?(b;jS* s\3CEGL00071327CLARGE PATCHWIDESPREAD## CEGL00071324C CEGL00071321C CEGL00071220CLARGE PATCHWIDESPREAD## CEGL00071128C CEGL000This alliance is freshwater tidal vegetation occurring on sandy or gravelly shores that are exposed only at low tide. This vegetation type is restricted to areas that receive substantial scour during spring floods, since ~Eriocaulon parkeri$ is very susceptible to siltation. Associated species may include ~Sagittaria subulata, Isoetes riparia, Elatine minima$, and ~Sagittaria calycina$.Vegetation in this alliance occurs in the alpine tundra in the mountains of Colorado. The climate regime is continental, with long, cold winters and short summers with frequent afternoon thunderstorms. Strong westerly winds are common in the winter and spring and distribute snow on the leeward side of the mountains. Large areas of late-lying snowpatches are located on the eastern slope. Stands are found between 3360 and 3510 m elevation on lakeshores and streambanks. Stands occur in areas where snow accumulates in the winter and melts late in the summer. Soils are young and poorly developed due to low soil temperature, low soil moisture during the summer, and a short growing season. Soils are classified as Entisols (Cryorthents). The soil profile has one or two thin horizons. The average surface pH is 5.4, slightly acidic, possibly due to leaching from late-lying snow. The majority of the ground surface is covered with bare soil and rock. Stands are small, and the number and cover of herbaceous species are low. ~Rorippa alpina$ is the dominant species in the herbaceous canopy, and ~Epilobium anagallidifolium$ is a common associate. The cryptogam layer may have a greater cover than the herbaceous; ~Bryum turbinatum, Philonotis fontana var. pumila (= Philonotis tomentella)$, and ~Pohlia drummondii$ are constant moss species.[LVALe$!o\0}fO# dM6 g@pO8a:This alliance contains aquatic vegetation dominated by ~Pistia stratiotes$. Other floating plants are often admixed, including ~Salvinia$ spp. The hydrology of these sites is usually permanently or semipermanently flooded, although periodic drying can occur. Stands of this alliance consist of floating or rooted (by stranding) aquatic vegetation occurring in slow-moving or stagnant tropical waters, dominated by ~Pistia stratiotes$.This is a common alliance of waterlily mats and other rooted aquatic plants with floating or emerged leaves, characterized by dominance or strong presence of ~Nymphaea ampla$, widespread in the Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, and Central and South America.Tidal mudflats dominated by ~Nuphar lutea$. This alliance includes vegetation of freshwater tidal rivers where the water depth is approximately 2-3 m or less. ~Nuphar lutea$ and ~Nymphaea odorata$ are dominant; these species quickly spread from their rhizomes and shade out other vegetation. Other species may include ~Potamogeton epihydrus, Peltandra virginica, Nymphoides cordata$, and ~Zizania aquatica$. In Delaware, this alliance occurs in nearly pure stands below mean low water on mudflats that are exposed at low tide and on the submerged point bars of stream meanders.This alliance occupies a mid-tidal position on sandy intertidal rivershores of meso-oligohaline waters. It is dominated by ~Amaranthus cannabinus$, which can be mixed with ~Zizania aquatica, Schoenoplectus pungens (= Scirpus pungens), Bidens$ spp., and numerous small rosette plants. More data are needed to fully characterize this alliance.Freshwater tidal marshes dominated by variable mixtures of ~Peltandra virginica$ and ~Pontederia cordata$. Other species present can include ~Bidens$ spp., ~Zizania aquatica, Sagittaria$ spp., ~Acorus americanus$, and ~Polygonum$ spp. This alliance occurs primarily in low portions of the intertidal zone, on mucky substrates. m 'd c4 @ @ A.1701CEastV.B.2.N.gERIOCAULON PARKERI TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEEstuary Pipewort Tidal Herbaceous Alliance@.YA.S. WEAKLEY AFTER VAHP|{oE   A.1700CWestV.B.2.N.fRORIPPA ALPINA SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEYellowcress Saturated Herbaceous Alliance@@.YM. DAMM{znE   A.17CLatin AmericaI.A.1.N.cCLUSIA MINOR - HENRIETTEA SQUAMULOSUM - OCOTEA LEUCOXYLON FOREST ALLIANCECupey Trepador - Camasey Husillo - Geo Forest AllianceU@#YLACDi    A.1699CWestV.B.2.N.fCARDAMINE CORDIFOLIA SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELarge Mountain Bittercress Saturated Herbaceous Alliance]@-YD. CULVERK   A.1698CWestV.B.2.N.fCALTHA LEPTOSEPALA SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWhite Marsh-marigold Saturated Herbaceous Alliancen@,YD. CULVER{I   A.1697CEastV.B.2.N.fTRIANTHA GLUTINOSA - PARNASSIA GLAUCA SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESticky Bog-asphodel - Fen Grass-of-Parnassus Saturated Herbaceous Alliance@,YECS\   A.1696CSoutheastV.B.2.N.fVITTARIA APPALACHIANA - HEUCHERA PARVIFLORA SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAppalachian Shoestring Fern - Cave Alumroot Saturated Herbaceous Alliancek*YK.D. PATTERSON 94, MOD. Aֽg   A.1694CMidwestV.B.2.N.fSYMPLOCARPUS FOETIDUS - CALTHA PALUSTRIS SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESkunk-cabbage - Yellow Marsh-marigold Saturated Herbaceous Alliance@)YMCSb   A.1692CSoutheastV.B.2.N.fOSMUNDA (CINNAMOMEA, REGALIS) SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Cinnamon Fern, Royal Fern) Saturated Herbaceous Alliance(@)YA.S. WEAKLEY, MOD. M. PYNY   A.1690CSoutheastV.B.2.N.fIMPATIENS (CAPENSIS, PALLIDA) - MONARDA DIDYMA SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Orange Jewelweed, Yellow Jewelweed) - Beebalm Saturated Herbaceous AllianceH@(YA.S. WEAKLEY¶j   A.169CWestI.A.8.N.ePICEA SITCHENSIS TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCESitka Spruce Temporarily Flooded Forest AllianceYK. SCHULZ}||L  r 4exeU`J!^H1hQ%{R&zdN" oXB, A.1713CSoutheastV.B.2.N.hWOODWARDIA VIRGINICA SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEVirginia Chainfern Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@9YM.P. SCHAFALE/A.S. WEAKLEY   A.1712CSoutheastV.B.2.N.hPONTEDERIA CORDATA SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPickerelweed Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@9YA.S. WEAKLEYW   A.1711CEastV.B.2.N.hBACOPA MONNIERI - ELEOCHARIS ALBIDA SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECoastal Water-hyssop - White Spikerush Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Allianceh@$YECSc   A.1710CEastV.B.2.N.gSAGITTARIA SUBULATA - LIMOSELLA AUSTRALIS TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAwl-leaf Arrowhead - Awlwort Tidal Herbaceous Alliance|@#YECS/SCS\   A.171CSoutheastI.A.8.N.eTSUGA CANADENSIS - (PINUS STROBUS) TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEEastern Hemlock - (Eastern White Pine) Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance@9YM.P. SCHAFALE/A.S. WEAKLEӺc   A.1708CEastV.B.2.N.gNUPHAR LUTEA TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEYellow Pond-lily Tidal Herbaceous AllianceA@/YECS/SCS}vui?   A.1706CEastV.B.2.N.gAMARANTHUS CANNABINUS TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWater-hemp Tidal Herbaceous AllianceU@/YECS|yxlH   A.1705CEastIV.A.2.N.cSARCOCORNIA PERENNIS - (DISTICHLIS SPICATA, SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA) TIDAL DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWoody Glasswort - (Saltgrass, Saltmarsh Cordgrass) Tidal Dwarf-shrubland Alliance=8YSCS/ECS{   A.1704CWestV.B.2.N.gSARCOCORNIA PERENNIS - (DISTICHLIS SPICATA, SALICORNIA SPP.) TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWoody Glasswort - (Saltgrass, Saltwort species) Tidal Herbaceous AllianceYM.S. REID¹o   A.1703CSoutheastV.B.2.N.gPELTANDRA VIRGINICA - PONTEDERIA CORDATA TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGreen Arrow-arum - Pickerelweed Tidal Herbaceous AllianceF@/YA.S. WEAKLEY AFTER ODUM E`   T,vVlV@)xbK$~R+uN8`? U4 CEGL00034410C C A.1724CLatin AmericaV.C.1.N.aNYMPHAEA AMPLA PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEDotleaf Water-lily Permanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@/YLACDX"   A.1723CSoutheastV.C.1.N.aNUPHAR LUTEA PERMANENTLY FLOODED TROPICAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEYellow Pond-lily Permanently Flooded Tropical Herbaceous AllianceN@*YA.S. WEAKLEY[   A.1721CLatin AmericaV.C.1.N.aNELUMBO LUTEA PERMANENTLY FLOODED TROPICAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAmerican Lotus Permanently Flooded Tropical Herbaceous Alliance@*YLACD`"   A.1720CSoutheastV.C.1.N.aNAJAS GUADALUPENSIS - CERATOPHYLLUM DEMERSUM - UTRICULARIA INFLATA PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECommon Waternymph - Coontail - Swollen Bladderwort Permanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance @9YA.S. WEAKLEY   A.172CMidwestI.A.8.N.ePICEA GLAUCA TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEWhite Spruce Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance@:YMCS{K   A.1719CLatin AmericaV.C.1.N.aMYRIOPHYLLUM SPARSIFLORUM PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWater-milfoil Permanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance~@*YLACDc"   A.1717CLatin AmericaV.C.1.N.aMAYACA FLUVIATILIS PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEFlowering Bog-moss Permanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@:YLACD\"   A.1716CSoutheastV.C.1.N.aEICHHORNIA CRASSIPES PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECommon Water-hyacinth Permanently Flooded Herbaceous Allianceu@:YD.J. ALLARDZ   A.1715CLatin AmericaV.C.1.N.aEICHHORNIA AZUREA PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAnchored Water-hyacinth Permanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@*YLACD["   A.1714CLatin AmericaV.C.1.N.aCABOMBA PIAUHYENSIS PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEFishgrass Permanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@%YLACD]"  0 : dNlV?(`2zN7  A.1739CSoutheastV.C.1.N.bTHALASSIA TESTUDINUM PERMANENTLY FLOODED - TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETurtle-grass Permanently Flooded - Tidal Herbaceous Alliance@=YA.S. WEAKLEY, MOD. J. TEAīb   A.1737CSoutheastV.C.1.N.bRUPPIA MARITIMA PERMANENTLY FLOODED - TIDAL TROPICAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBeaked Ditch-grass Permanently Flooded - Tidal Tropical Herbaceous Alliance"@=YSCSf   A.1736CSoutheastV.C.1.N.bHALOPHILA ENGELMANNII PERMANENTLY FLOODED - TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETufted Sea-grass Permanently Flooded - Tidal Herbaceous Alliancem@=YA.S. WEAKLEY, MOD. J. TEAɰc   A.1734CSoutheastV.C.1.N.bHALODULE BEAUDETTEI PERMANENTLY FLOODED - TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEShoal-grass Permanently Flooded - Tidal Herbaceous Alliance0@<YA.S. WEAKLEY, MOD. J. TEA©a   A.1732CSoutheastV.C.1.N.bCYMODOCEA FILIFORMIS PERMANENTLY FLOODED - TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEManatee-grass Permanently Flooded - Tidal Herbaceous Alliance(@<YA.S. WEAKLEY, MOD. J. TEAŬb   A.1731CSoutheastV.C.1.N.aVALLISNERIA AMERICANA PERMANENTLY FLOODED TROPICAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETape-grass Permanently Flooded Tropical Herbaceous Alliancel@0YSCSd   A.173CWestI.A.8.N.eCHAMAECYPARIS LAWSONIANA TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEPort Orford-cedar Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance.;YM.S. REID/D. SARRT   A.1728CLatin AmericaV.C.1.N.aUTRICULARIA FOLIOSA PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELeafy Bladderwort Permanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@+YLACD]"   A.1727CSoutheastV.C.1.N.aPISTIA STRATIOTES PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWater-lettuce Permanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@/YA.S. WEAKLEYW   A.1725CSoutheastV.C.1.N.aNYMPHAEA ODORATA PERMANENTLY FLOODED TROPICAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWhite Water-lily Permanently Flooded Tropical Herbaceous AllianceR@*YA.S. WEAKLEY_  y `dKLmW6 |eNb6 pP:$mW+xa8 A.1752CSoutheastV.C.2.N.aPODOSTEMUM CERATOPHYLLUM PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCERiverweed Permanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@?YA.S. WEAKLEY^   A.1751CSoutheastV.C.2.N.aNYMPHOIDES AQUATICA PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBig Floatingheart Permanently Flooded Herbaceous Allianceo@@YA.S. WEAKLEYY   A.175CWestI.A.8.N.ePINUS CONTORTA TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCELodgepole Pine Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance@@YM.S. REID|J   A.1747CWestV.C.2.N.aLEMNA SPP. PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEDuckweed species Permanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance8@?YM. SCHINDELK   A.1746CWestV.C.2.N.aISOETES (BOLANDERI, TENELLA, OCCIDENTALIS, NUTTALLII) PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Bolander's Quillwort, Spiny-spore Quillwort, Western Quillwort, Nuttall's Quillwort) Permanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance @?YM. SCHINDEL v   A.1745CSoutheastV.C.2.N.aHYDRILLA VERTICILLATA PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEHydrilla Permanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@>YA.S. WEAKLEY[   A.1744CSoutheastV.C.2.N.aHETERANTHERA LIMOSA PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBlue Mud-plantain Permanently Flooded Herbaceous AllianceB@>YGREAT PLAINS PROGRAMY   A.1742CSoutheastV.C.2.N.aBRASENIA SCHREBERI PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWatershield Permanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance^@>YB. HOAGLANDX   A.1741CWestV.C.2.N.aAZOLLA (FILICULOIDES, MEXICANA) PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Pacific Mosquito Fern, Mexican Mosquito Fern) Permanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliancea@=YM. SCHINDEL¶`   A.174CWestI.A.8.N.eTSUGA HETEROPHYLLA TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEWestern Hemlock Temporarily Flooded Forest AllianceYM.S. REID/D. SARRN  m <1y8pDwa8"i@\Fv`7wN8" A.1766CEastV.C.2.N.bZOSTERA MARINA PERMANENTLY FLOODED - TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEEel-grass Permanently Flooded - Tidal Herbaceous Alliance@HYECSW   A.1765CWestV.C.2.N.aPOTAMOGETON RICHARDSONII PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCERed-head Pondweed Permanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@HYD. CULVERY   A.1764CWestV.C.2.N.aSTUCKENIA PECTINATA PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESago Pondweed Permanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliancex@GYM. DAMMT   A.1763CWestV.C.2.N.a(POTAMOGETON DIVERSIFOLIUS, STUCKENIA FILIFORMIS) PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Waterthread, Slender False Pondweed) Permanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@FYK. SCHULZ˿r   A.1761CWestV.C.2.N.aMYRIOPHYLLUM SIBIRICUM PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESiberian Water-milfoil Permanently Flooded Herbaceous AllianceF@EYD. CULVERW   A.1760CWestV.C.2.N.aSPARGANIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGreenfruit Bur-reed Permanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance'@DYK. SCHULZY   A.176CWestI.A.8.N.eABIES GRANDIS TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEGrand Fir Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance@CYD. SARRvI   A.1757CEastV.C.2.N.aVALLISNERIA AMERICANA PERMANENTLY FLOODED TEMPERATE HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETape-grass Permanently Flooded Temperate Herbaceous Alliance@BYM. PYNE`   A.1755CWestV.C.2.N.aRUPPIA (CIRRHOSA, MARITIMA) PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Spiral Ditch-grass, Beaked Ditch-grass) Permanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance^@BYM. SCHINDELĹ\   A.1754CMidwestV.C.2.N.aPOTAMOGETON SPP. - CERATOPHYLLUM SPP. - ELODEA SPP. PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPondweed species - Coontail species - Waterweed species Permanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@AYMCSw   1Jq~EyR+uIpY0tHuQ0CEGL00208146CSMALL PATCHLIMITED   A.179CWestI.A.8.N.ePICEA ENGELMANNII TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEEngelmann Spruce Temporarily Flooded Forest AllianceYM.S. REIDM   A.178CWestI.A.8.N.eCHAMAECYPARIS NOOTKATENSIS TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEAlaska Yellow-cedar Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance@KYM.S. REID/D. SARRV   A.1776CLatin AmericaV.D.1.N.dSALICORNIA BIGELOVII TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEDwarf Glasswort Tidal Herbaceous AllianceG@0NLACDyP"   A.1775CWestV.D.1.N.cNAMA SANDWICENSE HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEHinahina Kahakai Herbaceous AllianceYWCSebaa=   A.1774CWestV.D.1.N.cLEPTURUS REPENS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPacific Island Thintail Herbaceous AllianceYWCSkhgg<   A.1773CLatin AmericaV.D.1.N.bCLEOME SPINOSA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESpiny Spiderflower Herbaceous Allianceq@0NLACD{wvjD"   A.1770CSoutheastV.C.2.N.bVALLISNERIA AMERICANA PERMANENTLY FLOODED - TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETape-grass Permanently Flooded - Tidal Herbaceous Alliance.@IYA.S. WEAKLEYc   A.177CWestI.A.8.N.eABIES LASIOCARPA TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCESubalpine Fir Temporarily Flooded Forest AllianceJYM.S. REID/D. SARR}L   A.1769CSoutheastV.C.2.N.bRUPPIA MARITIMA PERMANENTLY FLOODED - TIDAL TEMPERATE HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBeaked Ditch-grass Permanently Flooded - Tidal Temperate Herbaceous Alliance@IYA.S. WEAKLEYg   A.1768CEastV.C.2.N.bSTUCKENIA PECTINATA - ZANNICHELLIA PALUSTRIS PERMANENTLY FLOODED - TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESago Pondweed - Horned Pondweed Permanently Flooded - Tidal Herbaceous Alliance@GYS.L. NEIDu   A.1767CSoutheastV.C.2.N.bCERATOPHYLLUM DEMERSUM PERMANENTLY FLOODED - TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECoontail Permanently Flooded - Tidal Herbaceous Alliance@HYG.P. FLEMING/A.S. WEAKLEY©d  3 n"rQ@qEY-`4e1 A.1820CSoutheastV.D.2.N.iSEDUM PULCHELLUM SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWidow's-cross Saturated Herbaceous Alliancev@PYK.D. PATTERSONwL   A.182CWestI.A.8.N.fPICEA SITCHENSIS SEASONALLY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCESitka Spruce Seasonally Flooded Forest AllianceYK. SCHULZ{zzK   A.1819CSoutheastV.D.2.N.iMINUARTIA GLABRA - TALINUM SPP. - DIAMORPHA SMALLII SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESmooth Sandwort - Fameflower species - Elf Orpine Saturated Herbaceous Alliance@OYK.D. PATTERSON, MOD. M. Pʾo   A.1818CWestV.D.2.N.hSALICORNIA RUBRA SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCERed Saltwort Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@OYMCS, MOD. D. CULVERP   A.1817CSoutheastV.D.2.N.hAMPHIANTHUS PUSILLUS - ISOETES SPP. SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPoolsprite - Quillwort species Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance,@NYA.S. WEAKLEYƺh   A.1816CSoutheastV.D.2.N.gERAGROSTIS HYPNOIDES - LIPOCARPHA MICRANTHA - MICRANTHEMUM UMBROSUM SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECreeping Lovegrass - Small-flower Hemicarpha - Shaded Mudflower Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@NYECS/SCS, MOD. M. PYNE   A.1815CSoutheastV.D.2.N.dSPOROBOLUS (NEGLECTUS, VAGINIFLORUS) HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Barrens Dropseed, Poverty Dropseed) Herbaceous Alliance#@MYA.S. WEAKLEYV   A.1814CWestV.D.2.N.dBROMUS TECTORUM SEMI-NATURAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECheatgrass Semi-natural Herbaceous Alliancen@LYM.S. REID, MOD. K. SCHULZtI   A.1813CWestV.D.2.N.dBROMUS (DIANDRUS, HORDEACEUS, MADRITENSIS) HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Ripgut Brome, Soft Brome, Compact Brome) Herbaceous AllianceYM. SCHINDELW   A.18CLatin AmericaI.A.1.N.cCORDIA ELLIPTICA - CHIMARRHIS CYMOSA - TOVOMITA PLUMIERI - POUTERIA CHRYSOPHYLLOIDES FOREST ALLIANCEChypre - Waterwood - Paletuvier Rouge - Wild Balata Forest Alliance]@LYLACDDŽ   LVALt]<~R;$V/V?kM6v_H!pZDCEGL00087018C CEGL00087011CLARGE PATCHWIDTidally flooded hypersaline flats or very shallow depressions, dominated by halophytic herbs, including ~Sarcocornia perennis, Salicornia bigelovii, Salicornia virginica, Distichlis spicata$, and stunted ~Spartina alterniflora$. Total vegetative cover is quite variable in pannes, from near total absence of vascular plants to a dense cover of ~Salicornia bigelovii, Salicornia virginica, Sarcocornia perennis$, or ~Spartina alterniflora$. ~Limonium carolinianum$ is another common associate. In the southern portions of its distribution, ~Monanthochloe littoralis$ and ~Batis maritima$ can be major components. Algal mats are characteristically present, visible even in densely vegetated pannes. Blue-green algae are an important component of this community, in some cases contributing significantly more biomass than do vascular species. The following algae were noted to occur in association with ~Spartina alterniflora$ in the littoral zone of a Massachusetts salt marsh: ~Oscillitoria subuliforms, Oscillitoria amphibia, Lyngbea$ spp., ~Microcoleus chthonoplastes, Nodularia harveyana, Hydrocoleum lyngbyaceum, Symploca$ spp. (Webber 1967). Diagnostic species are ~Salicornia bigelovii, Salicornia virginica$, and ~Sarcocornia perennis$. Vegetation of this alliance tends to develop in shallow depressions within high salt marshes where drainage is poor. The depressions are flooded by high tides but as the water evaporates during low tide the salinity concentration increases forming 'salt pannes.' Formation of the pannes may result from ice scouring, rafting flotsam, peat compaction, or by mosquito ditch levees which create small impoundments. This community is regularly to irregularly flooded by nearby brackish water. Bare peat and/or mucky soils are prevalent (up to 85% bare soils), and standing water covers this community at high tide.LVALc7  e9 i=kU?mV*s]1_3 CEGL0009302CSMALL PATCHPERIPHERAL"" This alliance consists of aquatic vegetation in rivers and streams of southern Florida, dominated by various mixtures of ~Najas guadalupensis, Ceratophyllum demersum$, and ~Utricularia inflata$. This alliance may need modification as more information becomes available.This alliance covers seasonally flooded wetland depressions, often strongly dominated by ~Woodwardia virginica$, which occur in acid sands of the Coastal Plain. More information is needed. It is attributed to various states in the Atlantic Coastal Plain from Delaware to Florida.Forb wetlands occurring in depressions, dominated (often essentially monospecific) by ~Pontederia cordata$. This alliance is particularly prevalent in mucky organic soils, of seasonally (or sometimes nearly semipermanently) flooded situations in depression wetlands in Florida.This hemlock forested wetland is found along montane streams and terraces in the Southern Appalachians and Cumberland Mountains of the southeastern United States. Stands are dominated by ~Tsuga canadensis$ or codominated by ~Tsuga canadensis$ and ~Pinus strobus$. Deciduous species, if present, form only a minor part of the canopy (generally less than 25%). Forests in this alliance often have dense ericaceous shrub layers dominated by ~Rhododendron maximum$ and/or ~Leucothoe fontanesiana$. In some forests shrub strata are sparse or absent, with little or no herbaceous cover; the ground cover is mainly litter or bare soil. This alliance includes forests on floodplains and terraces, where surface water may be present for brief periods during growing season, but the water table usually lies well below the soil surface. Soils tend to be well-developed and silty. Currently this alliance is defined for montane alluvial forests in the Southern Blue Ridge and small streambottoms in Virginia's Ridge and Valley and northern Blue Ridge.LVALuu_8k?vU)nJ#[:{R&nW/CEGL00042319CLARGE PATCHWIDESPREAD## CEGL00042311CLARGE PATCHLIMITED  CThis alliance is found in limited areas of floodplains in the Black Hills where the most abundant canopy species is ~Picea glauca$. ~Betula papyrifera$ and ~Populus tremuloides$ commonly occur in small amounts. ~Corylus cornuta$ is a common understory shrub. ^Most stands are relatively small and restricted to areas along streams and ravine bottoms at relatively high elevation in the Black Hills. They may be flooded for a short period in the spring season. Elevation is a more important factor in the development of this alliance than substrate. Stands dominated by ~Picea glauca$ occur on soils derived from both igneous and limestone rocks in the Black Hills.Submerged or partially submerged communities along margins of montane creeks and oligotrophic lowland lakes. These communities are strongly dominated by two different ecotypes of ~Mayaca fluviatilis$: ~Mayaca fluviatilis var. fluviatilis$ and ~Mayaca fluviatilis var. wrightii$.This alliance contains aquatic ruderal vegetation dominated by the exotic pest plant ~Eichhornia crassipes$, which can withstand brief periods of freezing. This alliance is primarily limited to tropical Florida, but extends northwards into temperate peninsular and Panhandle Florida. It also occurs sparadically along the Texas coast. The hydrology of these sites is usually permanently or semipermanently flooded, although periodic drying can occur. Other species sometimes occur intermixed with ~Eichhornia$. The more permanent mats may develop a substantial additional flora, including ~Habenaria repens$. Growth rates are very high, and mats can double in size in 11-18 days. Floating or rooted (by stranding) aquatic vegetation in slow-moving or stagnant, usually eutrophic water of lakes, ponds and rivers, dominated by ~Eichhornia crassipes$, and often essentially monospecific.LVALu_I3|eN8qZD. xa5sR&S,k?CEGL00058510CPERIPHERAL CEGL0005836? CEGL00This alliance has only been described from a very restricted range in the Klamath/Siskiyou mountain region of northern California and southern Oregon between 635 and 1430 m in elevation. Most of this area is strongly influenced by maritime air and lies at the northern cusp of the Mediterranean climate region of the Pacific Coast. Winters are cool and wet; summers are warm and dry. Annual precipitation ranges from 100-225 cm, with only 2-4% falling between June and August. This alliance occurs on moist terraces, in ravines, and along streams in the drier, more inland areas, and on deeper gentle slopes closer to the ocean. These communities occur on three major parent material types: diorite, gabbro, and serpentine. This is a dense, often giant coniferous forest dominated by ~Chamaecyparis lawsoniana$ (42%) and ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ (24%). ~Lithocarpus densiflorus, Pinus lambertiana$, and ~Pinus jeffreyi$ can also be present. ~Abies concolor$ is occasionally present in Oregon stands, and can be up to 10% of the canopy in some California stands. The understory is characterized by dense cover of ~Rhododendron occidentale$, with an average cover of 24%. ~Gaultheria shallon, Morella californica (= Myrica californica), Quercus vacciniifolia, Vaccinium virgatum (= Vaccinium parviflorum)$, and ~Rubus ursinus$ can be present. Forbs and graminoids include ~Carex$ spp., ~Xerophyllum tenax$, and ~Goodyera oblongifolia$. The forests are often very old, with stands (with and without ~Abies$) in California ranging from 300-575 years. Adjacent upland vegetation is varied, from ~Picea sitchensis / Abies grandis / Tsuga heterophylla$ forests near the coast, to ~Abies concolor / Abies magnifica / Calocedrus decurrens$ forest in high-elevation interior stands, to ~Pinus jeffreyi / Pinus monticola$ forests on serpentine soils.LVALjI{dN7kD.cL6 Y-lV5\E/CEGL0006256CWIDESPREAD CEGThis alliance occurs in tropical and warm-temperate estuarine waters. ~Halodule beaudettei (= Halodule wrightii)$ may be monodominant or may occur in admixtures with other seagrass species. This alliance can occur in shallower waters than other seagrass alliances, since ~Halodule beaudettei$ tolerates exposure to the atmosphere at low tide. Following bottom disturbance, ~Halodule beaudettei$ is usually the first colonizer, and in some situations later succeeds to other seagrass communities. This alliance is widespread in waters of Florida and Texas, and present in lesser amounts in other states. About 80,000 hectares are dominated by ~Halodule$ in Core and Pamlico sounds in North Carolina, where ~Halodule$ occurs substantially disjunct from the main body of its distribution farther south. It also occurs in inlets on the eastern coast of Florida. ~Halodule beaudettei$ is the most common seagrass found along the Gulf Coast of Texas and is often found occurring with minor amounts of the shorter stature ~Halophila engelmannii$ and the annual ~Ruppia maritima$.This seagrass alliance occurs at depths of 1-4 m in warm sea waters (salinity greater than 17 ppt), on a variety of substrate textures. Vegetation in this alliance can consist of monodominant ~Cymodocea filiformis (= Syringodium filiforme)$, or can have a mixture of ~Cymodocea filiformis$ with other seagrass species, including ~Thalassia testudinum, Halophila engelmannii$, and ~Halodule beaudettei$. These seagrass beds are often also associated with an abundance of macrophytic algae. This alliance ranges discontinuously from Florida to Mexico along the Gulf Coast of North America, throughout the Caribbean, and extends up the Atlantic coast of Florida as far north as the St. Johns River. In Texas, it occurs south of Aransas Bay, and is most abundant in the Laguna Madre and Corpus Christi Bay areas. LVALq8 aThis globally widespread, wetland herbaceous alliance occurs in freshwater habitats with still water and saturated soils. Stands occur in seasonal and perennial wetlands in ditches, rivers, streams, channels, and ponds from sea level to 2300 m elevation. The vegetation of this alliance is dominated by ~Azolla filiculoides$ and/or ~Azolla mexicana$ floating on the water's surface. Other species present may include ~Spirodela$ spp., ~Lemna gibba, Lemna minor, Wolffiella$ spp., ~Wolffia borealis$, and other ~Wolffia$ spp. Emergent plants may be present. Total cover may be continuous, intermittent or open.This alliance covers estuarine and marine seagrass beds, dominated or codominated by ~Thalassia testudinum$. Associations of this alliance can be monodominant with ~Thalassia testudinum$, but may also have admixtures of other seagrass species, including ~Cymodocea filiformis (= Syringodium filiforme)$ and ~Halodule beaudettei (= Halodule wrightii)$. This alliance occurs primarily in shallow waters (primarily 0.4-4 m in depth), of high salinity (greater than 17 ppt), and on coarse-grained sediments. It ranges discontinuously from southern Florida to Mexico along the Gulf Coast of North America, and throughout the Caribbean. In Texas, it occurs primarily south of Aransas Bay, and is most abundant in the Laguna Madre and Corpus Christi Bay areas.This alliance includes estuarine and marine seagrass beds of the West Indies and tropical Florida, dominated by the annual plant ~Ruppia maritima$, often nearly monospecific. Patches of this vegetation may also include ~Najas guadalupensis, Halodule beaudettei$, and ~Cymodocea filiformis$.This alliance occurs in deeper waters than other seagrass alliances. It is found in Florida, Texas, and possibly Mexico. As a species ~Halophila engelmannii$ occurs in many seagrass communities, but only dominates at greater depths. Where it is dominant, no other vascular plants are generally present. These communities are primarily in low wave energy situations.`LVAL`pQ:$qZD]1}f:U)mAqE.CEGL00112025CPERIPHERAL?distribution% 7CEGL00112010CWIDESPREAD CEGL00111924PENDEMIC/RESTRICTEDLINEAR&  7CEGL00111727C CEGL00111724C CEGL00111721C CEGL00111720CLARGE PATCHWIDESPREAD## This alliance consists of ruderal vegetation dominated by the invasive alien ~Hydrilla verticillata$. It may occur in both natural and man-made lakes. ~Hydrilla verticillata$ is an invasive alien species. Since its introduction, it has rapidly spread across the southeastern United States, its spread into man-made lakes being exacerbated by the transport of propagules on boat propellers. It produces vegetative propagules known as turions, which can resist desiccation for long periods of time.This alliance, found in the south-central United States, occurs in ponds dominated by ~Heteranthera limosa$ with ~Bacopa rotundifolia$ and ~Sagittaria latifolia$ in association. This alliance is found in ponds which have water year-round, except in extended droughts. Further study is needed to characterize this alliance.This alliance consists of ponds dominated by ~Brasenia schreberi$, which is typically the single dominant floating or emergent species. Examples occur primarily in the Coastal Plain, but may be found in other ecoregions as well. Submersed aquatics may be common and include ~Utricularia$ spp. This alliance occurs in natural ponds (including beaver ponds) and 'borrow pits' in acidic Coastal Plain sediments. Its environmental and floristic relationship to related alliances are unclear. Other species may include ~Leersia oryzoides, Lemna valdiviana, Juncus effusus, Stuckenia pectinata (= Potamogeton pectinatus), Nymphaea odorata$, and ~Spirodela polyrrhiza$. In the sandhills of Georgia, ~Brasenia schreberi$ is dominant, with some ~Nymphaea odorata$ and ~Utricularia$ sp. In Alabama, ~Nymphaea odorata$ is frequently found growing with ~Brasenia schreberi$.LVALzdN"iS<k?lKd={XBd>|CEGL00114720CWIDESPREADLINEAR 7CEGL00114719Vegetation of shoals in rocky streambeds and riverbeds in mature drainage systems where the streams have cut down to rock, and the floodplain is relatively narrow; or on dams in moderately fast- to fast-flowing water. The vegetation grows attached to rocks in outcrops and stream rubble, or to dams in moderate- to fast-flowing water. This almost always is a monospecific community dominated by ~Podostemum ceratophyllum$ with no other vascular plants present; some Rhodophyta (red algae) may be present.This widespread wetland herbaceous alliance occurs in seasonal and perennial freshwater habitats with still water and saturated soils. Stands occur in ditches, rivers, streams, channels, and ponds from sea level to 2300 m elevation. This alliance is dominated by any species of the genus ~Lemna$ floating on the water's surface. Other species present may include ~Spirodela$ spp., ~Azolla mexicana, Azolla filiculoides, Wolffiella$ spp., ~Wolffia borealis$, and other ~Wolffia$ spp. Emergent plants may be present. Total cover may be continuous, intermittent, or open.This hydromorphic vegetation type of California occurs in seasonal to permanent, freshwater wetlands. Water is still or slow-moving. Stands of this alliance are found on stream and lake margins, in vernal pools, ponds, and marshes. Elevational ranges vary from sea level to 1500 m. This alliance is dominated by species of ~Isoetes$. The specific species are dependent on elevation and duration of inundation. Lower elevation stands with semi-permanent flooding are likely to be dominated by ~Isoetes howellii$ and/or ~Isoetes orcuttii$. Montane lakes and ponds are likely to be dominated by ~Isoetes bolanderi, Isoetes tenella (= Isoetes echinospora)$, and/or ~Isoetes occidentalis$. ~Isoetes nuttallii$ may occur along stream margins. Quillworts may be the dominant plants on lake and pond bottoms.rLVALpZ3{T-lV8" |U'_H!~gQ;[DThis alliance consists of the aquatic zones of Coastal Plain ponds, characterized by ~Nymphoides aquatica$, often with other floating-leaved aquatics, such as ~Nymphaea odorata$ or ~Nuphar lutea$. Other species may be present, for example ~Gratiola brevifolia$ and ~Bacopa caroliniana$, as well as submersed aquatics such as ~Myriophyllum$ spp. and ~Utricularia$ spp.This is a coniferous forest alliance found at moderate (montane to lower subalpine) elevations in mountains of central and eastern Oregon, from 1220 m to over 2280 m. Sites include edges of meadows, streamside terraces, lakeshores, and flat to slightly concave drainages and basins. Valleys where it occurs are broad, low-gradient, and usually flat-bottomed. Soils in central Oregon are derived from pumice alluvium, which has weathered into silts, sandy loams and silty clay loams. Wetter stands will have a significant organic component, sometime with a peat layer. The soil surface will often be slightly flooded at snowmelt, but by late summer the water table will drop to >1 m depth. It occurs wherever ~Pinus contorta$ is invading ~Deschampsia caespitosa$-dominated meadows. ~Pinus contorta$ is the only tree present in the reported stands, and is the only species represented in the regeneration layer. ~Deschampsia caespitosa$ dominates the herbaceous layer, often with very high cover (>30%), and is usually distributed evenly throughout a stand. Other herbaceous species present will vary depending on soil moisture and elevation. Forbs can include ~Thalictrum occidentale, Fragaria$ spp., ~Trifolium longipes, Symphyotrichum spathulatum (= Aster occidentalis), Mimulus primuloides, Achillea millefolium, Antennaria$ spp., ~Potentilla$ spp., and others. Graminoids that can be present include ~Juncus balticus, Koeleria macrantha, Calamagrostis canadensis, Danthonia californica$, or ~Carex$ spp. Other woody species are typically not present.'LVAL3yR+zd=wa='yU1gG0 xL(xbACEGL0013126C CEGL00131210CLIMITED CEGL0013116CWIDESPREAD CEGL00131119CLARGE PATCHWIDESPREAD## CEGL00131111CMATRIXWIDESThis broadly defined alliance is found throughout the southeastern and midwestern United States, as well as several Great Plains states and Canadian provinces. The vegetation is generally found in open water less than 2 m deep with emergent cover of floating-leaved aquatics up to 25% and submerged aquatics at least 25%. Individual stands may be dominated by a single species, leading to any number of dominance types, and until the patterns are better understood, these are all grouped together in one alliance. In northern parts of the range, stands may be dominated by ~Potamogeton$ spp., including ~Potamogeton natans, Stuckenia pectinata (= Potamogeton pectinatus), Potamogeton zosteriformis$, and ~Potamogeton richardsonii$; ~Ceratophyllum$ spp., including ~Ceratophyllum demersum$; ~Elodea$ spp., including ~Elodea canadensis$; and ~Myriophyllum$ spp., including ~Myriophyllum verticillatum$. Other associated species include emergents such as ~Zizania palustris, Utricularia macrorhiza, Nuphar$ spp., ~Ranunculus longirostris, Chara$ spp., ~Lemna$ spp., ~Spirodela polyrrhiza$, and ~Vallisneria americana$. ~Potamogeton nodosus$ and ~Ceratophyllum demersum$ are reported from stands in Oklahoma. Other associated species in the southern part of the range may include ~Potamogeton diversifolius, Potamogeton nodosus, Ceratophyllum demersum, Stuckenia pectinata, Elodea canadensis, Elodea nuttallii, Cabomba caroliniana, Heteranthera dubia, Hottonia inflata, Myriophyllum pinnatum$, and ~Proserpinaca$ spp. The exotic ~Egeria densa$ may also be present and may crowd out native components. ^Stands are often found in sheltered bays of lakes and streams. Water hardness may play an important role in species patterns within this group.LVAL{eO8!oC-mV?(t]F/mWA# zcM6 t^@)CEGL00153520CMATRIXWIDESPREAD CEGL00153519CLARGE PATCHWIDESPREAD## CEGL00153511CMATRIXWIDESPREAD CEGL00153510C CEGL00153426C CEGL00153410CLIMITED CEGL0015339C CEGL0015336C CEGL00153320CLARGE PATCHWIDESPREAD## CEGL00153311CMATRIXWIDESPREAD CEGL00153310C CEGL0015326C This alliance consists of aquatic vegetation in alluvial rivers and springs dominated by ~Vallisneria americana$. The extent and distribution of this alliance is only partly understood. The habitat includes alluvial rivers, above or extending to the upper limit of tidal influence. Stands are dominated by submergent or emergent plants with only minor floating-leaved components. Stands in the northeastern United States may additionally contain ~Potamogeton perfoliatus, Potamogeton epihydrus, Utricularia$ spp., and ~Eriocaulon aquaticum$. New River occurrences have ~Elodea canadensis, Potamogeton foliosus$, and ~Potamogeton nodosus$. Stands in Florida may have dominance or codominance by ~Sagittaria kurziana$ or ~Stuckenia pectinata (= Potamogeton pectinatus)$. In addition, ~Heteranthera dubia (= Zosterella dubia)$ may be locally abundant. Further study is needed to fully characterize the variability in this alliance.This alliance occurs in tidal flats and alkali marshes of California and requires seasonally to permanently flooded areas with hypersaline, mixohaline, or mixosaline water chemistry. Elevations range from sea level to 2100 m. This alliance is dominated by one of two species of ~Ruppia$; ~Ruppia cirrhosa$ at higher elevations and inland stands, and ~Ruppia maritima$ in the lowlands and coastal zone. Both species form submerged beds. Other species present may include ~Utricularia macrorhiza, Najas guadalupensis, Zannichellia palustris, Potamogeton foliosus, Myriophyllum$ spp., and ~Ceratophyllum$ spp.,LVAL8jT(vM6zN7|eD-yM! X$oYBCEGL0016166? CEGL00161420CLARGE PATCHWIDESPREAD## CEGL00161419CLARGE PATCHWIDESPREAD## CEGL00161410C CEGL00161210CLARGE PATCHPERIPHERAL## CEGL00161026C CEGL0016096? CEGL00160911CLARGE PATCHLIMITED  CEGL0016082CLARGE PATCHENDEMIC/RESTRICTED** CEGL0016076? CEGL00160624C CEGL00160620CLARGE PATCHWIDESPREAD## CEGL00160520CLARGE Vegetation within the ~~Abies grandis$ Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance (A.176)$$ occurs within the maritime-influenced region of the northern Rocky Mountains. This alliance generally occupies sites on benches, toeslopes or valley bottoms along mountain streams. These sites are outside the range of ~Thuja plicata$, which dominates similar sites throughout the wetter parts of the Pacific Northwest. Elevations where the alliance occurs range from 790-1410 m. Soils are typically very cobbly silt loams or sandy loam. Water tables are generally within 1 m of the soil surface in the spring, but the soils are well-drained. ~Picea engelmannii$ is often a codominant with ~Abies grandis$ in stands of this alliance. ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ or ~Larix occidentalis$ may be present at the drier margins, and ~Abies lasiocarpa$ may occur in higher elevation or frost pocket locations. ~Betula papyrifera$ or ~Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa$ sometimes form a scattered subcanopy. There is usually a rich and well-developed shrub layer. Common shrubs include ~Acer glabrum, Rubus parviflorus, Symphoricarpos albus, Linnaea borealis$, and ~Rosa gymnocarpa$. The herbaceous layer is characterized by a diverse assemblage of moist-site forbs and ferns, including ~Athyrium filix-femina, Tiarella trifoliata, Aralia nudicaulis, Senecio triangularis, Goodyera oblongifolia, Osmorhiza berteroi (= Osmorhiza chilensis), Orthilia secunda, Maianthemum stellatum$, and ~Galium triflorum$.LVALr=&u_>'\0YBs?!~R&R<&CEGL0017236C CEGL0017226C CEGL0017216C CEGL0017206C CEGL0017196C CEGL0017186C CEGL0017176C CEGL0017166P CEGL0017156C CEGL0017142CLARGE PATCHENDEMIC/RESTRICTED** CEGL00170928P CEGL00170921C CEGL00170827CLARGE PATCHLIMITED  CEGL00170820CLARGE PATCHLIMITED  CEGL00170810CPERIPHERAL CEGL00170719CLARGE PATCHPERIPHERAL## CEGL00170710CLARGE PATCHPERIPHERAL## CEGL00170519CLARGE PATCHWIDESPREAD## CEGL00170518C CEGL00170510CWIDESPREAD CEGL0017046C CEGL00170320CLARGE PATCHLIMITED  CEGL00170310CLIMITED CEGL00170227CLARGE PATCHENDEMIC/RESTRICTED++ CEGL00170220CLARGE PATCHENDEMIC/RESTRICTED++ CEGL00170126C CEGL00170026C CEGVegetation included in this alliance has been described from shallow montane and subalpine ponds in the mountains of Colorado. Elevations range from 2700-3170 m. This hydromorphic-rooted vegetation occurs in shallow water (usually less than 0.6 m deep), and is restricted to near the shoreline of deeper ponds. Stands grow equally well on either gravelly or muddy bottoms. The ponds are often located in mountain parks or meadows and are the result of stream oxbows or glacial basins. Salinity of water varies with the different parent materials. These communities are characterized by moderately dense mats of the hydromorphic-rooted plant ~Sparganium angustifolium$. These vegetation mats are rarely over 0.6 m thick and may be much less depending on the depth of the pond. Stunted individuals may be less than 10 cm tall. Vegetation on adjacent mud flats and shorelines is dominated by shrub or herbaceous wetland plants like ~Eleocharis acicularis, Ranunculus trichophyllus var. trichophyllus, Callitriche palustris$, or species of ~Carex, Juncus$ or ~Salix$.LVALnEr\F%t]1nE$~\4wK4Y-CEGL00181312C CEGL00181311CSMALL PATCHWIDESPREAD## CEGL00181310C CEGL00181120CSMALL PATCHWIDESPREAD## CEGL0018106C CEGL00181020CSMALL PATCHWIDESPREAD## CEGL0018102CSMALL PATCHWIDESPREAD"" CEGL0018096C CEGL00180920CSMALL PATCHWIDESPREAD## CEGL00180919CSMALL PATCHWIDESPREAD## CEGL00180820CSMALL PATCHWIDESPREAD## CEGL0018066C CEGL00180512C CEGL00180320CSMALL PATCHWIDESPREAD## CEGL00180310CPERIPHERAL CEGL0018026C CEGL00180226C CEGL00180220CSMALL PATCHWIDESPREAD## CEGL00180211CSMALL PATCHWIDESPREAD## CEGL00180210C CEGL0018002CSMALL PATCHLIMITED CEGL00179920CSMALL PATCH CEGL00179835CSMALL PATCHPERIPHERAL## CEGL00179826CVegetation types within this alliance generally occur in shallow ponds and along shores of shallow lakes, in eutrophic conditions. The ponds are typically still and shallow (up to 1.5 m or slightly more) water. Elevations range from 1500-2700 m. Nutrient-rich water (which may result from an influx of sewage, livestock waste, etc.) characterizes its environment. Surface water (often alkaline) persists throughout the growing season. Soils remain saturated even when the water level drops below the soil surface. Soil texture ranges from loamy to clay loam, and typically a clay lens is located under the pond and pond edges. Due to the anaerobic conditions, peaty soils form usually greater than 40 cm. Mottling occurs within the first 10-15 cm and gleyed soils are very common. Vegetation types within this alliance are classified as permanently flooded, temperate or subpolar, hydromorphic-rooted vegetation. ~Myriophyllum sibiricum$ dominates the forb layer with up to 70% cover. Other aquatic macrophytes include ~Ranunculus trichophyllus, Potamogeton$ spp., and ~Utricularia macrorhiza$.YLVALe\F0i=k?mAg;b/X$CEGL00193320CLARGE PATCHWIDESPREAD## CEGL00193020CSMALL PATCHLIMITED  CEGL00192920CLARGE PATCH CEGL00192910CPERIPHERAL CEGL00192820CSMALL PATCHENDEMIC/RESTRICTED++ CEGL00192011The permanently flooded wetlands in this alliance occur in north-central and southeastern Colorado in two very different habitats. These wetlands are dominated by hydromorphically rooted herbaceous species. One habitat dominated by ~Stuckenia filiformis (= Potamogeton filiformis)$ occurs in shallow, montane lakes in north-central Colorado, elevation is 2060-2530 m. The climate is cool, with a relatively short growing season. The mean annual precipitation is 20-40 cm, mostly falling as snow. These lakes get water primarily from snowmelt-fed streams. The other habitat dominated by ~Potamogeton diversifolius$ is found in the canyons of southeastern Colorado, growing in plunge pools in sandstone bedrock. The elevation is usually between 1100-1850 m. Climate is semi-arid with hot summers and cold winters. The mean annual precipitation is 25-35 cm, mostly falling during the growing season. These pools fill up with runoff during summer thunderstorms. Both are permanently flooded; however, the water level in the plunge pools can vary greatly during the year. The herbaceous layer in the montane wetlands is dominated by the submerged plant ~Stuckenia filiformis$, which often grows in dense mats. Associated immersed plants include ~Sagittaria cuneata$ and ~Polygonum amphibium var. emersum (= Persicaria amphibia var. emersa)$. This wetland is found in open water surrounded by ~Carex$ and ~Scirpus$ marshes growing out from the shore. The bedrock plunge pool wetlands have been described from canyons where pools form in the sandstone bedrock. They are dominated by ~Potamogeton diversifolius$, another hydromorphically rooted, submerged forb. Little is known about these wetlands.LVALpO# _4S'l@eO8 lC,tHCEGL0This alliance includes shallow subtidal fresh/brackish water and sediments exposed at extreme low tide. It supports a predominance of vascular aquatics such as ~Stuckenia pectinata (= Potamogeton pectinatus), Potamogeton perfoliatus, Vallisneria americana, Elodea nuttallii$, and ~Zannichellia palustris$, and occasionally ~Ruppia maritima$ as salinity begins to increase. Communities in this alliance occur in maritime coastal areas from Virginia north to Connecticut and in Louisiana and possibly Texas.This alliance is found in ponds in the midwestern and western United States. Stands are found in glacial ponds, or prairie potholes, in the northern Great Plains and in ponds and slow-moving water in Colorado. Stands are located in shallow (20 cm) to moderately deep (1 m) seasonal or permanent standing water, but with standing water present throughout the growing season. The ponds characteristically have brackish water (a relatively high ionic concentration) and bottoms composed of mud, mud mixed with gravel, and occasionally, organic matter. Parent material is often glacial till. The elevation of the plant associations ranges from 150-600 m in the Great Plains to 1200-2950 m in Montana and Colorado. Submerged and floating aquatic vegetation covers at least 25% of the surface. A moderate to dense cover of submerged aquatic macrophytes characterizes this alliance. The submersed leaves are filiform in shape and not conspicuous beneath the surface of the water. ~Stuckenia pectinata (= Potamogeton pectinatus)$ is the dominant species, and ~Potamogeton pusillus, Zannichellia palustris, Myriophyllum spicatum, Ruppia maritima, Sparganium angustifolium$, and ~Ceratophyllum demersum$ are associated species. The macroalgae ~Chara$ sp. is usually present. Adjacent vegetation is midgrass and tallgrass prairie on the plains, and ~Carex aquatilis$ and ~Carex utriculata$ wetlands in Colorado. LVALzN7  Wind-tidally flooded floating/submergent wetlands of fresh to oligohaline, river basin guts and large pools. This community is dominated (or codominated) by ~Ceratophyllum demersum$. Other abundant species can include ~Utricularia macrorhiza$ and ~Nymphaea odorata$. Other species include ~Elodea nuttallii, Spirodela polyrrhiza, Wolffiella gladiata, Lemna$ spp., and ~Utricularia purpurea$. This alliance likely occurs in Louisiana, where it occupies lower (tidal) reaches of bayous.This alliance includes subtidal aquatic beds characterized by ~Zostera marina$. These communities usually occur in quiet waters below the lowest tide level and where fluctuations in salinity are minor. Substrate ranges from soft mud to coarse sand. Light availability is the primary limiting factor in occurrences of this alliance, within the geographic, temperature, and salinity range (10-30 ppt) of ~Zostera marina$. The long leaves of ~Zostera marina$ provide substrate for epiphytic organisms such as macroalgae, bay scallops, and other marine invertebrates, as well as nursery and/or adult habitat for fin fish. Characteristic associate nonvascular plants (algae) include ~Ulva lactuca, Enteromorpha$ spp., and ~Polysiphonia$ spp.This alliance is found in still, shallow to moderately deep water of ponds and lakes in the northwestern Great Plains. Associations occur in the permanently inundated, 'deep water' zone of glacial ponds in gentle, rolling, glacial terrain. The underlying parent material is mixed sedimentary (partly calcareous) glacial till. Pond bottoms are typically composed of mud, organic mud, or mud mixed with gravel and stones. All examples are dominated by aquatic macrophytes. ~Potamogeton richardsonii$ is the most prominent and conspicuous plant due to its broad leaves. It dominates the forb layer with up to 50% cover. Other aquatic associates can include ~Utricularia macrorhiza (= Utricularia vulgaris), Potamogeton gramineus, Ranunculus aquatilis, Myriophyllum spicatum$, and ~Polygonum amphibium$.LVAL,M6 hQ:# mV?(_3Q:# M6fO8! CEGL00213129C CEGL00213124C CEGL00213034C CEGL00213026C CEGL00212934C CEGL00212826C CEGL00212629C CEGL00212532C CEGL00212429C CEGL00212325CENDEMIC/RESTRICTED  CEGL00212228P CEGL00212224C CEGL00212133? CEGL00212132? CEGL00212128C This alliance includes estuarine aquatic communities, dominated by ~Vallisneria americana$, sometimes in association with ~Ruppia maritima, Zannichellia palustris, Myriophyllum$ sp., and/or ~Najas guadalupensis$. It is found in the fresh or oligohaline waters of the upper reaches of estuarine bayous and creeks, and the main channel and tributaries of rivers where they enter estuaries. It is known from upper Trinity Bay in Texas, the Pascagoula River, bayous and coastal waters of Mississippi, lakes in coastal Louisiana, and in Apalachicola Bay, Florida.This alliance includes communities of submerged, rooted aquatic vegetation occurring in tidal creeks, pools, and coves with brackish waters. The substrate is often mud-bottomed but may also include sand. Characteristic species include ~Ruppia maritima, Vallisneria americana$, and ~Stuckenia pectinata (= Potamogeton pectinatus)$. This is the most widely distributed seagrass alliance in eastern North America. It ranges around the entire Atlantic and Gulf coasts, from New England to Texas. This vegetation is patchily distributed along the Texas coast, where ~Ruppia maritima$ often occurs mixed with ~Halodule beaudettei$. ~Ruppia maritima$ is the only seagrass capable of growing in freshwater and is therefore often found in the oligohaline to mesohaline upper reaches of estuaries and lower reaches of tidal creeks, bayous and rivers. Because it often behaves as an annual, the distribution and abundance of ~Ruppia maritima$ is often shifting both spatially and temporally.<LVALHY%{O8! jSxaJ,This alliance includes semi-riparian or seep slope conifer forests in upper montane and subalpine areas in the Rocky Mountains. Snowpacks are typically deep and late-lying, and summers are cool. These forests occur in landscape positions where snowmelt moisture creates shallow water tables or seeps for a portion of the growing season. Sites include lower and middle slopes, stream terraces, benches, narrow valleys, or seep slopes. Slope aspects vary, but are often northerly, and can be flat to moderately steep. Soils often have high organic matter content and gleying due to temporarily saturated conditions. These conifer forests are characterized by the codominance of ~Abies lasiocarpa$ and ~Picea engelmannii$ in a moderate to dense tree canopy, but ~Pinus contorta$ can be dominant on some sites. Other conifers can occur. In the northern Rockies, stands typically have a well-developed shrub layer that is dominated by ~Alnus viridis ssp. sinuata$, with lesser amounts of ~Vaccinium$ spp. or ~Xerophyllum tenax$. The herbaceous layer is not lush, and the most constant species are ~Orthilia secunda$ and ~Arnica cordifolia$. In the southern Rockies, these forests do not have a significant layer of shrubs. Sparse cover of ~Salix drummondiana, Lonicera involucrata$, and ~Ribes$ species may be present, and at high elevations the dwarf-shrub ~Vaccinium myrtillus$ occasionally is present. The herbaceous layer is a diverse mixture of mesophytic forbs and is often well over 80% in cover. Important species include ~Cardamine cordifolia, Caltha leptosepala, Ligusticum porteri, Mertensia ciliata, Mitella pentandra, Oxypolis fendleri$, and~Senecio triangularis$. Diagnostic characteristics of these forests are that average tree canopy cover is greater than 60%, with ~Abies lasiocarpa$ being the predominant conifer in the tree-regeneration layer, and that they occur on sites less consistently saturated than forests in the similar seasonally flooded alliance.LVAL!vG}Q%S'`4^2{O#\E.CEGL00222437CLARGE PATCHWIDESPREAD## CEGL00222436CLARGE PATCHLIMITED  CEGL00222435CLARGE PATCHPERIPHERAL## CEGL00222337CLARGE PATCHLIMVegetation within this alliance occurs in cold, snowy environments in west-central Oregon. These are subalpine forests which occur at elevations over 1000 m, primarily west of the Cascade crest, where maritime influence and deep winter snowpacks are typical. Precipitation ranges from 150-400 cm annually, falling largely as snow, and snowpacks usually linger into June or later. These wetland forests are located on terraces along streams, in depressions, around edges of lakes, and on subirrigated slopes (which can be steep). Most stands are hydrated with seasonal ponding or flooding from snowmelt and runoff. Some sites are saturated with groundwater year-round. Soils are usually shallow, acidic, and nutrient-poor Histosols occurring over bedrock. Productivity of these sites is typically low, which discourages competition from faster growing conifers. Communities within this alliance occur at the ecotone between the subalpine and montane zones, and contain species from each zone. They are mature forests with closed to somewhat open canopies, often with multiple tree layers and copious woody debris. These are commonly mixed stands with ~Chamaecyparis nootkatensis$ dominating, but ~Abies amabilis$ or ~Tsuga mertensiana$ are important associates. ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ and ~Pinus contorta$ may also be present. These forests have somewhat lush understories because of the abundant moisture. Shrubs such as ~Acer circinatum, Vaccinium membranaceum, Rhododendron albiflorum$, or ~Oplopanax horridus$ dominate the understory of these stands. The herbaceous layer is typically lush, and is dominated by shade-tolerant, mesic species, including ~Athyrium filix-femina, Clintonia uniflora, Tiarella trifoliata, Polystichum munitum$, and ~Carex$ spp.'LVAL5zN7  \0L jS<%r[D-T3}fO# CEGL00228236CSMALL PATCHWIDESPREAD## CEGL00228235CSMALL PATCHWIDESPREAD## CEGL00228140C CEGL00228139? CEGL00228138C CEGL00228137CSMALThis alliance is found throughout much of western North America from the western Great Plains to intermountain and southwestern U.S. Elevation ranges from sea level to 2200 m. It occurs after disturbance of a natural shrub- or grass-dominated community resulting in the replacement of the natural vegetation by non-native, annual grass species of ~Bromus$. ~Bromus tectorum$ typically dominates the community with over 80-90% of the total vegetation cover, making it difficult to determine what natural community was formerly present. This alliance also includes grasslands dominated or codominated by other Eurasian introduced annual ~Bromus$ species such as ~Bromus hordeaceus, Bromus madritensis, Bromus japonicus, Bromus rigidus$, or ~Bromus rubens$, but is distinct from the annual ~Bromus$ communities found along the Pacific Coast with Mediterranean or maritime climates.Montane rainforest of Martinique. Forests occupying small areas at elevations of 900-1000 m on the windward side and 1000-1100 m on the leeward side of Martinique. Two tree strata without an emergent layer are present, and the canopy averages 20 m in height. Common tree species include ~Cordia elliptica, Chimarrhis cymosa, Tovomita plumieri, Pouteria chrysophylloides, Ocotea dominicana (= Nectandra dominicana), Sterculia caribaea, Cecropia schreberiana (= Cecropia peltata), Pouteria dussiana, Podocarpus coriaceus, Clusia plukenetii, Prestoea acuminata var. montana (= Prestoea montana), Inga coruscans, Calyptranthes fasciculata, Myrcia martinicensis, Freziera undulata var. elegans, Cyathea arborea, Cyathea muricata, Myrcia deflexa, Byrsonima martinicensis, Hedyosmum arborescens, Genipa americana, Ilex$ spp., ~Pouteria hahniana$, and ~Rondeletia$ spp.LVALxtQpQ$z̮tQ\pQ$z tQpQ$zttQpQ$z0vQXpQe`c$z\0vQpQe%ue%eThis alliance consists of calcareous (limestone and dolostone) and mafic (diabase) glades dominated by the annual grasses ~Sporobolus neglectus, Sporobolus vaginiflorus var. vaginiflorus$, and/or ~Sporobolus vaginiflorus var. ozarkanus (= Sporobolus ozarkanus)$. Other annual grasses and forbs are often prominent, as well. In Arkansas, associated species include ~Penstemon cobaea, Echinacea simulata, Echinacea pallida, Echinacea paradoxa var. paradoxa$, and ~Lithospermum canescens$. In Tennessee, some of the co-occurring perennial forbs are the endemic or near-endemic ~Dalea gattingeri$ and ~Pediomelum subacaule$, along with ~Croton capitatus, Grindelia lanceolata, Hedyotis nigricans, Heliotropium tenellum, Isanthus brachiatus, Manfreda virginica$, and ~Ruellia humilis$. A zonal component of Arkansas Upper West Gulf Coastal Plain Nepheline Syenite glades is also placed here. This vegetation is dominated by early flowering species that complete their life cycles before the glades dry up in the early summer, as well as fall-flowering annual grasses (e.g., ~Sporobolus clandestinus$). These species include ~Amsonia ciliata var. ciliata, Astragalus distortus (var. engelmannii, var. distortus), Clinopodium arkansanum (= Calamintha arkansana), Cheilanthes lanosa, Chamaesyce missurica (= Euphorbia missurica), Oenothera linifolia, Phacelia hirsuta, Plantago pusilla, Sabatia campestris, Salvia azurea, Schizachyrium scoparium, Sporobolus clandestinus, Talinum calycinum, Cladonia$ spp. (lichens), ~Grimmia$ spp. (mosses), and ~Nostoc$ spp. (blue-green algae).-LVALg;yEi=vJ\3h<dM6 {O#sCEGL00238650CSMALL PATCHWIDESPREAD## CEGL00238649CSMALL PATCHWIDESPREAD## CEGL00238648CSMALL PATCHWIDESPREAD## CEGL00238647CSMALL PATCHWIDESPREAD## CEGL00238646CSMALL PATCHWIDESPREAD## CEGL00238645CSMALL PATCHWIDESPREAD## CEGL00238644CLARGE PATCHWIDESPREAD## CEGL00238643CSMALL PATCHWIDESPREAD## CEGL00238642CSMALL PATCHWIDESPREADSIZE TYPE 7.# ?CEGL00238641CSMALL PATCHPERIPHERAL## CEGLThis alliance consists of the vegetation of seasonally flooded pools on granitic flatrocks in Georgia, South Carolina, and Alabama. These communities are generally dominated by the nominal species ~Amphianthus pusillus, Isoetes melanospora$, and ~Isoetes tegetiformans$, all of which are endemic to granitic flatrocks of the southeastern United States. ~Diamorpha smallii$ may occupy adjacent marginal areas of this community, which are flooded for shorter periods of time. Other species which may occur are ~Juncus georgianus$ and ~Cyperus granitophilus$.Seasonally flooded riverbanks, depressional wetlands, and other sandy shores, with a seasonal drawdown zone dominated by annuals, many of them diminutive. Includes annual-dominated drawdown banks of blackwater rivers and other seasonally flooded muddy to silty banks. Annuals dominate this community and can include ~Eragrostis hypnoides, Lipocarpha micrantha, Lindernia dubia var. dubia, Lindernia dubia var. anagallidea, Micranthemum umbrosum, Oldenlandia uniflora, Cyperus strigosus, Bidens discoidea, Bidens frondosa, Fimbristylis perpusilla, Fimbristylis autumnalis$, and ~Juncus pelocarpus$. Perennials are also present, including ~Juncus repens, Cyperus strigosus, Helenium flexuosum, Gratiola aurea, Ludwigia sphaerocarpa, Polygonum hydropiperoides, Polygonum amphibium$, and ~Sabatia kennedyana$, but the community is generally dominated by a sparse to dense turf of annuals, most of the cover from 2-10 cm tall.LVALV]FzN"_6d8 _-|eN%]FCEGL00242342CLARGE PATCHENDEMIC/RESTRICTEDSIZE TYPE 36+ ?CEGL00242341CLARGE PATCHPERIPHERAL## CEGL00242340PLARGE PATCHPERIPHERAL## CEGL00242244CLARGE PATCHWIDESPREAD## CEGL00242243C CEGL00242242CSMALL PATCHWIDESPREADSIZE TYPE 7.#Vegetation in this alliance occurs in ephemeral pools, shallow depressions, and/or seepage areas on large granite outcrops in the Piedmont from Alabama to Virginia, and also occurs locally as a zonal component of sandstone flatrock vegetation in the Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee. ~Diamorpha smallii$ is dominant and will have high cover in some examples. Some examples may also have ~Minuartia glabra, Minuartia uniflora$ (from southern North Carolina southwards), ~Cyperus granitophilus$, and other annuals. This alliance also includes seepage areas with greater wetness which contain or are dominated by ~Talinum teretifolium$ and ~Portulaca smallii$, with ~Lindernia monticola$ present in some occurrences.This alliance is found in the northern Great Plains. Stands are found in shallow, broad depressions with poor drainage and high salt concentrations. Most soils are clay to silty loam and may have salt encrustations on the surface after drying out in midsummer. The surface soil has an average salt concentration of 4.8%. Water often collects on the surface in the spring or after heavy rains, but by midsummer the soil can be dry to moist. Total vegetation cover is sparse to moderate with exposed soil. The harsh conditions provided by the saline soil, spring flooding, and summer drought limit the number of species capable of growing in this alliance. Stands that have more stable water tables can have moderate diversity. ~Salicornia rubra$, an annual forb, dominates this alliance. Other species that are often found are ~Chenopodium rubrum, Distichlis spicata, Hordeum jubatum, Puccinellia nuttalliana$, and ~Suaeda calceoliformis$.LVAL oX1xQ*dM! _3 `4[/d%kCEGL00245764CMATRIXLIMITED CEGL00245748CMATRIXWIDESPREAD CEGL00245747C CEGL00245648CLARGE PATCHWIDESPREAD## CEGL00245647CLARGE Vegetation of this alliance develops where seepage occurs through acidic clays on saturated vertical to near-vertical, shaded exposures along large creeks. This vegetation is typically dominated by ~Sphagnum$ spp., ~Pallavicinia lyellii$, other mosses such as ~Atrichum$ sp., ~Plagiomnium$ sp., and other various liverworts and mosses. This vegetation occurs on cutbanks of large creeks. Shrubs often arch over the banks from above, shading them for much of the day.This alliance includes depressions in Coastal Plain sands dominated by aquatic mats of ~Sphagnum cuspidatum$, usually with little or no vascular vegetation, except sometimes ~Utricularia$ spp. These communities are seasonally flooded 15-100 cm deep, generally ponded during the winter months into the spring, but drying down by late summer in most years. The ~Sphagnum$ is usually stranded as bleached remnants by early autumn.This alliance consists of shallow-soil glades of the southeastern United States. ~Sedum pulchellum$ is characteristic, and it often forms dense mats. In addition to ~Sedum pulchellum$ (which has been characterized as being annual, biennial, or perennial), the vegetation consists largely of annuals (~Leavenworthia$) or nonvascular plants (e.g., ~Nostoc$, a blue-green alga or cyanobacterium). ~Talinum calcaricum$ is actually a perennial. In Arkansas examples, herbaceous associates include ~Croton willdenowii, Plantago aristata, Coreopsis lanceolata, Agrostis elliottiana, Danthonia spicata, Hordeum pusillum$, and ~Ruellia humilis$. Vernal pools or depressions in the substrate which hold moisture play an important role in the dynamics and persistence of this vegetation. In Tennessee and Texas, this alliance occurs over limestone or glauconite; in Arkansas, it occurs over shale.LVALtG! xaJ3U)]6 {e9 zdN8" `9CEGL00264110CPERIPHERALLINEAR 7CThis alliance consists of vegetation dominated by ~Umbilicaria mammulata$, of relatively moist rock outcrops. This vegetation occurs where periodic seepage occurs on acidic rock outcrops. Individual occurrences can be as large as an acre. Vascular plants are generally sparse or absent, though trees of adjacent forest communities often shade the outcrop community for much of the day.This alliance consists of xeric lichen-dominated vegetation, codominated by ~Lasallia papulosa$ and ~Umbilicaria caroliniana$. This alliance is known from moderate to high elevations of the Southern Blue Ridge of Tennessee and North Carolina, where it occurs on steeply sloping exfoliation outcrops of felsic metamorphic rocks.This alliance consists of consolidated cliffs or unconsolidated bouldery talus dominated by ~Umbilicaria muehlenbergii$, in combination with other lichens. The only association currently defined in this alliance occurs on talus and exposed outcrops of Tuscarora quartzitic sandstone, at 1050-1400 m (3500-4600 feet) elevation in the central Appalachians, and it is dominated by ~Umbilicaria muehlenbergii, Lasallia papulosa$, and ~Melanelia stygia$. The highly acid, extremely quartzitic rocks support numerous crustose lichens. Crevices with slight soil development have ~Cladina rangiferina$, and very scattered vascular plants, such as ~Vaccinium angustifolium, Menziesia pilosa, Kalmia latifolia$, and ~Sorbus americana$, are established.This alliance consists of large rock outcrops with little or no vascular vegetation and dominated by ~Lasallia papulosa$, with or without ~Lasallia pensylvanica$. It is known from the Sauratown Mountains in the upper Piedmont of North Carolina. It is replaced at higher elevations of the southern Appalachians by the ~~Lasallia papulosa - Umbilicaria caroliniana$ Nonvascular Alliance (A.1826)$$.LVALjT>lU?(_7! {S+|eN7  hQ- yP'CEGL00271817CMATRIXLIMITED CEGL00271717CMATThis alliance includes vegetation dominated by algal mats in large, seasonally flooded depressions and flats in south Florida and the West Indies. Vegetation of this alliance consists of mixtures of cyanobacteria and green algae. The only known association in this alliance is broadly defined, and consists of a dense fibrous algal periphyton developed over thin layers of oozy marl overlying oolitic limestone. The cyanobacteria in the algal mats precipitate CaCO3, creating the calcitic marl. A very sparse growth of vascular plants sometimes occurs, including ~Eleocharis$ spp., ~Utricularia$ spp., or widely scattered and extremely stunted ~Rhizophora mangle$. ~Chara$ spp. are sometimes abundant, and are typically imbedded in the algal periphyton. Occurrences of this alliance can be large (hundreds to thousands of acres).This alliance is found in the western Great Lakes region on rocky substrates. Mosses and lichens comprise most of the cover. Short trees, shrubs, and graminoids are scattered throughout the stands. Vascular species can be found where soil has collected in cracks and depressions in the bedrock and on the edges of stands. ~Cladonia$ spp. and ~Polytrichum$ spp. are two abundant nonvascular taxa. ~Pinus banksiana$ is the most common tree, sometimes accompanied by ~Abies balsamea, Picea glauca, Picea mariana$, and ~Quercus rubra$. Other typical vascular species include the shrubs ~Amelanchier$ spp., ~Diervilla lonicera, Salix bebbiana$, and ~Vaccinium$ spp., and herbaceous species such as ~Aralia hispida, Corydalis sempervirens, Sibbaldiopsis tridentata$, and grasses. ^Stands of this alliance occur on rock outcrops on ridgetops and upper slopes. The sandy and coarse loamy soils are found only in cracks and depressions in the bedrock. Aspect and slope are variable, although this alliance does not occur on steep slopes.nLVALno"|Pg8xDpDv_8 ybK4|CEGThis alliance encompasses sparse vegetation characterized by ~Physocarpus opulifolius$, occurring on vertical or near-vertical exposures of mafic or ultramafic rocks, such as amphibolite, hornblende gneiss, and others. Other species may include species characteristic of mafic and/or calcareous rocks, though species characteristic of more felsic rocks often also occur.This alliance includes sparse vascular vegetation of moist and shaded calcareous cliffs. Calciphilic herbs, such as ~Cystopteris bulbifera, Pellaea atropurpurea, Asplenium rhizophyllum, Sedum ternatum$, and others, occupy suitable crevices. Various mosses and liverworts, including ~Anomodon attenuatus, Anomodon rostratus, Dumortiera hirsuta$, and others, can be locally abundant.This alliance includes dry to rather moist limestone and dolomite outcrops, usually shaded by trees rooted in adjacent forested communities. Vascular and nonvascular vegetation are sparse in stands of this alliance. Calciphilic herbs, such as ~Asplenium ruta-muraria, Pellaea atropurpurea, Pellaea glabella ssp. glabella, Asplenium resiliens, Aquilegia canadensis$, and others occupy suitable crevices. Moister microhabitats of the crevice may have mosses such as ~Anomodon rostratus$ and ~Anomodon attenuatus$.This alliance includes near-vertical to overhanging cliffs, dry to moist, with crevices, generally with very little vascular vegetation, and little nonvascular vegetation, with ~Asplenium montanum$ as a characteristic component. This community occurs on a number of different rock types, including sandstone, quartzite, gneiss, schist, phyllite, but all are acidic (pH of soils in crevices is usually less than 4.0). ~Asplenium montanum$ is a characteristic species in stands of this type, although it may not have high cover and will not necessarily even be present. ~Heuchera parviflora$ and ~Silene rotundifolia$ are equally characteristic and diagnostic.LVALpE.W/a;g<{P9R*|f>CEGL00334215C CEGL0033412CLARGE PATCHENDEMIC/RESTRICTED** CEGL00334015C CEGL0033392CSMALL PATCHLIMITED CEGL0033382CSMALL PATCHLIMITED CEGL0033372CSMALL PATCHLIMITED CEGL0033361C CEGL0033352CSMALL PATCHLIMITED CEGL0033342CLARGE PATCHENDEMIC/RESTRICTED** CEGL0033332CSMALL PATCHPERIPHERAL"" CEGL0033322CSMALL PATCHLIMITED CEGL0033312CSMALL PATCHLIMITED CEGL0033302CSMALL PATCHENDEMIC/RESTRICTED** CEGL0033292CSMALL PATCHLIMITED CEGL0033282CENDEMIC/RESTRICTEDLINEAR% 7CEGL0033272CSMALL PATCHENDEMIC/RESTRICTED** CEGL0033262CSMALL PATCHWIDESPREAD"" CEGL00332515C CEGL0033242CSMALL PATCHWIDESPREAD"" CEGL00332320CSMALL PATCHWIDESPREAD## CEGL0033232CSMALL PATCHWIThis alliance contains one community characterized by large expanses of exposed granite surfaces, with scattered soil-filled depressions, crevices, gravel areas, and shallow pools. Vegetative cover is sparse and limited to areas where shallow sand or gravel accumulate. Typical species include ~Sedum nuttallianum, Plantago wrightiana, Talinum parviflorum, Helenium amarum, Campanula reverchonii, Aphanostephus skirrhobasis, Hypericum gentianoides$. Areas with deeper soils are dominated by ~Schizachyrium scoparium$ occurring with other grasses such as ~Bouteloua hirsuta, Bouteloua curtipendula$, and ~Aristida purpurea$. Bare rock is occupied by scattered patches of crustose and foliose lichens, mosses, and several ferns and fern allies including ~Selaginella peruviana, Selaginella arenicola ssp. riddellii, Cheilanthes lindheimeri, Cheilanthes tomentosa, Woodsia obtusa ssp. occidentalis$, and ~Pellaea ternifolia$. Narrow, shallow crevices harbor species tolerant of the most xeric conditions including ~Echinocereus reichenbachii, Eriogonum tenellum$, and ~Opuntia leptocaulis$.LVALjS*lU>'R;^G0|HY%X7CEGL00358957CENDEMIC/RESTRICTED  CEGL0035This alliance is known from riverside quartz sand dunes along the Rio Grande River in Trans-Pecos Texas in the vicinity of Boquillas. ~Heliotropium racemosum$ dominates the sparse vegetation. ~Chamaesyce$ sp. is also common. Density and composition of the vegetation varies from year to year depending on moisture.This alliance is known from sparsely vegetated quartz sand dunes in the eastern Trans-Pecos of Texas. Known examples have sparse vegetation consisting primarily of annuals. Most abundant species include ~Heliotropium convolvulaceum, Psoralidium lanceolatum, Polanisia jamesii, Helianthus petiolaris, Helianthus neglectus, Panicum havardii, Chamaesyce carunculata (= Euphorbia carunculata)$, and ~Mentzelia$ sp. This vegetation varies a great deal from year to year, depending on moisture.This sparsely vegetated alliance of the Mojave and Colorado deserts is found in active and partially stabilized dune systems between 10 and 1200 m elevation. These dune systems are shaped by abiotic factors and move too rapidly to be stabilized by plants establishing on them. Plant cover is therefore very sparse. Subsurface water is held for long periods of time so shrubs that can survive long enough to get rooted can persist through long droughts. Scattered forbs and grasses in the herbaceous layer characterize this alliance. No one plant is diagnostic, but typically three or more of the following can be found: ~Pleuraphis rigida (= Hilaria rigida), Panicum urvilleanum, Oenothera deltoides, Croton californicus, Abronia villosa, Geraea canescens, Dicoria canescens, Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Cleome sparsifolia$, and ~Rumex hymenosepalus$. Individual emergent shrubs, such as ~Eriogonum deserticola, Larrea tridentata, Atriplex canescens$, and ~Ambrosia dumosa$, may be present. Total plant cover rarely exceeds 10%.XLVALdgI kB}T6qZC,tR;$ pYB+~U! CEGL00374043P CEGL00374042P CEGL00374041C CEGL00374040C CEGL00373956C CEGL00373955C CEGL00373750CSMALL PATCHENDEMIC/RESTRICTED++ CEGL00373553CENDEMIC/RESTRICTED  CEGL00373457CENDEMIC/RESTRICTED  CEGL00373357CLARGE PATCHENDEMIC/RESTRICTED++ CEGL00373356CLARGE PATCH CEGL00372924C CEGL00372558C CEGL00372550C CEGL00372252C CEGL003721Sparse stands of dune vegetation included in this alliance occur in the lower Sonoran and Colorado deserts below 100 m elevation. The climate is arid. Summer temperatures are hot, and winters only rarely dip below freezing. Precipitation has a bimodal distribution with almost half occurring from July to September and the rest occurring during the winter months. Annual precipitation varies greatly year to year. Stands occur on active and partially stabilized dunes. Sites are level to steep and occur on all aspects. Substrate is deep, shifting dune sand. This alliance includes the sparse stands of vegetation that occur on active dunes in southwestern Arizona. Total vegetation canopy cover may be less than 10% and is dominated by the dwarf-shrub ~Eriogonum deserticola$. The perennial bunchgrass ~Pleuraphis rigida (= Hilaria rigida)$ is codominant in some stands. Species diversity is typically low compared to adjacent vegetation. Stands in the Yuma Desert have cover values of 9% total vegetation with 5.8% ~Eriogonum deserticola$, 1.4% ~Ephedra trifurca$, and 1% ~Pleuraphis rigida$. Other species present include shrubs and dwarf-shrubs, such as ~Ambrosia dumosa, Croton wigginsii, Larrea tridentata, Parkinsonia microphylla, Psorothamnus emoryi$, and the forbs ~Brassica tournefortii, Cryptantha$ sp., ~Dicoria canescens$, and ~Palafoxia arida$. Adjacent vegetation is ~Larrea tridentata$ and ~Ambrosia dumosa$ desertscrub.ZLVALhr3r3sJ3~gP9 uIpYB+e1CEGL00384356? CEGL00384355P CEGL00384353CLIMITED CEGL00384156CENDEMIC/RESTRICTED  CEGL00384153CENDEMIC/RESTRICTED  CEGL00384058CSMALL PATCHENDEMIC/RESTRICTED++ CEThe ~~Pinus ponderosa$ Sparsely Vegetated Alliance (A.1859)$$ is found in the lower foothills zone of a portion of the southern Rocky Mountains. This alliance occurs on sand dunes deposited against lower western slopes by prevailing strong, westerly winds. It occupies deep, sandy soils of stabilized sand dunes, from 5900-6300 feet in elevation. Soils are very dry due to the porous nature of the sands. This is a very sparse woodland alliance, with scattered trees of ~Pinus ponderosa$ and ~Juniperus monosperma$. There is a sparse shrub layer, composed of ~Poliomintha incana$ and ~Cercocarpus montanus$, with 1-5% cover. The herbaceous layer is sparse, with perennial grasses contributing the most cover. These include several species characteristic of sandy, dry substrates such as ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Sporobolus contractus, Andropogon hallii$, and ~Muhlenbergia pungens$.This alliance consists of very sparsely vegetated large shifting coastal dunes (medaos). The vegetation consists primarily of woody vines which reached the canopy of maritime forests now covered by the shifting (rogue) dunes. As the forest was covered by the shifting dune, woody vines were able to grow rapidly enough to avoid being covered, and now form low mounds on the surface of the dune which accumulate wind-blown sand. Scattered vegetation is present, particularly woody vines. ~Vitis rotundifolia, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Campsis radicans$, and ~Vitis cinerea var. floridana$ are particularly prevalent. Scattered clumps of pioneer herbs and subshrubs, such as ~Uniola paniculata$ and ~Hudsonia tomentosa$ occur in sheltered locations, particularly low on the dune. H2M1|}QqZ.pY-lCg;$CEGL00249648CSMALL PATCHWIDESPREAD## CEGL00249647C CEGL00249 A.1831CSoutheastVII.A.1.N.aASPLENIUM MONTANUM SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCEMountain Spleenwort Sparsely Vegetated Alliance@SYA.S. WEAKLEY}N    A.1830CSoutheastVI.C.1.N.aALGAL PERIPHYTON SEASONALLY FLOODED NONVASCULAR ALLIANCEAlgal Periphyton Seasonally Flooded Nonvascular Alliance=@RYA.S. WEAKLEYW   A.1829CWestVI.B.2.N.aSTEREOCAULON VULCANI NONVASCULAR ALLIANCEVolcano Lichen Nonvascular AllianceYWCSjgffC   A.1828CMidwestVI.B.1.N.cPINUS BANKSIANA / CLADINA SPP. NONVASCULAR ALLIANCEJack Pine / Reindeer Lichen species Nonvascular Alliance@RYMCSP   A.1827CSoutheastVI.B.1.N.bUMBILICARIA MAMMULATA NONVASCULAR ALLIANCECommon Rocktripe Nonvascular Alliance@QYA.S. WEAKLEY{znI   A.1826CSoutheastVI.B.1.N.bLASALLIA PAPULOSA - UMBILICARIA CAROLINIANA NONVASCULAR ALLIANCEToadskin Lichen - Carolina Rocktripe Nonvascular AllianceG@QYA.S. WEAKLEY_   A.1825CEastVI.B.1.N.bUMBILICARIA MUEHLENBERGII NONVASCULAR ALLIANCELesser Rocktripe Nonvascular Alliance@QYA.S. WEAKLEYzymH   A.1824CSoutheastVI.B.1.N.aLASALLIA PAPULOSA - (LASALLIA PENSYLVANICA) NONVASCULAR ALLIANCEToadskin Lichen - (Pennsylvania Toadskin Lichen) Nonvascular Alliance@QYA.S. WEAKLEY_   A.1823CSoutheastVI.A.1.N.cSPHAGNUM SPP. - PALLAVICINIA LYELLII SATURATED NONVASCULAR ALLIANCEPeatmoss species - Pallavicinia Saturated Nonvascular Alliance@PYM. PYNEb   A.1822CWestVI.A.1.N.cRACOMITRIUM LANUGINOSUM SATURATED NONVASCULAR ALLIANCEWoolly Moss Saturated Nonvascular AllianceYWCS~{zzP   A.1821CSoutheastVI.A.1.N.bSPHAGNUM CUSPIDATUM SEASONALLY FLOODED NONVASCULAR ALLIANCEToothed Peatmoss Seasonally Flooded Nonvascular Alliance@PYA.S. WEAKLEYZ  ! >pD5$E*g;$ |X/ A.1848CSoutheastVII.B.1.N.bPERICOME CAUDATA SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCEMountain Tail-leaf Sparsely Vegetated Alliance@1YA.S. WEAKLEY/K.D. PATTERSzL    A.1847CMidwestVII.B.1.N.aLOWLAND TALUS SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCELowland Talus Sparsely Vegetated Alliance@0YMCS}|pG   A.1846CSoutheastVII.A.2.N.aSEDUM NUTTALLIANUM SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCENuttall's Stonecrop Sparsely Vegetated Alliance?@TYK.D. PATTERSON}N    A.1845CLatin AmericaVII.A.2.N.aRHACHICALLIS AMERICANA SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCEYLACD[WVVV$  ? A.1844CWestVII.A.2.N.aPOLYPODIUM PELLUCIDUM SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCEDotted Polypody Sparsely Vegetated AllianceYWCS{xwwL   A.1843CMidwestVII.A.2.N.aOPEN PAVEMENT SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCEOpen Pavement Sparsely Vegetated Alliance@0YMCS}|pG   A.1842CLatin AmericaVII.A.2.N.aMELOCACTUS HARLOWII SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCEHarlow's Turk's-cap Sparsely Vegetated AllianceYLACDS$   A.1840CEastVII.A.2.N.aCERASTIUM ARVENSE SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCEField Chickweed Sparsely Vegetated AllianceYECSwtssH   A.1838CMidwestVII.A.1.N.aROCK OUTCROP SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCERock Outcrop Sparsely Vegetated Alliance@0YMCS~{znF   A.1837CSoutheastVII.A.1.N.aPHYSOCARPUS OPULIFOLIUS SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCEEastern Ninebark Sparsely Vegetated Alliancer@SYA.S. WEAKLEYS    A.1836CMidwestVII.A.1.N.aOPEN CLIFF SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCEOpen Cliff Sparsely Vegetated Alliance@0YMCSzwvjD   A.1834CSoutheastVII.A.1.N.aCYSTOPTERIS BULBIFERA - ASPLENIUM RHIZOPHYLLUM SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCEBulblet Bladderfern - Walking Fern Sparsely Vegetated Alliance}@SYA.S. WEAKLEYj    A.1832CSoutheastVII.A.1.N.aASPLENIUM RUTA-MURARIA - PELLAEA ATROPURPUREA SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCEWall-rue - Purple Cliffbrake Sparsely Vegetated Alliance@SYSCS/ECSi    p9]qAV(e: A.1859CWestVII.C.1.N.bPINUS PONDEROSA SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCEPonderosa Pine Sparsely Vegetated Alliance@WYM.S. REID}|pF   A.1858CSoutheastVII.C.1.N.bVITIS ROTUNDIFOLIA - PARTHENOCISSUS QUINQUEFOLIA / TRIPLASIS PURPUREA UNSTABILIZED DUNE SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCEMuscadine - Virginia Creeper / Purple Sandgrass Unstabilized Dune Sparsely Vegetated Alliance @WYA.S. WEAKLEY    A.1857CEastVII.C.1.N.bINLAND DUNE SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCEInland Dune Sparsely Vegetated Alliance@7YECSyvuiB   A.1856CWestVII.C.1.N.aERIOGONUM DESERTICOLA SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCEColorado Desert Wild Buckwheat Sparsely Vegetated Alliance@VYK. SCHULZL   A.1855CMidwestVII.C.1.N.aHERBACEOUS DUNES SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCEHerbaceous Dunes Sparsely Vegetated Alliance@7YMCSvJ   A.1854CSoutheastVII.C.1.N.aHELIOTROPIUM RACEMOSUM SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCEDune Heliotrope Sparsely Vegetated Alliance:@UYA.S. WEAKLEY/K.D. PATTERS}R    A.1853CSoutheastVII.C.1.N.aHELIOTROPIUM CONVOLVULACEUM SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCEBindweed Heliotrope Sparsely Vegetated Alliance@UYA.S. WEAKLEY/K.D. PATTERSW    A.1852CWestVII.C.1.N.aABRONIA VILLOSA SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCEDesert Sand-verbena Sparsely Vegetated Alliance@UYM. SCHINDELuF   A.1851CMidwestVII.B.2.N.bGRAVEL WASH SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCEGravel Wash Sparsely Vegetated Alliance@6YMCS|yxlE   A.1850CMidwestVII.B.2.N.bCOBBLE/GRAVEL SHORE SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCECobble/Gravel Shore Sparsely Vegetated Alliance@2YMCS|M   A.185CWestI.A.8.N.fTSUGA HETEROPHYLLA SEASONALLY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEWestern Hemlock Seasonally Flooded Forest AllianceYM.S. REID/D. SARRM   A.1849CWestVII.B.2.N.aHAWAIIAN BOULDER COAST SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCEHawaiian Boulder Coast Sparsely Vegetated AllianceYWCSM  { b;$Xh$W@ybK v_H1zc:u^G0xL5 A.1871CMidwestVII.C.3.N.bCLAY SLOPES SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCEClay Slopes Sparsely Vegetated Alliance@:YMCS|yxlE   A.1870CSoutheastVII.C.3.N.bBOUTELOUA BREVISETA SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCEGyp Grama Sparsely Vegetated Alliance@`YA.S. WEAKLEY/K.D. PATTERStO    A.187CWestI.A.8.N.fABIES AMABILIS SEASONALLY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEPacific Silver Fir Seasonally Flooded Forest AllianceYM.S. REID/D. SARR~~I   A.1868CSoutheastVII.C.2.N.dSESUVIUM SPP. - ATRIPLEX SPP. - SUAEDA SPP. TIDAL SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCESea-purslane species - Saltbush species - Sea-blite species Tidal Sparsely Vegetated AllianceJ@`YA.S. WEAKLEYm    A.1865CSoutheastVII.C.2.N.cSESUVIUM VERRUCOSUM TEMPORARILY FLOODED SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCEWinged Sea-purslane Temporarily Flooded Sparsely Vegetated Allianceq@:YA.S. WEAKLEYc    A.1864CMidwestVII.C.2.N.cSAND FLATS TEMPORARILY FLOODED SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCESand Flats Temporarily Flooded Sparsely Vegetated Alliance@:YMCSX   A.1863CLatin AmericaVII.C.2.N.bCAKILE LANCEOLATA INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCEWest Indian Sea-rocket Intermittently Flooded Sparsely Vegetated Alliance5@9YLACD¾h$   A.1862CMidwestVII.C.2.N.aINLAND STRAND BEACH SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCEInland Strand Beach Sparsely Vegetated Alliance@7YMCS|M   A.1861CEastVII.C.2.N.aCAKILE EDENTULA SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCESea-rocket Sparsely Vegetated AllianceaYECS|yxlF   A.1860CSoutheastVII.C.2.N.aCAKILE CONSTRICTA SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCEGulf Sea-rocket Sparsely Vegetated Alliance@`YA.S. WEAKLEYxM    A.186CWestI.A.8.N.fTSUGA MERTENSIANA SEASONALLY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEMountain Hemlock Seasonally Flooded Forest AllianceYM.S. REID/D. SARRL    e?*mV- dA.1881CSoutheastV.B.2.N.hPOLYGONUM SPP. (SECTION PERSICARIA) SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESmartweed species Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous AlliancehYSCS 12-97, MOD. M. PYNEĭh   dA.1880CSoutheastIII.C.2.N.eALNUS SERRULATA - SALIX SERICEA - RHODODENDRON (CATAWBIENSE, MAXIMUM) SATURATED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESmooth Alder - Silky Willow - (Catawba Rhododendron, Great Rhododendron) Saturated Shrubland Alliance@gYA.S. WEAKLEY/G.P. FLEMING    A.188CWestI.A.8.N.fPINUS CONTORTA SEASONALLY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCELodgepole Pine Seasonally Flooded Forest AlliancelfYM.S. REIDzI   -A.1879CEastV.B.2.N.gISOETES RIPARIA TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCERiverbank Quillwort Tidal Herbaceous Alliance@eYECS|{oB   A.1878CMidwestVII.C.4.N.cNON-TIDAL MUD FLAT SEASONALLY/TEMPORARILY FLOODED SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCENon-tidal Mud Flat Seasonally/Temporarily Flooded Sparsely Vegetated Alliance@;YMCSĸk   A.1877CWestVII.C.4.N.bSARCOBATUS VERMICULATUS INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCEBlack Greasewood Intermittently Flooded Sparsely Vegetated Alliance@eYK. SCHULZe   A.1876CWestVII.C.4.N.aPSEUDOROEGNERIA SPICATA SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCEBluebunch Wheatgrass Sparsely Vegetated AllianceW@dYK. SCHULZ~N   A.1875CMidwestVII.C.3.N.bLARGE ERODING BLUFFS SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCELarge Eroding Bluffs Sparsely Vegetated Alliance@:YMCS~N   A.1874CWestVII.C.3.N.bARTEMISIA LONGIFOLIA SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCELongleaf Wormwood Sparsely Vegetated Alliance@cYK. SCHULZxK   A.1873CSoutheastVII.C.3.N.bTIDESTROMIA CARNOSA SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCEFleshy Honeysweet Sparsely Vegetated Alliance@`YA.S. WEAKLEY/K.D. PATTERS|O    A.1872CMidwestVII.C.3.N.bSMALL ERODING BLUFFS SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCESmall Eroding Bluffs Sparsely Vegetated Alliance@:YMCS~N  S m'}3$s2}>'l@N-xL pDhCEGL006191 dA.1893CLatin AmericaII.A.3.N.aPINUS CARIBAEA VAR. CARIBAEA WOODLAND ALLIANCECaribbean Pine Woodland Alliance; Pino Hondureno Woodland Alliance@;YLACDQ#   dA.1892CLatin AmericaII.A.1.N.fBUCIDA MOLINETII SATURATED WOODLAND ALLIANCESpiny Bucida Saturated Woodland AllianceYLACD|xwwO#   eA.1891CLatin AmericaII.A.1.N.aPHOENIX DACTYLIFERA WOODLAND ALLIANCEDate Palm Woodland AllianceNK. LINDSAY/B. HORWITHydccH#   dA.1890CLatin AmericaII.A.1.N.aHIPPOMANE MANCINELLA - COCCOLOBA UVIFERA WOODLAND ALLIANCEManchineel - Sea-grape Woodland Alliance@cNK. LINDSAY/B. HORWITH]#   dA.1888CSoutheastIII.A.4.N.eTAMARIX SPP. TIDAL SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESalt-cedar species Tidal Shrubland AllianceB@dYA.S. WEAKLEY}|pE    dA.1887CSoutheastII.A.4.N.gJUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA VAR. SILICICOLA TIDAL WOODLAND ALLIANCECoastal Red-cedar Tidal Woodland Alliance@jYA.S. WEAKLEY[   dA.1886CSoutheastI.C.3.N.ePINUS TAEDA - NYSSA BIFLORA - TAXODIUM DISTICHUM TIDAL FOREST ALLIANCELoblolly Pine - Swamp Blackgum - Bald-cypress Tidal Forest AlliancekYG.P. FLEMING/A.S. WEAKLEYʹd   dA.1885CSoutheastI.C.2.N.eMAGNOLIA VIRGINIANA - NYSSA BIFLORA - (TAXODIUM DISTICHUM, NYSSA AQUATICA, PERSEA PALUSTRIS) TIDAL FOREST ALLIANCESweetbay - Swamp Blackgum - (Bald-cypress, Water Tupelo, Swampbay) Tidal Forest Alliance2@jYA.S. WEAKLEY   dA.1884CSoutheastIII.B.2.N.aPRUNUS ANGUSTIFOLIA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEChickasaw Plum Shrubland AllianceG@dYB. HOAGLANDtsgF    dA.1883CSoutheastIII.B.2.N.dCRATAEGUS VIRIDIS - CRATAEGUS MOLLIS TEMPORARILY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEGreen Hawthorn - Downy Haw Temporarily Flooded Shrubland Alliance@gYB. HOAGLANDĹk    dA.1882CSoutheastV.A.1.N.iDISTICHLIS SPICATA TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESaltgrass Tidal Herbaceous Alliance@gYA.S. WEAKLEYzymJ  l eYb:h?^G0Y2fmV" dA.1903CLatin AmericaV.B.1.N.eSARCOCORNIA PERENNIS - SALICORNIA BIGELOVII - SUAEDA LINEARIS - BLUTAPARON VERMICULARE TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWoody Glasswort - Dwarf Glasswort - Southern Sea-blite - Silverhead Tidal Herbaceous AllianceNLACD"   fA.1902CLatin AmericaI.A.1.N.bMORA ABBOTTII FOREST ALLIANCECola Forest Alliance@=YWEST INDIES WORKING GROUPy`_S?"   eA.1901CLatin AmericaI.A.1.N.bLAPLACEA HAEMATOXYLON FOREST ALLIANCELaplacea Forest Alliance@=YWEST INDIES WORKING GROUPlk_G"   dA.1900CLatin AmericaI.A.1.N.bHYERONIMA NIPENSIS FOREST ALLIANCECedro-Macho Forest Alliance@=YWEST INDIES WORKING GROUPlk_D"   A.190CWestI.A.8.N.fABIES LASIOCARPA SEASONALLY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCESubalpine Fir Seasonally Flooded Forest Alliance]mYM.S. REID/D. SARR{K   A.19CLatin AmericaI.A.1.N.cCYATHEA ARBOREA FOREST ALLIANCEWest Indian Tree Fern Forest Alliancev@=YLACDuqpd?    dA.1899CLatin AmericaI.A.1.N.aCARAPA GUIANENSIS FOREST ALLIANCECrabwood Forest Alliance@<YWEST INDIES WORKING GROUPhg[C"   eA.1898CSoutheastV.A.5.N.mCAREX RUTHII - CAREX GYNANDRA SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCERuth's Sedge - Mountain Fringed Sedge Saturated Herbaceous AllianceM@lYK.D. PATTERSONY   dA.1897CLatin AmericaIII.B.1.N.aACACIA MACRACANTHA - ACACIA FARNESIANA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESteel Acacia - Huisache Shrubland Alliances@;NLACD]$   dA.1896CLatin AmericaIII.A.5.N.cPILOSOCEREUS ROYENII SHRUBLAND ALLIANCERoyen's Tree Cactus Shrubland Alliance[@cYLACD~}qK$   dA.1895CLatin AmericaIII.A.1.N.aLANTANA CAMARA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCELantana Shrubland AllianceU@;NLACDplk_E$   dA.1894CLatin AmericaII.C.1.N.bBUCIDA MOLINETII SEASONALLY FLOODED WOODLAND ALLIANCESpiny Bucida Seasonally Flooded Woodland AllianceYLACDX#   RxKD(f dA.1914CSoutheastII.B.2.N.cSALIX CAROLINIANA SEASONALLY FLOODED WOODLAND ALLIANCECarolina Willow Seasonally Flooded Woodland Alliance@tYA.S. WEAKLEYU   dA.1913CSoutheastII.B.2.N.aFRAXINUS QUADRANGULATA - (JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA) WOODLAND ALLIANCEBlue Ash - (Eastern Red-cedar) Woodland Alliance@tYA.S. WEAKLEY`   eA.1912CSoutheastI.B.2.N.aQUERCUS MUEHLENBERGII - (ACER SACCHARUM) FOREST ALLIANCEChinquapin Oak - (Sugar Maple) Forest Alliance rYD.J. ALLARD/D. FABER-LANGV   dA.1911CSoutheastI.B.2.N.aQUERCUS VELUTINA - QUERCUS ALBA - (QUERCUS COCCINEA) FOREST ALLIANCEBlack Oak - White Oak - (Scarlet Oak) Forest AllianceqYD. FABER-LANGENDOEN/L.A. b   eA.1910CSoutheastIII.B.3.N.aVARILLA TEXANA - CASTELA ERECTA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESaladillo - Amargosa Shrubland Allianced@BYB. CARR/A.S. WEAKLEYyR    A.191CWestI.A.8.N.fPICEA ENGELMANNII SEASONALLY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEEngelmann Spruce Seasonally Flooded Forest AllianceYM.S. REIDL   dA.1909CSoutheastIII.B.3.N.aACACIA RIGIDULA - LEUCOPHYLLUM FRUTESCENS - ACACIA BERLANDIERI SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEChaparro-Prieto - Cenizo - Guajillo Shrubland Alliance@pYJ. TEAGUEq    dA.1908CSoutheastI.B.2.N.dACACIA FARNESIANA - PARKINSONIA ACULEATA TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEHuisache - Retama Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance@=YSCSj   dA.1906CSoutheastIII.A.2.N.iMORELLA CERIFERA SATURATED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWax-myrtle Saturated Shrubland AlliancenoYA.S. WEAKLEY 9-94, MOD. EtM    dA.1905CSoutheastV.B.2.N.b(HYDRANGEA SPP., PHILADELPHUS SPP.) / HEUCHERA SPP. HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Hydrangea species, Mock-orange species) / Alumroot species Herbaceous Alliance@nYA.S. WEAKLEYe   dA.1904CLatin AmericaVII.A.2.N.aPORTULACA HALIMOIDES SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCESilkcotton Purslane Sparsely Vegetated Alliance Rocky shores.NLACDT$  4LVAL/9FL5oX,o;{]F/lU>'oFoF/CEGL00398854C CEGL00398654C CEGL00398555? CEGL00398554C CEGL00398553CSMALL PATCH CEGL00398531CSMALL PATCHWIDESPREAD## CEGL00398454C This alliance includes communities known as 'badlands' over saline gypseous clays, very sparsely vegetated with perennial shrubs and herbs, with annuals periodically present and dominant following rains. Dominant annuals are ~Tidestromia carnosa, Kallstroemia grandiflora, Chamaesyce$ spp., and ~Pectis angustifolia$. Other species include ~Cathestecum erectum, Atriplex obovata, Neolloydia conoidea$, and ~Echinocactus horizonthalonius$. This alliance occurs in the desert regions of western Texas.Sparsely vegetated, nearly barren gypsum deposits, with scattered gypsophiles, in the Trans-Pecos region of western Texas. This alliance is broadly defined at this time to include a variety of sparsely vegetated, poorly consolidated gypsum deposits with very sparse vegetation characterized by scattered clumps of ~Bouteloua breviseta$ with other gypsophiles, including ~Mentzelia$ spp., ~Sartwellia flaveriae, Anulocaulis$ spp.This alliance tends to occur on the backside of the ends of barrier islands and is irregularly flooded but does not accumulate salt like ~Salicornia$ or ~Distichlis$ (maybe should be in separate formation). Physiognomy tends to be of scattered mound-like clumps of vegetation (mostly ~Sesuvium portulacastrum$) in a wet sand flat.Annual-dominated sand flats on island end flats and upper ocean beaches, within the reach of storm tides and extreme lunar tides. This alliance has more perennial species than the related ~~Cakile edentula$ Sparsely Vegetated Alliance (A.1861)$$, since the Gulf Coast shoreline is a lower-energy system, and the alliance is less dynamic and less frequently disturbed. Other characteristic species include ~Iva imbricata, Ipomoea pes-caprae$, and ~Ipomoea imperati$.LVAL bAnnual-dominated sand flats on island end flats and upper ocean beaches, within the reach of storm tides and extreme lunar tides. This alliance has less perennial species than the related ~~Cakile constricta$ Sparsely Vegetated Alliance (A.1860)$$, since the Atlantic Coast shoreline is a higher-energy system, and the alliance is more dynamic and more frequently disturbed. Vegetative cover is variable, depending on the amount of exposure to wave and wind action, but on average is sparse; no species can be considered dominant. Annual or biennial species more or less restricted to beach habitats are characteristic of this alliance, including ~Cakile edentula ssp. edentula$, as well as ~Salsola kali ssp. kali (= Salsola caroliniana), Chamaesyce polygonifolia, Honckenya peploides, Cenchrus tribuloides, Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album, Erechtites hieraciifolia$, and ~Atriplex cristata (= Atriplex arenaria)$. Associated species include ~Ammophila breviligulata, Chamaesyce polygonifolia, Salsola kali ssp. kali$, and ~Triplasis purpurea$. At Assateague Island National Seashore, this alliance is sparsely vegetated with ~Cakile edentula ssp. edentula$, covering approximately 1% of the area. Other associated species in this alliance are just as sparse and generally adapted to a low growth form, given the exposed windy conditions of their environment. The South Atlantic Coast phase of this alliance occupies the upper portion of ocean beaches in the southern part (Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, to Cape Romain, South Carolina) of the microtidal region (barrier islands with coastal geomorphology dominated by hurricane overwash rather than tidal energy). Other characteristic species include mostly annual herbs, such as ~Chamaesyce polygonifolia, Chamaesyce bombensis, Sesuvium portulacastrum, Salsola kali ssp. kali$, and the rare ~Amaranthus pumilus$. In addition to the two associations in the Southeast, there is also an association in the Great Lakes; in this association the dominant plant is ~Cakile edeLVALv_+xa@"s\E.{Gq=&{ZC,nW@CEGL00462858CSMALL PATCH CEGL00462857CENDEMIC/RESTRICTED  CEGL00462758C CEGL00462757CENDEMIC/RESTRICTED  CEGL00462756CENDEMIC/RESTRICTED  CEGL00462651? CEGL00462650C CEGL00462644?WIDESPREADLINEAR 7CEGL00462444CSMALL PATCHLIMITED  CEGL00462442C CEGL00462440C CEGL00462361CSMALL PATCHLIMITED  CEGL00462250C CEGL00462153C CEGL00462131? CEGL00462057CWIDESPREAD CEGL00462056C CEGL00462053CWIDESPREAD CEGL00462044C CEGL00462043P CEGL00462042C CEGL00462041? CEGL00462040P CEGL00461953C CEGL00461942CLARGE PATCHLIMITEDSIZE TYPE 5+  ?CEGL00461941PLARGE PATCHLIMITED  CEGL00461940C CEGL00461840C CEGL00461832C CEGL00461731CLARGE PATCHENDEMIC/RESTRICTED++ CEGL00461631CSMALL PATCHENDEMIC/RESTRICTED++ CEGL00461531CSMALL PATCHENDEMIC/RESTRICTED++ CEGL00461431CLARGE PATCHENDEMIC/RESTRICTED++ CEGL00461331CSMALL PATCHENDEMIC/RESTRICTED++ CEGL00461231CSMALL PATCHENDEMIC/RESTRICTED++ CEGL00461041? CEGL00461040? CEGL00461031C CEGL00460924C CEGL00460831CMATRIXENDEMIC/RESTRICTED&& CEGL00460740P CEGL00460732? CEGL00460731CLARGE PATCHENDEMIC/RESTRICTED++ CEGL00460657CLIMITED CEGL00460656CLIMITED CEGL00460653CPERIPHERAL CEGL00460424C CEGL00460324C CEGL00460240? CEGL00460239C CEGL00460238C CEGL00460237CSMALL PATCHLIMITED  CEGL00460233? CEGL00460232C CEGL00460141CSMALL PATCHENDEMIC/RESTRICTED++ CEGL00460024C CEGL00459924C CEGL00459824C CEGL00459724C CEGL00459624C CEGL0ntula ssp. edentula var. lacustris$.LVALfO8! hD ^2xOmO&\(]4CEGL004With ~Nymphoides aurea$ as a dominant or strong component, and presence of other rooted aquatic plants with floating leaves. Free-floating and/or submersed species can also occur. Typical in lakes of the white-sand area of western Cuba, in slightly oligotrophic or eutrophic waters.Mixed cactus scrub on limestone pavement and receiving salt aerosol. Dominated by ~Pilosocereus royenii (= Cephalocereus nobilis)$, with thorny legumes, ~Randia aculeata$, and ~Croton$ spp. Lower shrubs include ~Opuntia$ spp. and ~Furcraea tuberosa$. Native grasses include ~Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Cenchrus echinatus$, and ~Sporobolus indicus$.This alliance occurs in coastal areas, with trees often stunted from wind. Other species may include ~Thespesia populnea, Hippomane mancinella, Conocarpus erectus, Cocos nucifera$ (alien), ~Coccoloba uvifera, Terminalia catappa$ (alien), and ~Cordia sebestena$.This vegetation is known from badlands in the northwestern Great Plains on acid-shale barrens. Elevation in Montana is approximately 1000 m. Stands occur on dry scree slopes, as well as acid-shale barrens. Sites are common on moderate to steep, highly eroded slopes with southern and western aspects. Substrates may be deep, but are poorly developed, fine-textured soils derived from acid marine shales. Because of a large coarse fraction of shale fragments, these soils may be better drained than expected. The sparse vegetation layer is less than 1 m tall and is dominated by the perennial forb ~Artemisia longifolia$ with ~Eriogonum pauciflorum$ sometimes codominating. Scattered graminoids and other forbs are also typically present and may include ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Calamagrostis montanensis, Calamovilfa longifolia, Schizachyrium scoparium, Solidago missouriensis, Stellaria media$, and ~Thermopsis rhombifolia$. Occasional ~Rosa arkansana$ shrubs are often present.LVALb Q pQThis alliance includes vegetation dominated by various members of the exotic genus ~Tamarix$ forming thickets in upper tidal zones of salt or brackish marshes. It may be strongly dominated by ~Tamarix$ spp. or may be mixed with other weedy exotic species (~Melia azedarach$) and/or weedy natives (~Baccharis halimifolia$).This alliance is largely anthropogenic, occurring on sand dunes, old fields, disturbed areas, and pastures. ~Prunus angustifolia$ dominates in clonal thickets. Other characteristic species include ~Andropogon hallii, Bouteloua curtipendula, Gaillardia pulchella, Prunus gracilis$, and ~Rhus aromatica$. In Oklahoma, it is often the result of physical or chemical removal of ~Artemisia filifolia$. In the sandhills of the Georgia Coastal Plain, formerly dominated by ~Pinus palustris$, vegetation of this alliance is generated from degraded or disturbed examples of other communities.This alliance is known only from eroded slopes in the Pryor Mountains of southern Montana, at elevations ranging from 1280-1525 m. Stands are commonly found on moderate to steep, highly eroded slopes with southern and western aspects. Soils are deep, alkaline with sandy clay to clay texture. They are derived from shale, bentonite, claystone or sandstone interbedded with clay. The soil surface has high cover of gravel and cobbles. Cryptogamic soil crusts may form on gentler, less disturbed slopes. These communities are characterized by a sparse herbaceous layer that is codominated by ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$ and ~Eriogonum brevicaule$. Other characteristic forbs and grasses include ~Arenaria hookeri, Machaeranthera grindelioides, Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Poa secunda$, and species of ~Astragalus$ and ~Cryptantha$. ~Eriogonum pauciflorum$ is occasional. Scattered shrubby species, such as ~Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus), Gutierrezia sarothrae, Atriplex confertifolia, Artemisia tridentata$, and an occasional ~Juniperus osteosperma$ tree, may also be present.LVALv_H1o;$ }fO8! s\E.v_H1ybK4{R)CEGL00494956C CEGL00494955? CEGL00494953CENDEMIC/RESTRICTED  CEGL00494Mudflats with ~Isoetes riparia$. This alliance includes communities occurring on the upper limits of freshwater intertidal shores. The vegetation can be quite sparse with few plants growing in patches within the open sand. Associated species include ~Cyperus bipartitus (= Cyperus rivularis), Eleocharis obtusa (= Eleocharis obtusa var. peasei)$, and in more muddy areas, ~Schoenoplectus smithii (= Scirpus smithii)$. Occurs in coastal areas discontinuously from Massachusetts south to New Jersey, Virginia, and North Carolina.This shrubland alliance occurs along drainages in the Powder River Basin of northeastern Wyoming, at elevations ranging from 1300-1400 m. Sites are nearly flat to gently sloping stream terraces approximately 2 m above the channel. These lowland sites may receive overland flow during intense summer thunderstorms, but are well-drained and do not have shallow water tables like many intermittently flooded stands. Soils are alkaline and may be moderately saline. The alliance is characterized by a sparse to moderately dense woody layer dominated or codominated by ~Sarcobatus vermiculatus$. Other shrubby codominants include ~Artemisia cana, Artemisia tridentata$, and ~Collomia linearis$. The sparse to moderately dense herbaceous layer is dominated by medium-tall bunch grasses such as ~Sporobolus airoides$ and ~Pascopyrum smithii$ with ~Bouteloua gracilis, Poa secunda (= Poa juncifolia)$, and ~Nassella viridula$. Forbs are generally sparse except on disturbed weedy sites. The native perennial forbs include ~Astragalus$ spp., ~Glycyrrhiza lepidota, Achillea millefolium, Artemisia ludoviciana, Chenopodium fremontii$, and ~Opuntia polyacantha$. Annual grasses, especially the exotics ~Bromus tectorum$ and ~Bromus japonicus$, may be present to abundant.LVALBP9 sJjC,s\5 jA*]6 sCEGL00501544CLARGE PATCHLIMIThis forest alliance occurs in upper montane, riparian or wetland areas in the Rocky Mountains and eastern Cascades, and on deflation plains of sea-level coastal dune systems in Oregon. Sites are flat, wet, relatively cold floodplain and basin landforms. Stands occur in forested margins of meadows, lake or forest basins, along valley bottoms and also occurs adjacent to or within open bogs. In all cases, the sites are flat to gently sloping. This coniferous forest alliance is characterized by a moderately closed to closed tree canopy composed primarily of ~Pinus contorta$. Other conifers sometimes present may include ~Abies grandis, Abies lasiocarpa, Abies X shastensis (= Abies magnifica ssp. shastensis), Picea engelmannii$, or ~Tsuga mertensiana$. In most stands, only ~Pinus contorta$ is successfully reproducing, and cover of mature trees of the other species is low. The short-shrub layer, if present, is usually continuous and dense. ~Vaccinium uliginosum$ is the most frequent and dominant species in such a shrub layer, but other shrubs often present include ~Ledum glandulosum, Vaccinium caespitosum, Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda (= Pentaphylloides floribunda), Lonicera caerulea$, or ~Spiraea douglasii$. Herbaceous species are not abundant in shrubby stands. Associate species often present can include ~Carex angustata, Ligusticum grayi, Fragaria$ spp., ~Thalictrum occidentale, Geum macrophyllum, Maianthemum stellatum$, and ~Trifolium longipes$. In stands with no dense short-shrub layer, the herbaceous layer is typically lush and dominated by tall graminoids such as ~Calamagrostis canadensis$ or ~Carex obnupta$. Diagnostic of this lowland forest alliance is the dominance of ~Pinus contorta$ in the moderately dense to dense tree canopy without significant regeneration of other tree species, and the extended flooding and high water tables during the growing season.LVALy_3oH!rI f=pY0xDS'xCEGL00508745C CEGL00508736CSMALL PATCHPERIPHERAL## CEGL0050Shrublands (conceptually approaching short forests), dominated by variable composition of ~Crataegus viridis, Crataegus mollis$, or mixtures of the two. Other associated species include ~Celtis laevigata var. laevigata, Diospyros virginiana, Ilex decidua, Laportea canadensis, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Ulmus alata$, and ~Smilax rotundifolia$. This alliance occurs as a successional type in old pastures and old fields in bottomlands.This alliance includes upper tidal areas dominated by ~Distichlis spicata$, often mixed with other halophytic grasses and succulents such as ~Sporobolus virginicus, Sarcocornia perennis, Batis maritima, Lycium carolinianum, Heliotropium curassavicum$, and others.This alliance includes mostly montane, non-alluvial, palustrine vegetation dominated by shrubs and often, but not always, with substantial ~Sphagnum$ cover. Occurrences of this alliance can have small to moderately large herbaceous openings, as well, but where open herbaceous patches are large and well-developed, communities in V.A.5.N.m. should be considered. Communities in this alliance are saturated shrublands with ~Alnus serrulata$ as a nearly constant component, but many other shrub species are typical and may dominate or codominate, including ~Salix sericea, Salix humilis, Spiraea alba, Spiraea tomentosa, Ilex verticillata, Ilex collina, Ilex montana, Rhododendron catawbiense, Rhododendron maximum, Rhododendron viscosum, Rhododendron arborescens, Lyonia ligustrina var. ligustrina, Kalmia latifolia, Menziesia pilosa, Kalmia carolina, Viburnum nudum var. nudum, Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides, Lonicera canadensis$, and ~Lonicera dioica$. This alliance includes shrub bogs and bogs with well-developed shrub zones, scattered in the southern Blue Ridge, and may possibly extend to the Cumberland Mountains and northern Ridge and Valley.LVAL iThis alliance covers various wet depressions, lakes, and ponds dominated by various ~Polygonum$ species (section Persicaria), singly or in combination, or with other obligate wetland plant species. Associations have been described that are dominated by, or contain, ~Polygonum amphibium, Polygonum densiflorum, Polygonum hydropiperoides, Polygonum lapathifolium, Polygonum pensylvanicum, Polygonum punctatum$, and/or related ~Polygonum$ spp. The many associated species vary with geography and habitat. In western Kentucky, this alliance occurs in marshes associated with the Ohio River in backflood areas around oxbows, beaver-flooded areas, levees, and depressional drainages. Associated species include ~Nelumbo lutea, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Sagittaria brevirostra, Peltandra virginica$, and ~Juncus effusus$. Associates in Oklahoma include ~Ammannia coccinea, Helianthus annuus, Lemna minor, Stuckenia pectinata (= Potamogeton pectinatus), Spirodela polyrrhiza, Utricularia gibba (= Utricularia biflora)$, and ~Xanthium strumarium$. In Mississippi, one example of this vegetation is dominated by the perennial ~Polygonum densiflorum$; associated species include ~Lemna minor, Saccharum giganteum, Hydrocotyle umbellata, Saururus cernuus, Carex lupulina, Triadenum walteri, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Leersia$ sp., ~Ludwigia peploides, Boehmeria cylindrica, Juncus effusus, Rhynchospora corniculata, Ludwigia decurrens, Habenaria repens, Mikania scandens, Scirpus cyperinus$, and others. It occurs as a band ringing the shores of ponds in the East Gulf Coastal Plain and along the banks of ditches and sloughs in the Mississippi River Alluvial Plain. This alliance also occurs in a wide variety of human- and beaver-created wetlands. Composition is highly variable and re-evaluation may be required as additional data become available. In the western United States and adjacent Canada, this alliance is found primarily over a wide elevational range from near sea level to over 2700 m. Stands are found in permanently flooded LVALyR;h<X]4~RtK"wN"{CEGL00614764CLARGE PATCHWIDESPREAD## CEGL00614763CSMALL PATCHLIMITED  CEGL00614762CLARGE PATCHLIMITED  CEGL00614761CSMALL PATCHLIMITED  CEGL00614760CSMALL PATCHPERIPHERAL## CEGL00614657CENDEMIC/RESTRICTED  CEGL00614562CLARGE PATCHENDEMIC/RESTRICTED++ CEGL00614449C CEGL00614362CSMALL PATCHENDEMIC/RESTRICTED++ CEGL00614264CSMALL PATCHPERIPHERAL## CEGL00614263CSMALL PATCHLIMITED  CEGL00614261CSMALL PATCHLIMITED  CEGL00614260PSMALL PATCHPERIPHERAL## CEGL00614248CSMALL PATCHLIMITED  CEGL00614162CSMALL PATCHLIMITED  CEGL00614158CSMALL PATCHPERIPHERAL## CEGL00614063CSMALL PATCHENDEMIC/RESTRICTED++ CEGL00613762CLARGE PATCHPERIPHERAL## CEGL00613758CLARGE PATCHLIMITED  CEGL00613757CLIMITED CEGL00613464CSMALL PATCHPERIPHERAL## CEGL00613463CSMALL PATCHPERIPHERAL## CEGL00613462? CEGL00613461CSMALL PATCHLIMITED  CEGL00613460CSMALL PATCHWIDESPREAD## CEGL00613459CSMALL PATCH CEGL00613260C CEGL00613259CSMALL PATCHLIMITED  CEGL00613250C CEGL00613249C CEGL00613051CSMALL PATCHENDEMIC/RESTRICTEDSIZE TYPE 86+ ?CEGL00612964CSMALL PATCHPERIPHERAL## CEGL00612963CLARGE PATCHENDEMIC/RESTRICTED++ CEGL00612961CLARGE PATCHLIMITED  CEGL00612863CMATRIXENDEMIC/RESTRICTED&& CEGL00612861CLARGE PATCHPERIPHERAL## CEGL00612860CLARGE PATCHPERIPHERAL## CEGL00612561CMATRIXWIDESPREAD CEGL00612560CMATRIXWIDESPREADOccurs as matrix in western NY, but large patch in PA. Less common on the unglaciated platedepressions such as margins of lake shores and oxbow lakes in river floodplains. The vegetation is characterized by the dominance or codominance of ~Polygonum amphibium$. Associates may include species of ~Potamogeton$ and other aquatic plants.LVAL b6 {dJuniper woodlands along upper reaches of tidal creeks is the vegetation type that characterizes this alliance. One association, currently known from coastal North Carolina, has a canopy dominated by ~Juniperus virginiana var. silicicola$, with widely scattered emergent ~Pinus taeda, Acer rubrum var. trilobum, Ulmus americana$, and ~Persea palustris$. The shrub layer is open to fairly dense, and dominated by ~Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera)$, with less frequent ~Persea palustris$ and ~Baccharis halimifolia$. Mucky openings are dominated by ~Kosteletzkya virginica, Bacopa monnieri, Pluchea rosea (= var. rosea), Samolus valerandi ssp. parviflorus, Eleocharis$ spp., and ~Cyperus$ spp. Other characteristic species include ~Hydrocotyle$ sp., ~Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense, Typha angustifolia, Lythrum lineare, Solidago sempervirens var. mexicana, Toxicodendron radicans, Schoenoplectus robustus (= Scirpus robustus)$, and others.This alliance includes freshwater tidal forests of the southeastern Coastal Plain. It is conceptually related to other tidal forest alliances, especially I.B.2.N.h ~~Nyssa biflora - (Nyssa aquatica, Taxodium distichum)$ Tidal Forest Alliance (A.357)$$. This alliance is distinguished by its much greater component of broad-leaved evergreen trees in the canopy, such as ~Magnolia virginiana, Persea palustris, Sabal palmetto$, and others, related to its more southerly distribution. Characteristic species include ~Magnolia virginiana, Nyssa biflora, Taxodium distichum, Nyssa aquatica$ (in brownwater situations), ~Persea palustris$, and ~Juniperus virginiana var. silicicola$. ~Taxodium ascendens$ may replace ~Taxodium distichum$ in some examples. These forests occur in the estuarine portions of river systems; they are flooded twice daily by freshwater tidal waters, or in some cases less frequently than daily. Associations of this alliance typically have closed canopies, but trees are often stunted and gnarled, and in more stressed situations the canopy can be open.LVAL|P/}T ixa5V4 9y:xCEGL00625159C CEGL00625149P CEGL00625064CSMALL PATCHPERIPHERAL## CEGL00625063CSMALL PATCHEFreshwater lunar-tidal or wind-tidal forests, associated with tidal marshes of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. The canopy consists of ~Pinus taeda, Nyssa biflora, Taxodium distichum, Acer rubrum$, and ~Liquidambar styraciflua$. ~Acer rubrum$ and ~Liquidambar styraciflua$ may also be important, especially in the subcanopy stratum. ~Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera var. cerifera)$ is characteristically dominant in the shrub layer, sometimes reaching subcanopy heights (6-10 m). Other small tree and shrub components include ~Persea palustris, Itea virginica, Clethra alnifolia, Vaccinium formosum, Rosa palustris, Magnolia virginiana, Rhododendron viscosum, Leucothoe racemosa, Lyonia ligustrina var. foliosiflora, Photinia pyrifolia (= Aronia arbutifolia)$, and, in more open transitional zones, ~Salix caroliniana$. ~Smilax laurifolia$ and ~Smilax rotundifolia$ are common vines, and ~Toxicodendron radicans ssp. radicans$ and ~Berchemia scandens$ also occur. ~Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis$ is often the strong dominant of the herbaceous stratum, but also occurs in a more mixed condition with ~Carex stricta, Carex atlantica ssp. capillacea, Hydrocotyle verticillata, Chasmanthium laxum, Woodwardia areolata, Osmunda cinnamomea, Juncus$ spp., and ~Rhynchospora caduca$. This alliance is found on relatively firm, poorly decomposed, fibrous and root-rich peat, which usually overlies soupy, well-decomposed peat at depths of about 0.5-1.0 m. Microtopography frequently exhibits a strong hummock-and-hollow pattern, with hollows retaining standing water through much of the year. Flooding by wind tides is frequent, and habitats may be inundated to depths of 0.5 m or more by occasional powerful wind-tide events. This alliance may have complex long-term dynamics, related to inlet closing and opening. LVALa?lEvergreen tropical forests dominated by ~Calophyllum calaba ssp. pinetorum$ and other sclerophyllous and microphyllous elements in the canopy and shrub layers. This vegetation occurs in West Cuba, on lixiviated yellowish-red fersiallitic soils derived from limestone but with substantial contributions from serpentine rocks.Submontane seasonal forest community with two evergreen canopy strata and scattered deciduous emergent individuals of ~Sideroxylon jubillum (= Dipholis jubilla), Sideroxylon salicifolium (= Dipholis salicifolia)$, and/or ~Cedrela mexicana$, occurring between 200 and 800 m elevation in Cuba, in areas with an annual rainfall of 1400-1800 mm and seasonal climate (1-3 dry months).Seasonal evergreen forests with two canopy strata and scattered emergent trees, occurring between 300 and 800 m in western and central Cuba. Characteristic species of this community in Cuba are ~Matayba oppositifolia, Matayba apetala, Alchornea latifolia, Pseudolmedia spuria, Trophis racemosa, Margaritaria nobilis, Tabebuia shaferi, Antirhea radiata, Terminalia intermedia, Sloanea amygdalina, Dendropanax arboreus, Zanthoxylum martinicense$, and ~Zanthoxylum ekmanii$.This alliance includes high-elevation, herb-dominated seepage slopes of the southern Blue Ridge. This alliance is currently defined for North Carolina and Tennessee but may extend into Virginia. Associations in this alliance are perennial wetlands on pronounced slopes at elevations over 5000 feet. The vegetation is graminoid-dominated and has coverage by ~Sphagnum$ sp. These seeps are open, although trees and shrubs can be present, particularly around the seep margins. Associations in this alliance are surrounded by, or were formerly surrounded by, forests dominated by ~Abies fraseri$ and ~Picea rubens$ or by the highest northern hardwood forests (forests dominated by ~Fagus grandifolia, Betula alleghaniensis$, and ~Aesculus flava$). They are influenced by the high rainfall and low evaporation rates in these high mountain landscapes.LVALpYB+`4uQ(K4 yP'{dM6 ~gP'CEGL00635458CSMALL PThis alliance includes subalpine riparian or seep slope conifer forests in the Rocky Mountains and portions of the Pacific Northwest. These forests occur in landscape positions where snowmelt moisture creates shallow water tables, seeps, or streamside flooding during much of the growing season. Sites include moist toeslopes, subirrigated stream terraces, alluvial benches, pond margins, wet meadows, or slopes and hillsides that are wet in spring and early summer. Soils often show evidence of podzolization processes and gleying due to seasonally saturated conditions, and tend to be acidic. They often have high organic matter content throughout the profile, but can vary from shallow to deep, and coarse to fine-textured. The moderately dense to dense tree canopy is characterized by the codominance of the conifers ~Abies lasiocarpa$ and ~Picea engelmannii$, with ~Pinus contorta$ codominant in some stands. Other conifers may also be present in small amounts. The shrub layer is often well-developed occurring as a dense ribbon along streams or where there is a break in the forest canopy. Important shrubs include ~Ledum glandulosum, Vaccinium$ spp., ~Ribes lacustre, Oplopanax horridus, Alnus incana, Salix$ spp., and ~Lonicera$ spp. The herbaceous layer is typically lush and dominated by a mixture of mesophytic forbs and graminoids, including ~Calamagrostis$ spp., ~Carex$ spp., ~Caltha leptosepala, Dodecatheon jeffreyi, Deschampsia caespitosa, Equisetum$ spp., ~Ligusticum$ spp., ~Linnaea borealis, Senecio triangularis$, and~Streptopus amplexifolius$. Diagnostic characteristics of these forests are that the average tree canopy is greater than 60% cover with ~Abies lasiocarpa$ as the predominant conifer in the tree-regeneration layer, and they occur on sites saturated until late summer by snowmelt, occurring below seeps on lower hill slopes or in riparian habitats.LVALJ6}oM6kBtK4h?lCEGL00651863CSMALL PATCHPERIPHERAL## CEGL00651861CSMALL PATCHLIMITED  CEGL00651860PSMALL PATCHLIMITED  Humid montane rainforests of central Cuba forming a vegetation belt between 800 and 1100 m, on yellow tropical soils. Characteristic trees are ~Magnolia cubensis ssp. acunae, Ocotea acunaiana, Torralbasia lenticellata$, and others. This central-Cuban rainforest community is less rich and diverse than its climax equivalent in the ranges of eastern Cuba.This alliance contains vegetated, dry to moist, basic cliffs of variable geology, with vegetation composition variable and often with a mixed and variable physiognomy. Individual occurrences may be herb-dominated, shrub-dominated, or sparsely vegetated with vascular plants (though sometimes with dense patchy cover of mosses, hepatics, or lichens). Characteristic shrubs are ~Hydrangea$ spp. (~Hydrangea arborescens, Hydrangea cinerea, Hydrangea radiata), Philadelphus$ spp. (~Philadelphus hirsutus, Philadelphus inodorus, Philadelphus pubescens), Toxicodendron radicans, Physocarpus opulifolius$, and ~Ribes$ spp. (~Ribes cynosbati)$. Characteristic herbs are ~Heuchera$ spp. (~Heuchera americana var. americana, Heuchera americana var. hirsuticaulis, Heuchera americana var. hispida, Heuchera caroliniana, Heuchera villosa var. arkansana, Heuchera villosa var. villosa$). Other species which are typical include ~Dichanthelium$ spp., ~Woodsia obtusa, Dryopteris$ spp., ~Cystopteris$ spp., ~Danthonia spicata, Deschampsia flexuosa$, and others. Characteristic mosses include ~Anomodon attenuatus$ and ~Anomodon rostratus$. The alliance is potentially widespread in the Southern Blue Ridge, Cumberlands and Southern Ridge and Valley, Interior Low Plateau, and Interior Highlands. This alliance is known from vertical and near-vertical exposures of limestone, siltstone, mudstone, calcareous sandstones, and may also occur on mafic metamorphic and igneous rocks.LVAL\:jS<p<N%{R;jAW+This alliance includes wetland dune swales and other wetland shrubland situations dominated by ~Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera)$, including sheltered backdunes, wetland flats, and interdune swales. Associated shrubs may include ~Baccharis halimifolia, Acer rubrum, Vaccinium formosum, Rosa palustris, Ilex opaca var. opaca, Juniperus virginiana var. silicicola$, and ~Morella pensylvanica (= Myrica pensylvanica)$. This shrubland vegetation can form vast thickets in some cases; there may be inclusions of small wetland graminoid-dominated areas. Vines may be frequent and can include ~Toxicodendron radicans ssp. radicans, Smilax$ spp., ~Vitis$ spp., and ~Parthenocissus quinquefolia$. Associated herbaceous species can include ~Boehmeria cylindrica, Calystegia sepium, Carex albolutescens, Carex hormathodes, Chasmanthium laxum, Festuca rubra, Galium obtusum, Hydrocotyle$ spp., ~Juncus dichotomus, Juncus scirpoides, Leersia virginica, Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis, Panicum$ spp., ~Polygonum pensylvanicum$, and ~Woodwardia areolata$ (in the northern part of the range); and ~Andropogon glomeratus var. pumilus, Fimbristylis castanea, Hydrocotyle bonariensis, Juncus roemerianus, Muhlenbergia filipes$, as well as ~Spartina patens$ and ~Sabatia stellaris$ (in southern examples). This is maritime shrub vegetation which generally exists in a tension zone between more exposed or active grassland vegetation and more protected and stable maritime forests. Older stands of maritime shrub vegetation ultimately become dominated by stunted and salt-pruned ~Quercus virginiana$. See also the III.A.2.N.c ~~Quercus virginiana - Ilex vomitoria - (Morella cerifera)$ Shrubland Alliance (A.785)$$, which generally occurs in drier and more exposed sites. Soils are deep sands of stabilized dunes, with limited if any horizon development. An overlying layer of 'muck' is reported in northern examples.LVAL)CFXSubmontane tropical forests of Hispaniola with a dense canopy dominated by ~Sloanea berteriana, Ormosia krugii$, and others, in areas of average yearly rainfall exceeding 2000 mm. These rich communities seem to have formerly occupied large areas in the Cordillera Central (Dominican Republic).This alliance includes saturated, boggy vegetation characterized by ~Trichophorum caespitosum (= Scirpus cespitosus)$. Other typical components include ~Carex$ spp. Some of the associations placed here at this time are anomalous southern disjuncts, since this alliance reaches its greatest development and diversity in boreal and montane portions of the northern hemisphere. Several of the associations placed here at present are associated with wet cliffs in the southern Appalachians.This alliance includes deciduous shrublands dominated by ~Acacia berlandieri, Acacia rigidula$, and/or ~Leucophyllum frutescens$ found on rocky slopes, uplands with shallow soils and disturbed areas in the South Texas Plains, Stockton Plateau and Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas and the Mexican states of Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon, and Coahuila. Composition varies with soils, slope, and past land use. Associated shrubs can include ~Acacia schaffneri, Calliandra conferta, Condalia spathulata, Krameria ramosissima, Guajacum angustifolium, Citharexylum brachyanthum, Jatropha dioica, Castela erecta ssp. texana, Prosopis glandulosa, Celtis pallida, Ziziphus obtusifolia var. obtusifolia$, and ~Karwinskia humboldtiana$. One association has ten or more species of small cacti along with ~Agave parryi ssp. parryi (= Agave scabra)$ and ~Agave lophantha$. Shrubland associations in this alliance often occur intermixed with each other and with grassland associations of the South Texas Plains such as ~~Bothriochloa barbinodis - Chloris pluriflora$ Herbaceous Vegetation (CEGL002236)$$. Also included here are shrublands of tropical/subtropical southern Texas and adjacent Tamaulipas and Nuevo Len, Mexico, dominated by ~Helietta parvifolia$.SLVAL_V?(u^G`7  mV?(pYB+Forests in this alliance represent the drier end of the white oak - red oak - black oak cover type and are difficult to identify easily. This alliance is distributed in the Ozark Highlands, Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas Valley, the Interior Highlands, Piedmont, Inner Coastal Plain, and Blue Ridge. Stands are codominated by some combination of ~Quercus alba, Quercus coccinea, Quercus velutina$, and/or ~Quercus rubra$. In addition, ~Quercus stellata, Quercus prinus, Carya alba, Carya glabra, Carya ovata, Pinus virginiana$, and ~Pinus echinata$ are common associates. Other common associates can include ~Nyssa sylvatica, Acer rubrum var. rubrum, Sassafras albidum, Quercus falcata, Quercus macrocarpa$ (within its range), and ~Prunus serotina var. serotina$. Typical shrubs and small trees include ~Cornus florida, Corylus americana, Ostrya virginiana, Oxydendrum arboreum, Sassafras albidum, Kalmia latifolia, Rhododendron calendulaceum, Gaylussacia ursina, Vaccinium$ spp., ~Viburnum acerifolium$, and ~Hamamelis virginiana$. The herbaceous composition varies considerably over the wide range of this alliance. Some common herbs include ~Agrimonia rostellata, Amphicarpaea bracteata, Botrychium virginianum, Carex blanda, Danthonia spicata, Antennaria plantaginifolia, Desmodium nudiflorum, Thelypteris noveboracensis, Prenanthes altissima, Galium$ spp., ~Dioscorea villosa, Conopholis americana, Polygonatum biflorum, Medeola virginiana$, and ~Maianthemum racemosum$. Stands can be found on mid to upper slopes and terraces where dry-mesic conditions persist and where soils are more sandy and/or rocky. Bedrock is sandstone, siltstone, chert, or shale. Disturbance in the form of wind and logging tends to favor ~Quercus velutina$ in these forests. These forests generally occur on slopes and sheltered ridgetops. One example from the Interior Low Plateau of Tennessee occurs on high, ancient, elevated terraces adjacent to river floodplains.LVAL sThis alliance includes a variety of dry, dry-mesic, and mesic forests, dominated by ~Quercus muehlenbergii$ and possibly ~Acer saccharum$, the canopy often also including other hardwood species associated with high base substrates (e.g., limestone or dolomite) under a variety of moisture conditions. These include ~Quercus alba, Quercus shumardii, Fraxinus americana, Fraxinus quadrangulata, Acer barbatum, Tilia americana, Carya$ spp., ~Juglans nigra$, and ~Liriodendron tulipifera$ (in the more interior portions of the alliance's distribution), and ~Quercus sinuata var. sinuata$ and ~Carya myristiciformis$ (in the southwestern, Coastal Plain portion of the alliance's distribution). The habitat of this alliance includes mesic and dry-mesic forests over limestones in the Nashville Basin of Tennessee, dry-mesic slopes associated with prairie openings in Louisiana, moist limestone slopes in the Edwards Plateau of Texas, blackland soils in the upper West Gulf Coastal Plain of Arkansas, lowlands and mesic slopes of Oklahoma and adjacent Arkansas, as well as related habitats in states farther east (e.g., Alleghenies and lower Cumberland Plateau escarpment). Forests in Kentucky and Tennessee have ~Quercus shumardii$ and ~Frangula caroliniana$ and occur over limestone on south-facing slopes. There are scattered occurrences on benches and clifftops on the Daniel Boone National Forest. In the Coastal Plain of Virginia, this alliance is represented by somewhat open canopy 'shell barren' forests dominated by ~Quercus muehlenbergii$ with ~Acer barbatum$. On rare occurrences of limestone in the Southern Blue Ridge of North Carolina, ~Quercus muehlenbergii$ occurs with ~Juglans nigra, Fraxinus americana$, and ~Acer saccharum$. Understory species may include ~Cornus florida, Cercis canadensis, Calycanthus floridus, Cornus alternifolia, Ostrya virginiana$, and ~Hydrangea arborescens$. In the Northeast, the shrub layer is sparse and may contain ~Hamamelis virginiana, Zanthoxylum americanum$, and ~Cornus alternifolia$.LVAL`B{GjS}T=&pYB+w`IzcL5CEGL00778457P CEGL00778456CENDEMIC/RESTRICTED  CEGL00778353C CEGL00778231CLARGE PATCHENDEMIC/RESTRICTED++ CEGL00778230C CEGL00778040C CEGL00777940C CEGL00777840C CEGL00777740C CEGL00777540C CEGL00777440C CEGL00777352CSMALL PATCH CEGL00777244CLARGE PATCHENDEMIC/RE In some more southerly examples, shrubs may include ~Forestiera ligustrina, Frangula caroliniana$, and ~Symphoricarpos orbiculatus$. The herbaceous layer may contain ~Asclepias quadrifolia, Clematis occidentalis (= Clematis verticillaris)$ (in northeastern examples), ~Packera obovata (= Senecio obovatus), Phryma leptostachya, Saxifraga virginiensis, Arabis laevigata$, and ~Triosteum aurantiacum$. Two unusual communities of this alliance are lowland forests from the Upper West Gulf Coastal Plain of Arkansas. In the Northeast, the habitat is characterized as upper slopes or summits of limestone or marble ridges with dry soil-moisture regimes. Limestone outcrops or boulders may be present, as well as Karst collapse features. In the Southeast, mesic to dry limestone-derived soils may occur as well on flatter landforms, as in the Nashville Basin of Tennessee. In the Southeast, this vegetation is known from the Ridge and Valley, lower Cumberland Plateau escarpment, Highland Rim escarpment, and Nashville Basin in Tennessee; the Highland Rim, Bluegrass and Dripping Springs escarpment in Kentucky; the Cumberland Plateau in Alabama; as well as rarely in the Southern Blue Ridge and Coastal Plain. Isolated occurrences are reported in northern Arkansas on moderately shallow soils, often on glade margins. It also occurs in the Arbuckle Mountains of Oklahoma and the Edwards Plateau of Texas. If this alliance occurs in the Upper East Gulf Coastal Plain, stands would contain ~Acer barbatum$ instead of ~Acer saccharum$.LVALh]F/vBlU1xDb.}I2u^G0CEGL00782130C CEGL00782039C CEGL00781938C Seasonally flooded to saturated wetlands with a scattered to open canopy of ~Salix caroliniana$ and an herb-dominated understory. This includes swales in forest-dominated dune fields, in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina, with scattered ~Salix caroliniana$ and some overhanging ~Quercus virginiana$ and ~Sabal palmetto$ (but not generally rooted in community), areas up to one hectare. Characteristic herbaceous species in these examples include ~Sacciolepis striata, Panicum rigidulum var. rigidulum (= Panicum rigidulum var. condensum), Ampelopsis arborea$, and ~Carex hyalina$. This alliance is currently defined only for the North Carolina Coastal Plain.Shallow soil woodlands dominated by ~Fraxinus quadrangulata$, sometimes codominated by ~Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana$. These woodlands occur over calcareous rocks. Oaks do not dominate. Other canopy or subcanopy species present may include ~Celtis laevigata, Celtis occidentalis, Cercis canadensis, Ulmus alata$, or ~Ulmus serotina$. Some typical shrubs include ~Forestiera ligustrina, Frangula caroliniana, Hypericum frondosum, Rhus aromatica, Symphoricarpos orbiculatus$, and ~Viburnum rufidulum$. Some herbs which may be present include ~Minuartia patula (= Arenaria patula), Symphyotrichum shortii (= Aster shortii), Astranthium integrifolium, Commelina erecta var. angustifolia, Croton monanthogynus, Euphorbia dentata, Opuntia humifusa, Sedum pulchellum$, and ~Verbesina virginica$. Some vegetation placed here (e.g., ~~Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana - Fraxinus quadrangulata / Symphyotrichum oblongifolium - Panicum flexile - Sedum pulchellum$ Woodland (CEGL004271)$$) may in fact be a mosaic of an herbaceous phase with a prominent grass- or forb-dominated stratum and a more closed phase dominated by ~Juniperus virginiana$ and ~Fraxinus quadrangulata$.rLVALc,y:#Mv5e1lU>'oXA*Successional forests usually dominated or codominated by ~Juglans nigra$, often associated with former homesites or other disturbance on fertile alluvial deposits. Originally described from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee, but may be widespread and range into adjacent states.Lowland forest community on red soils, occurring in small protected valleys alternating with the steep-sided (haystack) limestone mountains of northeastern Hispaniola, in areas with 2000-2200 mm of evenly distributed annual rainfall. Two closed canopy layers are present.This riparian mesic blackland woodland community occurs in deep soils on relatively level terrain, typically as narrow communities bordering ephemeral streams and dry-mesic and mesic blackland prairie. Fire plays a role in its formation and maintenance. Dominant tree species include ~Ulmus americana, Fraxinus pennsylvanica$, and ~Celtis laevigata var. laevigata$. Other woody vegetation includes ~Acer negundo, Ampelopsis arborea, Berchemia scandens, Campsis radicans, Cercis canadensis var. canadensis, Diospyros virginiana, Liquidambar styraciflua, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Platanus occidentalis, Toxicodendron radicans$, and ~Vitis cinerea$. Dominant herbaceous species include ~Glyceria striata$ and/or ~Carex cherokeensis$, with ~Arisaema dracontium, Arundinaria gigantea, Helianthus grosseserratus, Juncus effusus$, and ~Leersia oryzoides$. Occasional herbs include ~Boehmeria cylindrica, Carex tribuloides, Juncus effusus, Helianthus grosseserratus, Ranunculus hispidus, Packera glabella (= Senecio glabellus), Smilax glauca, Spigelia marilandica$, and ~Tradescantia ohiensis$. Temporarily high water tables probably strongly influence herbaceous community and moderately influence woody species composition. Woody vegetation succession is rapid during periods of fire suppression, forming almost impenetrable thickets of vines and shrubs.8LVALTUJkT2zcL5wC,This alliance consists of forests dominated by ~Quercus fusiformis$, occurring along the southern coast of Texas in deep sandy soils. Other associated species include ~Quercus hemisphaerica, Persea borbonia, Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa, Ilex vomitoria, Callicarpa americana$. These communities are typically intermixed with grasslands, and open-canopy, woodland ecotones are common between the forest and grassland components in these landscapes.This alliance consists of seasonally flooded Coastal Plain ponds dominated by ~Cyrilla racemiflora$. Flooding is seasonal, with aquatic herbs (such as ~Utricularia purpurea$) present during periods of surface water, and non-aquatic species becoming dominant in periods of exposed soil (especially late in the growing season).~Schizachyrium scoparium$-dominated grasslands with scattered ~Pinus rigida$. This alliance includes ultramafic outcrop barrens of Virginia and serpentine barrens of the mid-Atlantic Piedmont region. This latter vegetation consists of open, herb-dominated grasslands on serpentine, which contain ~Schizachyrium scoparium$ and ~Scleria pauciflora$ under scattered ~Pinus rigida$. The Piedmont examples in Virginia actually do not contain ~Pinus rigida$, but instead are adjacent to areas with ~Pinus virginiana$.Limestone glades of the temperate Coastal Plain of the Florida panhandle and adjacent Georgia, characterized by ~Schoenus nigricans$. The substrate consists of rather soft, chalky limestone; dominant herbaceous species are ~Schoenus nigricans, Hedyotis nigricans var. nigricans, Muhlenbergia capillaris, Andropogon$ sp., ~Setaria$ sp., ~Helianthus radula$, and ~Dichanthelium$ sp. ~Nostoc$ is abundant on the exposed limestone. Woody species occurring in islands and borders are ~Berchemia scandens, Cercis canadensis, Sideroxylon$ sp., ~Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Diospyros virginiana, Fraxinus americana, Ulmus alata, Acer leucoderme, Rhus copallinum$, and ~Viburnum$ sp.LVAL xPerennial grasslands (variously locally called barrens, glades, and/or prairies) dominated by ~Schizachyrium scoparium$, possibly also ~Bouteloua curtipendula$, with a scattered canopy of needle-leaved trees, or mixed needle-leaved evergreen and broad-leaved deciduous trees, particularly one or more of ~Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana, Quercus muehlenbergii$, and/or ~Quercus stellata$. Specimens of ~Juniperus virginiana$ are relatively short and compact. The open grown canopy oaks have short trunks, spreading limbs, and rounded crowns with many branches. These trees can be found scattered individually or in isolated clumps and patches. ~Juniperus ashei$ may replace ~Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana$ in the southwestern-most portion of the alliance's range. The subcanopy is absent or very sparse. Commonly encountered shrubs include ~Cornus florida, Ulmus alata, Rhus copallinum$, and ~Symphoricarpos orbiculatus$. ~Toxicodendron radicans$ also displays a shrubby growth form. Herbaceous cover is very uneven, ranging from very dense in some areas to absent in others. Characteristic species include ~Andropogon gerardii, Bouteloua curtipendula, Schizachyrium scoparium, Sorghastrum nutans, Helianthus divaricatus, Manfreda virginica, Silphium$ spp., ~Liatris$ spp., ~Rudbeckia$ spp., ~Sabatia angularis$, and ~Verbesina alternifolia$. In the western portion of the alliance's range, some characteristic species may include ~Rudbeckia missouriensis, Draba reptans, Mentzelia oligosperma, Physalis pumila, Astragalus distortus, Erysimum capitatum, Castilleja purpurea, Lesquerella filiformis, Nothocalais cuspidata, Penstemon cobaea$, and ~Clematis fremontii$. ~Smilax bona-nox$ and ~Smilax glauca$ are the most frequently encountered vines and may form dense mats when present. Aspect is variable; stands occur primarily on south- and southwest-facing slopes. Soils which support stands of this alliance are stony, shallow to moderately deep, neutral to alkaline, and primarily composed of weathered mineral matteKLVALW bfhmVVVX\W LbfhmVVV[ZW8 MbfhmVVV]V^- NbfhmVVV]__ ObfhmVVV^__ fbfhmVVWV[V< gbfhmVVWW]X5 hbfhmVVWYVZ( bfhmVVWY_Z bfhmVVWZ_^ bfhmVVW[__& bfhmVVW]_X bfhmVVW___ bfhmVVXV^\ bfhmVVXW^] bfhmVVXX\^ bfhmVVXZVY, bfhmVVXZ_[* bfhmVVX]YX bfhmVVX___B bfhmVVYY]X bfhmVVY\VZ bfhmVVY^ZY 8 bfhmVVY^__ 6 bfhmVVY___  bfhmVVZW]^ # bfhmVVZYZV ' bfhmVVZ[X[  bfhmVVZ\]Y  bfhmVVZ]^_ 1 bfhmVVZ___  bfhmVV[V__  bfhmVV[^XW !* bfhmVV\V_^ $+ bfhmVV\W__ ) bfhmVV\X_^ ,* bfhmVV\Y__ 0 bfhmVV\_WY 3/ bfhmVV]W_W 7 bfhmVV]Y^\ :5 bfhmVV]\_X >, bfhmVV]^Y_ B" bfhmVV]___ E& bfhmVV^[XV I bfhmVV^[__ K mVVVW^]gfhmVVVW^]gfhmVVVW^^gfhmVVVW^^g fhmVVVW^_g fhmVVVW_Vg fhmVVVW_Vg fhmVVVW_Vg fhmVVVW_VgfhmVVVW_XgfhmVVVW_XgfhmVVVW_XgfhmVVVW_[gfhmVVVW_\gfhmVVVW__gfhmVVVW__r, loess, and organic debris which collects in cracks and crevices of the bedrock. Parent material is limestone rock, cherty limestone, dolomite, or calcareous shale which is exposed at the surface, resulting in a very shallow, well-drained substrate. The soils may contain a homogenous mixture of rock fragments of various sizes. Organic matter is low, and there is little or no horizon development. These soils are nutrient poor, and are extremely susceptible to erosion, partly due to freeze-thaw and subsequent mass wasting. Although predominantly droughty and excessively drained, these sites can be seasonally wet, and water is occasionally ponded in shallow depressions.LVAL zThis alliance includes ~Schizachyrium scoparium$-dominated grasslands with scattered broad-leaved deciduous trees, or mixed broad-leaved deciduous trees with needle-leaved evergreen trees such as ~Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana$. Graminoids dominate stands of this alliance with scattered trees and shrubs. Various combinations of ~Quercus$ spp. and ~Juniperus virginiana$ may be present, with ~Quercus stellata$ and ~Quercus marilandica$ being the most common trees, although ~Quercus velutina$ may often be present. Some montane associations may contain ~Quercus prinus$. ~Andropogon virginicus, Schizachyrium scoparium, Danthonia spicata$, and ~Dichanthelium$ spp. are the most abundant herbs. Some other herbs which may be found include ~Castilleja coccinea, Coreopsis tripteris, Liatris$ spp., ~Rudbeckia$ spp., ~Silphium$ spp., ~Carex$ spp., and ~Asclepias amplexicaulis$. ~Smilax glauca, Smilax bona-nox, Rhus aromatica, Toxicodendron radicans, Ulmus alata$, and ~Vaccinium arboreum$ make up the sparse to moderate shrub layer. Lichens (e.g., ~Cladonia$ spp. and ~Cladina$ spp.) and mosses are prominent on exposed rock. Stands occur on exposed slopes throughout the range of this alliance. In Missouri, they occur on moderate to steep slopes of dissected drainages along major streams and mounds. The soil is absent to thin (0-40 cm) and somewhat rapidly to very rapidly drained. The parent material is variable; it is most typically shale or sandstone, with siltstone present in Indiana occurrences. Exposed bedrock or fragments of parent material are common on or at the surface. In Virginia's Blue Ridge, an association occurs over amphibolite, which weathers to produce high base status soils. Some associations are over various igneous materials, e.g., nepheline syenite in Arkansas. Most associations in this alliance occur over soils that are stony, shallow, and typically acidic, primarily consisting of weathered mineral matter, loess, and organic debris which collects in cracks and crevices of the bedrock. /LVAL;N bfhmVVVX\WX\YX\YX\YX\[ X\[ X]X X][ X][ X]\X^^X^_X_ZX_ZX_[X_[X_[X_\X_\X_\YVVYVVYVWYVZYVZYVZYVZYV[ YV]!YWV"YW^#YW^$YW^%YW^&YXW'YXY(YX[)YX\*YX]+YX],YX]-YX^.YX^/YYW0YYW1YYX2YY\3YY^4YY_5YZV6YZV7YZW8YZY9YZY:YZZ;YZZYZZYZ\YZ]Y[[Y[[Y[]Y\YY\YY\[ Y\^ Y\^ Y\_ Y]W Y]YY]ZY]]Y]]Y]^Y]_Y]_Y]_Y^XY^YY^[Y^]Y^^Y^^Y^^Y^_Y^_Y^_Y^_ Y_V!Y_X"Y_Y#Y_[$Y_[%Y_\&Y_\'Y_](ZVV)ZV^*ZW[+ZW^,ZW^-ZW^.ZXV/ZXW0ZXX1ZXY2ZXY3ZXY4ZXZZXZZXZZX]ZX]ZX]ZX^ZX^ZX_ZX_ ZYV ZYV ZYV ZYW ZYWZYXZYYZYYZYYZYZZY\ZY]ZY^ZY^ZY_ZY_ZY_ZZVZZWZZXZZXZZXZZY ZZY!ZZY"ZZ[#ZZ\$ZZ\%ZZ\&ZZ]'ZZ](ZZ_)ZZ_*Z[W+Z[X,Z[X-Z[X.Z[X/Z[X0Z[Y1Z[\2Z[]3Z[^4Z[_5Z\V6Z\W7Z\X8Z\X9Z\X:Z\XOrganic matter is low, and clay content can be quite high. These soils are extremely susceptible to erosion and downslope migration, especially on steeper slopes and during periods of freeze-thaw. All these factors contribute to poor productivity and provide only shallow root penetration for vegetation. Although predominantly droughty and excessively drained, these sites can be seasonally wet; water is occasionally ponded in shallow depressions.LVAL& @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @This alliance consists of aquatic vegetation of highly acidic, oligotrophic waters of the southeastern Coastal Plain and, rarely, similar situations elsewhere, as in the Great valley of Virginia. ~Orontium aquaticum$ and ~Schoenoplectus subterminalis$ are diagnostic. In addition, ~Orontium$-dominated vegetation is reported from Appalachian Kentucky.This alliance consists of large wind-tidal flats (often exceeding a thousand acres in size) dominated by the cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) ~Lyngbea$ spp. These communities occur in subtropical southern Texas (at least as far north as Corpus Christi and likely a bit farther north) and adjacent Tamaulipas, Mexico. These areas are usually exposed but are inundated by extreme high tides and wind tides.Vegetation in this alliance consists of floating or stranded mats of the nominal species, which occurs in shallow water of flats in slow-moving streams, shallow lakes, natural and artificial impoundments, etc. It is dominated by ~Ludwigia peploides$ (including ~var. glabrescens$ and/or ~var. peploides$). Vegetation of this alliance would be expected to occur in the Coastal Plain and adjacent interior provinces from possibly Georgia south and west to Texas, in the upper Coastal Plain at least to Kentucky, in the Central Basin of Tennessee, and west to eastern and central Oklahoma. The nominal species is recorded from some states to the north to this projected range, but its occurrence there may be sporadic or of limited extent. Other species which could occur in examples of this alliance include ~Cephalanthus occidentalis, Hibiscus laevis, Nelumbo lutea, Polygonum hydropiperoides$, and ~Sagittaria latifolia$, as well as ~Ammannia$ spp., ~Callitriche$ spp., ~Hydrolea quadrivalvis, Lycopus$ spp., ~Proserpinaca$ spp., ~Veronica$ spp., and other mat-forming obligate wetland species.LVAL }These ~Chamaecyparis thyoides$-dominated forests are found on saturated, peaty substrates. ~Chamaecyparis thyoides$ tolerates only brief inundation. The canopy of forests in this alliance may be heavily dominated by ~Chamaecyparis thyoides$, or they may contain pines (~Pinus elliottii var. elliottii$ in Florida basins, ~Pinus serotina$ in North Carolina peat domes) or hardwoods (for instance ~Acer rubrum, Nyssa biflora$, and ~Persea palustris$, or ~Liriodendron tulipifera$ in one rare example). The subcanopy may contain ~Acer rubrum var. trilobum, Nyssa biflora, Magnolia virginiana, Nyssa biflora, Persea palustris$, and ~Cliftonia monophylla$. ~Sabal palmetto$ and ~Serenoa repens$ are abundant on hummocks in one Florida association. The shrub stratum ranges from open to dense and may contain ~Ilex verticillata, Vaccinium corymbosum, Rhododendron viscosum, Ilex laevigata, Ilex glabra, Clethra alnifolia, Gaylussacia frondosa (= var. frondosa)$, and ~Ilex coriacea, Cyrilla racemiflora, Lyonia lucida, Magnolia virginiana, Persea palustris, Smilax laurifolia$, and ~Vaccinium formosum$ in the southern portion of the range. In some examples, ~Rhododendron maximum$ forms a nearly impenetrable shrub thicket. The herbaceous stratum is sparse to well-developed and may contain ~Osmunda cinnamomea, Thelypteris palustris, Woodwardia virginica, Woodwardia areolata, Thelypteris simulata, Gaultheria procumbens, Drosera$ spp., ~Sarracenia purpurea, Pogonia ophioglossoides, Mitchella repens, Carex striata, Carex collinsii, Carex atlantica$, and ~Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis$. ~Sphagnum$ spp., other nonvascular plants, and lichens may be common on exposed peat and rotting wood. ^Examples of this alliance may be found in poorly-drained basins in the northeastern United States, along small blackwater or spring-fed streams not subject to much flooding or siltation (in Florida and the East Gulf Coastal Plain); along streams or at seepages (in the Fall-line Sandhills); or in Panhandle Florida in large, constantly satuuLVAL bfhmVVXW^_W^_W^_W^_W^_W^_W_VW_VW_V W_V W_V W_V W_W W_WW_WW_WW_WW_WW_WW_WW_WW_WW_WW_WW_WW_WW_WW_WW_XW_YW_YW_Z W_Z!W_Z"W_]#W_]$W_^%W__&W__'XVW(XVW)XVX*XVX+XVX,XVY-XVY.XVY/XVY0Xrated basins (inundated under several feet of water during the spring) where fire is an infrequent event; as well as peat dome forests of North Carolina and Virginia dominated by ~Chamaecyparis$ and ~Pinus serotina$. Soils may be acidic peats but are usually circumneutral sands or sands overlain by peat. Soils are generally organic Histosols, composed of sand and peat, are permanently saturated, and include Histosols (Saprists and Hemists); the pH may be circumneutral or slightly acidic. Fires are infrequent and less destructive than in the northern range of ~Chamaecyparis thyoides$. ^Gap succession is more important in this community than post-fire regeneration and accounts for the mixed, uneven-aged stands. Lightning strikes are the main cause of mortality in mature white-cedar trees within the range of this association. Atlantic white-cedar communities are early successional but ~Chamaecyparis thyoides$ is a long-lived species (250+ years); gap regeneration is hypothesized to be the primary means of reproduction. The community often succeeds to itself following fire or other disturbance. In the absence of fire and adequate gap regeneration, Atlantic White-cedar Forests may be replaced by Bay Forest. Known examples are generally neither flood-prone, nor exposed to frequent fire. One association is thought to become established following fire, with a return time of 25-100+ years.LVALAquatic vegetation composed of two dominant components, an emerged and a submerged one. The emerged dominant is ~Hydrocotyle umbellata$. Usually occurs in the transitional zone between the water-lily or water-lettuce mats and the sedge marsh, in shallow, eutrophic waters.This alliance, found in the Great Lakes region and northeastern United States, may be best described as a swamp forest. It is dominated by ~Picea mariana$ with other canopy associates including ~Abies balsamea, Larix laricina, Betula papyrifera, Picea glauca$ (in the northwest of this alliance's range) and ~Thuja occidentalis$ (in the northeast and west). Most stands of this alliance have a well-developed shrub layer, but some have only a sparse shrub component. Most of the shrubs are ericaceous species such as ~Chamaedaphne calyculata, Kalmia angustifolia, Ledum groenlandicum$ (in the west), ~Linnaea borealis, Rhododendron canadense$ (in the east), ~Gaylussacia baccata$ (in the east), and ~Vaccinium$ spp., as well as ~Nemopanthus mucronatus$. ~Alnus incana, Betula pumila$, and ~Thuja occidentalis$ occur in more minerotrophic communities. Herbs include ~Drosera$ spp., ~Sarracenia purpurea, Eriophorum$ spp., ~Carex trisperma$, and ~Trillium undulatum$. Nonvascular species are abundant on the forest floor. ~Sphagnum$ spp. are ubiquitous, feathermosses are common on nutrient-poor sites in the west, and ~Aulacomnium palustre$ is more characteristic of minerotrophic communities in the east. ^The habitat of this alliance is characterized by poorly drained mineral soils in the northeastern part of its range, but is largely confined to deep peats and minerotrophic peatland margins to the south. The peats and groundwater are acidic and vary from nutrient-poor to moderately rich. Most stands are on level ground but some are on gentle lower slopes adjacent to wetlands.OLVALcThis alliance consists of a range of temporarily flooded sandbars and shores which develop a flora consisting largely of annual forbs. ~Lindernia dubia$ and ~Glottidium vesicarium (= Sesbania vesicaria)$ are characteristic of known examples, but floristic composition is highly variable.This alliance consists of aquatic vegetation in rivers and streams of the southern United States, in the coastal plains and possibly adjacent ecoregions, dominated by ~Myriophyllum heterophyllum$. This alliance may require modification as more information becomes available.Mid-altitude montane pine forests with canopy of ~Pinus occidentalis$ with admixture of broad-leaved tree species, in humid locations. Species of general distribution within this vegetation type include ~Ilex microwrightioides, Ilex tuerckheimii, Eupatorium illitium, Gnaphalium eggersii, Calamagrostis leonardii, Vernonia stenophylla, Cordia dependens, Lyonia microcarpa, Satureja domingensis, Chamaecrista glandulosa var. picardae, Galactia rudolphioides var. haitiensis, Myrcia picardae, Psychotria dolichocalyx, Sideroxylon repens$, and ~Buddleja domingensis$.Montane mixed pinewoods rich in tree-ferns, on yellow acidic soils derived from sandstone and andesitic tuffs, in southeastern Cuba. The uppermost of the two canopy layers is formed by ~Pinus X maestrensis$ (~Pinus cubensis X Pinus occidentalis$), accompanied by evergreen broad-leaved trees. This vegetation type shows affinities to ~Pinus tropicalis$ mid-altitude mixed forests of Hispaniola; both units occur within the montane rainforest zone, and are typically successional.Montane mixed forests of ~Pinus cubensis$ and broad-leaved evergreen trees, in the serpentine ranges of eastern Cuba, on ferritic soils. The herb layer in this vegetation type is usually dense and tall. Characteristic canopy species include ~Pinus cubensis, Tabebuia dubia, Hyeronima nipensis, Terminalia orientensis$, and ~Guatteria moralesii$.P K"<Dc#nr[D-w`1uFi5b.{G} dA.1924CSoutheastVII.C.2.N.cELEOCHARIS SPP. - SCHOENOPLECTUS SPP. - FIMBRISTYLIS SPP. - JUNCUS SPP. TEMPORARILY FLOODED SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCESpikerush species - Clubrush species - Fimbry species - Rush species Temporarily Flooded Sparsely Vegetated Alliances@DYA.S. WEAKLEY$    dA.1923CSoutheastI.A.5.N.fCONOCARPUS ERECTUS TIDAL FOREST ALLIANCEButtonwood Tidal Forest Alliance@CYSCSvsrfF   dA.1922CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cDICHANTHIUM ANNULATUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEKleberg's Bluestem Herbaceous Alliance@BYB. CARRzymG   gA.1921CEastV.A.6.N.q(PINUS RIGIDA) / SCHIZACHYRIUM SCOPARIUM WOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Pitch Pine) / Little Bluestem Wooded Herbaceous Alliance@vYECS\   fA.1920CSoutheastV.A.6.N.q(QUERCUS STELLATA, QUERCUS MARILANDICA) / SCHIZACHYRIUM SCOPARIUM WOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Post Oak, Blackjack Oak) / Little Bluestem Wooded Herbaceous Alliance yYMCS/SCSz   eA.1919CSoutheastV.A.6.N.q(JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA) / SCHIZACHYRIUM SCOPARIUM - (BOUTELOUA CURTIPENDULA) WOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Eastern Red-cedar) / Little Bluestem - (Sideoats Grama) Wooded Herbaceous Alliance wYMCS/SCSׄ   dA.1918CSoutheastV.A.6.N.q(ACER LEUCODERME, FRAXINUS AMERICANA) / SCHOENUS NIGRICANS WOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Chalk Maple, White Ash) / Blacksedge Wooded Herbaceous Alliance@vYA.S. WEAKLEY 1-96, MOD. As   fA.1917CSoutheastII.B.2.N.aMACLURA POMIFERA WOODLAND ALLIANCEOsage-orange Woodland Alliance@BYA.S. WEAKLEYxlk_A   eA.1916CSoutheastII.B.2.N.aULMUS AMERICANA - CELTIS LAEVIGATA WOODLAND ALLIANCEAmerican Elm - Sugarberry Woodland AllianceH@uYA.S. WEAKLEY~S   dA.1915CSoutheastV.A.5.N.mTRICHOPHORUM CAESPITOSUM SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEDeerhair Bulrush Saturated Herbaceous Alliance@pYA.S. WEAKLEY AFTER S.R. HT  i JOJf=@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @  dA.1934CLatin AmericaI.A.1.N.cALCHORNEA LATIFOLIA - SOLANUM ACROPTERUM FOREST ALLIANCEAchiotillo - Nightshade Forest Alliance@EYWEST INDIES WORKING GROUPZ"   hA.1933CLatin AmericaI.A.1.N.bSLOANEA BERTERIANA - ORMOSIA KRUGII FOREST ALLIANCEBullwood - Peronia Forest Alliance%@pYWEST INDIES WORKING GROUPwU"   kA.1932CSoutheastI.B.2.N.aJUGLANS NIGRA FOREST ALLIANCEBlack Walnut Forest Alliance'@uYK.D. PATTERSONrdcW;   eA.1931CSoutheastV.C.2.N.aORONTIUM AQUATICUM - (SCHOENOPLECTUS SUBTERMINALIS) PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGolden Club - (Water Bulrush) Permanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance_@{YA.S. WEAKLEYʾy   fA.1930CSoutheastV.A.5.N.kCAREX BARRATTII SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBarratt's Sedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance6@EYA.S. WEAKLEYT   A.193CWestI.A.8.N.fTHUJA PLICATA SEASONALLY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEWestern Red-cedar Seasonally Flooded Forest AllianceYM.S. REID/D. SARR}||H   dA.1929CSoutheastVI.C.1.N.bLYNGBEA SPP. WIND-TIDAL FLAT NONVASCULAR ALLIANCEBlue-green Algae species Wind-Tidal Flat Nonvascular Alliance@{YL. WILLIAMS/B. CARRP   dA.1928CSoutheastV.B.2.N.eLUDWIGIA PEPLOIDES SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEFloating Water-primrose Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous AllianceF@{YM. PYNE\   gA.1927CLatin AmericaI.A.1.N.bOXANDRA LAURIFOLIA - TETRAGASTRIS BALSAMIFERA FOREST ALLIANCEHaya - Masa Forest Alliance@uYWEST INDIES WORKING GROUPz_"   dA.1926CSoutheastI.A.4.N.aQUERCUS FUSIFORMIS FOREST ALLIANCEPlateau Live Oak Forest Alliance@vYB. CARR/A.S. WEAKLEYml`@   dA.1925CSoutheastIII.A.2.N.hCYRILLA RACEMIFLORA SEASONALLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCETiti Seasonally Flooded Shrubland AllianceE@vYC. AULBACH-SMITH/A.S. WEAY    u^0w fA.1945CLatin AmericaI.A.3.N.bSIDEROXYLON SPP. - ROYSTONEA ELATA FOREST ALLIANCEBully species - Florida Royal Palm Forest Alliance{@lYWEST INDIES WORKING GROUPT"   eA.1944CLatin AmericaI.A.3.N.bCALOPHYLLUM ANTILLANUM - CALYPTRONOMA OCCIDENTALIS FOREST ALLIANCEWest Indian-laurel - Western Manac Forest Alliance@PYWEST INDIES WORKING GROUPd"   dA.1943CLatin AmericaI.A.3.N.bALCHORNEA LATIFOLIA - PSEUDOLMEDIA SPURIA FOREST ALLIANCEAchiotillo - False Breadnut Forest Alliance@lYWEST INDIES WORKING GROUP["   eA.1942CLatin AmericaI.A.3.N.aMANILKARA BIDENTATA SSP. SURINAMENSIS FOREST ALLIANCEBulletwood Forest Alliance@PYWEST INDIES WORKING GROUP~}qW"   eA.1941CLatin AmericaI.A.1.N.dMAGNOLIA PALLESCENS - TABEBUIA VINOSA FOREST ALLIANCE@LYWEST INDIES WORKING GROUP}dcWW"   dA.1940CLatin AmericaI.A.1.N.dDIDYMOPANAX TREMULUS - PODOCARPUS ARISTULATUS FOREST ALLIANCEDidymopanax - Plum-pine Forest Alliance@LYWEST INDIES WORKING GROUP_"   iA.1939CLatin AmericaI.A.1.N.cOCOTEA EKMANII - MAGNOLIA CUBENSIS SSP. CUBENSIS FOREST ALLIANCEEkman's Laurel-sassafras - Cuban Magnolia Forest Alliance@JYWEST INDIES WORKING GROUPb"   hA.1938CLatin AmericaI.A.1.N.cMAGNOLIA PALLESCENS FOREST ALLIANCEMagnolia Forest Alliance@HYWEST INDIES WORKING GROUPji]E"   gA.1937CLatin AmericaI.A.1.N.cMAGNOLIA HAMORII FOREST ALLIANCE@HYWEST INDIES WORKING GROUPhONBB"   fA.1936CLatin AmericaI.A.1.N.cMAGNOLIA CUBENSIS SSP. ACUNAE FOREST ALLIANCECuban Magnolia Forest Allianceb@nYWEST INDIES WORKING GROUPzymO"   eA.1935CLatin AmericaI.A.1.N.cBONNETIA CUBENSIS FOREST ALLIANCE@HYWEST INDIES WORKING GROUPiPOCC"  L !wT/m=n@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ fA.1957CLatin AmericaII.A.3.N.aPINUS OCCIDENTALIS WOODLAND ALLIANCEWestern Pine Woodland AllianceX@\YWEST INDIES WORKING GROUPrqeG#   eA.1956CLatin AmericaII.A.3.N.aPINUS TROPICALIS WOODLAND ALLIANCETropical Pine Woodland Alliance}@[YWEST INDIES WORKING GROUPqpdE#   gA.1955CLatin AmericaII.A.1.N.aCOLPOTHRINAX WRIGHTII WOODLAND ALLIANCECuban Bottle Palm Woodland AllianceW@[YWEST INDIES WORKING GROUPzymJ#   fA.1954CLatin AmericaII.A.1.N.aACOELORRAPHE WRIGHTII WOODLAND ALLIANCEEverglades Palm Woodland AllianceW@VYWEST INDIES WORKING GROUPxwkJ#   dA.1953CLatin AmericaI.A.7.N.bPINUS TROPICALIS FOREST ALLIANCETropical Pine Forest Alliancex@VYWEST INDIES WORKING GROUPlk_B"   gA.1952CLatin AmericaI.A.7.N.aPINUS TROPICALIS - PINUS CARIBAEA VAR. CARIBAEA FOREST ALLIANCETropical Pine - Caribbean Pine Forest Alliance@VYWEST INDIES WORKING GROUPa"   fA.1951CLatin AmericaI.A.7.N.aPINUS CUBENSIS FOREST ALLIANCECuban Pine Forest Alliance@QYWEST INDIES WORKING GROUPgfZ@"   eA.1950CLatin AmericaI.A.7.N.aPINUS CARIBAEA VAR. CARIBAEA - PACHYANTHUS POIRETII FOREST ALLIANCEv@QYWEST INDIES WORKING GROUPrqee"   dA.1949CLatin AmericaI.A.7.N.aPINUS CARIBAEA VAR. CARIBAEA FOREST ALLIANCECaribbean Pine Forest Alliance}@PYWEST INDIES WORKING GROUPyxlN"   eA.1948CLatin AmericaI.A.5.N.aQUERCUS OLEOIDES SSP. SAGRAEANA FOREST ALLIANCE@PYWEST INDIES WORKING GROUPw^]QQ"   dA.1947CLatin AmericaI.A.5.N.aCALOPHYLLUM CALABA SSP. PINETORUM FOREST ALLIANCEAntilles Calophyllum Forest AllianceD@lYWEST INDIES WORKING GROUPwS"   dA.1946CLatin AmericaI.A.3.N.fHIBISCUS ELATUS - SWIETENIA MAHAGONI SEASONALLY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCECubanbast - West Indian Mahogany Seasonally Flooded Forest Alliance@PYWEST INDIES WORKING GROUPҹi"   h#T.@ @  eA.1967CLatin AmericaV.C.1.N.aLEMNA PERPUSILLA PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMinute Duckweed Permanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@^YWEST INDIES WORKING GROUPZ"   dA.1966CLatin AmericaV.C.1.N.aUTRICULARIA GIBBA PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEHumped Bladderwort Permanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@^YWEST INDIES WORKING GROUP["   dA.1965CLatin AmericaV.B.1.N.dDIEFFENBACHIA SEGUINE SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEDumb-cane Saturated Herbaceous Allianceh@^NLACD|U"   dA.1964CLatin AmericaV.B.1.N.bCHAMAESYCE BLODGETTII HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELimestone Sandmat Herbaceous Alliance@\YWEST INDIES WORKING GROUP}|pK"   dA.1963CLatin AmericaIV.A.2.N.cRHACHICALLIS AMERICANA TIDAL DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCERhachicallis Tidal Dwarf-shrubland Alliance]@\YWEST INDIES WORKING GROUPX#   dA.1962CLatin AmericaIII.C.1.N.bTABEBUIA BAHAMENSIS - PSIDIUM LONGIPES - STIGMAPHYLLON SAGRAEANUM SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBahama Trumpet-tree - Mangroveberry - Amazon-vine Shrubland AllianceYWEST INDIES WORKING GROUPֽx$   dA.1961CLatin AmericaIII.A.4.N.aRHACHICALLIS AMERICANA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCERhachicallis Shrubland AllianceYWEST INDIES WORKING GROUPmllM$   dA.1960CLatin AmericaIII.A.1.N.fTHRINAX MORRISII - COCCOTHRINAX ARGENTATA SEASONALLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBrittle Thatch Palm - Silver Palm Seasonally Flooded Shrubland AllianceYWEST INDIES WORKING GROUPԻs$   A.196CEastI.A.8.N.gCHAMAECYPARIS THYOIDES SATURATED FOREST ALLIANCEAtlantic White-cedar Saturated Forest Alliancek |YD.J. ALLARD, MOD. S.L. NEvH   fA.1959CLatin AmericaIII.A.1.N.aTHRINAX MORRISII - COCCOTHRINAX ARGENTATA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBrittle Thatch Palm - Silver Palm Shrubland AllianceYWEST INDIES WORKING GROUP`$   eA.1958CLatin AmericaIII.A.1.N.aCASSIA LINEATA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCENarrow-pod Sensitive-pea Shrubland AllianceYWEST INDIES WORKING GROUPrqqE$   7n!X=@ @ @ @ @ gA.1977CLatin AmericaI.A.7.N.dPINUS TROPICALIS - ILEX MICROWRIGHTIOIDES FOREST ALLIANCETropical Pine - Ilex Forest Alliance4@YWEST INDIES WORKING GROUP["   fA.1976CLatin AmericaI.A.7.N.dPINUS X MAESTRENSIS FOREST ALLIANCESierra Maestra Pine Forest Alliance@YWEST INDIES WORKING GROUPuthE"   eA.1975CLatin AmericaI.A.7.N.dPINUS CUBENSIS - TABEBUIA DUBIA FOREST ALLIANCEY@YWEST INDIES WORKING GROUPw^]QQ"   dA.1974CLatin AmericaI.A.7.N.dPINUS CARIBAEA VAR. CARIBAEA - QUERCUS OLEOIDES SSP. SAGRAEANA FOREST ALLIANCE@aYWEST INDIES WORKING GROUP}|pp"   dA.1973CLatin AmericaV.C.1.N.bLIMNOBIUM LAEVIGATUM PERMANENTLY FLOODED - TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWest Indian Spongeplant Permanently Flooded - Tidal Herbaceous Allianceg@_YWEST INDIES WORKING GROUPӺf"   jA.1972CLatin AmericaV.C.1.N.aLIMNOCHARIS FLAVA PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEYellow Velvetleaf Permanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@_YWEST INDIES WORKING GROUP["   iA.1971CLatin AmericaV.C.1.N.aHYDROCOTYLE UMBELLATA PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMarsh Pennywort Permanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@~YWEST INDIES WORKING GROUP_"   hA.1970CLatin AmericaV.C.1.N.aNYMPHOIDES GRAYANA PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGray's Floatingheart Permanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@^YWEST INDIES WORKING GROUP\"   A.197CEastI.A.8.N.gPICEA MARIANA SATURATED FOREST ALLIANCEBlack Spruce Saturated Forest Alliance0@~YECSurqe?   gA.1969CLatin AmericaV.C.1.N.aNYMPHOIDES AUREA PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGolden Floatingheart Permanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@cYWEST INDIES WORKING GROUPZ"   fA.1968CLatin AmericaV.C.1.N.aPOTAMOGETON NODOSUS PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELongleaf Pondweed Permanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@^YWEST INDIES WORKING GROUP]"   M*sSW <@ @ @ @  dA.1988CSoutheastV.A.5.N.lELEOCHARIS BALDWINII SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBaldwin's Spikerush Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@YL.M. SMITH, MOD. M. PYNEª^   dA.1987CSoutheastV.B.2.N.gSAGITTARIA LANCIFOLIA TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELanceleaf Arrowhead Tidal Herbaceous AllianceYL.M. SMITH{zzM   A.1985CSoutheastV.B.2.N.bSELAGINELLA (TORTIPILA, RUPESTRIS) HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Twisted-hair Spike-moss, Rock Spike-moss) Herbaceous Alliance|YK.D. PATTERSONT   fA.1984CSoutheastV.C.2.N.aNYMPHAEA ODORATA - NUPHAR SPP. PERMANENTLY FLOODED TEMPERATE HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWhite Water-lily - Yellow Pond-lily species Permanently Flooded Temperate Herbaceous Alliance@YM. PYNE, MOD. M.S. REIDn   dA.1983CLatin AmericaII.A.1.N.cSABAL PALMETTO SEASONALLY FLOODED TROPICAL WOODLAND ALLIANCECabbage Palmetto Seasonally Flooded Tropical Woodland AllianceYWEST INDIES WORKING GROUP_#   eA.1982CLatin AmericaI.A.7.C.xCASUARINA EQUISETIFOLIA PLANTED FOREST ALLIANCEAustralian-pine Planted Forest Alliance@cYWEST INDIES WORKING GROUPxQ"   dA.1981CLatin AmericaI.A.7.C.xPINUS CARIBAEA VAR. HONDURENSIS PLANTED FOREST ALLIANCEHonduras Pine Planted Forest AllianceU@cYWEST INDIES WORKING GROUP~Y"   eA.1980CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.iCLADIUM MARISCUS SSP. JAMAICENSE TIDAL TROPICAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESawgrass Tidal Tropical Herbaceous AllianceNWEST INDIES WORKING GROUPe"   A.198CEastI.A.8.N.gPICEA RUBENS SATURATED FOREST ALLIANCERed Spruce Saturated Forest Alliance@YM.P. SCHAFALE/A.S. WEAKLEonb>   dA.1979CLatin AmericaIII.A.4.N.gILEX TURQUINENSIS - MYRICA CACUMINIS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE+@aYWEST INDIES WORKING GROUPhg[[$   hA.1978CLatin AmericaI.A.7.N.dPINUS TROPICALIS - MAGNOLIA PALLESCENS FOREST ALLIANCETropical Pine - Magnolia Forest Alliance@aYWEST INDIES WORKING GROUPX"  i h+kTB eA.2002CSoutheastIII.B.2.N.dBRUNNICHIA OVATA TEMPORARILY FLOODED VINE-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCELadies' Eardrops Temporarily Flooded Vine-Shrubland Alliance@YM. PYNE\    dA.2001CSoutheastI.B.2.C.xQUERCUS ACUTISSIMA PLANTED FOREST ALLIANCESawtooth Oak Planted Forest Alliance @YM. PYNEyxlH   eA.2000CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cUROCHLOA RAMOSA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBrowntop-millet Herbaceous Alliancek@YM. PYNExqpdA   A.200CMidwestI.A.8.N.gTHUJA OCCIDENTALIS SATURATED FOREST ALLIANCENorthern White-cedar Saturated Forest AllianceW@YMCSuG   fA.1999CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cPENNISETUM GLAUCUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPearl-millet Herbaceous Alliancej@YM. PYNExqpdD   dA.1996CSoutheastI.B.2.N.eQUERCUS ALBA - (NYSSA SYLVATICA) SEASONALLY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEWhite Oak - (Blackgum) Seasonally Flooded Forest Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYa   eA.1995CSoutheastI.A.8.C.xPINUS RIGIDA PLANTED FOREST ALLIANCEPitch Pine Planted Forest Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEY}qpdB   fA.1993CSoutheastIII.B.3.N.aPROSOPIS TAMAULIPANA - EBENOPSIS EBANO SHRUBLAND ALLIANCETamaulipan Mesquite - Texas Ebony Shrubland Alliance@dYA.S. WEAKLEYY    dA.1991CSoutheastI.A.8.C.xPINUS PINASTER PLANTED FOREST ALLIANCEMaritime Pine Planted Forest Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYvuiD   gA.1990CSoutheastV.A.5.N.kELEOCHARIS QUADRANGULATA - SAGITTARIA SPP. SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESquarestem Spikerush - Arrowhead species Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@cYR. EVANSʾo   dA.1989CSoutheastI.C.2.N.bFAGUS GRANDIFOLIA - LIQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA - PINUS TAEDA - (MAGNOLIA GRANDIFLORA) TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEAmerican Beech - Sweetgum - Loblolly Pine - (Southern Magnolia) Temporarily Flooded Forest AllianceIYL.M. SMITH/A.S. WEAKLEY  LVALR @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ This alliance includes planted stands of ~Pinus rigida$, sometime planted outside its native range. These are cultivated forests and are not considered natural or near-natural vegetation. They are maintained as plantations for the harvest of forest products.This alliance consists of plantings of ~Pinus pinaster$ (native of Mediterranean Europe) along the barrier islands of North Carolina (and possibly elsewhere on the Atlantic coast of North America), with the goal of island stabilization. Older plantations have ingrowth of native woody species, such as ~Pinus taeda, Juniperus virginiana var. silicicola, Quercus virginiana, Ilex vomitoria, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera var. cerifera), Prunus serotina var. serotina$, and others. Older plantations also have development of native floristic herbaceous composition, including ~Spartina patens, Muhlenbergia filipes, Eustachys petraea$, etc.Wetland forests dominated by ~Picea rubens$ or mixtures of ~Picea rubens$ and ~Tsuga canadensis$, occurring outside the main range of ~Abies balsamea$. These forests often have a dense shrub layer dominated by ~Rhododendron maximum$ and may have coverage by ~Sphagnum$ species. Some occurrences have ~Taxus canadensis$ in the understory. ~Listera smallii$ is characteristic in the sparse herb stratum. Other characteristic herbs include ~Oclemena acuminata (= Aster acuminatus), Huperzia lucidula$, and ~Dryopteris campyloptera$. Forests in this alliance occur on saturated substrates, where surface water is seldom present, but the soil is saturated to surface for extended periods during the growing season. These forests are known from poorly drained bottomlands, above 3500 feet elevation (1070 m) in the Southern Blue Ridge, but also occur in the northern Ridge and Valley and central Appalachians. It historically occurred in Tennessee.*LVAL 8This alliance presently includes only one type of fresh spikerush marsh recently (1998) recognized in Louisiana in the Deltaic Plain, apparently increasing in area. This vegetation (Fresh Spikerush Marsh) appears to represent degraded Fresh Maidencane Marsh. It is postulated that Fresh Maidencane Marsh may convert to Fresh Spikerush Marsh as a consequence of intense herbivory (by nutria [or muskrat?]), changes in hydrology, changes in water quality, certain fire regimes or other factors. The type is codominated by ~Eleocharis baldwinii$ and ~Hydrocotyle$ spp., mainly ~Hydrocotyle ranunculoides$ and ~Hydrocotyle umbellata$; ~Bidens laevis$ is a frequent codominant. Species richness in this marsh type is moderate.This alliance, common throughout most of the eastern and central United States and adjacent Canadian provinces, contains vegetation which may occur in a variety of slow-moving water bodies, including rivers, millponds, blackwater rivers, streams, shallow ponds or lakes, or on shores of deeper water bodies including freshwater tidal areas. The water depth is generally greater than 0.5 m and up to 2 m. Stands are dominated by hydromorphic rooted aquatic plants, typically ~Nuphar lutea$ (any of its various subspecies), with or without ~Nymphaea odorata$. Emergent vegetation is less than 25%, and typically plant species diversity is low. Other species present may include ~Utricularia$ spp., ~Potamogeton$ spp., and others. In the north, ~Brasenia schreberi$ may be locally dominant. Other characteristic northern species include ~Nymphaea tetragona$ and ~Potamogeton amplifolius$. Associates found in the Midwest include ~Polygonum amphibium$. In the Southeast, examples may include the floating or emergent 'pad-leaved' species ~Nelumbo lutea$ or ~Nymphoides aquatica$. Submerged aquatic species which may be present include ~Cabomba caroliniana, Ceratophyllum demersum$, and ~Heteranthera dubia$. Stands of this alliance are permanently to semipermanently flooded.LVAL This alliance includes vegetation characterized by shallow vegetation mats of mosses, lichens, and shallow-rooted vascular plants occurring on smooth rock substrates or rock with few crevices or fractures (e.g., granitic exfoliation domes). It includes communities found in the Blue Ridge and Piedmont of the Carolinas and Georgia. Associations in this alliance can be found at elevations up to 5000 feet (1525 m) in the Blue Ridge, but occur below 3000 feet (915 m) in the Piedmont. This alliance has sparse to dense (10-90%) coverage by ~Selaginella tortipila$ or ~Selaginella rupestris$ and physiognomically complex zones with many other dominants. Woody species from adjacent woodlands and shrublands may be scattered components in these associations, especially in marginal zones between open rock and forested vegetation. The vegetation of associations in this alliance has few deep-rooted forbs, shrubs, or trees and is dominated by shallow-rooted perennials and annuals growing in established vegetation mats. Associated species vary with elevation, exposure, and geology. Species characteristic of high-elevation associations include ~Hypericum buckleii, Packera millefolia (= Senecio millefolium), Carex biltmoreana, Carex umbellata, Solidago simulans, Danthonia epilis (= Danthonia sericea var. epilis), Trichophorum caespitosum (= Scirpus cespitosus), Rhododendron catawbiense$, and ~Leiophyllum buxifolium$. Lower elevation associations typically include ~Grimmia laevigata, Andropogon virginicus, Coreopsis major, Danthonia spicata, Schizachyrium scoparium$, and ~Talinum teretifolium$. Some unique associations with circumneutral influence include species indicative of high pH soils such as ~Arabis laevigata, Cheilanthes lanosa, Dodecatheon meadia, Sedum glaucophyllum$, and ~Hylotelephium telephioides (= Sedum telephioides)$. Granitic domes, in general, are uncommon, especially at high elevations in the Blue Ridge, where they are threatened by heavy recreational use. Granitic dome communities are also known frdLVALp @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ bfhm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bfhmVV\X[W *,bfhmVV\X[W +bfhmVV\X[X +bfhmVV\X[X +bfhmVV\X[X +bfhmVV\X[X +bfhmVV\X[X +bfhmVV\X[Y +bfhmVV\X[Y +bfhmVV\X[Y +bfhmVV\X[Z + bfhmVV\X[\ + bfhmVV\X[_ + bfhmVV\X[_ + bfhmVV\X[_ + bfhmVV\X[_ +bfhmVV\X\V +bfhmVV\X\W +bfhmVV\X\W +bfhmVV\X\Z +bfhmVV\X\\ +bfhmVV\X\] +bfhmVV\X\] +bfhmVV\X\] +bfhmVV\X\] +bfhmVV\X\^ +bfhmVV\X\^ +bfhmVV\X\^ +bfhmVV\X\_ +bfhmVV\X\_ +bfhmVV\X]W +bfhmVV\X]W +bfhmVV\om the Piedmont of North Carolina and Georgia, where the associations are more xeric and differ floristically from the montane associations.LVAL Stands of this temporarily flooded alliance are found within the average annual floodplain of small streams in central and western Louisiana and eastern Texas, generally on acidic sandy loams and silt loams on both Pleistocene and Tertiary formations. Hydrologically, it is characterized by short-duration flood events, on the order of 1-3 days per event, occurring a few times in an average year. It occurs in the West (and possibly the East) Gulf Coastal Plain, along small streams within the range of ~Magnolia grandiflora$. The canopies of stands of this alliance are typically dominated by a combination of ~Magnolia grandiflora, Fagus grandifolia, Pinus taeda, Quercus alba, Liquidambar styraciflua, Nyssa sylvatica$, and ~Quercus nigra$. Some examples lack strong dominance by ~Magnolia grandiflora$, but these are included here. Other canopy species often present include ~Quercus laurifolia, Quercus michauxii, Quercus pagoda, Nyssa biflora, Magnolia virginiana, Liriodendron tulipifera, Ulmus alata, Acer rubrum, Prunus serotina, Carya alba, Carya glabra$, and ~Quercus falcata$. Common midstory and understory species include ~Carpinus caroliniana, Ilex opaca, Viburnum dentatum, Halesia diptera, Hamamelis virginiana, Cornus florida, Rhododendron canescens, Symplocos tinctoria, Vaccinium elliottii, Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (= Sambucus canadensis), Itea virginica$, and others. ~Arundinaria gigantea$ is typically very common in patches. Vines are usually conspicuous and may include ~Vitis rotundifolia, Smilax$ spp., ~Berchemia scandens, Campsis radicans, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Toxicodendron radicans$, and ~Bignonia capreolata$. Herbaceous species often include ~Athyrium filix-femina, Polystichum acrostichoides, Chasmanthium latifolium, Chasmanthium sessiliflorum, Arisaema triphyllum, Lobelia cardinalis, Polygonum$ spp., and others.LVALU+This vegetation is dominated by ~Brunnichia ovata$, a scrambling woody vine of wetlands. The alliance has been observed in the Upper East Gulf Coastal Plain at Fort Benning, Alabama (and probably Georgia), where the vine mimics the behavior of kudzu, covering trees and other existing vegetation. Examples seen range in size from less than one hectare to about a hectare. Edges of examples of this vegetation may consist of small to large trees in the process of being overwhelmed by Lady's-eardrops. This alliance is also known to occur in Alabama, and probably in Georgia as well. The species ranges north to Kentucky, Virginia, and Missouri, and as far west as eastern Texas and Oklahoma.Plantations of exotic ~Quercus acutissima$, grown for wildlife enhancement. This Eurasian species is planted for wildlife due to its ability to produce acorns after a shorter time than native oaks. It has the capacity to spread into native forests from these plantings.This alliance consists of areas dominated by ~Pennisetum glaucum$ (native of Eurasia) in the southeastern United States, where ~Pennisetum glaucum$ is planted or invades abandoned farmland and other disturbed areas. The species may be planted as a seed crop or for wildlife enhancement purposes. The relative persistence of this type is not known with certainty.This alliance includes depressional wetlands with an open to nearly closed canopy dominated by various mixtures of ~Quercus alba, Nyssa sylvatica$, and sometimes other trees. The flooding regime is seasonal, though for shorter duration than some related alliances, such as the ~~Quercus phellos$ Seasonally Flooded Forest Alliance (A.330)$$, ~~Quercus lyrata - (Carya aquatica)$ Seasonally Flooded Forest Alliance (A.328)$$, ~~Quercus palustris - (Quercus bicolor)$ Seasonally Flooded Forest Alliance (A.329)$$, and ~~Nyssa (aquatica, biflora, ogeche)$ Pond Seasonally Flooded Forest Alliance (A.324)$$. Typically, flooding is for several months in the late winter into early spring.0LVAL>This alliance consists of areas dominated by ~Urochloa ramosa$ (native of Eurasia) in the southeastern United States, where it is planted or invades abandoned farmland and other disturbed areas. The species may be planted as a seed crop, for erosion control, or for wildlife enhancement purposes. The relative persistence of this type is not known with certainty.This alliance occurs across much of the northern half of the eastern United States and in southern Canada. It is characterized by ~Thuja occidentalis$ in pure stands or in association with lesser amounts of ~Abies balsamea, Acer rubrum, Betula alleghaniensis, Fraxinus nigra, Larix laricina, Picea glauca$ (in the west of this alliance's range), ~Picea mariana$, and ~Tsuga canadensis$. The shrub layer may be sparse to well-developed, and includes species such as ~Alnus incana, Chamaedaphne calyculata, Cornus sericea, Ledum groenlandicum, Linnaea borealis$, and ~Lonicera oblongifolia$. The herbaceous layer is often quite diverse, and may include ~Carex leptalea, Cornus canadensis$ (in the west), ~Coptis trifolia, Cypripedium reginae, Amerorchis rotundifolia, Rubus pubescens, Maianthemum canadense, Gaultheria hispidula, Gaultheria procumbens, Mitella nuda, Sarracenia purpurea$, and ~Trientalis borealis$. The moss layer is variable in cover, and characterized by ~Bazzania trilobata, Thuidium delicatulum, Hylocomium splendens, Sphagnum$ spp., and ~Trichocolea tomentella$. ^This vegetation is commonly associated with wetlands influenced by calcareous groundwater, in poorly drained depressions with substantial peat accumulation, along streams, or on slopes with emergent groundwater seepage evident as rivulets at the surface. Soils range from organic to mineral. The groundwater is usually moderately to strongly minerotrophic and has circumneutral pH. ~Thuja occidentalis$ stands often become established on ~Alnus$ spp. thickets following fire, but they may also be stable and long-lived without disturbance.?LVAL+O&$zr|Q <8This alliance includes tidal, mesohaline to oligohaline marshes dominated or codominated by ~Schoenoplectus americanus (= Scirpus olneyi)$. Other associated species can include ~Spartina patens, Spartina alterniflora, Spartina cynosuroides, Phragmites australis, Juncus roemerianus, Typha$ spp., and ~Typha domingensis$. The general aspect and species composition of this vegetation are variable, not only among occurrences, but also over the course of the growing season. Dominance patterns are not well understood but are likely related to gradients in salinity and hydrology. This alliance is known from the Gulf Coast of Texas, the Chenier Plain of Louisiana, and the mid-Atlantic coast of Maryland and Delaware; it may also occur along the Gulf Coast of Mississippi and Alabama and possibly along the lower Atlantic coast of the United States.This alliance covers significant (monocultural) stands of the exotic forb ~Polygonum cuspidatum$ found in temporarily flooded habitats such as scour bars. These disturbed habitats flood very frequently and have lots of light and rocky or sandy soil. Stands of this vegetation may be dense and shrubby, or more open. The patches of ~Polygonum$ shade out other plant species. In North Carolina, it is found on scour bars and low rocky banks of the Nolichucky and French Broad rivers. In Kentucky, ~Polygonum cuspidatum$ is primarily along disturbed riverbanks and bars mostly in the Cumberland Plateau and Mountains where it can be in pure, dense stands.This alliance includes tropical and subtropical tidal marshes dominated by ~Schoenoplectus californicus (= Scirpus californicus)$. It is found in tidally influenced oligohaline marshes along the Gulf Coast of the United States. Additional common species may include ~Spartina patens$, Cyperaceae, ~Typha domingensis, Typha latifolia, Ludwigia$ spp., ~Pluchea$ spp., ~Phragmites australis, Setaria$ spp., ~Nymphaea odorata, Panicum hemitomon, Bidens laevis$, and others.LVALbfhmVV]^Y_ B#^ZV B$^ZX B%^ZZ B&^Z[ B'^Z\ B(^Z] B)^Z] B*^Z^ B+^Z^ B,^Z_ B-^[V B.^[W B/^[X B0^[Y B1^[Y B2^[Z B3^[[ B4^[[This alliance consists of drawdown zones around artificial impoundments in the Southern Appalachians and likely adjacent provinces. Physiognomy and composition are highly variable. A scattering to sometimes well-developed stratum of woody trees and saplings is sometime present, and often includes species such as ~Diospyros virginiana, Betula nigra$, and ~Platanus occidentalis$. Characteristic herbs are weedy colonizers, such as ~Eupatorium serotinum, Diodia virginiana, Juncus effusus, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Juncus tenuis, Scirpus cyperinus, Lobelia inflata, Lobelia cardinalis, Apocynum cannabinum, Polygonum hydropiperoides, Acalypha virginica, Andropogon virginicus, Panicum$ spp., ~Hypericum mutilum, Hypericum punctatum, Plantago$ spp., ~Pseudognaphalium$ spp., and others.This alliance includes forests of mesic to dry-mesic, potentially fire-exposed mid and upper slopes in the southern Appalachians. Canopy dominance is shared by a number of species including ~Acer rubrum var. rubrum, Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis, Betula lenta, Magnolia fraseri, Oxydendrum arboreum, Nyssa sylvatica$, and ~Tsuga canadensis$, but the community's most distinctive character is the relative lack of dominance by any one species and the lack of oak species in the canopy. The understory shrub layer ranges from very dense to sparse and is comprised of either ~Kalmia latifolia$ or ~Rhododendron maximum$, depending upon whether the site is more dry or more mesic. Although the alliance was documented in the Smoky Mountains, it is assumed that this community can be found in other similar habitat throughout the southern Appalachians.LVALThis fen / wet meadow alliance occurs at low elevations in the Southern Appalachians, where relatively nutrient-rich groundwater seeps to the surface, creating saturated conditions. Typical species are ~Symphyotrichum puniceum, Solidago patula var. patula, Solidago rugosa, Vernonia noveboracensis, Amphicarpaea bracteata, Apios americana, Eupatorium fistulosum, Impatiens capensis, Juncus effusus$, and ~Carex lurida$. ~Sphagnum$ cover is usually minimal.This alliance, found in the Great Lakes states and northeastern United States, is characterized by wetland forests strongly dominated by ~Tsuga canadensis$. Canopy associates include ~Chamaecyparis thyoides$ (in the eastern portion of this alliance's range), ~Acer rubrum, Acer saccharum, Nyssa sylvatica$ (in the east), ~Pinus strobus, Betula alleghaniensis$, and ~Thuja occidentalis$ (in the center and west). The forest floor generally receives little light due to the dense canopy and thus has poorly developed herb and shrub layers. Shrubs occur in low abundance and may include ~Corylus cornuta$ (in the west), ~Vaccinium corymbosum, Lindera benzoin$ (in the east and center), and ~Ilex verticillata$. ~Osmunda$ spp. and ~Viola$ spp. are often found in these communities across their range while ~Onoclea sensibilis$ is common in the east and in the west ~Maianthemum canadense, Cornus canadensis$, and ~Coptis trifolia$ can usually be found. ^Soils of this alliance vary from saturated muck to imperfectly drained mineral soils and are often acidic. Communities in this alliance occur in upland valleys created by bedrock depressions, on lower slopes, or adjacent to streams and lakes. In most cases they are transitional between wetland and upland communities. Microtopography is sometimes characterized by mounds and depressions caused by uprooted trees.GLVALDW @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ This alliance is found in the West and Upper West Gulf Coastal Plain ecoregions of eastern Texas and possibly adjacent areas of western Louisiana and Arkansas. Stands in this alliance occur in slight topographic depressions or shallow ponds on Pleistocene high terraces. These forests are considered to be seasonally flooded since during average years they hold water for a portion of the growing season, albeit for very short duration. These areas may be best thought of as "flatwoods" as the source of the water in the depressions results from precipitation. These areas are dominated by ~Quercus stellata$ and ~Pinus taeda$ with average canopy cover of 80% or greater. No other tree species are present in the canopy of documented examples. The understory is very open to sparse and contains ~Chasmanthium sessiliflorum$ and ~Chasmanthium laxum$ and relatively few additional species.This alliance, dominated either by the invasive exotic Asian vine ~Wisteria sinensis$ or ~Wisteria floribunda$, is most commonly seen in fragmented landscapes near old homesteads and other areas. The oldest colonies of this type may consist of ~Wisteria sinensis$ or ~Wisteria floribunda$ and little else since the wisteria slowly overtops and kills all other plants nearby.This alliance includes stands of vegetation in the Coastal Plain west of the Mississippi River which are dominated by ~Pinus echinata$ or ~Pinus taeda$ either solely or in combination, with a diagnostic component of ~Quercus stellata$. Other species which may be locally important in the overstory include ~Quercus marilandica, Quercus falcata, Carya texana$, and ~Carya alba$. This vegetation was historically subject to frequent fires which created relatively open, woodland structure and in some case species-rich understories. Most current examples have been fire-suppressed for varying time periods and consequently are more densely wooded and believed to be less species-rich than historically.LVALk B!B!B!B!                                                                    Wfg/@* !"#$&'(689; Vf*Vf-Vf5VgVgVg VgVVVVVVV#V+V.V0V6V;VVV V V VVVVVV$V&V,V2VVV VVVV V$V'V)V,V8VV&V,V.V1V5VVVVV#V%V,V4V:VVVV VVVVV)V-V1V8VVVVV V#V(V+V1V3VVV3V VVV V#V'V(V+V4VVV VVV$VVV VVVVVVV VVV#V*V/V:V VVV%V'V.VVVVV/VVV0V7V:VV VThis alliance includes red spruce-fir- or fir-dominated swamps with other canopy associates including ~Acer rubrum, Tsuga canadensis$, and ~Larix laricina$. Communities of this alliance are "swamps" as opposed to "bog forests" in that they lack significant ~Sphagnum$ peat accumulation. Soils are saturated mucks over generally acidic outwash materials and other mineral soils in the glaciated portion of the range. Although ~Picea rubens$ is the predominant spruce, ~Picea mariana$ or ~Picea glauca$ are occasionally dominant (Reschke 1990). Typical understory species include ~Vaccinium corymbosum, Nemopanthus mucronatus, Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides (= Viburnum cassinoides), Cornus canadensis, Carex trisperma, Coptis trifolia, Osmunda cinnamomea$, and ~Gaultheria hispidula$. Feather mosses are common, and ~Sphagnum$ is patchy.LVALl AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAWVVVVV"V-V/V0V3V6V7V8VVVV VV!V&V)V,V.V5VVV VV V%V*V6VV V VVV'V-VVV VVVVVVVVV"V&V0VVV V VVV!V%V'V,VVVV VVVVVV&V2V4V7VV V VVVVThe vegetation in this alliance occurs in riparian areas in northwestern Montana. The climate regime is maritime; moist air masses from the Pacific Ocean release large amounts of snow and rain. Summers are warm and dry as dry air masses move across western Montana. Afternoon thunderstorms are common. Stands are located in low-elevation (880-900 m) valleys adjacent to meandering streams and ponds. Stands are found on level sites that have a high water table; the water table is usually within 50 cm of the soil surface throughout the year. Standing water is present in depressions. Soils are poorly drained and have a high organic matter content in the upper horizon. ~Picea engelmannii$ and hybrid swarms of ~Picea$ (a result of its hybridization with ~Picea glauca$, a common lower elevation condition) dominate a moderately open tree canopy. ~Betula papyrifera$ is occasionally present. A number of shrub species occur in the understory; the most common species are ~Alnus incana, Betula occidentalis$, and ~Cornus sericea$. The herbaceous layer is dominated by the forb ~Lysichiton americanus$. ~Cinna latifolia$ and ~Athyrium filix-femina$ are common associates, but occur in low abundances. ~Carex$ spp., ~Phalaris arundinacea, Typha latifolia$, and ~Salix$ spp. dominate adjacent riparian communities.6LVALBm AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAWW0WWWW!W'WWW.W9W;WV V V V V V 7V DV  V  V V V )V 6V V V V %V V $V 1V V V V &V (V ,V /V V V V V ,V V V  V :V 1V 7V  V #V 1V V V 0V 8V V  V V  V 4V  V  V *V 8V AV V (V V /Vs, Penstemon tubiflorus, Phlox divaricata, Phryma leptostachya, Pleopeltis polypodioides ssp. michauxiana, Podophyllum peltatum, Polygonatum biflorum, Prenanthes altissima, Ruellia strepens, Sanguinaria canadensis, Sanicula odorata, Scrophularia marilandica, Silene stellata, Smilax herbacea, Smallanthus uvedalius, Spigelia marilandica, Frasera caroliniensis, Thalictrum thalictroides, Thelypteris kunthii, Trillium recurvatum, Viola affinis$, and ~Viola walteri$. Drier examples of this alliance in the Florida Panhandle contain many species of the southeastern Coastal Plain, including the palms ~Sabal minor$ and ~Rhapidophyllum hystrix$. The forests of this alliance occur on moist flats, lower slopes, or bluffs over calcareous substrates. Examples of areas from which these forests are known include limestones of the East Gulf Coastal Plain, the Black Belt (Selma Chalk) of the Upper East Gulf Coastal Plain, and lower slopes of Mount Magazine, Arkansas. Probably also on terraces along the Broad River, in the Georgia Piedmont, and on low to mid slopes along the Savannah River, reportedly on circumneutral (high magnesium) soils in the Outer Coastal Plain.LVAL AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAThis alliance, found in the north-central and northeastern United States and adjacent southern Canada, is composed of rich mesic forests. Stands in this forest alliance typically have a closed canopy. Most of the trees are deciduous but conifers are often scattered throughout the stands. ~Acer saccharum$ is dominant in the overstory and sapling layer. ~Betula alleghaniensis, Fagus grandifolia$ (in the eastern two-thirds of this alliance's range), and ~Tilia americana$ may be codominants. Other common trees include ~Abies balsamea, Acer rubrum, Fraxinus americana, Ostrya virginiana, Picea glauca, Pinus strobus, Quercus rubra$, and ~Tsuga canadensis$. ~Picea rubens$ can be found in high elevation stands in the East. The dense overstory inhibits the growth of an abundant shrub layer. ~Acer pensylvanicum$ (in the east), ~Corylus cornuta, Hamamelis virginiana, Lonicera canadensis, Taxus canadensis$, and ~Viburnum acerifolium$ are typical shrubs. Many of the common herbaceous species are typical of sub-boreal communities. These include ~Aralia nudicaulis, Chimaphila maculata, Clintonia borealis, Lycopodium$ spp., ~Maianthemum canadense, Osmorhiza claytonii, Oxalis montana, Pteridium aquilinum$, and ~Streptopus lanceolatus var. longipes (= Streptopus roseus)$. Stands of this alliance are found on moderate to deep (60->150 cm) sandy loam, clay loam, or loamy sand soils. The soils are typically slightly acidic to circumneutral, mesic to wet-mesic and nutrient-rich. Most stands develop on flat to moderate slopes over glacial till. A relatively thick layer of fallen leaves covers the forest floor. Sites that support this alliance are on flat to moderately sloping terrain on glacial features such as till or moraines or on calcareous rocks, sandstone, or shale outside the glaciated region.LVALAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAForests dominated by the alien species ~Ailanthus altissima$, a native of eastern Asia. This forest occurs mostly in disturbed areas, along roadsides, urban abandoned lands, and on limestone clifftops. In some parts of the range, this forest is associated with calcareous soils. ~Ailanthus altissima$ Forest occurs throughout the Appalachians, in eastern Kentucky, and in the Ozarks and Ouachita Mountains, and probably other areas in the northeastern United States.This alliance, found in the northeastern United States and southern Canada, is broadly defined and contains a number of communities generally known as 'rich forests,' 'mixed mesophytic forests,' and 'rich northern hardwood forests.' The tree canopy of these forests is variable, but ~Acer saccharum, Fraxinus americana$, and ~Tilia americana$ are almost always present. Associated canopy trees include ~Quercus rubra, Ostrya virginiana, Ulmus rubra, Acer rubrum, Betula alleghaniensis, Fagus grandifolia, Juglans nigra, Liriodendron tulipifera, Magnolia acuminata$, and ~Prunus serotina var. serotina$. The shrub layer is variable in cover and includes ~Cornus alternifolia, Hamamelis virginiana, Lonicera canadensis, Rhododendron periclymenoides (= Rhododendron nudiflorum), Staphylea trifolia$, and ~Viburnum acerifolium$. The herbs include ~Cardamine$ (subgen. ~Dentaria$) spp., ~Hepatica nobilis var. obtusa, Hydrophyllum virginianum, Elymus hystrix, Osmorhiza$ spp., ~Trillium grandiflorum, Viola$ spp., and others. Stands of this alliance occur on flat to rolling topography, and some stands may be on steep slopes. Soils are usually deep, moderately to well-drained sands, loams, silt loams, moderately acid to moderately alkaline, and of high fertility, often derived from calcareous parent materials. Soil moisture holding and cation exchange capabilities are high.%LVAL1 AAAAAAAAAThis alliance, found in the midwestern United States, forms the westernmost portion of the mesic deciduous forests that occupy much of the eastern United States. Stands in this alliance have a moderately dense to dense tree canopy dominated by some combination of ~Acer saccharum, Quercus rubra$, and ~Tilia americana$. The latter two species become more prominent constituents of the forest along the drier western edge of the alliance's range. Other common canopy species include ~Acer rubrum, Carya$ spp., ~Celtis occidentalis, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Quercus alba$, and ~Ulmus$ spp. ~Carpinus caroliniana$ (in the southern half of this alliance's range) and ~Ostrya virginiana$ are characteristic subcanopy trees. The dense canopy tends to inhibit the formation of a significant shrub layer. Scattered shrubs of ~Acer spicatum$ (in the north), ~Corylus americana, Hamamelis virginiana, Ribes$ spp., ~Sambucus$ spp., ~Viburnum acerifolium$ (in the north), and ~Zanthoxylum americanum$ may be found in stands of this alliance. Spring ephemerals are a distinctive part of the herbaceous layer, especially in the southern part of this alliance's range. Common herbaceous species include ~Anemone quinquefolia, Eurybia macrophylla (= Aster macrophyllus)$ (in the north), ~Carex pensylvanica, Claytonia$ spp., ~Dicentra cucullaria, ~Erythronium$ spp., ~Hepatica nobilis var. acuta (= Hepatica triloba), Laportea canadensis, Polygonatum pubescens, Sanicula odorata (= Sanicula gregaria), Trillium grandiflorum$, and ~Uvularia grandiflora$. ^Stands of this alliance are found on well-drained, nutrient-rich, loamy soils. In the southern part of the alliance's range, stands are often found on ravine slopes where the microclimate is more mesic than the surrounding uplands. This alliance is very intolerant of fire. Thus, along the western edge of its range, stands are found on sites protected from fire, such as the lee side of waterbodies or where topographic features inhibit the spread of fire.LVAL @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @     @AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA\Y 1\Y 1\Y 1\Y 1\Y 1 \Y 1 \Y 1 \Y 1 \Y 1 \Y 1\Y 1\Y 1\Y 1\Y 1\Y 1\Y 1\Y 1\Y 1\Y 1\Y 1\Y 1 \Y 1#\Y 1$\Y 1%\Y 1(\Y 2\Y 2\Y 2\Y 2\Y 2This alliance includes mid-Atlantic maritime forests that occur on the Outer Coastal Plain of South Carolina and North Carolina, on the mainland and on sea islands, on soils with a substantial shell component. Typical canopy trees are ~Carya glabra$ (probably = ~var. megacarpa$), ~Carya cordiformis, Juglans nigra, Quercus austrina, Acer barbatum, Fraxinus americana, Pinus glabra, Ulmus rubra, Quercus virginiana$, and ~Celtis laevigata$. Less commonly, ~Quercus pagoda$ and ~Quercus phellos$ may be present and common. Typical subcanopy trees include ~Acer barbatum, Aesculus pavia var. pavia, Celtis laevigata, Cercis canadensis var. canadensis, Cornus asperifolia, Frangula caroliniana (= Rhamnus caroliniana)$, and ~Ulmus rubra$. Shrubs may include ~Sabal minor, Cornus asperifolia, Rhapidophyllum hystrix$, and ~Ilex vomitoria$. The herbaceous layer is often lush and moderately diverse, including species such as ~Chasmanthium sessiliflorum, Phryma leptostachya, Fleischmannia incarnata (= Eupatorium incarnatum), Smallanthus uvedalius, Verbesina occidentalis, Trillium maculatum, Geranium maculatum, Geum canadense, Thelypteris kunthii, Carex digitalis, Carex godfreyi, Carex calcifugens$, and ~Carex basiantha$. Soils are calcareous or circumneutral, and have a substantial component of shell or shell hash, deposited either naturally or in prehistoric shell middens. Individual occurrences tend to be small, limited by the unusual edaphic conditions, and are highly variable from one occurrence to another, because of edaphic variation, founder effect, and/or disturbance events.LVAL*s ffffff f f ffffffffffffff f(fThis alliance is now extirpated but included subxeric forests dominated by mixtures of ~Castanea dentata$ and ~Quercus prinus$, formerly occurring in the Appalachian Mountains, the Cumberland Plateau, Knobs, and perhaps as far west as the Shawnee Hills of Kentucky. ~Castanea dentata$ was a major forest dominant in the eastern United States that has virtually been eliminated since 1900 by ~Cryphonectria parasitica (= Endothia parasitica)$ (Chestnut Blight), introduced on Asiatic chestnut. Forests in this alliance have been described as the most extensive forests of the middle and lower elevations (1225-1400 m, 4000-4500 feet) in the Great Smoky Mountains. Whittaker described both xeric and subxeric phases of this alliance. Forests on xeric ridges and upper slopes had a closed shrub stratum dominated by ~Kalmia latifolia$, with an open tree stratum of ~Castanea dentata$ and ~Quercus prinus$, and a sparse herbaceous stratum dominated by ~Galax urceolata$. More mesic forests in this alliance occurred on less exposed slope positions and had canopies dominated by ~Castanea dentata$ and ~Quercus prinus$ occurring with lesser amounts of ~Quercus rubra, Quercus alba, Quercus velutina, Nyssa sylvatica, Acer rubrum$, and ~Liriodendron tulipifera$, with open or heath-dominated understories. Although replacement forests vary with geography, in the southern Appalachians, I.B.2.N.a ~~Quercus prinus - (Quercus coccinea, Quercus velutina)$ Forest Alliance (A.248)$$ and other forests dominated by ~Quercus rubra, Quercus prinus$, and ~Acer rubrum$ have been the major replacement types. There is some hope for the potential recovery of this community, or something resembling it, if a blight-resistant chestnut can be developed and introduced.LVAL I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I$I456789:;      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789This alliance includes southern mixed hardwood forests with admixtures of ~Quercus alba$ and ~Fagus grandifolia$. Associations in this alliance include dry-mesic to mesic forests that typically occur on slopes and small stream bottoms in the Coastal Plain, and also in other adjacent physiographic provinces, including the southern part of Crowley's Ridge, Arkansas, and the Piedmont. This alliance is distributed primarily north of the distribution of ~Magnolia grandiflora$, but may also include stands within this range which lack a ~Magnolia grandiflora$ component. A diverse, often dense canopy is usually present, which may include ~Liriodendron tulipifera, Liquidambar styraciflua, Quercus michauxii, Quercus pagoda, Carya cordiformis, Fraxinus americana$, and ~Ulmus$ spp. In the southern part of the range, examples of this alliance may have ~Acer barbatum$ and ~Acer leucoderme$ in the subcanopy. A widely variable understory and shrub layer is usually present. Although the herbaceous layer is typically sparse, it may contain a number of species restricted, or nearly so, to rich mesic habitats.Dune thickets, to 6 m tall, salt-pruned, with variable admixture of other species of shrubs and dwarfed trees. These forests resemble dwarf forests or shrublands in some cases. Associations in this alliance are dominated by ~Celtis laevigata$, sometimes codominated by ~Zanthoxylum clava-herculis$, with ~Vitis mustangensis$ and ~Acacia farnesiana (= Acacia smallii)$ often abundant. Grazing has affected the structure and species composition of many examples. Soils are dune sands with no profile development.LVAL This alliance is composed of rich, mesic forests of the east-central United States and southern Canada. The southern range of this alliance is limited by the distribution of ~Acer saccharum$ which is largely absent from the Coastal Plain. The forest canopy and subcanopy are typically dominated by ~Acer saccharum$ and ~Fagus grandifolia$, although ~Liriodendron tulipifera$ may be an important canopy component in some parts of the range. Other common trees include ~Carpinus caroliniana, Carya$ spp., ~Fraxinus americana, Ostrya virginiana, Quercus rubra, Tilia americana$, and ~Ulmus americana$. In the southern part of this alliance's range, additional species may include ~Quercus alba, Tilia americana, Liquidambar styraciflua, Aesculus glabra, Nyssa sylvatica$, and ~Carya cordiformis$. Shrubs are usually rare in northern stands but become more abundant in southern stands. ~Asimina triloba$ and ~Lindera benzoin$ (in the southern parts of this alliance's range), ~Diervilla lonicera, Euonymus obovata$, and ~Sambucus$ spp. (in the northern parts), ~Morus rubra$, and ~Corylus americana$ are typical shrubs. The herbaceous layer is well-developed. The most abundant species include ~Adiantum pedatum, Arisaema triphyllum, Claytonia virginica, Dicentra canadensis, Dryopteris intermedia, Galium aparine, Maianthemum canadense$ (in the north), ~Maianthemum racemosum, Menispermum canadense, Osmorhiza claytonii, Phegopteris hexagonoptera$ (in the south), ~Podophyllum peltatum, Polygonatum biflorum, Sanguinaria canadensis, Trillium grandiflorum$, and ~Viola$ spp. ^Stands of this alliance are found on flat, rolling, or, in the south, dissected topography. South of the limit of glaciation there is an increasing tendency for this alliance to be found on north- or east-facing slopes. The soils are fertile well-drained, silt, silt loam, sandy loam, or loam. Those in the north have formed over glacial till almost exclusively, while stands south of the limit of Wisconsin glaciation may form from till, alluvium, sandstone, LVALƄ$z}|Q <ȍpQEHƄ$z$~|Q ȍpQEHƄ$zX~Q ȍpQEHƄ$z~Q 8ɍpQEHƄ$z~Q ɍpQEHƄ$zT~Q ɍpQEHƄ$z~Q 4ʍpQEHȎƄ$z~Q ʍpQEHЎƄ$zP~Q ʍpQEH؎Ƅ$z~Q 0ˍpQEHƄ$z~Q ˍpQEHƄ$zL~Q ˍpQEHƄ$z~Q ,̍pQEHƄ$z~Q ̍pQEHƄ$zH~Q ̍pQEHƄ$z~Q (͍pQEHƄ$z~Q |͍pQEHƄ$zD~Q ͍pQEH Ƅ$z~Q $΍pQEH(Ƅ$z~Q x΍pQEH0Ƅ$z@~Q ΍pQEH8Ƅ$z~Q ύpQEH@Ƅ$z~Q tύpQEHH%ee%ueƄ`legheny Plateau of West Virginia and Ohio anor shale.LVAL UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUForests in this alliance occur in non-montane or low-elevation montane mesic situations and are dominated by ~Fagus grandifolia$ typically with some combination of ~Quercus rubra$ and/or ~Quercus alba$. Associated canopy and subcanopy species can include ~Liriodendron tulipifera, Acer saccharum, Magnolia tripetala, Magnolia acuminata$ (Ozarks), ~Tilia americana var. americana$ (Ozarks), ~Tilia americana var. heterophylla, Quercus muehlenbergii, Acer rubrum, Cornus florida, Ostrya virginiana, Aesculus sylvatica$, and ~Ilex opaca$. Some of these forests, particularly in the Piedmont of South Carolina, the southern Ridge and Valley of Alabama, or in Arkansas, may contain ~Acer barbatum$ instead of ~Acer saccharum$. Shrubs in this alliance include ~Vaccinium stamineum, Viburnum rafinesquianum, Euonymus americana$, and, in some occurrences, ~Kalmia latifolia$. The herb layer can be relatively lush with such species as ~Polystichum acrostichoides, Galium circaezans, Hexastylis arifolia, Hexastylis minor, Desmodium nudiflorum, Erythronium umbilicatum ssp. umbilicatum, Hepatica nobilis var. obtusa, Epifagus virginiana, Tiarella cordifolia var. collina, Trillium$ spp., ~Heuchera americana, Stellaria pubera, Podophyllum peltatum, Botrychium virginianum$, and others present. These forests often occur on concave and sheltered landforms such as north-facing slopes, low slopes, high terraces along streams, and possibly other situations. The core concept of the range of this alliance includes areas inland from the Coastal Plain, as ~Quercus rubra$ is absent from large areas of the Coastal Plain (as in North Carolina). Forests in this alliance occur in the Cumberlands and Southern Ridge and Valley, Piedmont and Interior Low Plateau, and on protected slopes and ravines in the Ozarks, central Ouachita Mountains, and Arkansas Valley.LVALUUUUUUSecond-growth forests on deep soils of woodlots and fencerows of calcium-rich areas in the Bluegrass Basin of Kentucky and the Nashville Basin of Tennessee. The canopy of Bluegrass Basin examples is dominated by ~Juglans nigra, Aesculus glabra, Celtis laevigata$, and/or ~Celtis occidentalis$, with ~Fraxinus americana, Prunus serotina var. serotina, Robinia pseudoacacia$, and scattered ~Ulmus americana$. In the Nashville Basin of Tennessee, the canopy is dominated by ~Celtis$ spp. (~Celtis laevigata, Celtis occidentalis$) with substantial ~Juglans nigra$ in some examples. ~Aesculus glabra$ may also be present. The understory may include ~Prunus serotina var. serotina$ and ~Quercus imbricaria$.Stands of this alliance, found in the eastern Great Lakes region, are often described as flatwoods. They have moderately dense to dense tree canopies composed of deciduous trees. Stands are intermediate between upland and lowland hydrology and the overstory reflects that. ~Acer saccharum, Acer rubrum, Fagus grandifolia, Liriodendron tulipifera, Quercus alba, Quercus bicolor, Quercus michauxii, Quercus macrocarpa, Quercus palustris$, and ~Ulmus americana$ are abundant. The shrub layer is typically moderately well-developed, and includes ~Asimina triloba, Euonymus obovata, Lindera benzoin$, and ~Sambucus canadensis$. The herbaceous layer tends to be sparse in wetter stands and abundant in drier stands. Common species include ~Arisaema triphyllum (= Arisaema atrorubens), Botrychium oneidense, Chimaphila maculata, Galium$ spp., ~Pilea pumila$, and ~Podophyllum peltatum$. ^Stands of this alliance are found on flat to gently sloping sites with imperfectly to poorly drained soils. An impermeable layer beneath the topsoil slows drainage often resulting in wet soil conditions. In droughty periods, the upper soils dry out and the impermeable subsoil limits the availability of deeper water sources. Stands of this alliance can occur on loess covered glacial drift of Illinoisan age or over Wisconsin age till.LVALUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUThis alliance consists of ~Quercus buckleyi$-dominated vegetation of xeric to mesic slopes over calcareous soils of the eastern and southern Edwards Plateau and Lampasas Cut Plain, in central Texas and in the Arbuckle Mountains in southern Oklahoma. Associated canopy species include ~Ulmus crassifolia, Celtis laevigata var. laevigata, Celtis laevigata var. reticulata, Quercus fusiformis, Quercus muehlenbergii, Quercus sinuata var. breviloba, Juniperus ashei, Prunus serotina var. eximia$, and ~Fraxinus texensis$. On the Edwards Plateau of Texas, adjacent to ~Quercus buckleyi$ Forest, on deeper soils, are ~Quercus fusiformis$ Woodlands, while ~Juniperus ashei$ Woodlands occupy the drier slopes. Floodplains below ~Quercus buckleyi$ Forests of the Edwards Plateau are dominated by ~Celtis laevigata, Ulmus americana, Carya illinoinensis$, and ~Quercus fusiformis$.This alliance includes a variety of natural and disturbance-related forests dominated by ~Liquidambar styraciflua$ and other hardwoods, including ~Quercus$ spp. and ~Carya$ spp. Included are upland forests dominated by ~Liquidambar styraciflua$ that follow logging, agricultural cropping, or natural disturbance in uplands of the Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and other ecoregions. Some associations may have ~Quercus$ spp. and ~Carya$ spp., especially ~Quercus alba, Quercus falcata, Quercus nigra, Quercus phellos, Quercus velutina$, and ~Carya alba$. In addition, ~Pinus taeda$ may be present. Piedmont cove forests (of Alabama and likely other states) codominated by ~Liquidambar styraciflua$ and ~Liriodendron tulipifera$ are included within this alliance as well (although no association specifically accommodates them). These forests have ~Nyssa sylvatica, Quercus nigra$, and ~Acer rubrum var. rubrum$ as associated canopy species, with ~Vitis rotundifolia, Toxicodendron radicans$, and ~Smilax rotundifolia$ commonly present.LVAL This alliance represents the mixed mesophytic forests of the Southern Blue Ridge and Appalachian Plateau, with highly variable canopies, often with no clear canopy dominant. These forests are locally referred to as 'Cove Forests.' Characteristic canopy species include ~Liriodendron tulipifera, Tilia americana var. heterophylla, Aesculus flava$, and ~Acer saccharum$. Other species that may occur in the canopy include ~Prunus serotina var. serotina, Fraxinus americana, Acer rubrum, Quercus rubra, Fagus grandifolia, Carya cordiformis, Betula alleghaniensis, Halesia tetraptera var. monticola$, and ~Magnolia fraseri$. Species composition will vary with geology and/or elevation. Shrub strata are open to sparse and can include ~Hydrangea arborescens, Lindera benzoin, Calycanthus floridus$, and ~Cornus alternifolia$. Herbaceous strata are typically lush and diverse. A partial list of typical species includes ~Actaea racemosa (= Cimicifuga racemosa), Trillium erectum, Caulophyllum thalictroides, Impatiens pallida, Impatiens capensis, Laportea canadensis, Adiantum pedatum, Polystichum acrostichoides, Ageratina altissima var. roanensis, Hepatica nobilis var. acuta, Asarum canadense, Stellaria pubera, Tiarella cordifolia, Clintonia umbellulata, Sedum ternatum, Mitella diphylla, Osmorhiza claytonii, Dryopteris intermedia, Arisaema triphyllum, Cystopteris protrusa, Trillium grandiflorum, Viola canadensis, Dicentra canadensis, Dicentra cucullaria, Hydrophyllum canadense, Hydrophyllum virginianum, Phacelia bipinnatifida, Phacelia fimbriata, Delphinium tricorne, Carex austrocaroliniana, Carex manhartii, Carex plantaginea$, and ~Carex platyphylla$. These forests mainly occur on protected, mesic, low to moderate elevation (2000-4500 feet, 610-1370 m) sites, primarily broad coves and lower slopes. Forests in this alliance are known from the Southern Blue Ridge of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, Virginia, and the Cumberland Mountains of Kentucky. More information is needed to characterize forests p|LVAL{ ffffff f f f ffffffffffffff f(f*f,f-f/f0f3f4f5f7f8f9ggggggg g g g ggggggggggggggggg g!g"g#g$g%g&g'g(g)g*g+g,g-g.g/g1g2g3g4g6g9g:g;g !"#$%&'(*,-/12345689:<  "#&)*,-. #%'+,-./123578 !%(*,/0123459 !"$%&')*+-.0123679:;=> !"#$%&'()*,./1456  "&)-./0345678  "#$&'()*+,-./0123456  !"#$%&'()*,-./12345678rovisionally assigned to this alliance that occur in the Allegheny Plateau of West Virginia and Ohio and in Indiana.LVAL This alliance includes deciduous forests dominated by ~Liriodendron tulipifera$, primarily in areas which were once clearcut, old fields, or cleared by fire or other natural disturbances. These non-wetland forests are also found along mesic stream terraces and on upland mountain benches. Forests in this alliance are abundant in the central and southern Appalachians, below 3000 feet (900 m) elevation, usually associated with disturbance and on the most productive sites, but also occur in the Coastal Plain, Piedmont, Ridge and Valley, and Cumberland Plateau. This alliance includes pure, often even-aged stands of ~Liriodendron tulipifera$ as well as forests with ~Liriodendron tulipifera$ associated with other species favored by canopy openings. Associated species vary with geographic location. Throughout most of the range of this alliance, ~Acer rubrum, Robinia pseudoacacia, Betula lenta, Acer saccharum$, and ~Acer negundo$ are common components. In the Piedmont and Coastal Plain, ~Liquidambar styraciflua$ is a common associate. In the Appalachians, ~Halesia tetraptera, Tsuga canadensis, Tilia americana var. heterophylla (= Tilia heterophylla), Prunus serotina var. serotina$, and ~Magnolia fraseri$ can be additional components. In the Ridge and Valley and Cumberland Plateau, additional species include ~Quercus rubra, Magnolia acuminata, Carya alba, Carya glabra, Pinus virginiana, Sassafras albidum, Pinus strobus, Carpinus caroliniana, Asimina triloba$, and ~Staphylea trifolia$. Herbaceous strata are not diverse and, in the southern Appalachians, this feature distinguishes these forests from rich cove forests in I.B.2.N.a ~~Liriodendron tulipifera - Tilia americana var. heterophylla - Aesculus flava - Acer saccharum$ Forest Alliance (A.235)$$. Vines can be abundant including ~Vitis$ spp., ~Smilax$ spp., ~Aristolochia macrophylla$, and ~Parthenocissus quinquefolia$. Forests in this alliance occur on middle to lower slopes, sheltered coves and gentle concave slopes, and river terraces over various soils ANDyQEH@$z(zQ \0pQEHHEEEUEU A$z|zQ 0pQE fA.2013CSoutheastIII.B.2.N.aWISTERIA (SINENSIS, FLORIBUNDA) VINE-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE(Chinese Wisteria, Japanese Wisteria) Vine-Shrubland Alliancev@YR. WHITEW    dA.2011CSoutheastII.C.3.N.aPINUS (ECHINATA, TAEDA) - QUERCUS (STELLATA, MARILANDICA, FALCATA) WOODLAND ALLIANCE(Shortleaf Pine, Loblolly Pine) - (Post Oak, Blackjack Oak, Southern Red Oak) Woodland Alliance@YR.E. EVANSs   dA.2010CSoutheastIII.A.2.N.fPHYLLOSTACHYS AUREA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEGolden Bamboo Shrubland Alliance@fYR.E. EVANS}srfF    A.201CMidwestI.A.8.N.gTSUGA CANADENSIS SATURATED FOREST ALLIANCEEastern Hemlock Saturated Forest AllianceS@YMCS~{znE   mA.2009CSoutheastI.B.2.N.aACER RUBRUM - NYSSA SYLVATICA - MAGNOLIA FRASERI FOREST ALLIANCERed Maple - Blackgum - Fraser Magnolia Forest Alliance[@YR. WHITE^   dA.2008CSoutheastV.D.2.N.fLINDERNIA DUBIA - GLOTTIDIUM VESICARIUM - EUPATORIUM SEROTINUM TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEYellowseed False Pimpernel - Bagpod - Late Thoroughwort Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEY   dA.2007CSoutheastV.A.5.N.nSCHOENOPLECTUS AMERICANUS TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEChairmaker's Bulrush Tidal Herbaceous AllianceP@YJ. TEAGUEQ   dA.2005CSoutheastV.B.2.N.dPOLYGONUM CUSPIDATUM TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEJapanese Knotweed Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@YM. PYNEZ   fA.2004CSoutheastV.A.1.N.iSCHOENOPLECTUS CALIFORNICUS TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGiant Bulrush Tidal Herbaceous Alliance@YJ. TEAGUEzS   gA.2003CSoutheastV.C.2.N.aMYRIOPHYLLUM HETEROPHYLLUM PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEVariable Water-milfoil Permanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@YM. PYNE`  A ,lJZ1 ~a@ A.208CWestI.B.1.N.aERYTHRINA SANDWICENSIS FOREST ALLIANCEWiliwili Forest AllianceYWCSZWVV>   A.207CWestI.A.8.N.gTSUGA MERTENSIANA - ABIES AMABILIS SATURATED FOREST ALLIANCEMountain Hemlock - Pacific Silver Fir Saturated Forest AllianceYK. SCHULZT   A.206CWestI.A.8.N.gTHUJA PLICATA SATURATED FOREST ALLIANCEWestern Red-cedar Saturated Forest Alliance@NK. SCHULZwvj?   A.205CWestI.A.8.N.gPICEA SITCHENSIS SATURATED FOREST ALLIANCESitka Spruce Saturated Forest Alliance@YK. SCHULZ/J.A. CHRISTYuthB   A.204CWestI.A.8.N.gPICEA ENGELMANNII SATURATED FOREST ALLIANCEEngelmann Spruce Saturated Forest Alliance@YM. DAMMzymC   A.203CWestI.A.8.N.gTSUGA HETEROPHYLLA SATURATED FOREST ALLIANCEWestern Hemlock Saturated Forest AllianceYM.S. REID/D. SARRnmmD   A.202CEastI.A.8.N.gPICEA RUBENS - ABIES BALSAMEA SATURATED FOREST ALLIANCERed Spruce - Balsam Fir Saturated Forest AllianceE@YECSO   eA.2017CSoutheastV.B.2.N.dEUPATORIUM SEROTINUM - DIODIA VIRGINIANA TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELate Thoroughwort - Virginia Buttonweed Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEY AND R. WHITEɽn   gA.2016CSoutheastV.A.5.N.mSYMPHYOTRICHUM PUNICEUM - VERNONIA NOVEBORACENSIS - SOLIDAGO (PATULA, RUGOSA) SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPurple-stem Aster - New York Ironweed - (Roughleaf Goldenrod, Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod) Saturated Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEY   eA.2015CSoutheastV.B.2.N.eALTERNANTHERA PHILOXEROIDES SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAlligator-weed Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@gYM. PYNEe   eA.2014CSoutheastI.B.2.N.eQUERCUS STELLATA - PINUS TAEDA DEPRESSION SEASONALLY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEPost Oak - Loblolly Pine Depression Seasonally Flooded Forest Alliancew@YR.E. EVANSǽj   n8In5<UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU A.222CSoutheastI.B.2.N.aALBIZIA JULIBRISSIN FOREST ALLIANCESilktree Forest Alliance~@gYSCShedX@   A.221CSoutheastI.B.2.N.aAILANTHUS ALTISSIMA FOREST ALLIANCETree-of-Heaven Forest Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYwkj^@   A.220CMidwestI.B.2.N.aACER SACCHARUM - TILIA AMERICANA - (QUERCUS RUBRA) FOREST ALLIANCESugar Maple - American Basswood - (Northern Red Oak) Forest AllianceYMCS]   A.217CEastI.B.2.N.aACER SACCHARUM - FRAXINUS AMERICANA - TILIA AMERICANA FOREST ALLIANCESugar Maple - White Ash - American Basswood Forest Alliance^@YECS/MCS]   A.216CEastI.B.2.N.aACER SACCHARUM - BETULA ALLEGHANIENSIS - (FAGUS GRANDIFOLIA) FOREST ALLIANCESugar Maple - Yellow Birch - (American Beech) Forest AllianceYECS/MCSd   A.215CSoutheastI.B.2.N.aACER GRANDIDENTATUM - QUERCUS BUCKLEYI - QUERCUS MUEHLENBERGII FOREST ALLIANCEBigtooth Maple - Buckley Oak - Chinquapin Oak Forest Alliance@YD.J. ALLARD, MOD. A.S. WEεk   A.214CSoutheastI.B.2.N.aACER BARBATUM - FRAXINUS AMERICANA - (JUGLANS NIGRA) FOREST ALLIANCESouthern Sugar Maple - White Ash - (Black Walnut) Forest Alliance~ YA.S. WEAKLEYa   A.212CSoutheastI.B.2.C.xTAXODIUM DISTICHUM PLANTED FOREST ALLIANCEBald-cypress Planted Forest Alliance6@gYA.S. WEAKLEYxwkG   A.211CSoutheastI.B.2.C.xPOPULUS DELTOIDES PLANTED FOREST ALLIANCEEastern Cottonwood Planted Forest Allianceb@gYA.S. WEAKLEY}|pF   A.210CSoutheastI.B.2.C.xPLATANUS OCCIDENTALIS PLANTED FOREST ALLIANCESycamore Planted Forest Alliancef@gYA.S. WEAKLEYwvjJ   A.21CLatin AmericaI.A.1.N.cCYRILLA RACEMIFLORA - MICROPHOLIS SPP. FOREST ALLIANCEPalo Colorado - Caimitillo Forest AllianceU@gYA.S. WEAKLEYV    A.209CSoutheastI.B.2.C.xLIQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA PLANTED FOREST ALLIANCESweetgum Planted Forest Allianceh@gYA.S. WEAKLEYyxlL   ,%{1@ @ __._6_ A.234CSoutheastI.B.2.N.aLIQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA FOREST ALLIANCESweetgum Forest Alliance@YD.J. ALLARDtih\D   A.232CSoutheastI.B.2.N.aJUGLANS NIGRA - AESCULUS GLABRA - CELTIS (LAEVIGATA, OCCIDENTALIS) FOREST ALLIANCEBlack Walnut - Ohio Buckeye - (Sugarberry, Northern Hackberry) Forest Alliance@YJ. CAMPBELL/M. PYNE 3-97,ɽo   A.230CMidwestI.B.2.N.aFAGUS GRANDIFOLIA - QUERCUS SPP. - ACER SPP. FOREST ALLIANCEAmerican Beech - Oak species - Maple species Forest Alliance%@YMCSW   A.23CWestI.A.1.N.cMETROSIDEROS POLYMORPHA MONTANE RAINFOREST ALLIANCE'Ohi'a Montane Rainforest AllianceYWCSpmllJ   A.229CSoutheastI.B.2.N.aFAGUS GRANDIFOLIA - QUERCUS RUBRA - QUERCUS ALBA FOREST ALLIANCEAmerican Beech - Northern Red Oak - White Oak Forest Alliance6YD.J. ALLARD, MOD. A.S. WE]   A.228CSoutheastI.B.2.N.aFAGUS GRANDIFOLIA - QUERCUS ALBA FOREST ALLIANCEAmerican Beech - White Oak Forest AllianceS@YM.P. SCHAFALE/A.S. WEAKLEwM   A.227CMidwestI.B.2.N.aFAGUS GRANDIFOLIA - ACER SACCHARUM - (LIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA) FOREST ALLIANCEAmerican Beech - Sugar Maple - (Tuliptree) Forest AllianceYD. FABER-LANGENDOEN/D.J. ɰi   A.226CSoutheastI.B.2.N.aCELTIS LAEVIGATA FOREST ALLIANCESugarberry Forest Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEY/L.M. SMITH{dcW=   A.224CSoutheastI.B.2.N.aCASTANEA DENTATA - QUERCUS PRINUS FOREST ALLIANCEAmerican Chestnut - Rock Chestnut Oak Forest Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYN   A.223CSoutheastI.B.2.N.aCARYA GLABRA - TILIA AMERICANA VAR. CAROLINIANA - CELTIS LAEVIGATA FOREST ALLIANCEPignut Hickory - Southern Basswood - Sugarberry Forest Alliance6@YA.S. WEAKLEYǻo  \ q5Rv| #A.247CSoutheastI.B.2.N.aQUERCUS NIGRA FOREST ALLIANCEWater Oak Forest Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYl`_S:   !A.245CMidwestI.B.2.N.aQUERCUS MACROCARPA FOREST ALLIANCEBur Oak Forest Alliance@YMCS, MOD. K. SCHULZta`T=   A.243CSoutheastI.B.2.N.aQUERCUS FALCATA FOREST ALLIANCESouthern Red Oak Forest Alliance@YM. PYNE/A.S. WEAKLEY 2-96ih\<   A.242CSoutheastI.B.2.N.aQUERCUS BUCKLEYI FOREST ALLIANCEBuckley Oak Forest Alliancef@YGREAT PLAINS PROGRAM 1-95~edX=   A.241CSoutheastI.B.2.N.aQUERCUS ALBA - QUERCUS (FALCATA, STELLATA) FOREST ALLIANCEWhite Oak - (Southern Red Oak, Post Oak) Forest Alliancex YM. PYNE/A.S. WEAKLEY 6-94W   A.24CLatin AmericaI.A.1.N.cNECTANDRA KRUGII - OCOTEA DOMINICANA - NECTANDRA CORIACEA - OCOTEA CERNUA FOREST ALLIANCEKrug's Sweetwood - Laurier Cyp - Lancewood - Laurier Riviere Forest Alliance@gYLACDy    A.239CMidwestI.B.2.N.aQUERCUS ALBA - (QUERCUS RUBRA, CARYA SPP.) FOREST ALLIANCEWhite Oak - (Northern Red Oak, Hickory species) Forest Alliance8 YD.J. ALLARD/D. FABER-LANGU   A.238CSoutheastI.B.2.N.aQUERCUS ALBA - (QUERCUS NIGRA) FOREST ALLIANCEWhite Oak - (Water Oak) Forest Alliance YD.J. ALLARD 6-94, MOD. S.~rK   ,A.237CEastIII.B.2.N.aPRUNUS SEROTINA - AMELANCHIER CANADENSIS - QUERCUS SPP. SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBlack Cherry - Canada Serviceberry - Oak species Shrubland AllianceNYECS 12-95, MOD.ôd   A.236CSoutheastI.B.2.N.aLIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA FOREST ALLIANCETuliptree Forest Alliance5YD.J. ALLARDuji]D   A.235CSoutheastI.B.2.N.aLIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA - TILIA AMERICANA VAR. HETEROPHYLLA - AESCULUS FLAVA - ACER SACCHARUM FOREST ALLIANCETuliptree - Appalachian Basswood - Yellow Buckeye - Sugar Maple Forest AlliancedYA.S. WEAKLEY/M.P. SCHAFALي   4=3cD4 @ A.2508CWestV.C.2.N.aBACOPA EISENII PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGila River Water-hyssop Permanently Flooded Herbaceous AllianceYWCSO   A.2507CWestIII.A.5.N.bATRIPLEX PARRYI SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEParry's Saltbush Shrubland AllianceYWCSda``=   A.2506CWestV.B.2.N.fAQUILEGIA MICRANTHA SATURATED HANGING GARDEN HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMancos Columbine Saturated Hanging Garden Herbaceous AllianceYM.S. REIDY   A.2505CWestV.A.5.N.cREDFIELDIA FLEXUOSA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBlowout Grass Herbaceous AllianceYWCSebaa@   A.2504CWestV.A.5.N.mKOBRESIA MYOSUROIDES - (KOBRESIA SIMPLICIUSCULA) SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPacific Bog Sedge - (Simple Bog Sedge) Saturated Herbaceous AllianceYWCSg   A.2503CWestV.A.5.N.dFESTUCA ROEMERI HERBACEOUS ALLIANCERoemer's Fescue Herbaceous AllianceYWCSc`__<   A.2502CWestVII.B.2.N.cHAWAIIAN ALPINE EOLIAN DESERT SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCEHawaiian Alpine Eolian Desert Sparsely Vegetated AllianceYM.S. REIDT   A.2501CWestV.A.5.N.kCAREX VESICARIA SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEInflated Sedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@YM.S. REIDO   &A.250CSoutheastI.B.2.N.aQUERCUS PRINUS - QUERCUS RUBRA FOREST ALLIANCERock Chestnut Oak - Northern Red Oak Forest AlliancegYD.J. ALLARD 6-94, MOD. S.K   A.25CLatin AmericaI.A.1.N.cPRESTOEA ACUMINATA VAR. MONTANA FOREST ALLIANCESierra Palm Forest Alliance; Palma de Sierra Forest Alliance^@ gYA.S. WEAKLEYO    %A.249CSoutheastI.B.2.N.aQUERCUS PRINUS - QUERCUS (ALBA, FALCATA, RUBRA, VELUTINA) FOREST ALLIANCERock Chestnut Oak - (White Oak, Southern Red Oak, Northern Red Oak, Black Oak) Forest Alliance YM.P. SCHAFALE/A.S. WEAKLEf   $A.248CEastI.B.2.N.aQUERCUS PRINUS - (QUERCUS COCCINEA, QUERCUS VELUTINA) FOREST ALLIANCERock Chestnut Oak - (Scarlet Oak, Black Oak) Forest AllianceA YD. FABER-LANGENDOEN/D.J. ]   CndL| @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @  A.2519CWestIII.B.3.N.bPRUNUS FASCICULATA INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEDesert Almond Intermittently Flooded Shrubland AllianceH@YK. SCHULZW   A.2518CWestV.C.2.N.aPOTAMOGETON FOLIOSUS PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELeafy Pondweed Permanently Flooded Herbaceous AllianceYWCSU   A.2517CWestVII.C.3.N.bPINUS (PONDEROSA, JEFFREYI) SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCE(Ponderosa Pine, Jeffrey Pine) Sparsely Vegetated Alliance@YK. SCHULZR   A.2516CWestIII.A.5.N.aPEUCEPHYLLUM SCHOTTII SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEDesert-fir Shrubland AllianceL@YK.A. SCHULZxml`C   A.2515CWestIV.B.3.N.aMENODORA SPINESCENS DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEGreenfire Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@YK. SCHULZ~uthF   A.2514CWestIII.A.2.N.iLEDUM GLANDULOSUM SATURATED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEGlandular Labrador-tea Saturated Shrubland AllianceYWCS}||I   A.2513CWestVII.B.2.N.cIVESIA CRYPTOCAULIS SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCEHidden Ivesia Sparsely Vegetated AllianceYWCSwtssJ   A.2512CWestIII.B.3.N.aHYMENOCLEA SALSOLA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWhite Cheesebush Shrubland Alliancek@YK. SCHULZypoc@   A.2511CWestII.B.2.N.bFRAXINUS ANOMALA TEMPORARILY FLOODED WOODLAND ALLIANCESingleleaf Ash Temporarily Flooded Woodland AllianceK@YK.A. SCHULZP   A.2510CWestV.B.2.N.fDODECATHEON REDOLENS SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEScented Shootingstar Saturated Herbaceous AllianceYWCS~}}K   'A.251CMidwestI.B.2.N.aQUERCUS RUBRA - (ACER SACCHARUM) FOREST ALLIANCENorthern Red Oak - (Sugar Maple) Forest Alliance YMCS, MOD.{K   A.2509CWestIII.B.3.N.bERICAMERIA PANICULATA INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEPaniculate Rabbitbrush Intermittently Flooded Shrubland Alliance}@YK. SCHULZZ   T.$ |# A.2530CWestIII.B.2.N.aSYMPHORICARPOS OREOPHILUS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEMountain Snowberry Shrubland AllianceNWCSpmllG   )A.253CSoutheastI.B.2.N.aQUERCUS STELLATA - QUERCUS MARILANDICA FOREST ALLIANCEPost Oak - Blackjack Oak Forest Alliance@YD.J. ALLARD/D. FABER-LANG{S   A.2529CWestV.A.5.N.cTHINOPYRUM INTERMEDIUM SEMI-NATURAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEIntermediate Wheatgrass Semi-natural Herbaceous Alliance@YS. MENARDP   A.2528CWestIV.B.2.N.aGUTIERREZIA SAROTHRAE DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESnakeweed Dwarf-shrubland AllianceW@YK.A. SCHULZwvjH   A.2527CWestV.A.6.N.fYUCCA BREVIFOLIA WOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEJoshua Tree Wooded Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZwvjD   A.2526CWestIII.B.3.N.aVIGUIERA PARISHII SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEParish's Goldeneye Shrubland AllianceZ@YK. SCHULZzqpd?   A.2525CWestVII.C.1.N.bTETRADYMIA TETRAMERES SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCECotton-thorn Sparsely Vegetated AllianceYWCSxuttL   A.2524CWestV.A.5.N.dACHNATHERUM LETTERMANII HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELetterman's Needlegrass Herbaceous AllianceYWCSspooD   A.2523CWestIII.B.2.N.eSALIX LEMMONII SEASONALLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCELemmon's Willow Seasonally Flooded Shrubland AllianceYWCSO   A.2522CWestIII.A.2.N.cQUERCUS JOHN-TUCKERI SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEJohn-Tucker Oak Shrubland AllianceYWCSheddB   A.2521CWestIII.A.2.N.cQUERCUS CORNELIUS-MULLERI SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEMuller Oak Shrubland AllianceYWCSheddG   A.2520CWestIII.B.3.N.bPSOROTHAMNUS SPINOSUS INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESmokethorn Intermittently Flooded Shrubland Alliance@YK. SCHULZZ   (A.252CSoutheastI.B.2.N.aQUERCUS SHUMARDII - QUERCUS PAGODA FOREST ALLIANCEShumard Oak - Cherrybark Oak Forest Alliance YA.S. WEAKLEY/L.M. SMITH{O  LVAL*vo`mms`wbi !+0 (57&().0467  047 %)*+-5#%15 #$(#'()/4789@"#$&'+./02357 #%)+./1236  !#'(./2  "#$&(./013  !  !"#$%&' $')+,/13467 , ./"#4$-/*45 / &*+, $%&(*+ !"#$%&(),-/ &'*36:;  "#&)+-/  !"$& "#$&'()*+ "$,-.57 ,  !"&5 %&* $%, " !"#&) 9: + DEHI !;<=?EF  !#$%&')+,- #'()*+,-.I 0  # %6 !ABmms`wbivo`mms`wbivo`mms`wbivo`mms`wbivo`mms`wbivo`mms`wbivo`mms`wbivo`mms`wbivo`mms`wbivn and geologies. Vegetation of this alliance is uncommon in Louisiana.LVAL This alliance includes temperate deciduous maritime shrublands, generally occurring on the lee side of sand dunes. The physiognomy of this vegetation is highly variable and may range from open woodland to stunted forest to dense nearly impenetrable thicket. Individual trees tend to be wind-pruned and multiple-stemmed. The canopy may contain ~Prunus serotina var. serotina, Amelanchier canadensis, Pinus taeda, Photinia pyrifolia (= Aronia arbutifolia)$, and ~Sassafras albidum$ in varying proportions. ~Acer rubrum, Diospyros virginiana$, and ~Malus angustifolia$ may also be present; ~Pinus taeda$ and ~Ilex opaca var. opaca$ may occur locally. ~Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera)$ may form a subcanopy, but if the community is particularly stunted, this species may contribute substantially to the canopy as well. This vegetation combines with tall ~Vaccinium formosum$ to form dense thickets. Examples support vines in great abundance, such as ~Smilax rotundifolia, Smilax glauca, Parthenocissus quinquefolia$, and ~Toxicodendron radicans$. Herbs are generally scarce to entirely lacking, due to heavy shading from the dense canopy above, and when present are generally tree and vine seedlings sparsely scattered on the dry leaf litter. ~Festuca rubra$ and ~Rumex acetosella$ may also be present. Some examples on the coast are subject to salt spray and winds, exhibiting wind pruning. The substrate varies from pure sand directly adjacent to the ocean, to loamy sands in more sheltered areas. Vegetation in these sheltered areas is sometimes referred to as 'sunken forest.' This name refers to the topographic position of these examples, which are found in large depressions, lower in elevation (by 1-3 m) than the interdunes. These examples are shielded from strong prevailing winds and salt spray, which permits lush growth of broadleaf shrub and vine species.LVAL This alliance includes hardwood forests of the Coastal Plain dominated by ~Quercus alba$. Stands assigned to this alliance are intermediate in moisture status, falling between the most mesic ~Quercus alba$ forests (accommodated by alliance A.228) in which ~Fagus grandifolia$ is usually codominant, and drier ~Quercus alba$ forests (accommodated by A.241) in which ~Quercus falcata$ or ~Quercus stellata$ is codominant. These forests are found in the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain of Virginia and North Carolina, westward to the Upper West and West Gulf Coastal Plain of Arkansas and Texas. In most of this range, these forests occur outside the natural distribution of both ~Quercus rubra$ and ~Carya ovata$, although ~Quercus rubra$ may be present in limited parts of the East Gulf Coastal Plain, and ~Carya ovata$ may be present in the West Gulf Coastal Plain. While limited amounts of ~Fagus grandifolia$ may be present in the most mesic occurrences, examples in which ~Fagus grandifolia$ is a dominant species would be accommodated in another alliance as noted above. ~Quercus nigra$ is given as a nominal for its value as an indicator species, as the associations in this alliance occur within the range of this species and are likely to contain it, although not necessarily as a canopy codominant. Associated species include ~Carya alba, Carya glabra, Carya ovalis, Carya pallida, Liquidambar styraciflua, Pinus taeda, Pinus echinata, Quercus velutina, Nyssa sylvatica, Quercus stellata$, and ~Quercus falcata$. More mesic occurrences likely will have ~Fagus grandifolia, Morus rubra, Quercus laurifolia, Quercus pagoda, Magnolia grandiflora, Magnolia macrophylla, Hamamelis virginiana, Asimina triloba, Callicarpa americana, Galium$ spp., ~Gelsemium sempervirens, Euonymus americana$, and ~Sanicula$ spp.; while drier examples will be more likely to have ~Quercus stellata, Prunus serotina var. serotina, Chimaphila maculata, Vaccinium stamineum$, and ~Vaccinium pallidum$. ~Cornus florida, Acer rubrum$, and ~Oxydendrum arboreLVAL@@@@@ bfhmVVVXX_Zg* bfhmVVVZYYW_ bfhmVVV[^YWV4 bfhmVVV\]^X] bfhmVVV^VYXV bfhmVVV^__XV bfhmVVV___\ bfhmVVWV__X\ bfhmVVWW]]W_ bfhmVVWX]ZX^( bfhmVVWY\ZWW bfhmVVWZ][\3 bfhmVVW[^\XV bfhmVVW]V^WV. bfhmVVW]__XV# bfhmVVW^_^WV& bfhmVVXVXZZ^ bfhmVVXV]\ZZ bfhmVVXWY^X[ bfhmVVXW__Y[' bfhmVVXX[_YY0 bfhmVVXX_^Y[) bfhmVVXY__Y^% bfhmVVXZ[XZ^# bfhmVVXZ__Z\ bfhmVVX\\[WV bfhmVVX_YWW_# bfhmVVYWWZX^. bfhmVVYY[_W bfhmVVY[VY[ZC bfhmVVY\^\ZZ bfhmVVY^Y][] 1 bfhmVVY^__[\ 6 bfhmVVY___[Z  bfhmVVZV__[] " bfhmVVZW_[[\  bfhmVVZYXYZZ 5 bfhmVVZZZ_[]  bfhmVVZ[X_Y_  bfhmVVZ\Y_[Y bfhmVVZ\__[V 1bfhmVVZ]]_[Y "bfhmVVZ_^_[X bfhmVV[V^XZ_ 'bfhmVV[XWum$ are very common in the understory. The herbaceous stratum usually is sparse, and species that may occur include ~Hexastylis arifolia, Elephantopus$ spp., ~Chimaphila maculata, Tephrosia virginiana, Coreopsis major$, and ~Hieracium venosum$. Forests in this alliance can occur on a variety of sites including sandy swamp islands, Coastal Plain slopes, ridgetops, and other dry to dry-mesic fire-sheltered areas on acidic to circumneutral soils. This alliance occurs throughout the southeastern Coastal Plain and likely is distributed sparingly in the Piedmont. In this latter ecoregion (generally within the range of ~Quercus rubra$) there could be some difficulty in assignment of associations to alliances (e.g. A.238 vs. A.239).LVAL This alliance is widely distributed in the eastern United States and portions of adjacent Canada and includes dry mesic to mesic upland oak forests dominated by ~Quercus alba$ and/or ~Quercus rubra$, with or without ~Carya$ species. Stands are 15-25 m tall, with a closed, deciduous canopy. The shrub and herbaceous strata are typically well-developed. ~Quercus alba$ usually dominates the stands, either alone or in combination with ~Quercus rubra$ (especially on moister sites) and sometimes ~Quercus velutina$ (especially on drier sites). Some associations in this alliance are dominated by ~Quercus rubra$, although ~Quercus alba$ is usually also a canopy component. ~Carya$ species (particularly ~Carya alba, Carya glabra$ or ~Carya ovata$) are typically common either in the canopy or subcanopy. In the southeastern United States, this alliance covers dry-mesic forests of the Piedmont, low Appalachian Mountains, and the Cumberland and Interior Low Plateau, and mesic oak-hickory forests of the Blue Ridge and the interior highlands of the Ozarks and Ouachita Mountains. Associated species include ~Carya glabra, Carya ovata, Carya alba, Fraxinus americana, Acer rubrum, Acer leucoderme, Cornus florida, Nyssa sylvatica, Ostrya virginiana, Calycanthus floridus, Pyrularia pubera, Tilia americana var. caroliniana, Oxydendrum arboreum$, and others. This alliance is found throughout the midwestern United States on moderately rich, upland sites. Typical associates include ~Fraxinus americana, Ulmus americana, Tilia americana, Acer saccharum, Acer rubrum$, and more locally, ~Quercus macrocarpa$ and ~Quercus ellipsoidalis$. ^Stands are found on gentle to moderately steep slopes on uplands and on steep valley sides. The soils are moderately deep to deep and vary from silts to clays and loams. The parent material ranges from glaciated till to limestone, shale, sandstone and other bedrock types. In the midwestern United States, many stands are succeeding to types dominated by ~Acer saccharum, Tilia americana, Acer rubruLVAL   @     @   @@ @  bfhmVVVXX_\^g+XX_]g,XYV]g-XYV^g.XYYWg/XZVW_g0XZVXVg1XZWW^g2XZWW_g3XZWXVg4XZXWWg5XZXW^g6XZXW_g7XZYW_g8XZYXVg9XZ]XVg:XZ^XWg;XZ^XXgX[WXVg?X[W\g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m$, and other mesic tree associates. This succession may be delayed by fire and grazing. In the eastern and southeastern United States, ~Liriodendron tulipifera, Fraxinus americana, Acer rubrum$, and other mesic associates often increase after disturbances, such as clearcutting or windstorms, especially in the absence of fire.LVAL This alliance contains vegetation that can be described as dry oak and oak-hickory forests. These are usually dominated by a mixture of ~Quercus alba$ and ~Quercus falcata$; ~Quercus stellata$ may be dominant or codominant. In addition, ~Quercus coccinea, Quercus velutina, Quercus marilandica, Carya alba, Carya glabra, Carya pallida, Carya carolinae-septentrionalis, Carya ovata$, and ~Fraxinus americana$ often are present. Common subcanopy and shrub species include ~Oxydendrum arboreum, Acer rubrum, Ulmus alata, Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana, Vaccinium arboreum, Cornus florida, Sassafras albidum, Gaylussacia frondosa (= var. frondosa), Gaylussacia baccata, Vaccinium pallidum$, and ~Vaccinium stamineum$. Herbaceous species that may be present include ~Chimaphila maculata, Polystichum acrostichoides, Asplenium platyneuron, Hexastylis arifolia, Coreopsis major, Tephrosia virginiana, Sanicula canadensis, Desmodium nudiflorum, Desmodium nuttallii, Symphyotrichum urophyllum$? (= ~Aster sagittifolius$?), ~Symphyotrichum patens (= Aster patens), Solidago ulmifolia$, and ~Hieracium venosum$. These often are successional forests following logging and/or agricultural cropping (and possibly also chestnut blight in the southern Appalachians). Some examples occur in upland flats and have been called xerohydric because they occasionally will have standing water in the winter due to a perched water table, but are droughty by the end of the growing season. Other occurrences are found on well-drained sandy loam or clay loam soils that are often, although not always, shallow. Karst topography can be found in areas where this alliance occurs. Soils are most often a well-drained sandy loam, although clay loams are not uncommon. Forests of this alliance may occupy narrow bands of dry-mesic habitat transitional between lower and midslope mesic communities and xeric ridgetops. This alliance is found in the Upper East Gulf Coastal Plain, Piedmont, low mountains (including Cumberlands, Ridge and Valley, and low parthLVALt @@@@@ @ @ @ @@@ @ @@@@@                 @@ bfhmVVV[^YXV5[^YX[6[^YX\7[^YYZ8[^Y\9[^[WV:[^[W_[^[XV[^]WV[^]XV[^^WV[^^WW[^^W_[^_WV[_VXV[_XXV [_ZX\ [_Z_ [_\WV [_\X[ [_]WV[_]W_[_]XV[_]X[[_^W^\VVXV\VZ\\V\WV\V\XV\V\\\V]X[\V]_\WVWV\WVXV\WVXZ\WV\\WWWV\WW\\WXW_ \WXXV!\WX\"\WY\#\WZW_$\WZXV%\W[WW&\W[W^'\W[\(\W\WV)\W\XV*\W\\+\W]\,\W^WV-\W^XV.\W^X\/\W^\0\W_WV1\W_XV2\W_\3\XVXV4\XWWX5\XW\6\XX\7\X[WV8\X[W_9\X[XV:\X[\;\X\WV\X\W_\X\X\\X\\\X]WV\X^WV\X^X[\X^X\\X^Y\\X^_ \X_\ \YV\ \YW\ \YX\ \YY\\YZ\\Y[\\Y\\\Y]\\Y^X\Y_X\ZVX\ZWX\ZXX\\ZYX\\Z\\\Z^WV\Z^WW\Z^W_\Z^XV\Z^X\\Z^\s of the Southern Blue Ridge), and Interior Low Plateau. Distribution in the Atlantic Coastal Plain, East Gulf Coastal Plain, and Upper West Gulf Coastal Plain needs assessment. In the Shawnee Hills, Knobs, Coastal Plain, and Appalachian Plateau regions of Kentucky, these forests form a common matrix vegetation over acid sandstone and shales. These Kentucky forests are dominated by ~Quercus alba$ with little or no ~Quercus falcata$ and occupy middle to upper slope positions. In the southern Illinois portion of the range, examples occur on south- to west-facing slopes where increased temperatures favor ~Quercus falcata$ over ~Quercus rubra$. LVAL  @   @@ @@@@@                      bfhmVVV\]^X^\^YXW\^YXZ\^[XZ \^_XZ!\_YXZ"\_\XZ#\_]XW$\_]XZ%]VXXW&]VXXZ']VZXV(]V[W_)]V\W_*]V]W_+]V^W_,]V^XV-]V^XW.]V^XZ/]V^X]0]V^X^1]V_X]2]WVWV3]WVDry oak forests with canopies characteristically dominated by ~Quercus falcata$, typically with some combination of ~Quercus stellata, Quercus velutina$, and ~Quercus coccinea$. The relative dominance of these four species is variable between associations across the range of this alliance. ~Quercus alba$ may be present (although more likely in the understory than in the canopy), but it will rarely contribute to the dominance. Within its range, some examples have strong dominance by ~Quercus coccinea$. In the Atlantic Coastal Plain, ~Quercus nigra$ may be the other oak sharing dominance with ~Quercus falcata$. ~Vaccinium$ spp. are common in the understory of some stands (including successional ones on subxeric, intermediate sites). Some typical occurrences are found on well-drained sandy loam or clay loam soils that are often, although not always, shallow. Some other examples are found on sites with unusual soil conditions, such as hardpans with retarded drainage. These typically occur in upland flats and have been called xerohydric because they occasionally will have standing water in the winter due to a perched water table, but are droughty by the end of the growing season. The range of forests of this alliance is throughout the East Gulf Coastal Plain, West Gulf Coastal Plain, Upper West Gulf Coastal Plain, Piedmont, Carolina Sandhills, low mountains, and Cumberland and Interior Low plateaus. The overall distribution in the Atlantic Coastal Plain and Ouachita Mountains needs assessment.`LVALl @@@         @ @ @ @@@ @  @@ @ @@@   bfhmVVV^VZWWVZ\V[WVV[\ V\X\ V]WV V]XV V]_ V^WVV_WVThis alliance is restricted to the northern Great Plains and the Black Hills. The canopy can be moderately closed to closed but is often relatively open for a forest alliance. The overstory of this alliance is usually dominated by ~Quercus macrocarpa$, although in some elements ~Tilia americana$ is a codominant. Associated trees include ~Ulmus americana, Fraxinus pennsylvanica$, and ~Betula papyrifera$ throughout its range, and ~Pinus ponderosa$ in the Black Hills. There is a subcanopy of ~Ostrya virginiana, Juniperus virginiana$, and small overstory species. In the eastern portion of its range, ~Juglans nigra, Populus tremuloides$, and ~Celtis$ spp. are often found in the canopy and subcanopy. A shrub layer may be present. It is usually made up of species 0.5-2 m tall, such as ~Symphoricarpos occidentalis, Prunus virginiana, Ribes$ spp., ~Amelanchier alnifolia, Corylus cornuta$, and ~Corylus americana$. Smaller shrubs like ~Mahonia repens$ and ~Rosa$ spp. are also commonly found in this alliance. The herbaceous layer typically contains ~Aralia nudicaulis, Caulophyllum thalictroides, Elymus virginicus, Carex$ spp., ~Maianthemum stellatum$, and ~Viola$ spp. ^~~Quercus macrocarpa$ Forest Alliance (A.245)$$ is found on rolling hills, mountain slopes (in the Black Hills), and along watercourses. These topographic positions provided some protection from the fires that regularly occurred in the surrounding grasslands. In the drier parts of its range, this alliance is predominantly found on north-facing slopes or along watercourses where the microclimate is more mesic. The soils of this alliance tend to be deep, loamy, and moderately well-drained to well-drained.LVAL @   @@@@ @  @@ @   @ @   @@bfhmVVV_VVXV!VV\Upland forests dominated or codominated by ~Quercus nigra$, in some cases as a result of disturbance and/or fire suppression of more diverse canopied forests. Forests in this alliance occur on mesic or dry-mesic sites, especially on loamy or other fine-textured soils (in contrast to the ~~Quercus hemisphaerica$ Forest Alliance (A.53)$$, which occurs primarily on coarse-textured sands in drier situations). One association is found along small streams. Stands of this alliance typically contain other ~Quercus$ spp. (e.g., ~Quercus falcata$), ~Liquidambar styraciflua$, and ~Pinus taeda$. In the Upper Gulf Coastal Plain of Georgia, some examples may contain ~Fagus grandifolia, Liriodendron tulipifera, Carya alba$, and ~Cornus florida$ in the subcanopy. In Texas, ~Quercus nigra$ dominates the canopy, with scattered ~Quercus virginiana$. The subcanopy/shrub stratum is dense (without fire) and contains ~Ilex vomitoria, Vaccinium stamineum$, and ~Vitis rotundifolia$. In small stream forests of the Gulf Coast Prairies and Marshes Ecoregion and possibly adjacent areas, other shrubs and small trees include ~Callicarpa americana$ and ~Prunus caroliniana$. Woody vines include ~Berchemia scandens, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Toxicodendron radicans$, and ~Ampelopsis arborea$. ~Chasmanthium sessiliflorum$ is the dominant herb. Other herbs are ~Oplismenus hirtellus ssp. setarius (= Oplismenus setarius), Carex cherokeensis, Verbesina virginica, Ageratina aromatica, Asplenium platyneuron var. platyneuron, Geum canadense$, and ~Polygonum virginianum$. ~Tillandsia usneoides$ and ~Pleopeltis polypodioides ssp. michauxiana$ are common epiphytes. This alliance appears to be more abundantly represented (or more 'natural') towards the western end of the Coastal Plain.LVAL This alliance includes xeric oak forests strongly dominated by ~Quercus prinus$ or ~Quercus prinus$ with admixtures of ~Quercus coccinea$ and/or ~Quercus velutina$, occurring in the southern and central Appalachians, Ridge and Valley, Cumberland Plateau, Piedmont, Interior Low Plateau, and possibly in the northern Appalachians. In the Piedmont and Ridge and Valley, and in areas transitional to these provinces, ~Quercus stellata$ and ~Quercus marilandica$ may be canopy associates. Other canopy/subcanopy associates include ~Acer rubrum, Amelanchier arborea, Carya alba, Carya glabra, Cornus florida, Hamamelis virginiana, Magnolia fraseri, Nyssa sylvatica, Oxydendrum arboreum, Pinus rigida, Pinus strobus, Quercus alba, Quercus rubra, Robinia pseudoacacia$, and ~Sassafras albidum$. In the Appalachians, a dense ericaceous shrub layer is characteristic, with species such as ~Gaylussacia baccata, Gaylussacia ursina, Kalmia latifolia, Leucothoe recurva, Rhododendron maximum, Vaccinium pallidum$, and ~Vaccinium stamineum$. In the upper Piedmont ~Kalmia latifolia, Vaccinium arboreum$, and ~Vaccinium pallidum$ are common. In the montane distribution of this alliance, forests of this alliance have replaced forests formerly dominated or codominated by ~Castanea dentata$, and chestnut sprouts are common in the understory. Other shrub species found in forests of this alliance include ~Chionanthus virginicus, Diospyros virginiana, Robinia hispida, Sassafras albidum, Styrax grandifolius, Symplocos tinctoria, Viburnum acerifolium, Viburnum prunifolium$, and ~Viburnum rufidulum$. Herbaceous cover is typically sparse in these dry, rocky forests and species vary with geographic location. Some typical herbaceous species include ~Antennaria plantaginifolia, Aureolaria laevigata, Chamaelirium luteum, Chimaphila maculata, Danthonia spicata, Dichanthelium commutatum, Dichanthelium dichotomum, Dioscorea quaternata, Epigaea repens, Galax urceolata, Galium latifolium, Gaultheria procumbens, Goodyera pubescens, Hieracium venosuLVAL  @ @ @ @ @ @ @@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ bfhmVVXWY^X\Y^YZY_YZY_Y[ZVY\ZVZ\ZXY[ZXY\ZXZ\ZXZ]ZXZ^ZYY^ZZZ\ZZZ^Z[Y\Z[Y]Z]X^Z]X_Z]YX Z]Y]!Z]ZV"Z_Y^#Z_Y_$Z_ZY%Z_ZZ&[VY]'[VY^([VY_)[VZZ*[WXW+[WXZ,[WX]-[XX\.[YXZ/[YX_0[YYV1[ZYW2[[YV3[[YW4[[YX5[\YW6[^Y[[^Y\[^Z\[_Y\[_ZZ[_Z[\VY[\VZ\\VZ]\XX\ \XYZ \YYZ \ZX\ \\XZ \\X_\]X[\]_\^XZ\^YV\_YV\_YW]VYV]VYW]WXZ]WX^]WYV]WYY]YXZ]YX^]\X]]\X^]]X\]^X] ]^X^!]_XZ"]_X^#^VX]$^VYX%^VYY&^WYV'^XY[(^YYZ)^YY[*^ZX\+^\Y[,^\Y\-^\Z[.^\Z\/^\Z]0^\Z^1^\Z_2^\\Z3^]X\4^]YZ5^]Y[6^]Z\7^]Z]^_X\^_YZ^_Y[^_Z\^_Z]^_Z^_VY\_VZZ_VZ[ _VZ\ _VZ^m, Lysimachia quadrifolia, Medeola virginiana, Monotropa uniflora, Potentilla canadensis, Pteridium aquilinum, Stenanthium gramineum, Uvularia puberula$, and ~Uvularia sessilifolia$. These forests occur on convex, upper slopes and ridgetops, south-facing slopes, over thin, rocky, infertile soils in the Appalachians, typically below 3500 feet (1066 m), where windthrow and ice damage are common natural disturbances. In the Piedmont these forests occur on low mountains and hills, on rocky, well-drained, acidic soils, sometimes associated with outcrops of quartzite, or other resistant rock.LVAL Dry-mesic to mesic forests dominated by ~Quercus prinus$ occurring in admixture with other ~Quercus$ species, in the Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Ridge and Valley, Cumberland Plateau, and the Interior Low Plateau. ~Quercus prinus$ is the leading dominant in these forests, but other common canopy species can include ~Quercus alba, Quercus coccinea, Quercus falcata, Quercus rubra, Quercus velutina, Acer rubrum, Carya alba, Carya glabra, Carya ovalis, Carya ovata, Carya pallida, Fagus grandifolia, Liriodendron tulipifera, Nyssa sylvatica$, and ~Pinus strobus$. The subcanopy often contains ~Cornus florida$ and ~Oxydendrum arboreum$. Drier examples can contain ~Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana$. Other common species in the subcanopy/shrub stratum include ~Acer rubrum, Carya glabra, Cercis canadensis, Hamamelis virginiana, Kalmia latifolia, Nyssa sylvatica, Rhododendron calendulaceum, Rhododendron maximum, Robinia pseudoacacia, Stewartia ovata, Symplocos tinctoria, Vaccinium stamineum$, and ~Viburnum acerifolium$. The ground flora varies depending on available light, moisture, and soil nutrients but can be quite diverse, especially in associations with sparse shrub cover. Herbaceous species characteristic of these dry-mesic to mesic oak - hickory forests include ~Symphyotrichum cordifolium (= Aster cordifolius), Symphyotrichum retroflexum (= Aster curtisii), Eurybia macrophylla (= Aster macrophyllus), Symphyotrichum undulatum (= Aster undulatus), Botrychium virginianum, Carex nigromarginata, Chimaphila maculata, Actaea racemosa (= Cimicifuga racemosa), Collinsonia canadensis, Coreopsis major, Cypripedium parviflorum var. pubescens (= Cypripedium pubescens), Danthonia compressa, Danthonia spicata, Dioscorea villosa, Epigaea repens, Eupatorium album, Eupatorium purpureum, Galax urceolata, Galium triflorum, Houstonia purpurea (= Hedyotis purpurea), Hieracium venosum, Iris cristata, Maianthemum racemosum, Medeola virginiana, Melanthium parviflorum, Polystichum acrostichoides, Prenanthes altissima, PycnanthemumLVAL  @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @bfhmVVXYVVZ]*VVZ^+VWZ],VWZ^-VXZ].VXZ^/VYZ\VYZ]VYZ^VZZ]VZZ^VZ\ZV]X[V^Y\V^Y^V^Z\ V^Z^ V^\Z V_Y^ V_Y_ WVZ]WVZ^WV\ZWYZ]WYZ^WY\ZWZY[WZY\WZY^WZY_WZZ]WZZ^WZ\ZW[Y\W[Y]W[ZZW[Z[W[Z^W[Z_ W[\Z!W^Y["W^Y\#W^ZZ$W^Z\%W^Z]&W^Z^'W^\Z(W_X_)XZYX*XZZV+]\X\,]\YZ-]\Y[.]]X\/]]YZ]]Y[]]Z\]^Z\^WYZ^WY[^WZ\^WZ]^WZ^^W\W ^W\X ^W\Y ^W\Z ^XZ] ^XZ^^X\W^X\Y^X\Z^YY[^YZ\^YZ]^[Y\^[ZZ^[Z[^[Z\^[Z]^[Z^^[Z_^\YW^\YX^\Y\^\Y]^\Y_ ^\ZV!^\ZW"^\ZX#^\ZY incanum, Scutellaria ovata, Tephrosia virginiana, Uvularia perfoliata$, and ~Uvularia puberula$. Vines are common and species that may be present include ~Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Smilax$ spp., and ~Toxicodendron radicans$. In the Cumberland Plateau, forests in this alliance have replaced forests once dominated by ~Castanea dentata$ and often have chestnut sprouts in the understory. Forests in this alliance are known from moderately sheltered low ridges, flats, and valleys at lower elevations (762-1036 m; 2500-3400 feet) in the Blue Ridge and from upper slopes, draws, and gorge slopes in the Cumberland Plateau, and from upper to middle, dry-mesic slopes in the Piedmont. This alliance provisionally includes forests over limestone in the lower portions of the Ridge and Valley.LVAL This alliance includes dry-mesic oak forests, codominated by ~Quercus prinus$ and ~Quercus rubra$, at moderate elevations in the Blue Ridge, Ridge and Valley, and High Alleghenies of Virginia, western North Carolina, eastern Tennessee, South Carolina, and Georgia. It also includes transitional oak - hickory forests of Lower New England and the Northern Piedmont. This alliance may possibly range into the upper Piedmont and into the eastern fringes of the Cumberland Mountains and Appalachian Plateau of Kentucky, but no associations have been defined for these regions. The majority of the forests in this alliance occur in areas previously dominated by ~Castanea dentata$, and chestnut sprouts are common in the understory. The canopy of forests in this alliance tend to be dominated by ~Quercus rubra$ and/or ~Quercus prinus$, although other mesic hardwood species can codominate or be present in the canopy and subcanopy. Typical tree associates include ~Liriodendron tulipifera, Acer rubrum, Hamamelis virginiana, Acer pensylvanicum$, and ~Oxydendrum arboreum$. In the Appalachian Mountains, shrub layers are often dense and dominated by ericaceous species, ~Rhododendron maximum$ (especially on northerly aspects), ~Rhododendron minus, Kalmia latifolia, Gaylussacia$ spp., and ~Vaccinium$ spp. Herbaceous coverage tends to be inversely proportional to the shrub coverage. ~Galax urceolata$ and ~Gaultheria procumbens$ are components in sparse herb strata. Other herbs typical of these forests include ~Solidago curtisii, Lysimachia quadrifolia, Thelypteris noveboracensis, Gentiana decora, Sanicula trifoliata, Prenanthes altissima, Dichanthelium$ spp. (~Dichanthelium boscii, Dichanthelium commutatum, Dichanthelium dichotomum), Carex pensylvanica, Polystichum acrostichoides, Chimaphila maculata, Desmodium nudiflorum, Galium latifolium, Houstonia purpurea$, and ~Maianthemum racemosum ssp. racemosum$. In montane landscapes, these forest occur on intermediate positions of elevation and aspect, on protected, often rocky yLVAL bfhm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slopes. Forests in this alliance are also found on sandstone boulderfields and outcrops in Virginia's Ridge and Valley.mLVALy bfhmVVY\^\[V\^\[W\^\[X \^][W!\^][_"\_YZV#]VZZY$]VZ[_%]V\ZZ&]V\[V']V^[X(]WW[X)]WXZZ*]WY[X+]WZ[X,]XW[X-]XX[X.]X[[V/]X[[^0]X_XZ1]YY[\2]YY[]3]YZ[]4]Y[[Y5]Y][V6]Y_[[7]Y_[\8]ZVZV9]ZVZW:]ZVZX;]ZVZY<]ZV[X]ZV[Y]ZV[[]ZV[\]ZV[]][V[]][X[W][Y[V][ZZZ][Z[V ][\Y_ ][^[V ][_ZZ ][_[V ][_[X]\VZV]\VZW]\[[V]\[[W]\[[X]\\[_]\^[WThis alliance is found in several western states and is likely more widespread in the western U.S. Stands commonly occur as wet meadow communities that are found around the edges of montane lakes and beaver ponds, along the margins of slow-moving reaches of streams and rivers, and in marshy swales and overflow channels on broad floodplains. Stands are either adjacent to low-gradient streams in wide valley bottoms or associated with perennial seeps and may occur in subalpine environments. They can occur in standing water or on sites that become relatively dry during the later part of the growing season. Many sites are located where beaver ponds have filled with sediment. The vegetation is characterized by the dominance of ~Carex vesicaria$, with 20-98% cover. Other graminoids can be present and can be codominant. ~Juncus balticus, Deschampsia caespitosa, Carex nebrascensis, Carex utriculata, Eleocharis palustris$, and ~Glyceria$ spp. are some of the more common associated species. Forbs can include species of ~Epilobium, Galium trifidum, Camassia quamash, Symphyotrichum foliaceum (= Aster foliaceus), Equisetum arvense$, and ~Mentha arvensis$.*LVAL8  @ @ @This locally occurring alliance is found in deep canyons and mountains on the Colorado Plateau in southwestern Utah and western Colorado. This vegetation is restricted to mesic sites such as near seeps, springs and ephemeral stream channels, or on lower colluvial slopes where additional soil moisture is available. Substrates often are derived from colluvium and have large gravel and cobbles. Parent material is typically sandstone. The vegetation is characterized by a moderately dense (30-50% cover) cold-deciduous, tall-shrub canopy that is dominated by ~Fraxinus anomala$ with ~Quercus gambelii$ codominating in the Colorado stand. Associated shrubs include ~Amelanchier alnifolia, Ericameria nauseosa, Holodiscus dumosus, Rhus trilobata$, and ~Symphoricarpos rotundifolius$. Herbaceous species are variable and contribute minimal cover.This xeromorphic shrubland alliance occurs locally in washes in southwestern deserts from southern California to the Sonoran Desert, north into the southeastern Great Basin. Stands are restricted to growing in intermittently flooded channels and terraces on bajadas and alluvial fans. Substrates are coarse-textured soils derived from alluvium. Disturbance from flooding scours out existing vegetation and creates habitat for the seedlings of the dominant/diagnostic species, ~Ericameria paniculata$. The vegetation is characterized by a moderately dense, xeromorphic, typically short-shrub layer (2 m tall) that is dominated by ~Ericameria paniculata$. Individuals may reach 4 m. Other shrubs and dwarf-shrubs present may include ~Ambrosia eriocentra, Brickellia incana, Ephedra californica, Ephedra nevadensis, Encelia farinosa, Encelia virginensis, Eriogonum fasciculatum, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Hymenoclea salsola, Opuntia chlorotica, Salvia dorrii$, or ~Stephanomeria pauciflora$. Occasional emergent tall shrubs or small trees may be present such as ~Acacia greggii$ or ~Chilopsis linearis$. The herbaceous layer is generally sparse or absent.LVAL This alliance, found in the midwestern, southeastern and eastern United States as well as Ontario, Canada, contains mesic forests dominated by ~Quercus rubra$. Although ~Acer saccharum$ may not be dominant, its usual association with more mesic habitats makes it characteristic of this alliance. Ericaceous shrubs may be present but, except in some cases for ~Kalmia latifolia$, are generally not prominent in these communities. Other canopy associates may include ~Quercus alba, Quercus velutina, Betula lenta$ (in the East), ~Fraxinus americana, Tilia americana, Ulmus americana, Acer rubrum$, and ~Fagus grandifolia$. In the East ~Cornus florida$ often forms a prominent subcanopy; in the Midwest ~Prunus virginiana, Prunus serotina$, and ~Ostrya virginiana$ can do the same. Typical shrubs include ~Hamamelis virginiana, Acer pensylvanicum$ (in the North), ~Lindera benzoin, Amelanchier$ spp., and ~Corylus cornuta$. ~Viburnum acerifolium$ is a characteristic shrub in this alliance. Herbs include ~Polystichum acrostichoides, Medeola virginiana$, and ~Geranium maculatum$. These forests typically occur on deep, moist to well-drained loams and silt loams on north and east midslopes and coves. In the Southeast, this alliance includes mesophytic forests associated with base-rich substrates in the Ozarks and the central Ouachita Mountains. These forests are found over soils derived from limestone or dolomite and occur on moist slopes or swales, mesic slopes, and upper floodplain terraces. Some characteristic species include ~Acer saccharum, Quercus rubra, Quercus velutina, Carya cordiformis, Fraxinus americana, Ulmus americana, Liquidambar styraciflua, Celtis laevigata, Asimina triloba, Arundinaria gigantea, Elymus virginicus, Euonymus atropurpurea, Ilex decidua, Ilex opaca, Ostrya virginiana, Sapindus saponaria var. drummondii$, and ~Staphylea trifolia$. In the southern Ouachita Mountains, ~Acer barbatum$ may be a component, rather than ~Acer saccharum$. Stands may also occur on dry-mesic fine sandy loams and loLVAL bfhm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amy sands. Historically, fire probably maintained stands in this alliance by decreasing competing woody species and improving light and moisture conditions for oak seedlings. Successful establishment of ~Quercus rubra$ and other associated oaks in this alliance is usually thought to require oak saplings in the understory prior to canopy disturbances or large-scale fires that remove competitors. Current ~Quercus rubra$-dominated stands in parts of this alliance's range may result from a combination of natural and human-caused disturbances.LVAL bfhmVVZYXYZ\ 6YXYZ^ 7YXY[W 8YXY[X YXY[Y YXY[\ YXY[] YXY[^ YXY[_ YX\[[ YX\[\ YX\[] YX][Y YX][[ YX][\ YX^[] YX^[^ YX_[Y YYWY^ YYWY_ YYWZY YYWZZ YYW[V YYW[W YYW[X YYW[Y YYW[_ YYW\V YYW\W YYX[Y YYY[V YYY[W YYY[X YYY[]This alliance occurs in a variety of disturbed habitats in the southwestern deserts from southern California to the Sonoran Desert, north into the southeastern Great Basin. Stands may occur as either wetland/riparian or upland vegetation. Sites include washes and palustrine environments, valley bottoms, and alluvial flats. Wetland substrates are well-drained, coarse-textured soils that are moderately acidic to slightly saline. Upland substrates are shallow, coarse-textured soils often with a desert pavement. Disturbance from flooding, burning, and grazing animals creates habitat for this type. The vegetation is characterized by an open, xeromorphic shrub layer dominated by ~Hymenoclea salsola$. Other shrubs and dwarf-shrubs present may include ~Atriplex confertifolia, Bebbia juncea, Brickellia incana, Senna armata (= Cassia armata), Ephedra californica, Encelia farinosa, Ericameria paniculata, Eriogonum fasciculatum, Larrea tridentata, Opuntia echinocarpa, Opuntia basilaris, Psorothamnus schottii$, or ~Salazaria mexicana$. Occasional emergent tall shrubs or small trees may be present such as ~Acacia greggii, Chilopsis linearis, Olneya tesota, Parkinsonia florida$, or ~Psorothamnus spinosus$. The herbaceous layer is generally sparse and often dominated by annual species, especially the introduced annual ~Bromus$ spp. such as ~Bromus madritensis$ and ~Bromus rubens$.LVALbfhmVVZZ[VYW Z[V[Y Z[V[[ Z[XXY Z[YX_  Z[YYX !Z[Z[W "Z[Z[_ #Z[[YX $Z[][Y %Z[][[ &Z[^[] 'Z[_[X (Z\V[Y )Z\V[[ *Z\V[\ +Z\W[Y ,Z\W[This poorly known alliance occurs in mountains of the Great Basin and eastern Sierra Nevada at foothill and lower montane elevations. Stands occur at lower elevations locally on exposed acidic parent materials. At higher elevations stands occur on rocky exposed sites. Stands are characterized by an open canopy of scattered conifer trees codominated by ~Pinus ponderosa$ and ~Pinus jeffreyi$. ~Pinus monophylla$ and ~Juniperus osteosperma$ may also be present.This alliance occurs at mid elevations in the Mojave Desert of California and southern Nevada. Elevation ranges from 1000-1500 m. Stands occur on disturbed upland sites. The vegetation is characterized by an open, xeromorphic shrub layer dominated by ~Peucephyllum schottii$. ~Gutierrezia microcephala$ is codominant is some stands.This xeromorphic upland shrubland alliance occurs locally in the Mojave Desert and southern Great Basin. Stands are found on ridges, hills, slopes and upper bajadas. Substrates are shallow, rocky soils derived from bedrock or alluvium. The vegetation is characterized by an open, xeromorphic, short-shrub layer (0.5-2 m tall) that is dominated or codominated by ~Menodora spinescens$. Other shrubs and dwarf-shrubs present may include ~Picrothamnus desertorum (= Artemisia spinescens), Atriplex confertifolia, Coleogyne ramosissima, Ephedra nevadensis, Hymenoclea salsola, Krascheninnikovia lanata, Lepidium fremontii, Lycium andersonii, Sphaeralcea ambigua$, and ~Tetradymia axillaris$. Emergent ~Yucca brevifolia$ may be scattered through the stand. Herbaceous cover is sparse or absent.LVALbfhmVVZ[X_ZV [YVXZ [YWX_ [YXYX [YXY] [YY[X [YZ[Y [Y[YX  [Y[YY  [Y_[X  [Y_[]  [ZW[X  [ZX[X [ZYY_ [ZYZV [ZZYX [ZZY] [ZZY^ [ZZY_ [Z[ZY [Z[[Y [Z\YX [Z\ZV [Z]XZ [Z^XW [Z^XZ _[X [[V[X [[W[X [[YXZ [[\[Y  [[^XZ ![[_XZ "[\VXZ #[\WXZ $[\XXZ %[\YXZ &[\ZXZ '[\[XZ ([\\XZ )[\]XZ *[\^XZ +[\_XZ ,[]VXZ -[]XXZ .[]YXZ /[]ZXZ 0[][XZ 1[]\ZW 2[]]ZW 3[]^YW 4[]^ZW 5[]_XZ 6[^VXZ 7[^WXZ 8[^XXZ 9[^Y[V :[^ZXZ ;This alliance occurs in a variety of habitats throughout the Mojave Desert. Stands often occur in desert washes, arroyos and canyon bottoms, but are also found on upland sites such as alluvial terraces, bajadas and lower canyon slopes. Soils are generally alluvial. Disturbance from intermittent flooding or upland disturbance from grazing animals and ORVs occurs on many sites and may be important to the maintenance of this alliance. The vegetation is characterized by an open to closed, xeromorphic shrub layer dominated by ~Prunus fasciculata$. Other shrubs and dwarf-shrubs present may include ~Atriplex confertifolia, Acamptopappus sphaerocephalus, Ephedra nevadensis, Eriogonum fasciculatum, Grayia spinosa, Hymenoclea salsola, Krascheninnikovia lanata, Larrea tridentata, Lycium andersonii, Mortonia utahensis, Rhus trilobata, Salvia dorrii, Salazaria mexicana, Thamnosma montana$, or ~Viguiera reticulata$. Occasional emergent tall shrubs or small trees may be present. The herbaceous layer is typically sparse. Dominance of ~Prunus fasciculata$ is diagnostic of this shrubland alliance.LVAL This alliance includes mesic upland forests of the Coastal Plain, which occur over calcareous substrates as well as over loess deposits. The canopies of stands are typically dominated by some combination of ~Quercus shumardii, Quercus pagoda, Quercus muehlenbergii, Quercus michauxii, Fraxinus americana, Acer barbatum, Liquidambar styraciflua, Ulmus$ spp., and ~Carya$ spp. Stands may also contain ~Magnolia acuminata, Magnolia grandiflora, Liriodendron tulipifera, Quercus falcata, Fagus grandifolia, Gleditsia triacanthos, Diospyros virginiana, Tilia americana, Morus rubra, Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana$, and ~Pinus taeda$. The somewhat rare ~Carya myristiciformis$ may be present within its range. As presently circumscribed, this alliance includes rich forests of lower slopes above cypress or bottomland hardwood forests, as well as oak or oak-hardwood forests adjacent to Keiffer Prairies or Jackson Prairies of Louisiana, as well as other poorly-known and unusual forests over limestones or other basic to circumneutral strata in the East Gulf Coastal Plain and Upper East Gulf Coastal Plain. ^The mesic calcareous forests associated with Jackson Prairies in Louisiana contain a dense canopy dominated by ~Quercus shumardii, Quercus pagoda$, and ~Fraxinus americana$, with ~Liquidambar styraciflua, Magnolia acuminata, Liriodendron tulipifera, Quercus phellos, Quercus michauxii, Acer barbatum, Quercus muehlenbergii, Platanus occidentalis$, and ~Pinus taeda$. The open to fairly dense subcanopy contains ~Ostrya virginiana, Cornus florida, Acer barbatum, Asimina triloba, Ulmus alata, Frangula caroliniana, Zanthoxylum clava-herculis, Cercis canadensis, Hamamelis virginiana$, and ~Sideroxylon lanuginosum$. The sparse shrub and woody vine layer includes ~Bignonia capreolata, Aesculus pavia var. pavia, Rhus aromatica, Cocculus carolinus, Berchemia scandens$, and ~Arundinaria gigantea ssp. gigantea$. The sparse herb layer includes ~Carex cherokeensis, Lithospermum tuberosum, Botrychium virginianum, Aristolochi]LVALi   @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ bfhm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a serpentaria, Delphinium carolinianum, Dioscorea quaternata, Trillium ludovicianum, Podophyllum peltatum, Polygonatum biflorum, Passiflora lutea, Phryma leptostachya, Spigelia marilandica, Taenidia integerrima, Phlox divaricata$, and ~Smilax herbacea$. More information is needed on the composition and dynamics of this alliance outside of Louisiana. ^In Kentucky, vegetation of this alliance occurs in the Upper East Gulf Coastal Plain on lower toe slopes above cypress or bottomland hardwood forests. Typical canopy trees include ~Quercus phellos, Quercus michauxii, Quercus pagoda, Quercus falcata$, and ~Quercus stellata$. These are often mixed with swamp species like ~Quercus palustris$ and upland forest species like ~Quercus alba$. At these Kentucky sites, flooding occurs in winter, and groundwater probably remains high through most years, but upper soil horizons may become relatively dry in the summer.?LVALK@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ bfhmVV\\WX[^ 3*\\WX\X 3+\^YY[^ 3,\^YY\X 3-\_WY[^ 3.\_WY\X 3/]VVW[Z 30]VVW[[ 31]VVX[Z 32]VVX[[ 33]VVY[Z 4]VVZ[Z 4]VV[[Z 4]VV][Z 4]VV^[Z 4]VWW[Z 4]VWW[[ 4]VW[[Z 4]VW\[Z 4]VW_[Y 4 ]VW_[[ 4 ]VXV[Z 4 ]VXV[[ 4 ]VXV[\ 4 ]VXWZY 4]VXW[Y 4]VXW[Z 4]VXW[[ 4]VXW[\ 4]VXX[] 4]VXY[Y 4]VX\[] 4]VX][\ 4]VX][] 4]VX^[Y 4]VX^[\ 4]VX^[] 4]VYX[Y 4]VYX[[ 4]VYX[\ 4]VYX[] 4]VYY[Z 4]VYY[[ 4 ]VY[[Z 4!]VY[[[ 4"]VY]YW 4#]VY]ZV 4$]VY]ZW 4%]VY][Y 4&]VY][[ 4']VY_YW 4(]VY_ZV 4)]VY_ZX 4*]VY_[Y 4+]VY_[Z 4,]VY_[[ 4-]VY_[\ 4.]VY_[] 4/]VZV[[ 40]VZV[\ 41]VZV[] 42]VZX[Y 43]VZX[[ 44]VZX[\ 45]VZZ[[ 4This xeromorphic tall shrubland alliance occurs locally in moderate-sized washes in the Mojave, Colorado and Sonoran deserts. Stands are restricted to growing in intermittently flooded channels. Substrates are typically sandy-textured alluvium without cobbles or boulders. It may form a matrix with other wash vegetation alliances. The vegetation is characterized by an open, xeromorphic, tall-shrub layer (3-5 m tall) that is dominated by ~Psorothamnus spinosus$. Individuals may reach 4 m. Other tall shrubs/small trees present may include ~Acacia greggii, Chilopsis linearis, Olneya tesota$, or ~Parkinsonia florida$. A sparse short-shrub layer of species such as ~Ambrosia dumosa, Bebbia juncea, Baccharis emoryi, Encelia farinosa, Ericameria$ spp., ~Hymenoclea salsola, Hyptis emoryi, Larrea tridentata, Petalonyx thurberi$, or ~Stephanomeria pauciflora$ may also be present. The herbaceous layer is sparse and consists of annuals or is absent.LVAL  @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @bfhmVV]WY^[W 6Y^[X 6Y_[W 6Y_[X 6Y_[_ 6ZXZV 6ZXZW 6ZXZY 6ZX[Y 6ZX[[ 6 ZX[\ 6 ZX[] 6 ZY[V 6 ZY[W 6 ZY[_ 6Z[[Y 6[W[Y 6[\[Y 6[\[[ 6[\[\ 6[]ZW 6\XZW 6\\[] 6\][W 6\^[Y 6\_Y^ 6\_Y_ 6\_ZV 6\_ZW 6\_ZY 6\_ZZ 6\_[V 6\_[W 6 \_[X 6!\_[Y 6"]VZV 6#]VZW 6$]VZY 6%]V[X 6&]V[Y 6']V[[ 6(]V[\ 6)]V[] 6*]V[^ 6+]WZW 6,]W[Y 6-]W[[ 6.]W[\ 6/]W[] 60]\ZV 61]\ZW 62]\ZY 63]\[V 64]\[Y 65]\[[ 66]\[\ 67]\[] 68]][W 69]][_ 6:]^Z] 6;]^Z^ 6<]^[WThis alliance occurs in a variety of upland habitats in the southwestern deserts from southern California to the Sonoran Desert in western Arizona, and extends into Nevada. Sites are commonly moderate to steep colluvial slopes. Stands may also be found in valleys on rocky or bouldery alluvium and along washes and arroyos. Disturbance may be important to stands of this alliance. Soils are coarse-textured and often derived from granitic or volcanic rock. The vegetation is characterized by an open shrub layer dominated by the facultatively deciduous ~Viguiera parishii$. Other short shrubs and dwarf-shrubs present may include ~Agave deserti, Bebbia juncea, Ephedra nevadensis, Encelia farinosa, Ericameria teretifolia, Eriogonum fasciculatum, Ferocactus cylindraceus, Galium stellatum, Gutierrezia microcephala, Krameria grayi, Opuntia acanthocarpa, Salazaria mexicana, Salvia dorrii, Simmondsia chinensis$, or ~Yucca schidigera$. Occasional emergent tall shrubs or small trees may be present such as ~Acacia greggii, Fouquieria splendens$, or ~Juniperus californica$. The herbaceous layer is generally sparse.pLVAL|  @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ bfhmVV]XVV[V 7VWZY 7VWZZ 7VW[V 7 VW[X 7!V\[Y 7"V\[\ 7#V\[] 7$V]ZV 7%V]ZW 7&V^ZV 7'V^ZW 7(V_ZX 7)V_ZY 7*V_[Y 7+WVZY 7,WV[Y 7-WV[\ 7.WW[] 7/WY[V 70W[[W 71W\YW 72W\YX 73W\ZV 74W\ZW 75W\ZX 76W\[V 77W\[W 78W\[X 79W\[Y 7:W\[\ 7;W\[] 7W]ZThese extremely xeromorphic, succulent wooded grasslands of the Mojave Desert and southeastern Great Basin are found on alluvial fans, gentle to moderate slopes and ridgetops. Soil types and elevation limit the distribution of the vegetation. Soils are derived from colluvial or alluvial deposits and have variable textures, ranging from gravel or coarse sand to fine silt. Some stands have bimodal soils with both coarse- and fine-textured layers. The vegetation is characterized by an emergent (up to 13 m tall) and typically abundant ~Yucca brevifolia$ layer over a perennial graminoid-dominated understory layer. ~Yucca brevifolia$ must be evenly distributed with over 1% total cover (Keeler-Wolf and Thomas 2000). Emergent ~Pinus monophylla$ or ~Juniperus$ spp. may be present, but have less than 1% cover. Graminoid species may include ~Achnatherum hymenoides, Achnatherum speciosum, Muhlenbergia porteri, Pleuraphis jamesii$ (above 1400 m), ~Pleuraphis rigida$, or ~Poa secunda$. Scattered short shrubs and dwarf-shrubs (<2 m tall) are usually present and may form an intermittent canopy. They are usually associated with disturbance and include ~Ambrosia dumosa, Ericameria$ spp., ~Eriogonum fasciculatum, Gutierrezia microcephala, Hymenoclea salsola, Krascheninnikovia lanata, Lycium andersonii, Opuntia acanthocarpa, Sphaeralcea ambigua$, or ~Yucca baccata$. Forb cover is mostly from seasonal annuals.LVAL  @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @bfhmVV]YVV[W 9VV[_ 9VZ[X 9WXYX 9WXZV 9WXZW 9WXZY 9WX[V 9WX[W 9WX[X 9WX[Y 9WX[\ 9 WX[] 9!WX[^ 9"W\[\ 9#W\[] 9$W^ZV 9%W^ZW 9&XVZV 9'XVZW 9(XW[X 9)X_[X 9*X_[Y 9+X_[\ 9,X_[] 9-YVZY 9.YVZZ 9/YV[V 90YV[X 91YV[\ 92YV[] 93YZZY 94YZZZ 95YZZ[ 96YZZ_ 97YZ[V 98YZ[W 99YZ[_ 9:YZ\WThis dwarf-shrubland alliance was described from Utah and Arizona where it occurs on stream terraces, plains, gently sloping hillslopes, ridges, plateaus and bluffs on all aspects. Elevations range from 1350-2000 m. Soils are variable, ranging from sandy loam to clay derived from alluvium or colluvium. Disturbance may be important in maintaining this vegetation community as some stands have been created by chaining of trees and improper grazing by livestock. This broadly defined alliance is characterized by an open to moderately dense dwarf-shrub canopy (10-50% cover) that is dominated by ~Gutierrezia sarothrae$ frequently with ~Opuntia$ spp. and a sparse to moderately dense herbaceous layer (1-45% cover). Some stands have a diverse woody layer that includes low cover of several shrub species and occasional ~Pinus edulis$ or ~Juniperus osteosperma$ trees. The herbaceous layer is typically dominated by graminoids with several species present including ~Achnatherum hymenoides, Aristida purpurea, Bouteloua gracilis, Elymus elymoides, Hesperostipa comata, Pascopyrum smithii, Pleuraphis jamesii$, or ~Sporobolus airoides$. There is usually only sparse cover of native forbs like ~Chamaesyce$ spp. or ~Sphaeralcea coccinea$; however, introduced species such as ~Bromus tectorum$ or ~Salsola kali$ may dominate the herbaceous layer of some disturbed stands.LVAL  @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @bfhmVV]ZVXY^ ;VY[X ;VY[] ;V[ZZ ;V]ZV ;V]ZW ;V]ZX ;V][Y ;V_[Z ;WVZW ;WVZX ;WVZY ;WV[Y ;WWZW ;WWZX ; WWZY ;!WW[Y ;"WW[\ ;#WW[] ;$WXYW ;%WXZV ;&WXZW ;'WX[Y ;(WX[\ ;)WZ[Z ;*W[[Z ;+W\[Z ;,W^[Y ;-W^[[ ;.W^[\ ;/W^[] ;0W_[Y ;1W_[\ ;2XV[Y ;3XV[[ ;4XV[\ ;5XV[] ;6XXZV ;7XXZW ;8XXZX <XXZY <XX[Y <XX[\ <X\ZV <X\ZW <X\ZX <X\ZY <X_ZV <X_ZW < X_ZX < X_ZY < X_[Y < X_[\ < X_[] <YW[Y <YW[\ <YW[] <YX[\ <YX[] <YZZY <YZ[X <YZ[Y <YZ[\ <YZ[] <Y\ZX <Y]ZW <Y]ZX <ZV[Z <ZWThis ~Thinopyrum intermedium$ type occurs widely throughout the northern Great Plains of the United States, at montane elevations in the Intermountain West, and perhaps more widely in the West, Midwest and Canada. Stands can occur in a wide variety of human-disturbed habitats, and ~Thinopyrum intermedium (= Agropyron intermedium)$ is widely planted as pasture and hayland along road ditches, for CRP, and in dense-nesting-cover mixes (D. Ode pers. comm.). It is commonly found on reseeded cultivated lands planted with legumes such as sweet clover and alfalfa and may also have escaped into surrounding habitats (D. Ode pers. comm.). It is most abundant on dry, medium-textured soils, but has adapted to a broad range of soil textures and moisture conditions. Vegetation is primarily medium-tall (0.5-1 m) graminoids and dominated by ~Thinopyrum intermedium$, a naturalized, cool-season grass species from eastern Europe. Other weedy species such as ~Bromus inermis$ may occur as well, but native species are generally less than 20% cover.LVALbfhmVV][VV[V =[V]ZV =[V]ZW =[WWZY =[WW[Y =[WW[\ =[WW[] =[WYZV =[WYZW =[W][W =[W_[W =_[X =[XWZY =[XWZZ =[XW[X =[XZZV = [XZZW =![X[YW ="[X[ZV =#[X[ZW =$[X^ZV =%[X^ZW =&[YWZV ='This alliance contains forest vegetation heavily dominated by ~Quercus stellata$ usually in combination with ~Quercus marilandica$. The most commonly associated tree species are ~Carya glabra, Carya texana, Quercus shumardii, Quercus velutina$, and ~Ulmus alata$. These forests are found predominantly on dry ridges, on steeper southerly slopes, and on flat to gently rolling uplands on a variety of soil types with the common characteristic of having an impermeable substratum. Subcanopy vegetation is highly variable between occurrences; species that may be present include ~Juniperus virginiana, Diospyros virginiana, Vaccinium arboreum, Chionanthus virginicus$, and ~Cercis canadensis var. canadensis$. Understory layers can be somewhat sparse and scrubby. These forests are most common in the Crosstimbers region of Oklahoma and Texas, and are also found in the Interior Highlands of Arkansas, Missouri, and eastern Oklahoma. They are excluded from the Mississippi Lowlands. They are also at least potentially found in north-central Kentucky and scattered northward into the glaciated portions of the Midwest from southern Iowa and central Illinois to southern Indiana. Their status in other parts of the southeastern United States is unclear. They could occur in localized areas from the eastern edge of the Mississippi Embayment eastward, especially in the Piedmont, Appalachian Plateau, and Coastal Plains. Some types which could be assigned here are more properly placed in the equivalent woodland alliance.LVAL'  @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @bfhmVV]^VVZV AVVZW A VXZW A!VYZW A"VZZW A#V[ZZ A$V\[Y A%V\[\ A&V\[] A'V]Y^ A(V]Y_ A)V^ZZ A*V^[V A+V_Y^ A,WVY^ A-WWY^ A.WWY_ A/WXZV A0WY[[ A1WY[\ A2WY[] A3WZY^ A4W[Y^ A5W[Y_ A6W\Y^ A7W\Y_ A8W^Y_ A9W_Y^ A:XVY_ A;XWYV A40% relative shrub cover) that lacks a significant graminoid layer (<20% cover perennial graminoids) or has over 40% total shrub cover.LVALnC.q\G2u`K6! ydO:%}hS_Jo4CEGL004493H2000-01-19CEGL003591merged with CEGL003591A.S. Weakley/M.P. Schafale\B  ?CEGL004480H1999-05-03CEGL006132merged22  CEGL004479H1998-11-17CEGL002421!@ ,,  CEGL004477H CEGL004456H1999-01-29CEGL002191 merged into77  CEGL004451H CEGL004442H1998-12-21CEGL002420D@ M. Pyne3,  ?CEGL004440H CEGL004438H2000-04-14CEGL007972merged with 3695 into 7972R.E. EvansPF  ?CEGL004431H CEGL004430H CEGL004414H2001-02-15CEGL007775V@ M. PynThis shrubland alliance is known from cold, dry areas of the Intermountain West, in and around the Lahontan Basin of northwestern Nevada, southeastern Oregon, and northeastern California. Stands occur on alluvial fans, upland slopes and ridges. Soils are generally shallow and rocky. The vegetation included in this alliance is dominated by a low-shrub layer that averages more than 5% cover of ~Artemisia arbuscula ssp. longicaulis$. Little is know about this alliance, but shrub associates could presumably include ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis, Artemisia arbuscula ssp. arbuscula, Atriplex confertifolia, Chrysothamnus$ spp., ~Ephedra$ spp., ~Ericameria$ spp., ~Grayia spinosa, Lycium shockleyi, Picrothamnus desertorum, Sarcobatus vermiculatus (= var. baileyi)$, and ~Tetradymia$ spp. The herbaceous layer is typically sparse, and perennial bunch grasses may include ~Achnatherum hymenoides, Achnatherum speciosum (= Stipa speciosa), Achnatherum thurberianum (= Stipa thurberiana), Elymus elymoides$, and ~Poa secunda$. Forb cover is likely sparse. Diagnostic of this alliance is the ~Artemisia arbuscula ssp. longicaulis$-dominated shrub layer that has over 5% cover of the nominal species that contributes at least 40% of the total shrub cover.LVALEMU]\eP;&~i^CEGL004871H1997-12-01CEGL007648duplicate record<<  CEGL004870H CEGL004869H CEGL004862H CEGL004860H1998-01-30CEGL007640Replaced44  CEGL004853H1998-06-01CEGL003786Deleted -- duplicate.AA  CEGL004847H CEGL004846H CEGL004844H CEGL004843H CEGL004840H CEGL004839H2003-04-18CEGL004827&@ M.J. Russo6,  ?CEGL004838H CEGL004835H CEGL004832H CEGL004828H CEGL004826H1997-12-01CEGL007598 Duplicate55 The ~~Artemisia arbuscula ssp. longiloba$ Shrubland Alliance (A.2549)$$ occurs in Nevada, but is likely fairly widespread in the Intermountain West, the southern Rocky Mountains and in the western Great Plains. Stands are found on a variety of landforms; from flats and depressions to alluvial fans and hillslopes and ridges. Soils are generally characterized by a heavy clay subsoil occurring within 25 cm of the soil surface, which restricts rooting depth. Soils are also alkali and calcareous. Little information is available on vegetation included in this alliance except that it is dominated by a low-shrub layer of ~Artemisia arbuscula ssp. longiloba$. Shrub associates are not specified, but presumably include ~Artemisia tridentata, Artemisia tripartita, Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus, Gutierrezia sarothrae$, and ~Purshia tridentata$. The herbaceous layer is generally sparse. Various perennial graminoids may be present, but with low cover (<20% cover). Important grasses include ~Festuca idahoensis, Pseudoroegneria spicata, Elymus elymoides$, and ~Poa secunda$. Forb cover is likely sparse. Diagnostic of this alliance is the ~Artemisia arbuscula ssp. longiloba$-dominated low-shrub layer (or codominated with >40% relative shrub cover of the nominal species) and lacks a significant graminoid layer (<20% cover perennial graminoids) or has over 40% total shrub cover.LVALR ~6Q P9lf1SCEGL005255H2000-03-03CEGL005233D. Faber-Langendoen3  /CEGL005242H1999-10-09CEGL006008mergedD. Faber-LangendoenE2  ?CEGL005217H2000-02-10CEGL005112, CEGL005274n@ D. Faber-LangendoenK8, ?CEGL005213H1998-12-11CEGL005133@@ ,,  CEGL005199H2000-03-03CEGL002468@ D. Faber-Langendoen.@,  ?CEGL005195H1999-05-18CEGL002475mergedD. Faber-LangendoenE2  ?CEGL005194H CEGL005188H2000-02-26CEGL005246, CEGL005065mergedD. Faber-LangendoenQ>, ?CEGL005186H1997-08-07CEGL005139merged22  CEGL005185H2000-02-This alliance, found in the upper Midwest, contains dry, oak-dominated forests. The tree canopy is moderately closed. In Minnesota, it is typically 70-80%. The more open stands tend to have well-developed shrub layers, while closed-canopy stands have fewer shrubs. Some stands, especially those in which fire has been excluded for long periods, can have tree densities up to several hundred trees per hectare. ~Quercus ellipsoidalis$ is the dominant tree species and makes up the great majority of the canopy in most stands. Other common tree species include ~Pinus banksiana$ (especially in Wisconsin), ~Populus tremuloides, Quercus alba$, and ~Quercus macrocarpa$, and sometimes ~Quercus velutina, Quercus rubra, Acer rubrum$, and ~Prunus serotina$. Shrubs such as ~Cornus racemosa, Corylus cornuta, Juniperus communis, Juniperus horizontalis$, and ~Vaccinium$ spp. are typical. The ground layer contains species such as ~Amphicarpaea bracteata$, Asteraceae spp., ~Carex pensylvanica, Geranium maculatum, Maianthemum racemosum$, and ~Pteridium aquilinum$. ^Stands of this alliance are found on sandy, well-drained to excessively well-drained soils. These develop from glacial outwash, glaciofluvial deposits, or alluvial sediments. The soils are relatively infertile and acidic (Eyre 1980). Stands can be found on flat to moderately sloping sites.RLVAL^*U@y;Yj`CEGL006330H CEGL006318H1998-08-01CEGL004238\@ ,,  CEGL006309H1998-01-01CEGL005222merged22  CEGL006306H2002-08-08CEGL007027merged in per Gary FlemingR.E. EvansPF  ?CEGL006297H2003-03-20CEGL006189, CEGL006188, CEGL006364mergedS.L. NeidSJ8 ?CEGL006289H2000-11-155@ L.A. Sneddon." 7CEGL006280H1998-05-01@ "" CEGL006278H1998-08-01CEGL003631Merged with CEGL003631.CC  CEGL006257H2000-02-02CEGL006098covered by 6098L.A. Sneddon/D. Faber-Langendoen[;  ?CEGL006247H1998-06-01CEGL006375, CEGL006404{@ 88, CEGL006230H2001-02-06CEGL005121 redundantL.A. SneddonA5  ?CEGL006229H2000-02-02CEGL0052714@ L.A. Sneddon and D. Faber-LangendoenP,  ?CEGL006228H2003-01-22CEGL005008includedL.A. Sneddon@4  ?CEGL006224H1998-01-01CEGL006061 Merged with77  CEGL006221H2002-05-10CEGL0041203This is a poorly documented alliance known from the foothills and lower mountain slopes of the northern Rocky Mountains of east-central and southeastern Idaho and probably western Wyoming. This alliance is found at the upper elevation range of ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana$, from 2590 to 3205 m (8500-10,500 feet) on deep to very deep, well-drained soils of mountain slopes and bottoms in zones of higher snow accumulation. Annual precipitation often exceeds 18 inches and occurs primarily as snow. The shrub layer ranges from 0.5-1.5 m tall, and shrub canopy cover is 10-60%, of which ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. spiciformis$ contributes at least 40% relative cover. Other shrubs that may be present include ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana, Symphoricarpos oreophilus$, and ~Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus$. Perennial graminoid cover is typically less than 20%. Common species include ~Bromus carinatus$ and ~Carex geyeri$.4LVAL@ydO:t1jf]}H3u:tCEGL007186H1998-01-01CEGL006201merged22  CEGL007185H CEGL007175H1998-01-01CEGL007171merged22  CEGL007174H1998-01-01CEGL007171merged22  CEGL007173H1998-01-01CEGL007171merged22  CEGL007172H1998-01-01CEGL007171merged22  CEGL007165H1997-01-01CEGL003675deleted33  CEGL007159H1998-09-01CEGL007157 Merged intoM. Pyne>7  ?CEGL007158H CEGL007154H1998-01-01CEGL006277.@ ,,  CEGL007147H CEGL007140H1998-01-01CEGL006178 Merged with77  CEGL007134H1998-08-03CEGL002596'@ ,,  CEGL007113H2000-04-13CEGL008410merged with 7Associations within this low-growing dwarf-shrub alliance occur on mid-elevation (1525-1830 m (5000-6000 feet)), poorly drained basins and ephemeral drainage ways in the southern foothill basins of the Smokey Mountains of south-central Idaho and on the high plateaus of the Owyhee Plateau of southwestern Idaho and southeastern Oregon. ~Artemisia papposa$ is dominant in the open deciduous dwarf-shrub canopy. ~Artemisia arbuscula ssp. arbuscula$ is often also present. Important perennial grass species include ~Festuca idahoensis, Poa secunda, Achnatherum thurberianum$, and ~Danthonia unispicata$. Characteristic forbs and subshrubs include ~Eriogonum thymoides, Eriogonum heracleoides$, and ~Eriogonum microthecum, Idahoa scapigera, Antennaria flagellaris, Ionactis alpina (= Aster scopulorum), Pyrrocoma uniflora (= Haploppapus uniflorus), Stenotus acaulis (= Haploppapus acaulis)$, and ~Trifolium macrocephalum$. The vagrant lichen, ~Dermatocarpon$ sp., is often present with high-quality ecological conditions. Little information regarding the successional dynamics of ~Artemisia papposa$ or the response of stands to disturbance is available. Associations of the alliance appear to be late-seral communities.LVAL!q/WGg]s#m1tCEGL007527H1999-02-02CEGL007524Merged22  CEGL007522H2000-11-16CEGL008462R@ A.S. Weakley8,  ?CEGL007515H2000-06-12CEGL008437)@  A.S. Weakley8,  ?CEGL007512H1998-09-01 EliminatedM. Pyne3, 7CEGL007510H2000-01-14CEGL007460@  ,,  CEGL007509H1998-01-01deleted)) CEGL007508H2000-06-12CEGL002591, CEGL006327Z@  K.D. PattersonF8, This shrub herbaceous alliance occurs in the Intermountain West, into the southern Rocky Mountains and in the western Great Plains. Perennial grasses are prominent with ~Artemisia arbuscula ssp. longiloba$ dominating the open to moderately dense low-shrub layer. Stands occur on a variety of landforms, from flats and depressions to slopes and ridges. Soils are generally characterized by a heavy clay subsoil occurring within 25 cm of the soil surface, which restricts rooting depth. Soils are also alkaline and calcareous. The vegetation is characterized by a moderate to dense herbaceous layer dominated by perennial graminoids. Dominant to common grass species include ~Danthonia parryi, Elymus lanceolatus, Festuca idahoensis, Festuca thurberi, Pascopyrum smithii, Poa secunda$, and ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$. Other perennial grasses that may be present include ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Elymus elymoides, Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$, and ~Koeleria macrantha$. Forb cover is typically minor. Shrub associates include ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis, Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana, Artemisia tripartita, Artemisia nova, Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus, Gutierrezia sarothrae$, and ~Purshia tridentata$. Diagnostic of this alliance is a moderate (>20% cover) perennial graminoid layer with an ~Artemisia arbuscula ssp. longiloba$-dominated low-shrub layer that has 10-40% cover. At least 40% of the total shrub cover is ~Artemisia arbuscula ssp. arbuscula$.LVALq bfhmVVXZWZ  bfhmVVZY[This alliance consists of open prairie grasslands with a shrub component. It is limited to the northern Great Plains, east of the Continental Divide. It occurs on deep, well-drained spoils in and around the breaklands, along stream terraces and floodplains, and small mesic draws and swales that have escaped the plow. The shrub layer is dominated by ~Artemisia cana ssp. cana$. Shrub cover ranges from 0.5-1.5 m tall, and shrub canopy cover is 10-50%. On sandy uplands associated graminoid species include ~Calamovilfa longifolia, Hesperostipa comata, Achnatherum hymenoides$, and ~Bouteloua gracilis$.This shrub herbaceous alliance is described for the mountainous regions of the southern portion of the Challis Volcanics ecoregional section in central Idaho. Stands are found on gently sloped ridgetops and benches at 1830 to 2690 m (6000-8800 feet) elevation. Soils are typically poorly drained or subject to a lengthy period of saturation during spring. Stand structure and composition have not been studied in detail. ~Artemisia arbuscula ssp. thermopola$ is the dominant shrub species and occurs with abundant cover of ~Festuca idahoensis$. ~Poa secunda$ and ~Elymus elymoides$ are also usually present. ~Carex elynoides$ is important in high-elevation stands reported from one site. A variety of perennial forbs are usually present. These species are characteristic of rocky sites at moderate to high elevations in the mountains, including ~Erigeron compositus, Antennaria rosea, Phlox hoodii, Cymopterus nivalis (= Cymopterus bipinnatus), Eriogonum umbellatum$, and ~Lewisia rediviva$. Diagnostic of this alliance is a moderate (>20% cover) perennial graminoid layer with an ~Artemisia arbuscula ssp. thermopola$-dominated low-shrub layer that has 10-40% cover.ILVALU bfhmVVZY[X !Y[Y !Y[Z !Y[[ !Y[\ !Y[] !Y[^ !Y[_ !Y\V !Y\W !Y\X !Y\Y !Y\Z !Y\[ !Y\\ !Y\] ! Y\^ !!Y\_ !"Y]V !#Y]W !$Y]X !%Y]Y !&Y]Z !'Y][ !(Y]\ !)Y]] !*Y]^ !+Y]_ !,Y^V !-Y^W !.Y^X !/Y^Y !0ZV[ !1ZV] !2ZWZ !3ZYV !4ZYW !5ZY^ !6ZZV !7ZZX !8Z[W !9Z[\ !:Z]]Plant communities meeting the diagnostic criteria for the ~~Artemisia tridentata ssp. spiciformis$ Shrub Herbaceous Alliance (A.2555)$$ have been documented in the Gros Ventre and Wind River mountains of western Wyoming. This alliance consists of sagebrush communities dominated or codominated by ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. spiciformis$, with little or no ~Artemisia cana$ present. ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. spiciformis$ makes up at least 40% of the total sagebrush cover. The alliance is found at elevations ranging from 2590 to 3205 m (8500-10,500 feet), but is most common from 2745 to 3050 m (9000-10,000 feet). The alliance occurs mostly on Mollisols with a cryic soil temperature regime. The shrub layer ranges from 0.5-1 m tall, and shrub canopy cover is 10-45%. ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. spiciformis$ averages about 25% canopy cover. Other shrubs present may include ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana, Artemisia cana ssp. viscidula, Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda (= Potentilla fruticosa), Symphoricarpos oreophilus$, and ~Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus$. Graminoid canopy cover ranges from 15-65%. Forbs range from 5-75% canopy cover. Herbaceous associates include ~Festuca idahoensis, Elymus trachycaulus, Potentilla gracilis, Trisetum spicatum, Geranium viscosissimum, Melica spectabilis, Carex raynoldsii, Achnatherum nelsonii$, and ~Achillea millefolium$. Common exotic associates include ~Poa pratensis$ and ~Taraxacum officinale$.LVALbfhmVV]Y\\ * bfhmVV]Y\] *!bfhmVV]Y\^ *"bfhmVV]Y\_ *#bfhmVV]Y]Z *$bfhmVV]Y][ *%bfhmVV]Y]_ *&bfhmVV]Y_[ +bfhmVV]Y_^ +bfhmVV]ZW] +bfhmVV]ZYV +bfhmVV]ZY_ +bfhmVV]Z[\ +bfhmVV]Z\X +bfhmVV]Z\Z +bfhmVV]Z]^ +bfhmVV]Z^V + bfhmVV]Z^X + bfhmVV]Z^Y + bfhmVV]Z^[ + bfhmVV]Z^\ + bfhmVV]Z^^ +bfhmVV]Z_Z +bfhmVV]Z_[ +bfhmVV]Z_] +bfhmVV]Z_^ +bfhmVV][VX +bfhmVV][VY +bfhmVV][VZ +bfhmVV][V[ +bfhmVV][V^ +bfhmVV][V_ +bfThis alliance has been described from the eastern side of the Wind River Mountains in west-central Wyoming, the Shirley Mountains in central Wyoming, and the Laramie Mountains in southeastern Wyoming. It is found on slopes and ridges of low mountains and the margins of high-elevation basins from 1830 to 2745 m (6000-9000 feet) elevation. Stands occur on wind-swept gentle slopes and broad ridgetops, with coarse-textured (gravelly), well-drained shallow soils. The vegetation in this alliance consists of bunch-form and rhizomatous graminoids with forbs and scattered low-growing (<= 15 cm) shrubs. ~Artemisia tripartita ssp. rupicola$ typically contributes 10-20% cover. The most common graminoids are ~Festuca idahoensis$ (which may dominate or be a secondary species), ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$ (which often contributes the most cover), ~Leucopoa kingii$, and ~Poa$ spp. (~Poa fendleriana, Poa cusickii, Poa secunda$). Other common associated species are ~Koeleria macrantha$ and ~Carex filifolia$. Common forbs are ~Antennaria microphylla, Phlox hoodii, Artemisia frigida$, and ~Cerastium arvense$. ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana$ or ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis$ may be present but contribute relatively little cover; ~Ericameria nauseosa$ also is often present.%LVAL3qggStands of this alliance are forests where ~Robinia pseudoacacia$ occurs in pure stands or makes up the majority of the canopy. These are short-lived forests that typically result from planting or invasion following land abandonment or fire, or from other severe disturbance. Stands are usually small (10-15 ha, 30-40 acres), with associated species varying widely depending on geography and habitat. ~Robinia pseudoacacia$ has been planted widely and has became naturalized throughout the United States, southern Canada, and parts of Europe and Asia. The natural range of ~Robinia pseudoacacia$ is disjunct, with an eastern section centered in the Appalachian Mountains, from central Pennsylvania and southern Ohio, south to northeastern Alabama, northern Georgia, and northwestern South Carolina, and a western section in the Ozarks and Ouachita Mountains of Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma. Forests in this alliance are found locally throughout the eastern United States and in southern Canada on a wide range of sites, but are best developed on moist, rich, loamy soils or those of limestone origin.This alliance occurs throughout the northern half of the Intermountain West in relatively moist environments, including alkaline or saline playa lakes. Stands are characterized by an open to closed, medium-tall shrub canopy of ~Artemisia cana ssp. viscidula$ or ~Artemisia cana ssp. bolanderi$. The shrub layer ranges from 0.5-1.5 m tall, and shrub canopy cover ranges from 10-60%. In most stands, ~Artemisia cana ssp. viscidula$ or ~Artemisia cana ssp. bolanderi$ is the only dominant shrub, although other shrubs can be present. Herbaceous cover can be abundant to very sparse, but perennial graminoids generally total less than 20% cover. Species include ~Festuca idahoensis, Festuca thurberi, Festuca ovina, Elymus elymoides, Deschampsia caespitosa, Poa secunda (= Poa nevadensis), Poa cusickii, Muhlenbergia richardsonis, Leymus cinereus, Eleocharis palustris$, and ~Danthonia intermedia$.LVAL This shrubland is reported from central Colorado, associated with prairie dog towns and heavily grazed pastures in the vicinity of livestock watering ponds. It is located on deeper soils that are typically deposited in drainages, swales (interfluves), and along lower hillslopes. The soil must be of a consistency (silty-clay and clay) that will support burrowing activity in terms of both depth and cohesiveness. This type is found at elevations ranging from 2545 to 2640 m (8350-8660 feet). The slopes range from 2-7% and are considered moderately well-drained. This shrubland becomes established on sites disturbed by prairie dogs. ~Artemisia frigida$ is an increaser under livestock grazing regimes and is evidently unpalatable or less palatable to prairie dogs, as well. The age of the colony determines to what extent ~Artemisia frigida$ dominates the site, and the following description covers sites that have been used by prairie dogs for several years. Prairie dog colonies that are densely occupied typically have vegetative cover values less than 40%. The foliar cover for ~Artemisia frigida$ ranges from 20-40% and other dwarf-shrubs, i.e., ~Ericameria parryi, Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Rosa acicularis$, and a species of ~Solidago$, contribute from 5-20% foliar cover on some sites. The most abundant graminoid is ~Bouteloua gracilis$, which is an increaser under light to moderate grazing regimes. ~Bouteloua gracilis$ contributes approximately 5-10% foliar cover on sites that are moderate to heavily-grazed. Other graminoids present on established prairie dog towns include ~Schedonnardus paniculatus, Poa fendleriana$, and ~Nassella viridula$. They rarely contribute greater than 5% foliar cover, unless it is a less densely populated colony, then the cover values increase for these species. Forbs generally contribute less than 5% to the foliar cover; those species commonly associated with these disturbed sites include ~Argentina anserina, Melilotus officinalis$, and ~Achillea millefoLVALk4];_+U%s; l9tL j262AGreat Valley Section262261BSouthern California Coast Section261)&261ACentral California Coast Section261(%255DCentral Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section2551.255COak Woods and Prairies Section255&#255BBlackland Prairies Section255"255ACross Timbers and Prairie Section255)&251GCentral Loess Plains Section251$!251FFlint Hills Section251251EOsage Plains Section251251DCentral Till Plains Section251# 251CCentral Dissected Till Plains Section251-*251BNorth Central U.S. Morainal and Till Plains Section251;8251ARed River Valley Section251 242AWillamette Valley and Puget Trough Section2422/234AMississippi Alluvial Basin Section234*'232GFlorida Coastal Lowlands (Eastern) Section2322/232FCoastal Plains and Flatwoods, Western Gulf Section232:7232ELouisiana Coast Prairies and Marshes Section23241232DFlorida Coastal Lowlands (Western) Section2322/232CAtlantic Coastal Flatwoods Section232*'232BCoastal Plains and Flatwoods, Lower Section23230232AMiddle Atlantic Coastal Plain Section232-*231H231231GArkansas Valley Section231231FEastern Gulf Prairies and Marshes Section2311.231EMiddle Coastal Plains, Western Section231.+231DSouthern Ridge and Valley Section231)&231CSouthern Cumberland Plateau Section231+(231BCoastal Plain Middle Section231$!231ASouthern Appalachian Piedmont Section231-*222QLake Erie Section222222PLake Ontario Section222222OMohawk and Black River Valley Section222-*222NLake Modified Till Section222"222MMinnesota and Northeast Iowa Morainal Section22252222LNorth Central U.S. Driftless and Escarpment Section222;8222KSouthwestern Great Lakes Morainal Section2221.222JSoutheastern Great Lakes Sectionlium$. Ground cover is typically 60-90% bare soil and small gravel, with the remainder in herbaceous litter.LVALR%h9 ^2 g@l4 Exotic-dominated upland forests often developed on old fields, dredge spoil, or other disturbed sites. Understory and herb layers often poorly developed. Range so far restricted to Texas, Louisiana, and Alabama, but possible in other parts of the southeastern United States.Stands of this rock outcrop shrubland are found in central Colorado in the vicinity of the Pike-San Isabel National Forest, occupying outcrops of varying size. Many of these sites are small, but the best examples grow from very large cliff faces on the upper shoulders of large hills. The slopes are steep (30-60%) and a few appear vertical. The aspect is predominantly southerly, but a few western exposures occur (150-270 degrees). The exposures are large granite boulders that have sometimes weathered and cracked. The common shrubs grow within the cracks on the rocks and around the base of the rocks where accumulations of small gravel and soil occur. This shrubland is relatively sparse because of the large boulders that are strewn on the landscape or appear as outcropping bedrock. Often, the lichens covering these rocks provide large amounts of cover, at times from 30-60%. Typically, the dominant shrubs are from 1-2 m in height and have cover ranging from 10-25% across the rock outcrops. ~Jamesia americana, Rubus deliciosus$, and ~Ribes cereum$ shrubs are always present, and lesser amounts of ~Prunus virginiana, Cercocarpus montanus$, and ~Dasiphora fruticosa$ are sometimes observed. Common graminoids associated with these dry exposures include ~Muhlenbergia montana$ and ~Bouteloua gracilis$, which have low cover, from 5-10% on most outcrops. ~Jamesia americana$ shrubs often grow at the base of some boulders and drape around the sides much like a curtain, resulting in only a minor foliar cover value for the shrub.LVAL Communities of this alliance include dry, relatively 'rich' forests dominated by ~Quercus$ species and include ~Carya$ species as a prominent (rarely codominant) feature. ~Fraxinus americana$, although sometimes a sporadic member, is generally characteristic of these forests. Associated canopy species include ~Quercus alba, Quercus velutina, Quercus rubra, Carya ovalis, Carya glabra$, as well as other oaks and hickories. Communities of this alliance generally occur on dry upper slopes or ridgetops. Soils are usually rich, and may range from slightly acidic to circumneutral pH, on well-drained loams or sandy loams, predominantly on southern or eastern exposures. The shrub layer is usually interrupted to absent. When present, it includes ~Viburnum rafinesquianum$, and occasional ~Vaccinium$ species. ~Viburnum acerifolium$ is characteristic of some communities of this alliance. Although ericaceous species may be present and occasionally locally abundant, they are not characteristic. The herbaceous layer is characterized by forbs and may be quite diverse. A characteristic sedge is ~Carex pensylvanica$. Other forbs found in these communities include ~Asplenium platyneuron, Schizachyrium scoparium, Hepatica nobilis var. obtusa (= Hepatica americana), Asclepias quadrifolia, Desmodium$ spp., and ~Arabis canadensis$. The relatively open canopy, sparse shrub layer, and dense herbaceous layer impart a park-like appearance to many of these forests. However, this vegetation is classified as forest rather than woodland because total canopy cover generally exceeds 60%, and few, if any, of the herbs may be thought of as truly shade-intolerant. Those herbs that require high light levels are generally confined to small openings. Portions of SAF type 52, White Oak - Black Oak - Northern Red Oak, are contained within this alliance. These forests are somewhat similar to Braun's (1950) 'oak-hickory forests' of the Midwest. They share many of the same canopy species, and in some cases, similar physiognomy. However, the RLVAL^P$ząQ D\2^(^A77GRA01ICECGrams et al. 1977@ ** A77GAR01ICECGarrison et al. 1977@ --! A77FER01ICECFerren and Good 1977@ --! A77DYE01ICECDye and Moir 1977@ ** A77DOU01ICECDouglas and Bliss 1977@ //# A77DEL02ICECDelcourt and Delcourt 1977@ 33' A77DEL01ICECDel Moral and Long 1977@ 00$ A77DAM02ICECDamman and Kershner 1977@ 11% A77DAM01ICECDamman 1977@ $$ A77COL01ICECCole 1977a@ ## A77COF01ICECCoffman and Willis 1977@ 00$ A77CLA03SEUSClark 1977Y@ ## A77CLA01ICECClark 1977c@ $$ A77BUR03ICECBurdant et al. 1977@ ,, A77BUR02ICECBurk 1977@ "" A77BUR01ICECBurgess and Northington 1977b@ 55) A77BRO01ICECBrown et al. 1977a@ ++ A77BOU01ICECBoufford and Wood 1977i@ //# A77BAX01ICECBaxter 1977@ $$ A77BAR01ICECBarden 1977@ $$ A77BAL01ICECBaldwin 1977v@ %% A77AUS02ICECAustin and Coleman-Marois 1977@ 77+ A76ZOB01ICECZobel et al. 1976@ ** A76ZIM01ICECZimmerman and Livingston 1976@ 66* A76WIN01ICECWinstead and Nicely 1976@ 11% A76WEB01ICECWebber et al. 1976@ ++ A76VOG01ICECVogelmann 1976O@ '' A76USD01ICECU.S. Bureau of Reclamation 1976@ 88, A76TRA01ICECTravis and Godfrey 1976$@ 00$ A76SPR01ICECSprugel 1976@ %% A76SMI01ICECSmith and Smith 1976"@ --! A76REH01ICECRehm 1976@ "" A76REE0tes include ~Quercus gambelii, Prunus virginiana, Amelanchier alnifolia, Physocarpus malvaceus, Artemisia tridentata, Paxistima myrsinites, Symphoricarpos$ spp., and ~Populus tremuloides$. Forests in this alliance grade to slightly less mesic, mixed evergreen-deciduous forests, woodlands, or brushfields on adjacent hillsides. 7F?X A.2541CWestIII.A.5.N.eJUNIPERUS OSTEOSPERMA WOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEUtah Juniper Wooded Shrubland Alliance@YM.S. REID, MOD. K. SCHUL}|pJ   A.2540CWestIII.C.3.N.aERICAMERIA TERETIFOLIA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCENeedleleaf Rubber Rabbitbrush Shrubland Alliance@YM.S. REID, MOD. K. SCHULZtD   A.2539CWestIII.B.3.N.bVIGUIERA RETICULATA INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCELeatherleaf Goldeneye Intermittently Flooded Shrubland AllianceYM.S. REIDX   A.2538CWestIII.B.3.N.aSALAZARIA MEXICANA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBladder-sage Shrubland AllianceJ@YM.S. REID, MOD. K. SCHULlk_@   A.2537CWestIII.B.3.N.bHYPTIS EMORYI INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEDesert-lavender Intermittently Flooded Shrubland Alliance7@YM.S. REID, MOD. K. SCHULZR   A.2536CWestIII.B.3.N.bEPHEDRA CALIFORNICA INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCECalifornia Ephedra Intermittently Flooded Shrubland AllianceH@YM.S. REID, MOD K. SCHULZX   A.2535CWestIII.A.5.N.cNOLINA PARRYI SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEParry's Bear-grass Shrubland Alliancea@YM.S. REIDvml`;   A.2534CWestIII.A.5.N.cNOLINA BIGELOVII SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBigelow's Bear-grass Shrubland Alliance@YM. SCHINDEL}rqe>   A.2533CWestIII.A.5.N.bLARREA TRIDENTATA - ENCELIA FARINOSA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCECreosotebush - Brittlebush Shrubland Alliancev@YM.S. REID, MOD. K. SCHULR   A.2532CWestIII.A.5.N.aLARREA TRIDENTATA - AMBROSIA DUMOSA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCECreosotebush - White Burrobush Shrubland Alliance@YM.S. REID, MOD. K.A. SCHUQ   A.2531CWestIII.A.4.N.bBACCHARIS SERGILOIDES INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESquaw False Willow Intermittently Flooded Shrubland Alliance@YM.S. REID, MOD. K.A. SCHUZ   = e#u~iT? }?egR H3CEGL004135H2001-02-14CEGL00 A.2552CWestV.A.7.N.eARTEMISIA ARBUSCULA SSP. LONGILOBA SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAlkali Sagebrush Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YC. JEAN, J. KAGAN, P. LYOU   A.2551CWestIII.B.3.N.aARTEMISIA PAPPOSA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEOwyhee Sagebrush Shrubland Alliance@YS. RUST, J. KAGANonb?   A.2550CWestIII.A.4.N.aARTEMISIA TRIDENTATA SSP. SPICIFORMIS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESpiked Big Sagebrush Shrubland Alliance@YD. TART, M. REIDzS   +A.255CMidwestI.B.2.N.aQUERCUS ELLIPSOIDALIS FOREST ALLIANCENorthern Pin Oak Forest AllianceE@YMCSpml`@   A.2549CWestIII.A.4.N.aARTEMISIA ARBUSCULA SSP. LONGILOBA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEAlkali Sagebrush Shrubland Allianceb@YC. JEAN, J. KAGAN, P. LYOsP   A.2548CWestIII.A.4.N.aARTEMISIA ARBUSCULA SSP. LONGICAULIS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCELahontan Sagebrush Shrubland Alliance@YE. PETERSONwR   A.2547CWestIII.A.4.N.aARTEMISIA ARBUSCULA SSP. ARBUSCULA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEDwarf Sagebrush Shrubland Alliance@YC. JEAN, J. KAGAN, P. LYO~rP   A.2546CWestVII.A.1.N.aWOODED BEDROCK SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCEWooded Bedrock Sparsely Vegetated AllianceYWCSspooE   A.2545CWestVII.C.3.N.bPAINTED DESERT SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCEPainted Desert Sparsely Vegetated Alliance;@YK.A. SCHULZ|{oE   A.2544CWestVII.C.3.N.bCERCOCARPUS MONTANUS SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCEMountain-mahogany Sparsely Vegetated AllianceYWCS|yxxK   A.2543CWestVII.A.2.N.aCERCOCARPUS INTRICATUS SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCELittleleaf Mountain-mahogany Sparsely Vegetated AllianceYWCSM   A.2542CWestVII.B.2.N.cGERAEA CANESCENS - CHORIZANTHE RIGIDA ANNUAL SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCEHairy Desert-sunflower - Devil's Spineflower Annual Sparsely Vegetated AllianceNWCSc  B CIp jf@@@@@@@@@ A.2564CWestV.A.5.N.dELYMUS GLAUCUS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBlue Wild Rye Herbaceous AllianceY]]\\;   A.2563CWestIII.B.2.N.eSALIX ORESTERA SEASONALLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEGrayleaf Sierran Willow Seasonally Flooded Shrubland AllianceYO   A.2562CWestIII.B.2.N.eSALIX MELANOPSIS SEASONALLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEDusky Willow Seasonally Flooded Shrubland AllianceYQ   A.2561CWestI.A.8.N.cABIES MAGNIFICA - ABIES CONCOLOR FOREST ALLIANCECalifornia Red Fir - White Fir Forest AllianceYxxwwI   A.2560CWestI.A.8.N.bABIES CONCOLOR - PINUS LAMBERTIANA FOREST ALLIANCEWhite Fir - Sugar Pine Forest AllianceYrrqqK   ,A.256CSoutheastI.B.2.N.aROBINIA PSEUDOACACIA FOREST ALLIANCEBlack Locust Forest AllianceO@YD.J. ALLARDuji]A   A.2559CWestI.A.8.N.bPINUS PONDEROSA - CALOCEDRUS DECURRENS FOREST ALLIANCEPonderosa Pine - Incense-cedar Forest AllianceY~~}}O   A.2558CWestI.B.2.N.bQUERCUS KELLOGGII FOREST ALLIANCEBlack Oak Forest AllianceYWCSWTSS:   A.2557CWestIII.A.4.N.aARTEMISIA CANA (SSP. BOLANDERI, SSP. VISCIDULA) SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE(Bolander Silver Sagebrush, Mountain Silver Sagebrush) Shrubland Alliance~@YS. RUST, D. TART, D. SARR̳]   A.2556CWestV.A.7.N.eARTEMISIA TRIPARTITA SSP. RUPICOLA SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWyoming Threetip Sagebrush Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YG. JONESU   A.2555CWestV.A.7.N.eARTEMISIA TRIDENTATA SSP. SPICIFORMIS SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESpiked Big Sagebrush Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@ND. TART, M.S. REIDX   A.2554CWestV.A.7.N.eARTEMISIA CANA SSP. CANA SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPlains Silver Sagebrush Shrub Herbaceous Alliance[@YD. SARR|K   A.2553CWestV.A.7.N.eARTEMISIA ARBUSCULA SSP. THERMOPOLA SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEThermopola Dwarf Sagebrush Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YM.S. REID, MOD. S.K. RUSTV  zo>\7Y* A.2579CWestIII.B.2.N.gSALIX FARRIAE SATURATED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEFarr's Willow Saturated Shrubland AllianceYM.S. REIDypooE   A.2578CWestV.A.5.N.kGLYCERIA (GRANDIS, STRIATA) SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(American Mannagrass, Fowl Mannagrass) Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous AllianceYM.S. REID[   A.2577CWestIII.B.2.N.eMALUS FUSCA SEASONALLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEOregon Crabapple Seasonally Flooded Shrubland AllianceYL   A.2576CWestV.A.6.N.fJUNIPERUS MONOSPERMA WOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEOne-seed Juniper Wooded Herbaceous AllianceYttssH   A.2575CWestIII.A.5.N.aFALLUGIA PARADOXA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEApache Plume Shrubland AllianceY__^^?   A.2573CWestVII.C.3.N.bERIOGONUM CORYMBOSUM SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCECrispleaf Wild Buckwheat Sparsely Vegetated AllianceYK   A.2572CWestIII.A.5.N.aEPHEDRA TORREYANA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCETorrey's Joint-fir Shrubland AllianceNeedd?   A.2571CWestVII.C.3.N.bEPHEDRA TORREYANA SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCETorrey's Joint-fir Sparsely Vegetated AllianceYwwvvH   A.2570CWestV.A.5.N.dARISTIDA PURPUREA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPurple Three-awn Herbaceous AllianceNccbb>   -A.257CSoutheastI.B.2.N.aTRIADICA SEBIFERA FOREST ALLIANCEChinese Tallow-tree Forest Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEY/L.M. SMITHnma>   A.2569CWestVII.B.2.N.aAA LAVA BED SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCEAa Lava Bed Sparsely Vegetated AllianceYjjiiB   A.2568CWestVII.B.2.N.aSANDSTONE SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCESandstone Sparsely Vegetated AllianceNffee@   A.2567CWestIII.B.1.N.aALHAGI MAURORUM SEMI-NATURAL SHRUBLAND ALLIANCECamelthorn Semi-natural Shrubland AllianceYK.A. SCHULZuttJ   A.2566CWestIII.B.2.N.aJAMESIA AMERICANA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWaxflower Shrubland Alliance@YG. KITTELqhg[?   A.2565CWestIII.B.2.N.aARTEMISIA FRIGIDA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEFringed Sagebrush Shrubland Alliance\NG. KITTELypoc?   ok-vs@~T)xL c, A.2590CWestI.A.8.N.fPINUS MONTICOLA SEASONALLY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEWestern White Pine Seasonally Flooded Forest AllianceYM.S. REIDK   /A.259CMidwestI.B.2.N.aFRAXINUS PENNSYLVANICA - (ULMUS AMERICANA) FOREST ALLIANCEGreen Ash - (American Elm) Forest Alliance@YMCSU   A.2589CWestIII.B.2.N.eSALIX PROLIXA SEASONALLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEMackenzie's Willow Seasonally Flooded Shrubland AllianceYM.S. REIDN   A.2588CWestI.A.8.N.dABIES PROCERA FOREST ALLIANCENoble Fir Forest AllianceYM.S. REIDYPOO6   A.2587CWestV.B.2.N.hCAMASSIA (CUSICKII, QUAMASH) SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Cusick's Camas, Small Camas) Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous AllianceYM.S. REID\   A.2586CWestIV.B.2.N.dVACCINIUM CAESPITOSUM SATURATED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEDwarf Blueberry Saturated Dwarf-shrubland allianceYM.S. REIDR   A.2585CWestV.A.5.N.jHORDEUM BRACHYANTHERUM TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMeadow Barley Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous AllianceYM.S. REIDW   A.2584CWestV.A.5.N.mCAREX AMPLIFOLIA SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBigleaf Sedge Saturated Herbaceous AllianceYM.S. REID|srrG   A.2583CWestV.A.5.N.nFESTUCA RUBRA TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCERed Fescue Tidal Herbaceous AllianceYM.S. REIDnedd@   A.2582CWestV.A.5.N.kCAREX OBNUPTA SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESlough Sedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous AllianceYM.S. REIDM   A.2581CWestV.A.5.N.nCALAMAGROSTIS NUTKAENSIS TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPacific Reedgrass Tidal Herbaceous AllianceYM.S. REIDwvvK   A.2580CWestV.A.5.N.mCAREX CUSICKII SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECusick's Sedge Saturated Herbaceous AllianceYM.S. REID{rqqE   .A.258CEastI.B.2.N.aCARYA (GLABRA, OVATA) - FRAXINUS AMERICANA - QUERCUS (ALBA, RUBRA) FOREST ALLIANCE(Pignut Hickory, Shagbark Hickory) - White Ash - (White Oak, Northern Red Oak) Forest Alliance YECSj  fvL j\u@@@@@@@ A.2603CWESTV.A.5.N.gCAREX HELLERI HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEHeller's Sedge Herbaceous AllianceYM.S. REIDf]\\:   A.2602CWESTIII.B.2.N.aPRUNUS EMARGINATA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBitter Cherry Shrubland AllianceYM.S. REIDi`__?   A.2601CWESTIII.A.2.N.aLUPINUS ALBIFRONS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESilver Lupine Shrubland AllianceYM.S. REIDi`__?   A.2600CWestIII.B.2.N.aACER CIRCINATUM SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEVine Maple Shrubland AllianceNM.S. REIDd[ZZ=   A.26CLatin AmericaI.A.1.N.cSYAGRUS AMARA FOREST ALLIANCEMoca Palm Forest AllianceA@hYLACDgcbV=    A.2599CWestIII.B.2.N.eSALIX SITCHENSIS SEASONALLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESitka Willow Seasonally Flooded Shrubland AllianceYM.S. REIDQ   A.2598CWestV.C.2.N.aSPARGANIUM EURYCARPUM PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGiant Bur-reed Permanently Flooded Herbaceous AllianceNM.S. REIDV   A.2597CWestIII.B.2.N.dCRATAEGUS RIVULARIS TEMPORARILY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCERiver Hawthorn Temporarily Flooded Shrubland AllianceYM.S. REIDU   A.2596CWestIII.A.2.N.gCORYLUS CORNUTA TEMPORARILY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBeaked Hazelnut Temporarily Flooded Shrubland AllianceNM.S. REIDQ   A.2595CWestV.A.5.N.mPHIPPSIA ALGIDA SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEIce Grass Saturated Herbaceous AllianceNM.S. REIDwnmmF   A.2594CWestV.A.5.N.jCALAMAGROSTIS STRICTA TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWestern Bluejoint Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous AllianceNM.S. REIDV   A.2593CWestII.A.4.N.fPINUS MONTICOLA SATURATED WOODLAND ALLIANCEWestern White Pine Saturated Woodland AllianceYM.S. REID}tssE   A.2592CWestV.A.5.N.mCAREX UTRICULATA SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBeaked Sedge Saturated Herbaceous AllianceYM.S. REID{rqqG   A.2591CWestV.A.5.N.eCAREX MACROCEPHALA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBig-head Sedge Herbaceous AllianceYM.S. REIDkbaa?  [g]_LB)W$Z-j?Y.hA65RIC02ICECRickard and A.2616CWESTVII.A.2.N.aPENSTEMON NEWBERRYI SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCEPride-of-the-Mountains Sparsely Vegetated AllianceYM.S. REID}||J   A.2615CWESTV.B.2.N.bHULSEA ALGIDA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPacific Alpinegold Herbaceous AllianceNM.S. REIDja``:   A.2614CWESTV.B.2.N.aSOLIDAGO CANADENSIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECanada Goldenrod Herbaceous AllianceNM.S. REIDnedd@   A.2613CWESTV.A.5.N.kPTILAGROSTIS KINGII SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESierran False Needlegrass Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@YM.S. REIDS   A.2612CWESTIII.B.2.N.aBRICKELLIA CALIFORNICA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCECalifornia Brickelbush Shrubland AllianceYK.A. SCHULZynmmD   A.2611CWESTV.A.5.N.nSPARTINA FOLIOSA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECalifornia Cordgrass Herbaceous AllianceYT. KEELER-WOLFtfee=   A.2610CWESTIII.C.2.N.aTOXICODENDRON DIVERSILOBUM SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEPacific Poison-oak Shrubland AllianceYT. KEELER-WOLF|nmmH   1A.261CMidwestI.B.2.N.aQUERCUS STELLATA FLATWOODS FOREST ALLIANCEPost Oak Flatwoods Forest Alliance@YD.J. ALLARD/D. FABER-LANGtsgE   A.2609CWESTIII.B.2.N.fRUBUS SPECTABILIS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESalmonberry Shrubland AllianceYT. KEELER-WOLFl^]]?   A.2608CWESTIII.A.2.N.cPRUNUS ILICIFOLIA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEHollyleaf Cherry Shrubland AllianceYT. KEELER-WOLFqcbb?   A.2607CWESTIII.A.2.N.eMORELLA CALIFORNICA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEPacific Bayberry Shrubland AllianceYT. KEELER-WOLFseddA   A.2606CWESTIII.A.4.N.aARTEMISIA PYCNOCEPHALA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBeach Wormwood Shrubland AllianceYT. KEELER-WOLFtfeeD   A.2605CWESTIII.A.2.N.cARCTOSTAPHYLOS NUMMULARIA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESensitive Manzanita Shrubland AllianceYT. KEELER-WOLF|nmmG   A.2604CWESTIII.A.2.N.cARCTOSTAPHYLOS HOOKERI SSP. MONTANA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEMount Tamalpais Manzanita Shrubland AllianceYT. KEELER-WOLF~}}Q  ^XYk D& gA.271CSoutheastI.B.2.N.aQUERCUS ALBA MONTANE FOREST ALLIANCEWhite Oak Montane Forest AllianceYD.J. ALLARD, MOD.onbA   A.27CLatin AmericaI.A.1.N.dCLUSIA PLUKENETII FOREST ALLIANCEAralie Forest AllianceCloud forests of Martinique.YLACDWA    A.269CMidwestI.B.2.N.bPOPULUS TREMULOIDES - BETULA PAPYRIFERA FOREST ALLIANCEQuaking Aspen - Paper Birch Forest Alliance@YMCS}R   iA.268CSoutheastI.B.2.N.aCASTANEA DENTATA - QUERCUS RUBRA FOREST ALLIANCEAmerican Chestnut - Northern Red Oak Forest Alliance|@YA.S. WEAKLEYM   A.267CMidwestI.B.2.N.bBETULA PAPYRIFERA FOREST ALLIANCEPaper Birch Forest AllianceHYMCS, MOD. M.S. REIDwdcW<   hA.266CSoutheastI.B.2.N.aBETULA ALLEGHANIENSIS - FAGUS GRANDIFOLIA - AESCULUS FLAVA FOREST ALLIANCEYellow Birch - American Beech - Yellow Buckeye Forest Alliance YD.J. ALLARD, MOD. K.D. PA˲g   A.265CWestI.B.2.N.bACER GRANDIDENTATUM MONTANE FOREST ALLIANCEBigtooth Maple Montane Forest Alliance7 YD. SARR}vuiC   4A.264CWestI.B.2.N.aALNUS RUBRA FOREST ALLIANCERed Alder Forest Alliance@YM.S. REID/D. SARRjYXL3   3A.263CWestI.B.2.N.aACER MACROPHYLLUM FOREST ALLIANCEBigleaf Maple Forest AllianceGYD. SARRjcbV9   A.2620CWESTIII.B.2.N.aCHAMAEBATIARIA MILLEFOLIUM SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEFernbush Shrubland AllianceYK.A. SCHULZodccH   2A.262CWestI.B.2.N.aQUERCUS GARRYANA FOREST ALLIANCEOregon White Oak Forest AlliancemYM.S. REID/D. SARRvedX8   A.2619CWESTV.A.5.N.lSCIRPUS MICROCARPUS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCERed-tinge Bulrush Herbaceous AllianceYM.S. REIDofee@   A.2618CWESTV.B.2.N.gSALICORNIA VIRGINICA TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEVirginia Glasswort Tidal Herbaceous AllianceYM.S. REID}tssG   A.2617CWESTV.B.2.N.dLUPINUS LATIFOLIUS TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBroadleaf Lupine Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous AllianceYM.S. REIDS  LVAL This alliance includes montane forests, mainly of the southern and central Appalachians, dominated by ~Fagus grandifolia, Betula alleghaniensis$, and ~Aesculus flava$, occurring in combination or with strong dominance by one of these species. Other species that may form a typically minor canopy component include ~Acer saccharum, Betula lenta, Halesia tetraptera var. monticola, Picea rubens, Prunus serotina var. serotina, Quercus rubra$, and ~Tilia americana var. heterophylla$. Subcanopy species can include small stems of canopy species as well as ~Acer spicatum, Acer pensylvanicum, Amelanchier laevis$, and ~Sorbus americana$. Shrub density varies between associations, ranging from very high to entirely lacking. Common species in the shrub and sapling strata include ~Acer pensylvanicum, Acer spicatum, Amelanchier arborea var. austromontana, Aristolochia macrophylla, Cornus alternifolia, Crataegus punctata, Hydrangea arborescens, Ilex montana, Ribes cynosbati, Ribes rotundifolium, Ribes glandulosum, Rubus allegheniensis, Rubus canadensis, Vaccinium erythrocarpum$, and ~Viburnum lantanoides$. The composition of herbaceous strata varies between associations. Variability in the herbaceous stratum may be related to aspect, elevation, and soil-nutrient status. Forests on drier, south-facing sites (often open convex slopes) typically have dense herbaceous cover, often approaching 100% coverage, and dominated by species of ~Carex$ (~Carex aestivalis, Carex brunnescens ssp. sphaerostachya, Carex debilis var. rudgei, Carex intumescens, Carex pensylvanica$), while more mesic sites have herbaceous strata dominated by large forbs and patches of ferns, with lesser amounts of sedges. In some forests, seepage areas are common, producing wet microhabitats with unique species assemblages (~Chelone lyonii, Circaea alpina, Rudbeckia laciniata, Impatiens pallida$, and ~Monarda didyma$). Woody vines, and vining shrubs, may be common, especially in boulderfield associations. Other typical herbaceous species for this alliZLVALfkB u=e-lACF{GA85HOM01ICECHomoya and Hedge 1985@ .." A85HAN01ICECHansen et al. 1985}@ ++ A85GRU01ICECGruell et al. 1985`@ ++ A85GRI01ICECGrimm 1985@ ## A85GOO01ICECGoodrich et al. 1985@ --! A85DUN01ICECDunlop and Crow 1985@ --! A85DOD01ICECDodge and Harman 1985@ .." A85DIA01ICECDiamond and Smeins 1985@ 00$ A85DEB01ICECDeByle 1985@ $$ A85CRA01ICECCrawford and Johnsoance include ~Ageratina altissima var. roanensis, Anemone quinquefolia, Angelica triquinata, Arisaema triphyllum, Eurybia chlorolepis (= Aster chlorolepis), Athyrium filix-femina ssp. asplenioides, Cardamine clematitis, Actaea podocarpa (= Cimicifuga americana), Actaea racemosa (= Cimicifuga racemosa), Circaea alpina, Claytonia caroliniana, Clintonia borealis, Prosartes lanuginosa (= Disporum lanuginosum), Dryopteris campyloptera, Dryopteris intermedia, Dryopteris marginalis, Erythronium umbilicatum ssp. monostolum, Hylocomium splendens, Luzula acuminata, Maianthemum canadense, Medeola virginiana, Oxalis montana, Phacelia bipinnatifida, Phacelia fimbriata, Poa alsodes, Prenanthes altissima, Prenanthes roanensis, Rugelia nudicaulis, Saxifraga micranthidifolia, Solidago curtisii (= Solidago caesia var. curtisii), Solidago glomerata, Stellaria corei, Stellaria pubera, Streptopus lanceolatus var. roseus (= Streptopus roseus), Tiarella cordifolia, Thelypteris noveboracensis$, and ~Trillium erectum$. These forests occur in a cool, humid climate, typically at high elevations (3500-6000 feet; 1066-1828 m) on a variety of sites, from upper concave slopes and steep, periglacial boulderfields and talus slopes, to flat ridgetops and saddles between ridges. Associations will vary with elevation, latitude, and geology and occur as small to large patches surrounded by other forest types, montane grasslands, or shrublands.LVALpF~HX$^-[#^(e3hA86BUT01ICECButler and Goetz 1986@ .." A86BRO02ICECBrothersonThis alliance is found in the Black Hills, Great Lakes area, and northern New England. The canopy is moderately closed to closed and tree density can be high. The dominant tree, ~Betula papyrifera$, does not cast dense shade and thus there is usually a prominent subcanopy or shrub layer. The subcanopy, and most other tree reproduction, is composed largely of more shade-tolerant tree species such as ~Abies balsamea$ (near the western Great Lakes), ~Acer rubrum, Acer saccharum, Betula alleghaniensis, Picea glauca$ (near the western Great Lakes), ~Pinus banksiana$ (in northwestern Ontario), ~Pinus ponderosa$ (in the western Great Plains), and ~Quercus rubra$. These trees may be found in small amounts in the canopy, especially in older stands of this alliance. ~Populus tremuloides$ and ~Populus grandidentata$ are common canopy associates, as well, although in the range of ~Populus tremuloides$ this alliance is restricted to stands where ~Betula papyrifera$ comprises >90% of the deciduous canopy. ~Amelanchier$ spp. and ~Corylus cornuta$ are common shrubs across the range of this alliance. In the western Great Lakes area, ~Acer spicatum, Diervilla lonicera, Rosa acicularis$, and ~Vaccinium$ spp. are typical shrubs. The herbaceous layer contains species such as ~Actaea rubra, Aralia nudicaulis, Eurybia macrophylla (= Aster macrophyllus), Clintonia borealis$ (in the western Great Lakes area), ~Maianthemum canadense, Schizachne purpurascens$ (in the Great Plains), and ~Trientalis borealis$ (in the western Great Lakes area). ^This alliance is an early successional forest and occurs on a variety of sites. It is most often found on well-drained or rapidly drained, fresh to moist soil. Stands can be found on flat to moderately sloping areas, generally, although they may occur on steep slopes in the Great Plains. The soil texture is usually loam.xLVALc6uJn=j4V)j?l5^A86SHU01ICECShupe et al. 1986@ ** A86SHA01ICECShay and Shay 1986@ ++ A86RAS01ICECRasmussen and Brotherson 1986@ 66* A86POL01ICECPolley and Wallace 1986@ 00$ A86PIE01ICECPierce and Johnson 1986@ 00$ A86PAT01ICECPatton and Judd 1986@ --! A86OLS01ICECOlson and Hupp 1986@ ,, A86NIX01ICECNixon and Ward 1986I@ ,, A86MIT01ICECMitsch and Gosselink 1986@ 22& A86MED01ICECMedina 1986@ $$ A86LOO01ICECLooman 1986This alliance once occurred at high elevations in the Appalachian Mountains. These forests were dominated by mixtures of ~Castanea dentata$ and ~Quercus rubra$, but all associations in this alliance now are extirpated. ~Castanea dentata$ was a major forest dominant in the eastern United States that has virtually been eliminated since 1900 by ~Cryphonectria parasitica (= Endothia parasitica)$ (Chestnut Blight), introduced on Asiatic chestnut. In the Great Smoky Mountains, these forests occurred at high elevations (mostly over 4500 feet, 1400 m) and have been described as the submesic, high-altitude equivalent of chestnut oak - chestnut forests, dominated by ~Quercus rubra$ and ~Castanea dentata$, sometimes with ~Fagus grandifolia$ or ~Quercus alba$. Other associated species included ~Halesia tetraptera var. monticola, Rhododendron calendulaceum, Vaccinium$ spp., ~Carex pensylvanica, Athyrium filix-femina ssp. asplenioides, Laportea canadensis$, and ~Rugelia nudicaulis$. Today these forests have been replaced, in part, by forests in the I.B.2.N.a ~~Quercus rubra$ Montane Forest Alliance (A.272)$$, I.B.2.N.a ~~Quercus alba$ Montane Forest Alliance (A.271)$$, and I.B.2.N.a ~~Quercus prinus - Quercus rubra$ Forest Alliance (A.250)$$. There is some hope for the potential recovery of these forests, or something resembling it, if a blight-resistant chestnut can be developed and introduced.VLVALbmAs:\-X#m,e3zB ~A87MCL01ICECMcLaughlin et al. 1987@ //# A87MAH01ICECMahler 1987h@ $$ A87LIT01ICECLittle 1987@ $$ A87JON03ICECJones and Churchill 1987@ 11% A87JOH02ICECJohnson-Groh et al.This alliance, found in the north-central United States and Canada has a tree canopy that is predominantly or completely composed of deciduous trees. This alliance is defined as containing a mixture of ~Populus tremuloides$ and ~Betula papyrifera$. The abundance of each can range from 10-90%. A few sites may be dominated by ~Acer rubrum$ or ~Populus grandidentata$ with lesser amounts of ~Populus tremuloides$ and ~Betula papyrifera$. Other trees may be found in minor amounts in the canopy but are often dominant in the sapling layer. These include ~Abies balsamea, Acer saccharum, Betula alleghaniensis, Fagus grandifolia$ (in the eastern portion of this alliance's range), ~Picea glauca, Quercus rubra$, and ~Tilia americana$. The density of the shrub layer varies inversely with the density of the canopy and subcanopy trees. Dry-mesic stands tend to have higher shrub cover. Most common shrubs are 1-2 m tall. Typical species of this layer include ~Acer spicatum, Amelanchier$ spp., ~Corylus cornuta, Diervilla lonicera, Prunus$ spp., ~Rosa acicularis$, and ~Rubus pubescens$. The herbaceous layer is often very diverse. ~Aralia nudicaulis, Eurybia macrophylla (= Aster macrophyllus), Clintonia borealis, Cornus canadensis, Galium triflorum, Maianthemum canadense, Pteridium aquilinum$, and ~Trientalis borealis$ are abundant members of the herbaceous layer. ^Stands of this alliance are typically early successional and become established on a variety of landscape positions. They have been found on moderately well-drained to very well-drained clay, loam, and sand soils. Stands can be found on ridgetops, upper, mid, and lower slopes with gentle to moderate slopes and on flat plains.LVAL This alliance includes montane forests where ~Quercus alba$ is the main canopy dominant, contributing at least 75% of the canopy coverage. These forests are limited to areas where elevation is the primary gradient influencing vegetation. Associations currently defined for this alliance are naturally rare, being found in uncommon environmental situations. Forests in this alliance include ~Quercus alba$ forests of dry, sandstone ridges and south-facing slopes in the highest portions of the Ouachita Mountains, forests on exposed, rocky ridges and convex upper slopes at middle to high elevations in the southern Appalachians, and unique ~Quercus alba$ forests found in association with serpentine geology in the Southern Blue Ridge of western North Carolina. Associated species in the Ouachita Mountains association include ~Quercus rubra, Quercus stellata, Carya texana, Quercus marilandica, Amelanchier arborea, Acer rubrum, Sassafras albidum, Vaccinium$ spp., ~Rubus$ spp., ~Nyssa sylvatica, Hamamelis virginiana, Liquidambar styraciflua, Rhus copallinum, Rhus glabra, Pinus echinata, Chionanthus virginicus, Ulmus alata, Smilax$ spp., ~Rubus$ spp., ~Carex pensylvanica, Carex albicans var. albicans, Carex nigromarginata$, and ~Carex ouachitana$; in the southern Appalachian association, ~Kalmia latifolia, Gaylussacia ursina, Carex pensylvanica, Chimaphila maculata, Euphorbia corollata, Galax urceolata, Galium latifolium, Goodyera pubescens, Hexastylis shuttleworthii, Iris verna, Medeola virginiana, Castanea dentata, Castanea pumila, Sassafras albidum, Oxydendrum arboreum, Nyssa sylvatica$; and over serpentine, ~Pinus rigida, Tsuga canadensis, Acer rubrum, Amelanchier arborea, Magnolia acuminata, Kalmia latifolia, Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides, Vaccinium stamineum, Physocarpus opulifolius, Packera plattensis (= Senecio plattensis), Hexastylis arifolia var. ruthii, Polygala paucifolia, Epigaea repens, Mitchella repens, Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum, Thalictrum macrostylum, Poa saltuensis, Phlox stolonifLVALvJ U!d:~UV#j9i7}A88VOG01ICECVogl et al. 1988+@ )) A88VAN02ICECVan Auken and Bush 1988@ 00$ A88STE01ICECStein 1988p@ ## A88SIM01ICECSims 1988@ "" A88SAW01ICECSawyer et al. 1988@ ++ A88RUN01ICECRundel et al. 1988C@ ++ A88RIS01ICECRiskind and Diamond 1988@ 11% A88RAW01ICECRawinski 1988i@ && A88RAT01ICECRatliff and Westfall 1988@ 22& A88PLA02ICECPlatt et al. 1988@ ** A88PHI02ICECPhipps 1988w@ $$ A88PHI01ICECPhilbrick and Haller 1988@ 22& A88PEE01ICECPeet 1988@ "" A88PAC01ICECPackard 1988@ %% A88ORT01ICECOrth and Moore 1988@ ,, A88ODU01ICECOdum 1988{@ "" A88NIX01ICECNixon and Ward 1988@ ,, A88MOO01ICECMooney 1988@ $$ A88MEN01ICECMendelssohn and McKee 1988@ 33' A88MAC03ICECMacRoberts and MacRoberts 1988@ 77+ A88MAC02ICECMack 1988@ "" A88MAC01ICECMacMahon 1988@ && A88LUG01SEUSLugo et al. 1988@ )) A88LEO01ICECLeopold et al. 1988@ ,, A88LEG01ICECLeGrand 1988r@ %% A88KRA01ICECKratz 1988@ ## A88KLI01ICECKlimas 1988a@ %% A88KEL02ICECKelly et al. 1988@ ** A88KEE01ICECKeeler-Wolf 1988@ )) A88KAU01ICECKaul et al. 1988@ )) A88KAR01ICECKarlin and Lynn 1988@ --! A88JON01ICECJones 1988al@ $$ A88JEN02ICECJensen et al. 1988b@ ,, A88JEN01ICECJensen et al. 1988a@ ,, A88JAR01ICECJaramillo and Detling 1988@ 33' A88HEA01ICECHeady 1988@ ## A88GRI01ICECGriffin 1988@ %% A88GRE01ERUSGreller 1988@ %% A88GIB01ICECGibson et al.1988@ **era, Andropogon gerardii$, and ~Zizia aptera$.LVAL This alliance includes ~Quercus rubra$-dominated forest vegetation of high elevations (over 3500 feet), montane landscapes in the central and southern Appalachians. A closed to very open canopy has trees that are often gnarled and stunted, especially on ridge crests. ~Quercus rubra$ is often the only canopy tree, but other species may have minor importance, including ~Acer rubrum, Crataegus punctata, Crataegus flabellata, Betula alleghaniensis$, and ~Betula lenta$. ~Quercus alba$ is a significant component of forests at high elevations in Virginia's Ridge and Valley and at the lower elevations of associations in the Southern Blue Ridge. Forests in this alliance have variable physiognomies, ranging from open herb-dominated understories to understories dominated by dense ericaceous shrubs. If a subcanopy is present, typical species include canopy species plus ~Hamamelis virginiana, Amelanchier arborea, Acer pensylvanicum, Halesia tetraptera$, and ~Ilex montana$. In forests with little or no shrub cover, herbaceous cover is dense and diverse, composed of sedges, ferns, and tall herbs, with dominance varying within and between occurrences. Typical herbaceous species include ~Ageratina altissima var. roanensis, Oclemena acuminata (= Aster acuminatus), Eurybia chlorolepis (= Aster chlorolepis), Eurybia divaricata (= Aster divaricatus), Athyrium filix-femina ssp. asplenioides, Carex pensylvanica, Clintonia umbellulata, Collinsonia canadensis, Conopholis americana, Dennstaedtia punctilobula, Dioscorea villosa, Laportea canadensis, Lysimachia quadrifolia, Medeola virginiana, Monarda fistulosa, Potentilla canadensis, Prenanthes roanensis, Silene stellata, Solidago curtisii (= Solidago caesia var. curtisii)$, and ~Thelypteris noveboracensis$. Typical evergreen shrub dominants include ~Kalmia latifolia, Rhododendron catawbiense$, and ~Rhododendron maximum$. Deciduous shrubs include ~Rhododendron calendulaceum, Vaccinium simulatum, Vaccinium erythrocarpum, Ilex montana, Gaylussacia ursina, Rubus canadensis, CoLVAL rylus cornuta$, and ~Lyonia ligustrina$. Where shrub cover is dense, the herbaceous stratum is not diverse and is typically very sparse with scattered forbs; ~Galax urceolata, Solidago curtisii, Epigaea repens, Dennstaedtia punctilobula, Conopholis americana, Thelypteris noveboracensis, Clintonia umbellulata, Eurybia divaricata$, and ~Dioscorea villosa$. Major compositional variation within these forests is related to a moisture gradient, which in turn is a function of topographic position and relative amount of solar radiation received. Forests in this alliance typically occur over well-drained, loamy soils underlain by Precambrian gneisses, schists, and granites. These soils are classified as Typic, Umbric, or Lithic Dystrochrepts, and Typic Haplumbrepts. Soils supporting these forests tend to have relatively high base status. Forests in this alliance occur on most of the major mountain ranges of the southern Appalachians at elevations of 1070-1525 m (3500-5000 feet) on broad ridges, mid to upper slope positions, and on steep rocky slopes at the heads of coves. Forests in this alliance are also known from the central (on granitic crests) and northern Blue Ridge (on middle to upper convex slopes) and in the northern Ridge and Valley. Damage by ice storms is probably the most common form of natural disturbance in these montane forests. On exposed sites these forests commonly contain, as inclusions, acidic rock outcrop communities and montane shrublands, and may grade into forests dominated by ~Tsuga caroliniana, Pinus rigida, Pinus pungens$, and ~Quercus prinus$. At higher elevations these forests often occur adjacent to or grade into forests dominated by ~Picea rubens, Abies fraseri$, or northern hardwood species (~Betula alleghaniensis, Fagus grandifolia, Aesculus flava$). In some areas, forests in this alliance are found adjacent to montane shrublands and grasslands. At low elevations, on dry sites, forests in this alliance may grade into forests dominated by mixed ~Quercus$ species. Many ~Quer3LVAL?r4 o;i=uCxO^2xN%B86DUE01ICECDuever et al. 1986@) ++ B86BIN01ICECBinkley 1986U@) %% B86BAR01ICECBarkley 1986]@) %% B85VOS01ICECVoss 1985@) "" B85NIX01ICECNixon 1985@) ## B85NIE01ICECNiering 1985a@) %% B85NEL01ICECNelson 1985@ ( $$ B85JOH03WRUSJohnson and Simon 1985@ ( //# B85JOH01ICECJohnson 1985b@ ( && B85CLE01ICECClewell 1985@ ( %% B84WAR01ICECWarner and Hendrix 1984w@( 00$ B84THO01ICECThompson 1984@( && B84KRU01ICECKruckeberg 1984@( (( B84FLO01ICECFlores 1984@( $$ B84EWE01ICECEwel and Odum 1984bf@( ,, B84DOR01ICECDorn 1984]@( "" B84COL01ICECCollingwood and Brush 1984y@( 33' B83OLD01ICECOlday et al. 1983@( ** B83BOR01ICECBorhidi and Muniz 1983w@( //# B82SAU01ICECSauer 1982@  ## B82DUE01ICECDuever et al. 1982@  ++ B82COR01ICECCorrell and Correll 1982|@ 11% B82BUC01ERUSBuckhholz and Good 1982@ 00$ B82BEN01ICECBenson 1982m@ $$ B81RZE01ICECRzedowski 1981X@ '' B81CLE01ICECClewell 1981@ %% B81CLA01ICECClark and Benforado 1980@ 11% B81BER01ICECBerrill and Berrill 1981@ 11% B80WOR01ICECWorley 1980@ $$ B80SPR01SEUSSpringer and Elder 1980@ 00$ B80cus rubra$-dominated stands of today were, prior to the Chestnut Blight in the 1930s, dominated or codominated by ~Castanea dentata$ with scattered ~Quercus rubra$ and ~Acer rubrum$ in the canopy. The fungus ~Cryphonectria parasitica (= Endothia parasitica)$ eliminated ~Castanea dentata$ in the upper canopy, subsequently releasing the subcanopy ~Quercus rubra$, which eventually resulted in a nearly pure upper canopy of large ~Quercus rubra$.LVAL Forests in this alliance are found on rolling topography such as the glacial moraines in Minnesota or the Turtle Mountains and Pembina Hills of North Dakota, often occurring between grasslands and other forest types. The soils are usually deep, well-developed, and loamy. Stands in this alliance often originate following disturbance. This alliance is widespread in the western United States, the northern Great Plains, and extends into the western Great Lakes area. The dominant species of the canopy is ~Populus tremuloides$. In the midwestern United States, ~Quercus macrocarpa$ and ~Betula papyrifera$ are common associates and can even be codominant in some stands. The shrub layer can be made up of several shrubs common to the Great Plains, including ~Corylus cornuta, Corylus americana, Prunus virginiana, Symphoricarpos occidentalis, Amelanchier alnifolia$, and ~Rubus$ spp. In wetter stands ~Cornus$ spp. and ~Salix$ spp. may also be present. The herbaceous layer may contain ~Aralia nudicaulis, Carex pensylvanica, Maianthemum canadense, Maianthemum stellatum, Viola$ spp., and ~Thalictrum dioicum$. In the western United States common associates include ~Acer glabrum, Amelanchier alnifolia, Symphoricarpos oreophilus, Bromus carinatus, Calamagrostis rubescens, Thalictrum fendleri, Carex siccata (= Carex foenea), Carex geyeri, Carex rossii$, and ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$. In the Dakotas and Wyoming, these stands may remain successionally stable for many dozens of years, while in the more mesic, eastern portion of the range, ~Populus tremuloides$ forests succeed to other community types much more quickly. ~Populus tremuloides$ (the species) reaches Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia, but it is unclear whether ~Populus tremuloides$ communities occur in any of these states. Stands of ~Populus tremuloides$ in the Trans-Pecos of western Texas occur in ravines and on open talus slopes above 2134 m (7000 feet) elevation; they may best be treated as ~Populus tremuloides$ communities, or merely as othpLVAL|T+xL!W!a+[2zBR$]B91GLE01ICECGleason and Cronquist 1991@, 33' B91CON01ICECConant and Collins 1991@, 00$ B91BOR01ICECBorhidi 1991@, %% B90WEB01ICECWeber 1990b@, ## B90VAN01ICECVan Luven 1990p@, '' B90MYE01ICECMyers and Ewel 1990y@, ,, B90HAT01ICECHatch et al. 1990@, ** B90FRO01ICECFroiland 1990@ + && B90DOY01ICECDoyle and Allard 1990@ + .." B89TOP01WRUSTopik 1989@ + ## B89FAN01ICECFanning and Fanning 1989}@+ 11% B89BRI01ICECBritton and Morton 1989t@+ 00$ B89BEN01ICECBenyus 1989@+ $$ B88SMI01ICECSmith 1988b@+ $$ B88RIS01ICECRisser 1988~@+ $$ B88REE02ERUSReed 1988@+ "" B88POW01ICECPowell 1988b@+ %% B88NAT01ICECNational Wetlands Working Group 1988@+ ==1 B88JON01ICECJones and Coile 1988@+ --! B88GOD01ICECGodfrey 1988@ * %% B88DUN01ICECDuncan and Duncan 1988x@ * //# B88DEN01ICECDennis 1988W@ * $$ B88DAU01ICECDaubenmire 1988@ * (( B88COF01ICECCoffin and Pfannmuller 1988@ * 44( B88BEH01ICECBehler 1988X@* $$ B88BAR02ICECBarbour and Major 1988@* //# B88BAR01ICECBarbour and Billings 1988@* 22& B88AMO01ICECAmos and Gehlbach 1988@* //# B87WEL01ICECWelsh et al. 1987@* ** B87WEB01ICECWeber 1987a@* ## B87NEW01ICECNewton 1987t@* $$ B87MOZ01ICECMozingo 1987n@* %% B87ELI02ICECElias 1987@* ## B87BRO01ICECBrooks 1987@ ) $$ B86TOM02ICECTomlinson 1986b_@ ) (( B86TOM01ICECTomlinson 1986a@ ) (( B86REE01ICECReed 1986@ ) "" B86MOH01ICECMohlenbrock 1986y@) er communities with a component of aspen. Texas stands of ~Populus tremuloides$ are of limited extent and variable in structure.qLVAL}lD]+l:j=N#M[&B97CHE01SEUSChester et al. 1997@ / ,, B96ZWI01ICECZwinger and Willard 1996@ / 11% B96WEB01ICECWeber and Wittman 1996z@ / //# B96THO02ICECThomas and Allen 1996@ / .." B96ROS01ICECRosgen 1996R@/ $$ B96HEI01ICECHeinselman 1996v@/ (( B96GRI01ICECGries 1996a@/ ## B95WOV01ICECWovcha et al. 1995@/ ++ B95MCA01ICECMcAlister and McAlister 1995v@/ 55) B95HOL01ICECHolland and Keil 1995r@/ ..Temporarily flooded, early successional forests dominated by ~Acer negundo$. This alliance is widespread but sporadic in the southeastern United States, and occurs at scattered locations in the Western Great Plains, lower montane Rocky Mountains, and Intermountain West. Characteristic species include ~Platanus occidentalis, Acer rubrum, Liquidambar styraciflua, Acer saccharinum, Ulmus alata, Celtis laevigata$, and ~Populus deltoides$. These forests are common on large rivers in the active floodplain and on sandbars. The shrub and herb layers range from sparse to relatively lush, and the vine component often is heavy. Forests dominated by ~Carya illinoinensis$ often succeed these forests within the range of the species. Pure stands occur on the Mississippi River batture on second ridges with heavy vine cover of ~Berchemia scandens$ and ~Vitis$ spp. These forests also occur in the Arkansas River Valley, with marginal examples on larger rivers in the Ouachita Mountains, and the Mississippi River Alluvial Plain, and also in the Nashville Basin of Tennessee and the Bluegrass Basin of Kentucky. Forests dominated by ~Acer negundo$ occur from near sea level in the Southeast to over 2300 m in elevation in western Colorado. The presence of this alliance in the Southeastern Coastal Plains is apparently somewhat sporadic. It would be expected on the Apalachicola River in Florida and adjacent Georgia.:LVALFjA K["U*j/p;p9 G01GER01ICECGerry 2001@4 ## G01FLE02ICECFleming 2001@3 %% G01FLE01ICECFleming et al. 2001m@4 ,, G01CRA01ICECCrawford 2001:@3 && G01COL01ICECCONHP Ecology Team 2001@3 00$ G00VON01ICECVon Loh et al. 2000O@3 ,, G00VAN01ICECVanderhorst 2000a@3 ** G00TAY01ICECTaylor et al. 2000@3 ++ G00SPE03ICECSperduto et al. 2000b@3 .." G00SPE02ICThis alliance contains floodplain forests of major rivers in the eastern United States where ~Acer saccharinum$ is generally dominant. Other tree associates include ~Platanus occidentalis, Celtis laevigata, Carya illinoinensis, Ulmus americana, Acer negundo, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Ulmus rubra, Salix nigra, Betula nigra$, and ~Populus deltoides$. Common shrub species include ~Lindera benzoin, Ilex decidua, Asimina triloba, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Alnus serrulata$, and ~Forestiera acuminata$ (in the Southeast). Characteristic herbs include nettles and ferns, such as ~Boehmeria cylindrica, Urtica dioica, Laportea canadensis, Onoclea sensibilis$, and ~Matteuccia struthiopteris$, and in the South, ~Leersia lenticularis, Pilea pumila, Carex grayi, Impatiens capensis$, and others. ^Forests in this alliance generally occur on well-drained, sandy soils, on infrequently flooded bottomlands, on levees, and on deep silts on stabilized sites along larger rivers. They also may occur along smaller rivers but are most common along bigger rivers where there is more scour and more silt deposition. This alliance is common in the Interior Low Plateau and in the Upper West Gulf Coastal Plain particularly along the White and Arkansas rivers north to the Ozarks, and then in the central Midwest to Wisconsin and Minnesota, and the East Coast to Maine. It is sparingly distributed in the Piedmont and is known from the South Atlantic Coastal Plain in South Carolina.LVALh:OV#i>{DmDxJ`G58MER01ICECMerz 1958@8 "" G57MIN01ICECMinckler 1957@8 && G54NIC01ICECNicholson and Van Deusen 1954@8 66* G53JOH01ICECJohnson 1953@8 %% G51PUT01ICECPutnam 1951@ 7 $$ G49CRA01ICECCraighead 1949@ 7 '' G46COS01ICECCostello and Schwan 1946@ 7 11% G44TAY01ICECTaylor et al. 1944@7 ++ G44COS01ICECCostello and Forests in this alliance occur on riverfronts in areas with repeated, frequent, natural disturbance in the form of flooding. In addition to the codominants ~Betula nigra$ and ~Platanus occidentalis$, a variety of canopy species occur in these forests, including ~Acer negundo, Populus deltoides, Acer saccharinum, Salix nigra, Celtis laevigata, Quercus laurifolia, Liriodendron tulipifera$, and ~Liquidambar styraciflua$. The subcanopy or tall-shrub strata may include ~Cornus florida$ and ~Carpinus caroliniana$, along with ~Acer rubrum, Ilex opaca, Ulmus alata, Prunus serotina$, and ~Carya$ spp. The shrub layer is often sparse with such species as ~Asimina triloba, Lindera benzoin, Crataegus marshallii$, and ~Crataegus viridis$ present. The herbaceous and vine components may be lush and diverse, and species of these strata include ~Boehmeria cylindrica, Campsis radicans, Elymus hystrix, Stellaria pubera, Impatiens capensis, Pilea pumila, Bignonia capreolata, Toxicodendron radicans, Berchemia scandens, Campsis radicans, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Vitis rotundifolia, Chasmanthium latifolium (= Uniola latifolia), Arundinaria gigantea$, and ~Podophyllum peltatum$. These forests occur more frequently on sandy soils than on heavier soils and their most characteristic location is on levees. The soils are deep and well-drained with low organic matter content and are most commonly of the Orders Inceptisol and Entisol. This is a wide ranging alliance that occurs throughout most of the southeastern and midwestern United States.ULVAL/ge7 S'nDk5]+g2RThese cloud forests of eastern Puerto Rico contain ~Tabebuia rigida$ and ~Ocotea spathulata$. Some other species that may be found include ~Clusia clusioides (= Clusia krugiana), Haenianthus salicifolius, Ilex sideroxyloides, Alsophila bryophila, Prestoea acuminata var. montana (= Prestoea montana), Psychotria berteriana, Calyptranthes krugii, Marlierea sintenisii, Miconia sintenisii, Henriettea squamulosum$, and ~Weinmannia pinnata$ (many of these species are endemic to the higher elevations of Puerto Rico).These forests occur on alluvial flats and terraces with base-rich soils along small streams and historic floodplains of large rivers in the Tamaulipan Thorn Scrub, Edwards Plateau, Gulf Coast Prairies and Marshes, Crosstimbers and Southern Tallgrass Prairie, Upper West Gulf Coastal Plain, and West Gulf Coastal Plain ecoregions in Oklahoma, Arkansas, Louisiana and Texas. Canopy and subcanopy species include ~Ulmus crassifolia, Celtis laevigata, Gleditsia triacanthos, Sapindus saponaria var. drummondii, Carya myristiciformis, Quercus macrocarpa, Quercus nigra, Fraxinus americana, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Crataegus$ spp., and ~Ulmus rubra$. Oaks may be present as scattered individuals, but are never common.These forests are dominated by ~Carya illinoinensis$ and occur on nearly level floodplains and terraces along large rivers and major streams in the central and south-central United States, ranging from Kansas and Tennessee, south to Texas and Mississippi. ~Celtis laevigata$ is usually present as a codominant, and other characteristic species may include ~Celtis laevigata var. reticulata (= Celtis reticulata), Ulmus crassifolia, Ulmus americana, Quercus macrocarpa, Quercus fusiformis, Juglans nigra, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Quercus buckleyi, Platanus occidentalis$, and ~Acer negundo$. There is increasing mortality in the two nominal species in the lower Mississippi River floodplain due to altered flooding regimes.LVALe-nErB M#Z/V.Y$~G76STE01ICECSteenbergh and Lowe 1976@H 11% G76SEV01ICECSeverson and ThileniuThis alliance contains vegetation that occurs along small streams and along levees and terraces in somewhat larger alluvial systems. Stand are dominated by ~Fagus grandifolia$. Other canopy species may include ~Quercus alba, Quercus rubra var. rubra, Quercus laurifolia, Acer barbatum, Quercus shumardii var. shumardii, Liquidambar styraciflua, Magnolia grandiflora$ (within its range), ~Quercus michauxii, Fraxinus pennsylvanica$, and ~Acer rubrum var. rubrum$. The subcanopy and shrub layers often contain ~Aesculus pavia, Aesculus sylvatica, Arundinaria gigantea, Asimina triloba, Ilex opaca var. opaca, Cornus florida, Cornus foemina, Magnolia acuminata, Carpinus caroliniana ssp. caroliniana, Hamamelis virginiana, Ostrya virginiana var. virginiana, Oxydendrum arboreum, Alnus serrulata, Calycanthus floridus var. floridus, Rhododendron arborescens$, and ~Vaccinium elliottii$; and fairly dense coverage by ~Cyrilla racemiflora$ over ~Kalmia latifolia$ is present in an occurrence in the Piedmont of North Carolina. Herbaceous species common to forests in this alliance include ~Carex glaucescens, Carex intumescens, Chasmanthium latifolium, Anemone quinquefolia var. quinquefolia, Anemone virginiana var. virginiana, Carex blanda, Carex laxiflora var. laxiflora, Carex striatula, Chamaelirium luteum, Chrysogonum virginianum, Dioscorea quaternata, Dichanthelium$ spp., ~Gelsemium sempervirens, Polystichum acrostichoides var. acrostichoides, Heuchera americana, Mitchella repens, Hexastylis minor, Hexastylis arifolia var. arifolia$, and ~Xanthorhiza simplicissima$ among others. The distribution of this alliance is incomplete, but it is known from at least the Piedmont of North Carolina, Virginia, and South Carolina, the West Gulf Coastal Plain, southern Indiana, Pennsylvania, and possibly southern Ontario in Canada.LVAL Forests of this alliance occur on base-rich alluvial sites in floodplains of large and small, generally alluvial or brownwater rivers, on low ridges, flats, and sloughs of first bottoms; and terrace flats and sloughs. Species composition differs somewhat with geography and topographic position. Dominant species in these forests are some combination of ~Celtis laevigata, Celtis occidentalis, Fraxinus pennsylvanica$, and ~Ulmus americana$. Characteristic canopy and subcanopy species include ~Carya aquatica, Quercus texana, Quercus phellos, Quercus nigra, Quercus lyrata, Quercus laurifolia, Quercus muehlenbergii, Taxodium distichum, Sideroxylon lanuginosum, Liquidambar styraciflua, Ulmus alata, Ulmus crassifolia, Ulmus rubra, Nyssa biflora, Diospyros virginiana, Gleditsia aquatica, Gleditsia triacanthos, Acer rubrum, Acer negundo, Acer saccharinum, Platanus occidentalis, Populus deltoides, Salix nigra, Carya illinoinensis, Morus rubra, Carpinus caroliniana, Asimina triloba, Planera aquatica, Cornus foemina$, and ~Crataegus viridis$. Common shrubs include ~Cornus drummondii$ and ~Ilex decidua$. Vines are especially common in these forests, and species that may be present include ~Berchemia scandens, Campsis radicans, Smilax bona-nox, Bignonia capreolata, Vitis rotundifolia, Brunnichia ovata, Cocculus carolinus$, and ~Toxicodendron radicans$. Common herbaceous species include ~Carex grayi, Carex lupulina, Carex retroflexa, Carex intumescens, Pilea pumila, Viola affinis, Galium tinctorium, Carex bromoides, Elymus virginicus, Packera glabella (= Senecio glabellus), Hydrocotyle verticillata$, and ~Stellaria prostrata$. Occasionally, small occurrences of this community may be composed of almost pure ~Fraxinus pennsylvanica$ particularly on moist flats or in shallow sloughs; likewise occurrences on fronts are more likely to be dominated by ~Celtis$ spp. ~Celtis laevigata$ is common in the southern portion of the alliance's range, while ~Celtis occidentalis$ is more common in the north. This is a very widely4LVAL@n@ J _3 l4 W"c,n: G94SMI02ICECSmith 1994b@} $$ G94SMI01ICECSmith 1994a@} $$ G94SCH01ICECSchafale 1994@} && G94RYA01ICECRyan et al. 1994@} )) G94RAW01ICECRawinski et al. 1994e@} --! G94PYN01ICECPyne 1994@} "" G94POT01ICECPotter 1994@} $$ G94PED01ICECPederson and Jones 1994@| 00$ G94MOS02ICECMoseley et al. 1994@| ,, G94MOS01ICECMoseley and Bursik 1994@| 00$ G94MCN01ICECMcNab and Avers 1994@| --! G94MCC01ICECMcCarthy et al. 1994 @| --! G94KUN01ICECKunze 1994@| ## G94JIM01ICECJimerson 1994@| && G94GRE01ICECGreen and Klinka 1994@| .." G94GOR01ICECGordon and White 1994@{ .." G94FOT02ICECFoti 1994b@{ ## G94FOT01ICECFoti 1994a@{ ## G94FIT01ICECFites 1994@{ ## G94ESS01ICECEsser 1994@{ ## G94EDD01ICECEddleman and Jaindl 1994@{ 11% G94CLE01ICECCleland et al. 1994@{ ,, G94CLA01ICECClark and Hutchinson 1994@z 22& G94BEL01ICECBelden et al. 1994@{ ++ G94AUN01ICECAune 1994@z "" G93WEA01ICEC distributed alliance that occurs in suitable habitat from the Prairie Parkland of North Dakota, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba to the Coastal Plain of Florida. It occurs on the Atlantic Coastal Plain and Piedmont as far north as Virginia, and is common as well in the Interior Low Plateau. It is attributed to the Cumberlands/Southern Ridge and Valley, but without complete information. In the leveed Mississippi River Alluvial Plain, this alliance was found to succeed from Black Willow Riverfront Forest away from the levee, from Sycamore - Sweetgum - American Elm Bottomland Forest following repeated disturbance, and from Sweetgum - Mixed Bottomland Oak Forest following repeated selective harvests.LVAL This alliance includes a variety of bottomland communities of moderately wet floodplains of the lower Piedmont, Interior Low Plateau, Coastal Plain, and possibly the Cumberland Plateau, ranging into the Ouachita Mountains and Ozarks, and dominated by ~Liquidambar styraciflua$ with or without some combination of ~Liriodendron tulipifera$ and ~Acer rubrum$ as codominants. Canopy and subcanopy associates vary with geography and substrate, but may include ~Acer barbatum, Ilex opaca var. opaca, Aesculus sylvatica, Quercus nigra, Carya cordiformis, Platanus occidentalis, Betula nigra, Carpinus caroliniana ssp. caroliniana, Cornus florida, Crataegus flava, Fagus grandifolia, Juglans nigra, Morus rubra var. rubra, Ostrya virginiana var. virginiana, Oxydendrum arboreum, Pinus echinata, Prunus serotina var. serotina, Quercus alba, Quercus rubra var. rubra, Ulmus rubra, Ulmus americana, Ulmus alata, Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana, Nyssa sylvatica, Fraxinus americana$, and ~Fraxinus pennsylvanica$. The shrub layer often is well-developed and species include ~Euonymus americana, Lindera benzoin var. benzoin, Corylus americana, Viburnum acerifolium, Viburnum nudum var. nudum, Viburnum prunifolium, Viburnum rufidulum, Hamamelis virginiana, Asimina triloba$, and ~Ilex decidua$ among others. Vines are prominent and species include ~Vitis rotundifolia, Apios americana, Campsis radicans, Aristolochia serpentaria, Bignonia capreolata, Dioscorea quaternata, Gelsemium sempervirens, Parthenocissus quinquefolia (= var. quinquefolia), Campsis radicans, Passiflora lutea, Smilax bona-nox, Smilax glauca (= var. glauca), Smilax hugeri, Smilax rotundifolia$, and ~Toxicodendron radicans ssp. radicans$. The herbaceous layer can be species-rich and often has good sedge development. Common species in this layer include ~Thalictrum thalictroides, Trillium cuneatum, Arisaema triphyllum ssp. triphyllum, Asplenium platyneuron var. platyneuron, Botrychium virginianum, Carex$ spp., ~Carex impressinervia, Carex striatula, Galium ci!LVAL-h6 U)f+t<h6 Ik=G98RMS01ICECRMS 1998@ !! G98OSB01ICECOsborn et al. 1998@ ++ G98MUL01ICECMuldavin et al. 1998b<@ .." G98MOS01ICECMoseley 1998a@ && G98MEI01ICECMeininger 1998@ '' G98MAC01ICECMac et al. 1998@ (( G98LEE01ICECLee et al. 1998=@ (( G98HUN01ICECHunt 1998@ "" G98HAZ01ICECHazlett 1998@ %% G98GAW01ICECGawler 1998@ $$ G98FLE02ICECFleming and Moorhead 1998@ 22& G98FLE01ICECFleming 1998@ %% G98CHR01ICECChristy et al. 1998@ ,, G98BEN01ICECDENHP 1998@ ## G98BAI01ICECBailey 1998@ $$ G97WAL02ICECWalton et al. 1997@ ++ G97WAL01ICECWalford et al. 1997(@ ,, G97VAN01ICECVan Wie and Damm 1997@ .." G97SVA01ICECSvalberg et al. 1997@ --! G97STU02ICECStuever and Hayden 1997a@ 11% G97STU01ICECStuever and Hayden 1997b@ 11% G97SPE02ICECSperduto 1997a@ '' G97SPE01ICECSperduto 1997b@ '' G97SOR01ICECSorrie 1997s@ $$ G97SIM01ICECSims et al. 1997@ )) Grcaezans, Geum canadense, Polystichum acrostichoides$, and ~Scutellaria integrifolia$ among many others. Soils are relatively acid. The exotics ~Microstegium vimineum, Ligustrum sinense$, and ~Lonicera japonica$ may be common in examples of this alliance. This alliance is fairly common in the lower Piedmont of Georgia, as well as on small stream floodplains and bottoms in all of the Interior Low Plateau of Kentucky (except the Bluegrass region) where it is somewhat successional. ~Liriodendron tulipifera$ is dominant on disturbed areas of Kentucky and is common on well-drained floodplains of Kentucky without ~Liquidambar styraciflua$. Conversely, ~Liriodendron tulipifera$ is absent in Ouachita - Ozark examples.LVALBh>@U`j<W*[M82FEH01ICECFehrenbacher et al. 1982?@ Forests in this alliance occur on the fronts, terraces, and levees of small, medium and large rivers of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, Southern Ridge and Valley, Interior Low Plateau, Ozark Highlands, Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas Valley, East and West Gulf coastal plains, Mississippi River Alluvial Plain, Cumberland Plateau, Southern Blue Ridge, and lower Piedmont. These forests are dominated by ~Platanus occidentalis$ or a mixture of it with ~Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Celtis laevigata$, and ~Acer saccharinum$, as well as ~Acer negundo, Ulmus americana, Liquidambar styraciflua, Ulmus alata, Planera aquatica, Juglans nigra, Celtis occidentalis, Carya illinoinensis, Quercus nigra, Salix nigra, Carya cordiformis, Quercus pagoda$, and ~Carya aquatica$. The understory may be dense and typically contains ~Asimina triloba, Crataegus viridis, Crataegus spathulata$, and ~Lindera benzoin$. Herbaceous species that may be present include ~Elymus virginicus, Carex grayi, Carex lupulina, Carex abscondita, Chasmanthium latifolium, Boehmeria cylindrica, Polygonum virginianum, Elymus virginicus, Pilea pumila, Leersia lenticularis$, and others. Vines may be abundant and species include ~Bignonia capreolata, Toxicodendron radicans$, and ~Smilax tamnoides (= Smilax hispida)$. This alliance does not include typical alluvial forests of the upper Piedmont and Blue Ridge, but forests in this alliance may occur in these areas in restricted calcareous situations. In Arkansas, these forests occur during point bar succession as intermediates between forests dominated by ~Salix$ and ~Populus$, and those dominated by ~Carya illinoinensis$. In Kentucky and Arkansas, ~Fraxinus americana, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Ulmus rubra$, and ~Ulmus americana$ are common in these forests. According to K. Ribbeck (pers. comm.) 'Sycamore - River Birch - Silver Maple' forests of the Pearl River in Louisiana are included here.LVALj-a1M#h7wJj5\3jN00STE01ICECSteinauer and Rolfsmeier 2000@ 66* N00SPE01ICECSperdutoForests in this alliance typically are dominated by ~Platanus occidentalis$ with ~Liquidambar styraciflua$ and/or ~Liriodendron tulipifera$, and typically occur on rocky streambeds and alluvial deposits on relatively high-gradient rivers. The alliance is distributed in the upper Piedmont, Appalachian Mountains, Interior Low Plateau, Cumberland Mountains, and Cumberland Plateau regions. In the eastern part of the Interior Low Plateau, vegetation of this alliance may be in lower gradient situations. Other canopy and understory species that may be present include ~Aesculus sylvatica$ (within its range), ~Asimina triloba, Cornus florida, Alnus serrulata, Fraxinus americana, Acer rubrum, Carpinus caroliniana, Ulmus americana$, and ~Fagus grandifolia$ in the non-montane part of the distribution. Species present in the montane occurrences include ~Platanus occidentalis, Liriodendron tulipifera, Betula alleghaniensis$, and ~Betula lenta$, with ~Carpinus caroliniana, Hamamelis virginiana, Liquidambar styraciflua, Betula nigra, Fraxinus americana, Acer rubrum, Pinus virginiana, Pinus strobus$, and ~Tsuga canadensis$. ~Euonymus americana$ is a typical shrub species in the lower elevation occurrences, while ~Rhododendron maximum$ and ~Leucothoe fontanesiana$ are common at higher elevations. Herbaceous species vary as well by geography and elevation, and may include ~Arisaema triphyllum, Sanicula canadensis, Saururus cernuus, Campanula divaricata, Dichanthelium dichotomum var. dichotomum, Amphicarpaea bracteata, Actaea racemosa (= Cimicifuga racemosa), Polystichum acrostichoides, Eurybia divaricata (= Aster divaricatus), Viola sororia$, and ~Viola blanda$. ~Carex$ species may be common (e.g., ~Carex appalachica, Carex austrocaroliniana, Carex blanda, Carex crinita, Carex digitalis, Carex plantaginea, Carex swanii$, and/or ~Carex torta$)..LVAL<j>X+V+s?sBSaturated bryophyte vegetation of bog hollows. Characteristic bryophytes include ~Sphagnum cuspidatum, Sphagnum rubellum (= Sphagnum capillifolium var. tenellum)$. Associated characteristic vascular species occur in low cover, including ~Utricularia cornuta, Drosera rotundifolia, Rhynchospora alba, Vaccinium oxycoccos, Chamaedaphne calyculata$.This alliance, found throughout the central midwestern and southeastern United States, contains riverfront floodplain forests. The tree canopy is tall (to 30 m) and dominated by ~Populus deltoides$ and ~Salix nigra$, although ~Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Acer negundo, Acer rubrum, Acer saccharinum, Platanus occidentalis$, and ~Ulmus americana$ are also commonly encountered in various parts of this alliance's range. Tree diversity is limited due to the dynamics of flooding and deposition/scouring of sediments. The shrub layer is often sparse, but species such as ~Salix exigua, Carpinus caroliniana, Lindera benzoin, Cornus drummondii$ and, in the Southeast, ~Ilex vomitoria, Ilex opaca var. opaca$, and ~Forestiera acuminata$ can be found. Herbaceous growth can be thick and lush but is often patchy and sparse due to frequent inundation. Herbaceous species found throughout the range of this alliance are not well known, but in parts of the range, species can include ~Carex$ spp., ~Leersia oryzoides, Bidens$ spp., Asteraceae spp., ~Eragrostis hypnoides, Lipocarpha micrantha, Rumex maritimus, Potentilla paradoxa$, and, more commonly in the Southeast, ~Leptochloa panicea ssp. mucronata (= Leptochloa mucronata)$ and ~Mikania scandens$. ^Stands are found primarily along riverfronts, where they develop on bare, moist soil on newly made sand bars, front-land ridges, and well-drained flats. Soils are formed in alluvium, are deep, medium-textured, and with adequate or excessive moisture available for vegetation during the growing season. This alliance can also be found on abandoned fields and well-drained ridges in the first bottoms.LVAL Stands of this alliance are typically dominated by some combination of ~Quercus michauxii, Quercus pagoda$, and ~Quercus shumardii$, with ~Liquidambar styraciflua$ typically as a significant component. All three of these primary oaks are possible in combination in the coastal plains, ~Quercus pagoda$ being the most restricted in range. ~Quercus michauxii$ will be absent from much of the Ozarks, Ouachitas, and Interior Low Plateau (except along the larger unimpounded rivers). ~Quercus shumardii$ is apparently absent from much of the Mississippi River Alluvial Plain. In addition, ~Quercus phellos, Quercus laurifolia, Quercus similis, Quercus oglethorpensis, Quercus sinuata var. sinuata$, and/or ~Quercus nigra$ may also be present, but in combination with the other primary oaks. Other associated species include ~Carya glabra, Carya ovata, Fraxinus americana, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Carya alba, Carya cordiformis, Carya myristiciformis, Nyssa biflora, Liriodendron tulipifera, Pinus taeda, Pinus glabra$, with ~Carya laciniosa$ in the northern part of the range of the alliance. Associated subcanopy and shrub species include ~Asimina triloba, Ilex opaca var. opaca, Aesculus sylvatica, Carpinus caroliniana, Ilex decidua, Cornus foemina, Cornus florida, Halesia diptera$, and ~Styrax americanus$. ~Arundinaria gigantea$ is common in forests in this alliance. Other herbaceous and vine species that may be present include ~Phlox carolina, Chasmanthium laxum, Chasmanthium sessiliflorum, Tillandsia usneoides, Campsis radicans, Toxicodendron radicans$, and ~Parthenocissus quinquefolia$. Within the Mississippi River Alluvial Plain, high presence of ~Liquidambar$ and ~Quercus nigra$ indicate past farming at least on the associated upland. This alliance occurs primarily in brownwater situations, and often occurs on terraces in second bottoms. This alliance is distributed throughout the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains, the Piedmont, the Cumberland Plateau, the Interior Low Plateau, and in the Mississippi River AlluviaLVALzCM$k7 yPT+v=W `N82KAG01ICECKagan and Seyer 1982@ --! N82HOL01ICECHolland 1982@ %% N82HAR01ICECHarvey 1982@ $$ N82CUL02ICECCulwell and Scow 1982@ .." N82BEE01ICECBeetle and Johnson 1982@ 00$ N82BAS01ICECBaskin and Baskin 1982@ //# N81WHI01ICECWhite 1981@ ## N81WEL01ICECWelden 1981r@ $$ N81WAR01ICECWarren et al. 1981@ ++ N81TUH01ICECTuhy 1981@ "" N81TIS01ICECTisdale and Hironaka 1981@ 22& N81RHE01ICECRheinhardt 1981@ (( N81RAP01ICECRapp 1981@ "" N81PRI01ICECPrice et al. 1981@ ** N81PER01ICECPerkins 1981@ %% N81OTT01ICECOtte 1981@ "" N81NRC01ICECNorthwest Resources Co. 1981@ 55) N81NOR01ICECNorton et al. 1981@ ++ N81NEL02ICECNelson et al. 1981@ ++ N81MOR01ICECMoran 1981@ ## N81MAR01ICECMartin et al. 1981@ ++ N81MAC01ICECMack 1981@ "" N81KUR01ICECKurzius 1981@ %% N81KEA01ICECKeammerer and Peterson 1981@ 44( N81JON01ICECJones 1981@ ## N81JOH02ICECJohnson 1981ah@ && N81JEN01ICECJensen and Tuhy 1981@ --! N81HES01ICECHess 1981@ "" N81HEN07ICECHenderson 1981@ '' N81HEN06ICECHenderson and Peter 1981@ 11% N81HEN01ICECHenry 1981@ ## N81HEL01ICECHelm 1981@ "" N81GRE01ICECGresham and Lipscomb 1981@ 22& N81FRI01ICECFritz 1981@ ## N81ELL02ICECEllis and Hackney 1981@ //# N81CUL01ICECCulwell and Scow 1981@ .." N81COX01ICECCox 1981@ !! N81COO02ICECCooper and Pfister 1981@ 00$ N81CAN01ICECCantwell 1981@ && N81ARE01ICECArends 1981@ $$ Nl Plain northwards to southern Illinois.LVAL Forests in this alliance are typically dominated by some combination of ~Quercus phellos, Quercus nigra$, and/or ~Quercus laurifolia$. They may be found throughout the Coastal Plain and adjacent areas of the lower Piedmont, Arkansas Valley, Interior Low Plateau, and the Ouachita Mountains in temporarily flooded environments. These forests may occur in large, relatively high-gradient floodplains (in which they tend to occur on topographically higher portions of the floodplain, such as ridges or terraces), or in small, relatively low-gradient floodplains (in which the landforms are too small and/or too poorly developed to create much consistent, local topographic relief). In the Atlantic and East Gulf Coastal Plains, these forests may occur more often in association with blackwater/low-sediment/low-nutrient rivers and streams than brownwater ones. Dominant and associated species vary with geographic location and landscape setting. Associated canopy species include ~Quercus texana, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Pinus taeda, Quercus similis, Quercus michauxii, Magnolia virginiana, Pinus glabra, Liquidambar styraciflua, Acer rubrum, Nyssa biflora, Ulmus alata, Carya aquatica, Carya alba, Carya glabra, Quercus pagoda, Taxodium distichum$, and ~Celtis laevigata$. Subcanopy and shrub species include ~Halesia diptera, Carpinus caroliniana, Ilex decidua, Sebastiania fruticosa, Ostrya virginiana, Viburnum rufidulum, Diospyros virginiana, Itea virginica, Symplocos tinctoria, Rhododendron canescens, Illicium floridanum, Cyrilla racemiflora, Ilex verticillata, Crataegus viridis, Vaccinium elliottii$, and ~Ilex opaca$ among others. Woody vines are an important component of these forests, and species include ~Toxicodendron radicans, Bignonia capreolata, Smilax rotundifolia, Vitis rotundifolia, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Trachelospermum difforme, Berchemia scandens, Smilax glauca, Campsis radicans, Cocculus carolinus, Ampelopsis arborea$, and others. This alliance also includes forests of large bottomlands dominated bLVALc7 w? ~S(}B\+[/h;^N84STE02ICECSteinauer 1981@ '' N84STE01ICECSteward 1984@ %% N84STA01ICECStarbuck 1984z@ && N84SEY01ICECSeyer 1984@ ## N84ROT01ICECRottman 1984@ %% N84RAW01ICECRawinski 1984@ && N84PET02ICECPeterson et al. 1984@ --! N84PET01ICECPeterson 1984@ && N84NOR01ICECNorquist 1984@ && N84MAY01ICECMayfield and Kjelmyr 1984C@ 22& N84MAT01ICECMattson 1984@ %% N84LEA01ICECLeary and Peterson 1984@ 00$ N84FRE01ICECFrenkel and Kiilsgaard 1984@ 44( N84FEL01ICECFeldcamp 1984@ && N84EWI01ICECEwing et al. 1984@ ** N84EVA01ICECEvans et al. 1984@ ** N84EIL01ICECEilers 1984@ $$ N84DIC01ICECDick-Peddie et al. 1984 @ 00$ N84CUR01ICECCurrent 1984@ %% N84COL01ICECCollins 1984@ %% N84CHA01ICECChapman 1984@ %% N84BLA01RMUSBlaisdell and Holmgren 1984@ 44( N84ALP01ICECAlpert 1984@ $$ N84ALL01ICECAllard 1984@ $$ N83ZAM01ICECZamora 1983@ $$ N83STA01ICECStarr 1983@ ## N83RIP01ICECRipley 1983@ $$ N83ORZ01ICECOrzell 1983@ $$ N83MUT01ICECMutz and Queiroz 198y ~Quercus phellos$ and ~Ulmus crassifolia$ that occur on flat ridges and grade up from forests dominated by ~Quercus lyrata$ and ~Carya aquatica$. Characteristic canopy species include ~Pinus taeda, Quercus similis, Liquidambar styraciflua, Gleditsia triacanthos$, and ~Carya aquatica$, but the wettest sites likely will have only ~Quercus phellos$ and ~Ulmus crassifolia$. Understory species include ~Ilex decidua, Viburnum dentatum$, and ~Crataegus$ spp., with ~Sabal minor$ in drier sites. These forests occur on very acid to mildly alkaline soils, commonly on Portland, Tensas, and Hebert silt loams.LVAL CO'_6 uAd7 zC^+jN86JOH01ICECJohn and Tart 1986@ ++ N86HUT01ICECHutchison et al. 1986@ .." N86HOL02ICECHolland 1986bFreely drained floodplain forest of smaller rivers, characterized by winter flooding and mineral soils. Diverse tree, shrub, herb layers. Characteristic species are ~Acer rubrum, Acer saccharinum, Ulmus americana$. Other associates include ~Carpinus caroliniana, Carya cordiformis, Tilia americana, Juglans nigra, Juglans cinerea, Fraxinus americana, Populus deltoides, Platanus occidentalis, Quercus rubra, Lindera benzoin, Cornus amomum, Boehmeria cylindrica, Toxicodendron radicans, Onoclea, Urtica$ spp.Vegetation in this alliance occurs primarily on riverfronts and lake shores, mostly in the Atlantic Coastal Plain, Interior Low Plateau, and Ozarkian highlands. ~Salix caroliniana$ is the dominant small tree, and can form a dense to open or very open canopy. This vegetation tends to occupy small areas; these are usually relatively linear or crescent-shaped patches associated with streamfronts, sand bars, etc., but it sometimes occupies larger areas. Communities of this alliance result from flooding disturbance and are generally short-lived.This floodplain forest alliance is found in the midwestern United States. The tree canopy may be closed to moderately open. The dominant tree species include ~Quercus macrocarpa$ and ~Quercus bicolor$. ~Carya laciniosa$ is often found in stands of this alliance, along with species such as ~Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Quercus shumardii, Carya illinoinensis, Populus deltoides$, and ~Ulmus americana$. Understory species include ~Boehmeria cylindrica, Carex$ spp., ~Cinna$ spp., ~Leersia$ spp., ~Toxicodendron radicans$, and ~Uvularia sessilifolia$. Stands of this alliance are found on slackwater deposits with moderately well-drained to poorly drained soils. In Kentucky, the dominant tree species are indicators of less acidic soils with a higher base-status.OLVAL(]oA xBb5H}Rk6xEForests in this alliance occur on riverfronts and levees, and as narrow bands along the banks in floodplains of perennial streams, where they experience relatively frequent flooding of short duration. They are united by being dominated or codominated by ~Taxodium distichum$, with hardwoods such as ~Platanus occidentalis$ or ~Betula nigra$. Other species that may be present include ~Acer rubrum, Fraxinus caroliniana, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Sebastiania fruticosa, Amorpha fruticosa, Hypericum prolificum, Vaccinium elliottii, Liquidambar styraciflua, Ulmus$ spp., ~Salix nigra, Celtis laevigata var. laevigata, Celtis laevigata var. reticulata, Sabal minor$, and ~Cyrilla racemiflora$.This alliance contains vegetation that is dominated by ~Salix nigra$ and that occurs in temporarily flooded sites, i.e., surface water is present for brief periods during the growing season, but the water table usually lies well below soil surface. Other canopy species that may be present include ~Populus deltoides, Planera aquatica, Betula nigra, Platanus occidentalis, Celtis laevigata, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Carya illinoinensis, Diospyros virginiana, Quercus nigra, Cornus drummondii, Ulmus americana, Acer rubrum, Acer negundo, Acer saccharinum$ (in the Mississippi River Alluvial Plain north of Memphis, Tennessee), ~Catalpa bignonioides$ (in range), and ~Morus rubra$. The herbaceous and shrub strata may be absent to fairly dense, and species that may be present include ~Ampelopsis arborea, Mikania scandens, Toxicodendron radicans, Polygonum$ spp., ~Erechtites hieraciifolia, Boehmeria cylindrica, Commelina virginica, Eupatorium serotinum, Phytolacca americana, Asplenium platyneuron$, and others. This alliance is common on the fronts of both small rivers and streams and larger rivers where it is a component of point bar succession. This alliance is common throughout the southeastern and southern midwestern United States. LVALr|w~RSaturated mixed woodland alliance characterized by the canopy species ~Pinus rigida, Acer rubrum$, and ~Nyssa sylvatica$. Substrate is saturated mineral soils, usually sand, with minimal organic horizon development. The shrub layer is variable, characterized by ~Clethra alnifolia, Rhododendron viscosum, Vaccinium corymbosum, Leucothoe racemosa$.Floodplain forest communities occupying lower floodplains and terraces in the coastal lowlands subsection of New Hampshire and perhaps elsewhere. Sediments are silty and of marine or recent origin. ~Quercus bicolor, Acer rubrum$ are characteristic canopy trees.This alliance includes maritime evergreen forest dominated by ~Ilex opaca$. Other canopy associates may include ~Quercus$ spp., ~Juniperus virginiana, Sassafras albidum$. The canopy is flat-topped from wind-pruning. Characteristic shrubs include ~Morella pensylvanica (= Myrica pensylvanica), Gaylussacia baccata$, and ~Vaccinium corymbosum$. ~Sambucus canadensis, Viburnum dentatum$, and ~Toxicodendron vernix$ can occur infrequently. Vines are particularly abundant and include ~Toxicodendron radicans, Smilax rotundifolia, Parthenocissus quinquefolia$, and ~Vitis$ spp. The herbaceous layer is sparsely to moderately developed and includes ~Aralia nudicaulis, Maianthemum stellatum (= Smilacina stellata), Maianthemum canadense$, and ~Carex pensylvanica$.This alliance contains a number of communities found from the Great Lakes to the western and southwestern United States. Most stands of this alliance are found in riparian zones. Some may be near lakes where the ground is flooded or saturated for a short time in the spring. The moderate to closed tree canopy is dominated by ~Populus tremuloides$, sometimes with ~Populus balsamifera$ codominant. More open stands have a prominent shrub layer containing species such as ~Alnus incana, Cornus sericea$, and ~Salix$ spp. The sole reference cited for the ~~Populus tremuloides$ Canyon Formation Forest (CEGL000576)$$ does not mention ~Populus tremuloides$.LVALIEc:W*c2u9x7xCN96SNE01ICECSneddon 1996@ %% N96SMA01ICECSmall 1996@ ## NThis habitat is characterized by soft, unconsolidated sediments that serve as a substrate for burrowing fauna, and for deposit feeders, a food source as well. It supports a diversity of invertebrates such as bloodworms (~Glycera dibranchiata$), mud crabs (~Panopeus sayi, Hexapanopeus angustifrons, Rhithropanopeus harrisi, Eurypanopeus depressus$), amphipods (~Aeginella longicornis$ and others), blue crab (~Callinectes sapidus$), polychaete worms such as red-lined worms (~Nephtys incisa$), and other fauna.Saturated forests dominated by ~Pinus taeda$ that may occur adjacent to salt marsh on the bay side of barrier islands. ~Acer rubrum, Persea palustris$, and ~Liquidambar styraciflua$ also may be present in the canopy. The understory may have strong dominance by vine species including ~Smilax rotundifolia, Toxicodendron radicans$, and ~Parthenocissus quinquefolia$.This alliance is a mixed canopy of ~Chamaecyparis thyoides$ and hardwoods that always include ~Acer rubrum$, as well as others such as ~Betula alleghaniensis$ in the northern portion of the range, and ~Diospyros virginiana, Nyssa sylvatica$ in more southerly occurrences. The shrub layer is characterized by ~Vaccinium corymbosum, Clethra alnifolia, Rhododendron viscosum$, as well as ~Ilex verticillata$ in the north and ~Magnolia virginiana, Leucothoe racemosa$ in the south. The herbaceous layer is generally more diverse and contains species indicative of higher nutrient levels than in other Atlantic white-cedar vegetation, including ~Symplocarpus foetidus, Triadenum virginicum, Bidens$ spp., ~Cornus amomum, Spiraea$ spp., ~Iris versicolor, Arisaema triphyllum, Carex intumescens, Sagittaria latifolia, Sparganium$ spp., and others. This vegetation occurs along water courses or in other basins influenced by surface water input in the spring.U qx :u$z QF \pQ A.286CMidwestI.B.2.N.dFRAXINUS PENNSYLVANICA - ULMUS AMERICANA - CELTIS (OCCIDENTALIS, LAEVIGATA) TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEGreen Ash - American Elm - (Northern Hackberry, Sugarberry) Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance YD. FABER-LANGENDOEN/D.J.    A.284CSoutheastI.B.2.N.dFAGUS GRANDIFOLIA TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEAmerican Beech Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance$YJ.E. MOHANR   A.283CSoutheastI.B.2.N.dCELTIS LAEVIGATA - ULMUS CRASSIFOLIA TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCESugarberry - Cedar Elm Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEY/L.M. SMITH 4Ŭe   A.282CSoutheastI.B.2.N.dCARYA ILLINOINENSIS - (CELTIS LAEVIGATA) TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEPecan - (Sugarberry) Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance@YD. DIAMOND/B. HOAGLAND 11Ǯi   A.280CSoutheastI.B.2.N.dBETULA NIGRA - (PLATANUS OCCIDENTALIS) TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCERiver Birch - (Sycamore) Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance@YD.J. ALLARDg   A.28CWestI.A.1.N.dMETROSIDEROS POLYMORPHA CLOUD FOREST ALLIANCE'Ohi'a Cloud Forest AllianceYWCSda``D   A.279CMidwestI.B.2.N.dACER SACCHARINUM TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCESilver Maple Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance@YD.J. ALLARD/D. FABER-LANGO   A.278CSoutheastI.B.2.N.dACER NEGUNDO TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEBox-elder Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance@YD.J. ALLARD, MOD. D. CULVzM   A.275CWestI.B.2.N.bLARIX OCCIDENTALIS FOREST ALLIANCEWestern Larch Forest AllianceYK. SCHULZaXWW:   A.274CWestI.B.2.N.bPOPULUS TREMULOIDES FOREST ALLIANCEQuaking Aspen Forest AlliancepYA.S. WEAKLEY 2-96, MOD. K~edX;   lA.272CSoutheastI.B.2.N.aQUERCUS RUBRA MONTANE FOREST ALLIANCENorthern Red Oak Montane Forest AllianceYD.J. ALLARDwvjB  Z3Y%lBp(Zo2XGNDLYN01ICECLynn et al. n.d.@ )) GNDLMM01ICECLucky McMine Application n.d.@ A.293CMidwestI.B.2.N.dQUERCUS MACROCARPA - QUERCUS BICOLOR - (CARYA LACINIOSA) TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEBur Oak - Swamp White Oak - (Kingnut Hickory) Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance@YD. FABER-LANGENDOEN/D.J. w   A.292CSoutheastI.B.2.N.dQUERCUS (PHELLOS, NIGRA, LAURIFOLIA) TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCE(Willow Oak, Water Oak, Diamondleaf Oak) Temporarily Flooded Forest AllianceM YD.J. ALLARDɾe   A.291CSoutheastI.B.2.N.dQUERCUS (MICHAUXII, PAGODA, SHUMARDII) - LIQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCE(Swamp Chestnut Oak, Cherrybark Oak, Shumard Oak) - Sweetgum Temporarily Flooded Forest AllianceYD.J. ALLARD 5-94, MOD.   A.290CMidwestI.B.2.N.dPOPULUS DELTOIDES TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEEastern Cottonwood Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliancej@YD.J. ALLARD, MOD. D. CULVP   A.29CLatin AmericaI.A.1.N.dTABEBUIA RIGIDA - OCOTEA SPATHULATA FOREST ALLIANCERoble de Sierra - Nemoca-Cimarrona Forest Alliance@YLACDS    A.289CSoutheastI.B.2.N.dPLATANUS OCCIDENTALIS - (LIQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA, LIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA) TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCESycamore - (Sweetgum, Tuliptree) Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance@YS. SIMON/G. KAUFFMAN/D.M.ϋ   A.288CSoutheastI.B.2.N.dPLATANUS OCCIDENTALIS - (FRAXINUS PENNSYLVANICA, CELTIS LAEVIGATA, ACER SACCHARINUM) TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCESycamore - (Green Ash, Sugarberry, Silver Maple) Temporarily Flooded Forest Allianceq YD.J. ALLARD, MOD.   A.287CSoutheastI.B.2.N.dLIQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA - (LIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA, ACER RUBRUM) TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCESweetgum - (Tuliptree, Red Maple) Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance YD.J. ALLARDƁ    U=X-w? ,A.3006CEastVI.A.1.N.cSPHAGNUM CUSPIDATUM - CLADOPODIELLA FLUITANS SATURATED NONVASCULAR ALLIANCEToothed Peatmoss - Cladopodiella Moss Saturated Nonvascular AllianceZ@YL. SNEDDONe   ,A.3005CEastI.C.3.N.dPINUS RIGIDA - ACER RUBRUM SATURATED FOREST ALLIANCEPitch Pine - Red Maple Saturated Forest Alliance[@YL. SNEDDON}M   ,A.3004CEastI.B.2.N.dQUERCUS BICOLOR - ACER RUBRUM TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCESwamp White Oak - Red Maple Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance@YL. SNEDDONZ   ,A.3003CEastI.C.3.N.bTSUGA CANADENSIS - ACER RUBRUM TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEEastern Hemlock - Red Maple Temporarily Flooded Forest Allianceh@hNL. SNEDDON[   ,A.3002CEastI.A.4.N.aILEX OPACA FOREST ALLIANCEAmerican Holly Forest Alliance@YL. SNEDDON, MOD. S.L. NEIw^]Q3   A.300CWestI.B.2.N.dPOPULUS TREMULOIDES TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEQuaking Aspen Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance@YK. SCHULZO   A.3CLatin AmericaI.A.1.N.aCLUSIA ROSEA - MANILKARA BIDENTATA SSP. SURINAMENSIS FOREST ALLIANCEPitch-apple - Bulletwood Forest Alliance; Cupey - Ausubo Forest Alliance@hYLACDc   A.299CEastI.B.2.N.dACER (RUBRUM, SACCHARINUM) - ULMUS AMERICANA TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCE(Red Maple, Silver Maple) - American Elm Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance@YECSh   A.298CSoutheastI.B.2.N.dTAXODIUM DISTICHUM - (PLATANUS OCCIDENTALIS) TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEBald-cypress - (Sycamore) Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance@YD.J. ALLARD·m   A.297CSoutheastI.B.2.N.dSALIX NIGRA TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEBlack Willow Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance@YD.J. ALLARD, MOD. S. SIMO|L   A.296CSoutheastI.B.2.N.dSALIX CAROLINIANA TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCECarolina Willow Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance"@YA.S. WEAKLEYR  & Y ZZUHxM{GX)n8 ,A.3018CEastV.A.5.N.nACORUS CALAMUS TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESweetflag Tidal Herbaceous Alliance@!YS.L. NEIDzqpdA   ,A.3017CEastI.B.2.N.hTAXODIUM DISTICHUM TIDAL FOREST ALLIANCEBald-cypress Tidal Forest AllianceH@iYS.L. NEIDypocA   ,A.3016CEastI.A.8.N.bPINUS THUNBERGIANA FOREST ALLIANCEJapanese Black Pine Forest Alliance@iYL.A. SNEDDONwkj^;   ,A.3014CEastV.A.6.N.q(FRAXINUS AMERICANA, JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA) / CAREX PENSYLVANICA - SCHIZACHYRIUM SCOPARIUM WOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(White Ash, Eastern Red-cedar) / Pennsylvania Sedge - Little Bluestem Wooded Herbaceous AllianceNECS   ,A.3013CEastVI.B.1.N.cLICHEN SPP. NONVASCULAR ALLIANCELichen species Nonvascular Alliance@!YL.A. SNEDDONvji]:   ,A.3012CEastI.C.3.N.aPINUS STROBUS - ACER SACCHARUM FOREST ALLIANCEEastern White Pine - Sugar Maple Forest Alliance@ YS.L. NEIDwG   ,A.3011CEastVI.C.2.N.aASCOPHYLLUM NODOSUM - FUCUS VESICULOSUS TIDAL ALGAL NONVASCULAR ALLIANCEYellow Tang - Black Tang Tidal Algal Nonvascular Alliance@ YL. SNEDDONb   ,A.3010CEastVII.C.4.N.dESTUARINE TIDAL MUDFLATS SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCEEstuarine Tidal Mudflats Sparsely Vegetated Alliance@NL. SNEDDONO   A.301CEastI.B.2.N.dQUERCUS PALUSTRIS - ACER RUBRUM TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEPin Oak - Red Maple Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance3@iYECS[   ,A.3009CEastI.A.8.N.gPINUS TAEDA SATURATED FOREST ALLIANCELoblolly Pine Saturated Forest Alliancem@YL. SNEDDON|rqe>   ,A.3008CEastI.C.3.N.cCHAMAECYPARIS THYOIDES - ACER RUBRUM SEASONALLY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEAtlantic White-cedar - Red Maple Seasonally Flooded Forest Alliance@YL. SNEDDON`   ,A.3007CEastV.A.7.N.pCALAMOVILFA BREVIPILIS SATURATED SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPinebarren Sandreed Saturated Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@hYECSS   _;X h$z&QPYK. SCHULZ/M.S. REIDsG   A.340CWestI.B.2.N.ePOPULUS TREMULOIDES SEASONALLY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEQuaking Aspen Seasonally Flooded Forest Allianced@=YK. SCHULZ~N   A.34CSoutheastI.A.3.N.aCASASIA CLUSIIFOLIA - GUAPIRA DISCOLOR FOREST ALLIANCESeven-year-apple - Blolly Forest Alliance@<YA.S. WEAKLEY{R   A.339CWestI.B.2.N.eACER MACROPHYLLUM SEASONALLY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEBigleaf Maple Seasonally Flooded Forest Alliancew@;YD. SARR|L   A.337CSoutheastI.B.2.N.eTAXODIUM DISTICHUM - NYSSA (AQUATICA, BIFLORA, OGECHE) SEASONALLY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEBald-cypress - (Water Tupelo, Swamp Blackgum, Ogeechee Tupelo) Seasonally Flooded Forest AllianceN@:YA.S. WEAKLEY 6-95, MOD. Av   A.336CSoutheastI.B.2.N.eTAXODIUM ASCENDENS SEASONALLY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEPond-cypress Seasonally Flooded Forest Alliancer@9YJ.E. MOHANR   A.335CSoutheastI.B.2.N.eTRIADICA SEBIFERA SEASONALLY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEChinese Tallow-tree Seasonally Flooded Forest Alliance@8YA.S. WEAKLEYQ   A.334CSoutheastI.B.2.N.eSALIX NIGRA SEASONALLY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEBlack Willow Seasonally Flooded Forest Alliance@8YA.S. WEAKLEYzK   A.333CWestI.B.2.N.eSALIX LUCIDA SEASONALLY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEWhiplash Willow Seasonally Flooded Forest Alliance@7YM. SCHINDELyG   A.332CSoutheastI.B.2.N.eSALIX CAROLINIANA SEASONALLY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCECarolina Willow Seasonally Flooded Forest AllianceO@6YA.S. WEAKLEYQ   A.331CSoutheastI.B.2.N.eQUERCUS TEXANA - (QUERCUS LYRATA) SEASONALLY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCENuttall Oak - (Overcup Oak) Seasonally Flooded Forest Alliance@6YJ.E. MOHAN 1-95, MOD.a  LVAL "sJX|@ }JLh>yPcN98BER01ICECBerdine 1998q@ %% N98AND01ICECAnderson et al. 1998@ --! N97WIL01ICECWilloughby 1997@ (( N97WEA01ICECWeakley 1997@ %% N97This dry white pine - northern hardwood forest occurs widely throughout the upper midwestern and northeastern United States and eastern Canada. It generally occurs on well-drained, acidic, sandy or gravelly soil over glacial till, in general a less mesic setting than northern hardwoods lacking white pine. Stands are characterized by a closed canopy, sometimes with supercanopy pine, a sparse and patchy shrubs, and relatively sparse herb and bryoid strata. Canopy dominants are the northern hardwood species ~Acer saccharum, Betula alleghaniensis$, and in the Northeast ~Fagus grandifolia$, with ~Pinus strobus$ often occurring as a supercanopy. Minor canopy associates may include ~Tsuga canadensis$ and ~Quercus rubra$. In the Northeast at the northern edge of the range, ~Abies balsamea, Picea rubens$, and ~Thuja occidentalis$ may also occur sparingly. The subcanopy is dominated by ~Acer pensylvanicum$. The herbaceous layer is characterized by ~Trientalis borealis, Maianthemum canadense, Pteridium aquilinum, Oryzopsis asperifolia$, intermixed with the dwarf-shrubs ~Gaultheria procumbens, Vaccinium angustifolium$, and ~Gaylussacia baccata$. Bryophytes include ~Polytrichum commune, Pleurozium schreberi, Bazzania trilobata$, or ~Hypnum imponens$.This vegetation occurs on rocky intertidal habitats of the central and northern New England coast. ~Ascophyllum nodosum$ and ~Fucus$ spp. are perhaps the most characteristic algae, with other associates including species of ~Cladophora$ and ~Enteromorpha$. Invertebrates are important members of this community, including ~Mytilus edulis$ (blue mussel), ~Balanus balanoides$ (barnacles), ~Littorina$ spp., (periwinkles) and ~Acmaea testudinalis$ (limpets), as well as species of ~Asterias$ (starfish).LVALi; Pg<I c,Z*i7 _N99KEA02ICECKearsley 1999@$ && N99KEA01ICECKearsley 1999i@$ && N99JOR01ICECJordan 1999@$ This alliance includes associations of freshwater tidal marsh dominated by ~Acorus calamus$ that occur in fresh to oligohaline reaches of tidal rivers along the Atlantic coast. This association is best developed in higher, irregularly flooded elevations within freshwater tidal marshes but can occur in areas with a wide tidal range. Substrate is generally fine-particled, but varies from silts and silty mucks to peats and sands. The setting within the tidal marsh tends to be poorly drained; tidal flooding is ponded and of longer duration than other areas. ~Acorus calamus$ is dominant, generally comprising at least 50% cover, over extensive patches within the interior of high marshes. Associated species are variable and can include ~Schoenoplectus fluviatilis, Peltandra virginica, Sagittaria latifolia, Polygonum punctatum$, and ~Impatiens capensis$. Species that can occasionally occur include ~Pontederia cordata, Zizania aquatica, Leersia oryzoides, Typha latifolia, Polygonum arifolium, Bidens coronata, Hibiscus moscheutos$, and other ~Schoenoplectus$ spp. ~Murdannia keisak$ has been noted in the southern portion of the range. ~Acorus calamus$ is conspicuously dominant in spring and early summer. Later in the season, culms tend to lodge and form mats and be overtopped by other species.This sparsely vegetated, open talus slope of the northern Appalachian Mountains region is characterized by large boulder talus dominated by lichen cover. Vascular plant species are of low cover, and consist of a heterogeneous mix of scattered individuals of ~Picea rubens, Betula papyrifera var. cordifolia, Betula papyrifera var. papyrifera, Betula alleghaniensis, Acer spicatum, Polypodium virginianum, Deschampsia flexuosa$, and ~Parthenocissus quinquefolia$. The community provides denning sites for small mammals and snakes.LVALQE ppQ$zt_Q!\ppQEH)$zАQ"ppQForests in this alliance are dominated by ~Acer saccharum$ and ~Carya cordiformis$. The subcanopy may contain a variety of species including ~Ulmus americana, Ulmus rubra, Morus rubra$, and ~Prunus serotina var. serotina$. The shrub layer is often quite dense with ~Asimina triloba, Toxicodendron radicans$, and ~Vitis$ spp. dominating, but ~Lindera benzoin, Aralia spinosa, Corylus americana$, and ~Cornus florida$ are also common. Where dense shrubs exist, light penetrating to the forest floor is diminished, and herbaceous density is reduced. ~Campanulastrum americanum$ and ~Fleischmannia incarnata (= Eupatorium incarnatum)$ are common herbs. Stands of this alliance occur on level to gently sloping ridges, terraces, natural levees, or higher elevations which border river floodplains or streams. They are found on moist, well-drained to moderately drained soils, primarily on northern aspects. In general, soils are medium-textured silt and colluvial, deep, clay loams derived mainly from sandstone and shales. Mesic moisture conditions are maintained throughout most of the growing season, but some flooding does occur. Damage from flooding during periods of heavy precipitation, wind, or storms can have dramatic effects on species composition. Although stands in this alliance tend to be late successional floodplain forest, the stresses of seasonal flooding create canopy openings which are quickly colonized by early and mid-successional species.This alliance contains oligohaline to mesohaline marshes dominated by ~Carex hyalinolepis$ that form adjacent to main channels of tidal rivers in Virginia and Maryland. ~Carex hyalinolepis$ forms nearly monospecific stands. Associated species occurring with low cover include ~Hibiscus moscheutos ssp. moscheutos, Kosteletzkya virginica$, and ~Spartina cynosuroides$.{LVAL<h7d-^.^*b2xFt@xPNDGAD01ICECGaddy pers. comm.@* ** PNDFRE01ICECFreeman pers. comm.R@* ,, PNDFRA01ICECFranklin pers. comm.$@ * --! PNDFOT01ICECFoti pers. comm.`@ * )) PNDFOL01ICECFolkerts pers. comm.@ * --! PNDFLE01ICECFleming Vegetation types within this alliance occur at lower elevations, 1100-1500 m, in the American Southwest. Detailed information on landforms, soils, and adjacent vegetation was not available. Vegetation types within this alliance are classified as temporarily flooded, cold-deciduous forests. The tree subcanopy can range from open to dense with 60-100% cover of ~Sapindus saponaria$ and ~Juglans major$. Other trees present in the tree subcanopy can include ~Arbutus xalapensis (= Arbutus texana)$ or ~Juniperus deppeana$. The tall- and short-shrub layers are present with 25-60% cover and can include ~Mahonia fremontii (= Berberis fremontii), Celtis laevigata var. reticulata (= Celtis reticulata), Morus microphylla, Prunus serotina, Rhus trilobata$, and ~Ptelea trifoliata ssp. angustifolia (= Ptelea angustifolia)$. The vine layer is typically present with 25-60% cover and is dominated by ~Vitis arizonica$. The herbaceous layer is present, but there was no available percent cover given. Common herbaceous species include ~Bouteloua curtipendula, Brickellia brachyphylla, Chenopodium album, Croton pottsii, Phaseolus filiformis (= Phaseolus wrightii)$, and ~Elymus elymoides (= Sitanion hystrix)$.This alliance includes kelp beds of rocky coasts that are dominated by red and brown algae and occur in the sublittoral zone along rocky coastline habitat. ~Laminaria agardhii, Alaria$ spp., and ~Chondrus crispus$ are dominant and conspicuous. Other common associates can include ~Porphyra laciniata, Ceramium rubrum$, and ~Hildenbrandtia prototypus$. Additional species of red, green, and brown algae can occur in areas with greater light penetration.hLVALtj6i7rA n;n= q=q? rPNDMUL01ICECMulligan pers. comm.u@- --! PNDMOR01ICECMorefield pers. comm.0@- .." PNDMOO01ICECMoore pers. comm.i@, ** PNDMET01ICECMetzler pers. comm.]@, ,, PNDMED01ICECMedlyn pers. comm.H@, ++ PNDMCL01ICECMcLeod pers. comm.W@, ++ PNDMCK01ICECMcKinney pers. comm.+@, --! PNDMCG01ICECMcGee pers. comm.!@ , ** PNDMCD02ICECMcDearman pers. comm.Y@ , .." PNDMCD01ICECMcDonald pers. comm.@ , --! PNThis forest alliance occurs on well-drained, moderate to steep mid to lower slopes and toeslopes from approximately 480-915 m in elevation. Sites are usually influenced by cold-air drainage. These ~Alnus rubra$-dominated stands occur within the warmest extreme of the inland maritime climatic regime, generally being restricted to very moist and warm sites. This region is characterized by rugged topography, and a history of repeated natural mass-wasting and alluvial deposition is apparent in these steep V-shaped valleys. These mass-wasting disturbance events occur with sufficient frequency to maintain the early-seral ~Alnus rubra$-dominated stands. These forest stands are typically the result of the rapid establishment and domination by ~Alnus rubra$ following stand-replacing disturbance (such as an intense wildfire or a landslide). The even-aged ~Alnus rubra$ forms a single-layered, dense deciduous forest canopy. Understory shrub associates include ~Acer glabrum, Rosa gymnocarpa, Rubus parviflorus, Symphoricarpos mollis$, and ~Vaccinium membranaceum$. Herbaceous species with a strong affinity to the community are ~Adiantum pedatum, Anemone piperi, Asarum caudatum, Athyrium filix-femina, Circaea alpina, Clintonia uniflora, Coptis occidentalis, Cornus canadensis, Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Polystichum munitum, Streptopus amplexifolius$, and ~Tiarella trifoliata var. unifoliata (= Tiarella unifoliata)$.LVALi9Z+]*^,b.h5o=lPNDWHI02ICECWhite pers. comm.m@/ ** PNDWEA01ICECWeakley pers. comm.@/ ,, PNDVAN02ICECVan Druten pers. comm.@/ //# PNDVAN01ICECVanderhorst pers. comm.@/ 00$ PNDTUR02ICECTurner pers. comm.N@/ ++ PNDTUR01ICECTurner pers. comm.Y@/ ++ PNDTUH01ICECTuhy pers. comm.+@/ )) PNDTAU01ICECTausch pers. comm.-@/ ++ PNDTAS01ICECTassin persThis riparian forest alliance occurs along perennial or seasonally intermittent streams in the southwestern U.S. Stands occur in narrow stream valleys, on gently sloping alluvial terraces. These vegetation types require reliable surface flow during the winter-spring months, they are periodically inundated during spring runoff and generally are found along small, perennial streams. The soils are depositional and silty loam in texture. Vegetation within this alliance is characterized by a closed forest canopy dominated by the broad-leaved cold-deciduous tree~Platanus wrightii$. ~Fraxinus velutina$ and ~Juglans major$ are common codominants. ~Populus fremontii$ often is an emergent tree from the canopy. The moderately dense tree subcanopy often includes ~Celtis laevigata var. reticulata, Prosopis velutina, Quercus arizonica, Quercus emoryi, Robinia neomexicana$, and ~Salix gooddingii$. The woody vine ~Vitis arizonica$ is typically present. The shrub layer is often present and contains several of the following: ~Rhus trilobata, Toxicodendron radicans, Amorpha fruticosa$, and ~Baccharis salicifolia$. The herbaceous layer commonly includes ~Aristida$ spp., ~Bouteloua curtipendula, Carex$ spp., ~Eriogonum$ spp., ~Gutierrezia sarothrae, Muhlenbergia$ spp., ~Elymus elymoides$, and ~Sporobolus cryptandrus$. Diagnostic of this riparian alliance is the closed tree canopy dominated by ~Platanus wrightii$, and the brief seasonal flooding and relatively high water tables that occur in these forests.\LVALhIN$]-g9d2 j?XW03CON02ICECCONABIO 2003bw@ 5 && W03CON01ICECCONABIO 2003aw@5 && W02KLI01ICECKlinka and Chourmouzis 2002@5 44( W02FEI01ICECFEIS 2002@5 "" W01NRC01ICECNRCS 2001@5 "" W01HAI01ICECHaines 2001@5 $$ Vegetation types in this alliance occur on terraces and floodplains immediately adjacent to streams in the western United States. Elevations range from 1350 m in the Southwest to 2400 m in Colorado. Microtopography is often smooth to gently undulating with slopes between 2 and 5%. Stands generally occur within 1 m of the high water mark, but can also occur on higher terraces, up to 3 m above the channel. Water tables are rarely within 50 cm of the soil surface, and stands are as much as 3-4 m above the stream level. Soil pH levels range from slightly acid to moderately alkaline (pH 6.2-8.4). Soils are typically well-drained with large amounts of coarse fragments in the subsurface horizons. The soil textures are fine sandy loams, clay loams, silty clay loams, and silty clay. Floods and beavers frequently rework soils. Peat deposits, if present, are thin. Vegetation stands within this alliance are defined as cold-deciduous temporarily flooded forests. The tree canopy is dense and dominated by up to 70% cover of ~Populus angustifolia$. Other trees include (0-30% cover each) ~Populus deltoides, Acer grandidentatum, Salix amygdaloides$, and ~Acer negundo$. The shrub layer is dominated by 10-70% cover of ~Amelanchier alnifolia, Lonicera involucrata$, or ~Rosa woodsii$. The herbaceous undergrowth is typically dominated by hay grasses and a sparse forb cover, with 0-20% cover of ~Maianthemum stellatum$ and ~Thalictrum fendleri$. ~Pinus edulis - Juniperus osteosperma$ woodlands, ~Pinus ponderosa - Quercus gambelii$ forests, ~Quercus gambelii$ scrub, and ~Artemisia tridentata$ and ~Chrysothamnus$ spp. shrublands often occur on adjacent hillslopes in the Colorado stands.LVAL#This riparian forest alliance occurs on alluvial terraces along major streams and rivers throughout the western United States, west of the Continental Divide. Elevations range from sea level in California to 1800 m. They can occur on alluvial terraces of major streams and rivers, margins of lakes, meadows, deltas, river mouths, and terraces. Stands can occupy broad floodplains or form narrow stringers adjacent to streams with a much steeper slope. Soils typically overlay river gravel and/or cobbles and are coarse-textured. Water tables usually drop below 1 m of the soil surface in summer, but can remain moist due to capillary action. Vegetation within this alliance is characterized by an open to moderately dense tree layer that is dominated by ~Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa$. Tree associates include ~Populus deltoides, Populus angustifolia, Pinus ponderosa, Picea$ spp., and ~Alnus rhombifolia, Alnus rubra$, and ~Fraxinus latifolia$ in stands along the west coast. A shrub layer is usually present and may be dominated by ~Alnus incana, Betula papyrifera, Cornus sericea, Crataegus douglasii, Prunus virginiana, Ribes americanum, Salix exigua$, and ~Symphoricarpos albus$. The herbaceous layer is usually relatively sparse and is dominated by either forbs or graminoids. Common species include ~Actaea rubra, Cicuta douglasii, Equisetum sylvaticum, Mentha arvensis$, and ~Symphyotrichum spathulatum (= Aster occidentalis)$. The graminoid cover is usually less than 10%, but can be up to 80% consisting mainly of introduced hay grasses on disturbed sites. Species information on the graminoid and forb layers is lacking for much of the range of this alliance. Diagnostic of this alliance is the dominance of ~Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa$ in the tree canopy in forests that are briefly flooded during the growing season.LVAL%This alliance occurs in Arizona and New Mexico along moderately large rivers that are below 1800 m in elevation. Sites vary from point bars and other recent depositional features to alluvial terraces that may be several meters away from the channel, and several meters above the water table. Although this alliance is typically riparian, stands may occur at a considerable distance from rivers where water tables are relatively shallow. The alluvial soils are deep, stratified, sandy loams with cobbles. Point bars within the channels are composed of fresh alluvial sands and gravels. Vegetation within this forest alliance is characterized by ~Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni$-dominated tree and shrub layers. Canopy structure varies from a few large individuals to younger stands with high stem density. Cover may vary from sparse to dense. Other trees occasionally present include ~Populus angustifolia$ and ~Populus X acuminata$. The shrub layer varies depending on the tree canopy density and other factors. Shrub associates include ~Juniperus monosperma, Forestiera pubescens (= Forestiera neomexicana), Fallugia paradoxa, Baccharis salicifolia (= Baccharis glutinosa), Baccharis sarothroides$, and ~Gutierrezia sarothrae$. The liana ~Clematis ligusticifolia$ may be present in some stands. The generally sparse to moderate dense herbaceous layer is dominated by graminoids, such as ~Muhlenbergia asperifolia, Muhlenbergia emersleyi, Eleocharis palustris$, and ~Distichlis spicata$, in relatively undisturbed stands, although introduced hay grasses are not uncommon. Forb cover is sparse. Diagnostic of this alliance is the dominance of ~Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni$ in the tree canopy of forests that are briefly flooded during the growing season or have relatively high water tables.LVAL'@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @`\[o`uVWjbfb [orpVWjbfb ![orpVXjbfb "[rumVWjbfb #[sfpVWjbfb $[ufjVWjbfb %[ujbVWjbfb &[ujbVXjbfb '[urdVWjbfb [urdVXjbfb [vbrVWjbfb [vjoVWjbfb [vorVXjbfb [vwfVWjbfb [w`}VWjbfb [wjvVWjbfb [xphVWjbfb [{fmVWjbfb \aufVWjbfb \d`zVWjbfb \d`}VWjbfb \drdVWjbfb \d}uVWjbfb \gufVWjbfb \i`mVWjbfb \ixhVWjbfb \ixmVWjbfb \i}dVWjbfb \lu`VWjbfb This forest alliance occurs in riparian areas in the southwestern United States. Stands have been described from floodplains along the valley floors of large rivers in southwestern New Mexico, Utah, and Arizona. Although periodic drought can result in the rivers becoming dry, water tables are generally high throughout the year, with surface flooding during the spring months. Soils are alluvial, deposited in stratified layers of clays, sands, silts and gravels. Forests included in this alliance are characterized in mature stands by a dense overstory canopy 20-25 m tall of ~Populus fremontii$. Canopy cover is variable, depending upon the age of the stand, but averages well over 60%. In the subcanopy, ~Salix gooddingii$, a small tree (to 15 m tall), is usually present with low cover. Scattered shrubs are found in the understory, but total cover of this layer is typically less than 10%. Shrub species may include ~Amorpha fruticosa, Baccharis salicifolia$, and ~Salix exigua$. The herbaceous layer is sparse. Associated species include ~Anemopsis californica, Distichlis spicata$, and ~Juncus balticus$. Tree litter covers much of the ground surface. Diagnostic of this alliance is the dominance of ~Populus fremontii$ in the relatively dense tree canopy of forests that are briefly flooded during the growing season and have relatively high water tables.LVAL@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ `]ZobhVWjbfb ZrmhVXjbfb Zsr{VWjbfb ZwxfVWjbfb ZxphVWjbfb ZxphVXjbfb ZxphVYjbfb Z{`uVWjbfb Z{f`VWjbfb Z{fmVWjbfbSeasonally flooded wetlands dominated by ~Cornus foemina (= Cornus stricta)$. There currently is one very rare association known only from the Outer Banks of North Carolina; it occurs in peaty soil in old interdune swales. It is dominated by a canopy of ~Cornus foemina$, with much lesser amounts of ~Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Persea borbonia$, and ~Vaccinium stamineum$, generally with dense thickets of ~Berchemia scandens, Ampelopsis arborea, Smilax bona-nox, Smilax laurifolia$, and ~Smilax rotundifolia$. A sparse, emergent supercanopy of ~Pinus taeda$ is often present.Vegetation types within the ~~Salix bonplandiana$ Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance (A.314)$$ are found along streams and arroyos in the American Southwest. They occur on rocky soils and disturbed areas such as severely scoured rivers and heavily grazed areas. Flooding episodes are brief, occurring during the growing season. The water table is usually well below the soil surface. Elevation ranges from 850-1195 m. Soils and adjacent upslope vegetation information for this alliance was not available. Communities within this ~Salix bonplandiana$ alliance are characterized as cold-deciduous forest. ~Salix bonplandiana$ dominates the tree canopy with 67% cover. These stands occur with the following community types: ~Acer negundo$-mixed deciduous, ~Alnus oblongifolia, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Platanus wrightii - Fraxinus pennsylvanica$, and ~Populus fremontii - Fraxinus pennsylvanica$. The understory was dense (60-100% cover), primarily ~Baccharis salicifolia$ with a fair regeneration of ~Salix bonplandiana$ as evidenced by sapling and seedling numbers.LVALB@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ This alliance is widely distributed in the eastern United States. Stands are dominated by broad-leaved deciduous trees and well-developed shrub and herbaceous strata. They are characterized by dense growth and a great diversity of species. Basal area can reach 40-42 m2/ha. ~Acer rubrum$ and ~Fraxinus pennsylvanica$ are consistently abundant overstory species, but ~Fraxinus profunda$ (in the southern parts of this alliance's range), ~Liquidambar styraciflua, Quercus lyrata, Quercus bicolor$, and ~Ulmus americana$ occur almost as frequently, and ~Nyssa aquatica$ and ~Taxodium distichum$ occur sporadically in the southern parts of this alliance's range. ~Acer saccharinum$ may dominate in parts of the range. The shrub layer can include a diverse mixture including ~Carpinus caroliniana, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Forestiera acuminata$, and ~Ilex decidua$, but ~Itea virginica$ is characteristic of southern stands of this alliance. Even with dense shading, the herbaceous layer is usually well-developed, displaying a preponderance of ~Boehmeria cylindrica, Carex$ spp., ~Glyceria$ spp., ~Juncus$ spp., ~Laportea canadensis, Leersia$ spp., and ~Pilea pumila$. ~Vitis$ spp. are characteristic vines of this community, but ~Toxicodendron radicans$ and ~Campsis radicans$ are also prominent. ^Sites which support stands of this alliance have level or nearly level soils that formed in water-deposited clayey or loamy sediments on floodplains of the Mississippi and other rivers and large perennial streams in the Coastal Plain. These soils are flooded or saturated for a significant portion of the growing season, and water may be ponded for most of the year in shallow depressions. Flooding can reach 1 m. Flooding occurs during the winter and spring and often extends into the growing season.LVALU@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ Forests dominated by ~Liquidambar styraciflua$ with seasonally flooded hydrology. Some stands may be dominated or codominated by ~Acer rubrum$. Other woody species that may be present include ~Planera aquatica, Salix nigra, Quercus palustris, Quercus lyrata, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Quercus phellos$, and ~Cornus foemina$. Shrubs that may be present include ~Ilex opaca, Magnolia virginiana, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Clethra alnifolia, Leucothoe racemosa$, and ~Vaccinium corymbosum$. ~Sphagnum$ spp. are common in the herbaceous layer. Known examples occur in seasonally flooded depressions and not on floodplains.This alliance includes communities dominated by one or more of the mayhaws, ~Crataegus aestivalis, Crataegus opaca$, and/or ~Crataegus rufula$, occurring in seasonally flooded depressions, which may occur either in floodplains or in uplands of the Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States. The mayhaws often dominate seasonally flooded depressions, and are small trees to 12 m tall and to at least 30 cm dbh. Canopy coverage in mayhaw ponds may vary from a closed canopy to an open, scattered, or zonal canopy of mayhaw. In the Florida Panhandle and adjacent portions of Alabama and Georgia, the various nominal species can occur intermixed. ~Crataegus aestivalis$ occurs from southeastern North Carolina through South Carolina and Georgia to northern peninsular Florida and eastern Panhandle Florida. ~Crataegus opaca$ occurs from eastern Texas east to southern Alabama and extreme western Panhandle Florida. ~Crataegus rufula$ occurs in southwestern Georgia, southeastern Alabama, and Panhandle Florida. Mayhaw forests occur in broad depressions of the central flatwoods of the Florida parishes of eastern Louisiana. The distributions of mayhaw communities are not very well understood.LVAL@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ `_WobmVXvfxv Wsg`VWjbfb WsmxVWjbfb WvwfVWjbfb WvwuVWjbfb W{f`VWjbfb W{jmVWjbfb W{jmVXjbfb W{jmVYjbfb X`auVWjbfb XafmVWjbfb XafuVWjbfb XauxVWjbfb XaxuVXThis alliance includes forests dominated by some combination of ~Nyssa aquatica, Nyssa biflora$, or ~Nyssa ogeche$ without substantial ~Taxodium distichum$, that occur in seasonally flooded floodplains, sloughs, and backswamps. ~Acer rubrum var. rubrum, Quercus laurifolia, Quercus lyrata, Ulmus americana$, and ~Liquidambar styraciflua$ are characteristic canopy species. The canopy layer in these forests often is dense, but strata below are sparse to very sparse. ~Fraxinus caroliniana, Itea virginica$, and ~Sebastiania fruticosa$ are common understory species. Common herbaceous species of forests in this alliance include ~Carex gigantea, Phanopyrum gymnocarpon (= Panicum gymnocarpon), Pluchea$ sp., ~Carex bromoides, Rhynchospora corniculata, Leersia lenticularis, Proserpinaca pectinata$, and ~Pleopeltis polypodioides$.Examples of this alliance are found in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina, on natural lake shorelines on mineral soils. Stands are dominated by ~Taxodium distichum$ and hardwoods, such as ~Liquidambar styraciflua, Platanus occidentalis, Quercus michauxii$, and ~Quercus pagoda$. Some common understory species include ~Asimina triloba, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Cyrilla racemiflora, Persea palustris$, and ~Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera)$. Some herbs which may occur include ~Panicum hemitomon, Pontederia cordata, Peltandra sagittifolia, Nuphar$ spp., and others. This alliance contains two associations, both rare; its range is limited to the Coastal Plain of North Carolina. One association is dominated by ~Liquidambar styraciflua$ and ~Persea palustris$.DLVAL`RThese forests, dominated by ~Planera aquatica$, are found along southern Coastal Plain rivers and in backswamps. These short-statured forests sometimes have a scattered emergent canopy of ~Taxodium ascendens, Taxodium distichum, Nyssa biflora, Populus heterophylla, Acer negundo, Fraxinus caroliniana, Liquidambar styraciflua, Platanus occidentalis, Carya aquatica$, and ~Fraxinus pennsylvanica$, among others. At least some occurrences arise in backswamps and sloughs formerly dominated by the species listed above that, due to rapid siltation, experience severe hydrologic modification that results in shifts in dominance. The herbaceous layer in these forests is sparse and can include ~Saururus cernuus, Boehmeria cylindrica, Berchemia scandens, Vitis rotundifolia$, and others.Forests, dominated by one or more of ~Nyssa aquatica, Nyssa biflora$, or ~Nyssa ogeche$, that occur in isolated wetlands within an upland matrix. Other woody species that may be present include ~Taxodium ascendens, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Liquidambar styraciflua, Itea virginica, Acer rubrum var. rubrum, Quercus nigra, Leucothoe racemosa, Viburnum nudum var. nudum, Alnus serrulata, Ilex verticillata, Clethra alnifolia, Lyonia lucida$, and ~Cliftonia monophylla$ (within its range). The shrub and herb layers may be sparse to relatively lush and characteristic herbaceous species include ~Carex joorii, Saccharum baldwinii, Smilax laurifolia, Juncus repens, Carex crinita, Panicum virgatum var. virgatum, Woodwardia virginica, Carex turgescens, Carex striata, Carex glaucescens, Carex verrucosa, Woodwardia areolata, Osmunda cinnamomea$, and ~Rhynchospora$ spp. Vegetation of peaty or mucky, acidic, wet depressions in the Atlantic and East Gulf coastal plains, as well as of isolated ponds in the Interior Low Plateau is included in this alliance. There is a rare community in this alliance dominated by ~Nyssa ogeche$ that occurs in sinkhole depressions in Georgia and Florida.:LVALFLhZYd`zVWjbfb CZZbrvVWjbfb CZZw`}VWjbfb C Z\brvVWjbfb C!Z_bu`VWjbfb C"[WsxwVWjbfb C#[YkriVWjbfb C$[ZpjbVWjbfb C%[]ojpVWjbfb C&[^ofuVWjbfb C'\Vb`pVWjbfb D\VlmjVWjbfb D\VsxwVWjbfb D\Wau`VWjbfb D\XgurVWjbfb D\YmxvVWjbfb D\ZdujVWjbfb D\ZgjvVWjbfb D\Zi`wVWjbfb D\ZlmjVWjbfb D \[d`iVWjbfb D \[gr{VWjbfb D \\au`VXjbfb D \]mrzVWjbfb D \]vojVWjbfb D\^am`VWjbfb D\^am`VXjbfb D\^am`VYjbfb D\^s`vVWjbfb D\_am`VWjbfb D\_am`VXjbfb D\_am`VYjbfb D\_am`VZjbfb D\_am`V[jbfb D\_fudVWjbfb D\_gu`VWjbfb D]VifuVWjbfb D]VobhVWjbfb D]V{ijVWjbfb D]Wam`VWjbfb D]WbmfVWjbfb D]Wdf`VWjbfb D]WiruVWjbfb D ]WmjwVWjbfb D!]WrioVWjbfb D"]Wv`{VWjbfb D#]WvwfVWjbfb D$]WwijVWjbfb D%]Xgm`VWjbfb D&]Xgu`VWjbfb E]XhujVWjbfb E]Xv`zVWjbfb E]XvwfVWjbfbThis alliance occurs in seasonally flooded portions of active floodplains that periodically receive overbank flooding and hold water into the growing season. The canopy usually contains ~Quercus laurifolia$ or ~Quercus phellos$. Other species characteristic of forests in this alliance include ~Taxodium distichum, Nyssa biflora, Quercus nigra, Fraxinus caroliniana, Itea virginica, Sabal minor, Justicia ovata, Proserpinaca pectinata$, and ~Saururus cernuus$. The subcanopy layer is often well-developed and ~Carpinus caroliniana$ is common, but the shrub and herbaceous layers usually are sparse. These forests often grade into ~Taxodium - Nyssa$ swamps. They are distributed in the Atlantic Coastal Plain from North Carolina and possibly Virginia to Georgia, and in the Gulf Coast to Louisiana and possibly Texas. An association described from Ft. Benning and the Oconee National Forest is dominated by ~Quercus phellos$ and ~Liquidambar styraciflua$.LVALN~Quercus lyrata$ is dominant or codominant in stands of this alliance. There is often substantial ~Carya aquatica$, especially in the wetter sites where no other canopy species occur. Less wet occurrences of this alliance will have substantial ~Liquidambar styraciflua$, as well as ~Quercus texana$ within its range. Species composition varies with geography, but characteristic species include ~Quercus laurifolia, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Carpinus caroliniana, Fraxinus profunda, Taxodium distichum, Planera aquatica, Populus heterophylla, Celtis laevigata, Diospyros virginiana, Acer rubrum, Quercus phellos$ (sometimes codominant to dominant), and occasionally ~Ulmus americana, Nyssa sylvatica, Quercus michauxii$, and ~Quercus palustris$. Common understory and shrub associates include ~Ilex decidua, Crataegus viridis, Cornus foemina (= Cornus stricta), Forestiera acuminata, Carpinus caroliniana$, and ~Cephalanthus occidentalis$. Species composition and density of the herbaceous stratum vary with geography and frequency of flooding. Common species in this layer include ~Justicia ovata, Saururus cernuus, Leersia lenticularis, Mikania scandens, Lobelia cardinalis, Ludwigia palustris, Diodia virginiana, Gratiola virginiana, Carex joorii, Carex intumescens, Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (= Aster lateriflorus), Boehmeria cylindrica$, and ~Pilea pumila$. The exotic ~Ludwigia grandiflora (= Ludwigia uruguayensis)$ may be common in examples of this alliance. Some occurrences in Arkansas have ~Gleditsia aquatica, Liquidambar styraciflua, Acer rubrum, Acer saccharinum$, and ~Diospyros virginiana$. Shrubs include ~Planera aquatica, Styrax americanus, Cornus foemina$, and ~Cephalanthus occidentalis$. Vines are common and species include ~Lonicera japonica$ (exotic), ~Vitis palmata$, and ~Cardiospermum halicacabum$. Forests of this alliance occur on heavy clay soils of the Orders Ultisol and Vertisol on low, wet, seasonally flooded floodplains, shallow sloughs with relatively little water flow, and in depressions.LVAL 2This alliance, found in the central midwestern United States, contains 'flatwood' and poorly drained floodplain communities characterized by a closed to partially open canopy dominated by ~Quercus bicolor$ and/or ~Quercus palustris$. Other tree species associates include ~Liquidambar styraciflua, Quercus alba, Quercus coccinea, Acer rubrum, Carya ovata, Nyssa sylvatica$, and others. Throughout much of its range, this alliance is dominated by ~Quercus palustris$. ~Quercus bicolor$ can occur in pure stands, or in association with ~Quercus palustris, Quercus coccinea, Quercus alba$, and ~Acer rubrum$. ~Quercus macrocarpa$ occurs more commonly in the Great Lakes lakeplain and ~Quercus pagoda$ in the Interior Plateau. Shrub and herb layers are generally sparse, containing such species as ~Gaylussacia baccata, Vaccinium corymbosum, Carex stipata, Scirpus cyperinus, Thelypteris palustris, Glyceria striata$, and ~Isoetes$ spp. Stands found in seepage areas have a more hydrophytic flora, including species such as ~Alnus serrulata, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Carex crinita, Onoclea sensibilis$, and ~Osmunda regalis$. ^Many stands are seasonally wet (mostly during winter and early spring) with a shallow, perched water table, but tend to be dry in late summer and early fall, a condition often leading to vegetation called 'flatwoods.' Although flatwoods are best developed on soils with massive, brittle fragipans, they are also well represented on relatively impermeable clay soils that are found on poorly drained uplands or in depressions on level glacial lake plains or outwash plains. Fragipans (or hardpans) are usually developed from glacial till of Illinoisan age in the Midwest. During the rainy season, water slowly permeates these soils and ponds in depressions. The soil dries rapidly in the summer or during drought, and herbaceous vegetation wilts in response to this stress. The penetration of tree roots in the subsoil and burrowing by animals is limited by the hardpan, and tree species may appear somewhat LVAL\ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @spdh`dVWjbfb @$spdh`{VWjbfb AspdhrzVWjbfb Aspdi`uVWjbfb Aspdi`uVXjbfb Aspdi`uVYjbfb AspdijpVWjbfb Aspdir`VWjbfb Aspdir`VXjbfb AspdiroVWjbfb AspdixpVWjbfb A spdi}`VWjbfb A spdkriVWjbfb A spdkrpVWjbfb A spdl`hVWjbfb A spdl`xVWjbfb AspdlffVWjbfb AspdlfpVWjbfb AspdlfwVWjbfb AspdljpVWjbfb AspdljpVXjbfb AspdljwVWjbfb AspdlrzVWjbfb Aspdlu`VWjbfb Aspdmf`VWjbfb AspdmfaVWjbfb Aspdo`bVWjbfb Aspdo`kVWjbfb AspdobbVWjbfb AspdobdVWjbfb AspdobdVXjbfb AspdobhVWjbfb AspdoblVWjbfb AspdobmVWjbfb A spdofdVWjbfb A!spdofwVWjbfb A"spdorrVWjbfb A#spdoruVWjbfb A$spdoxmVWjbfb A%spdoxuVWjbfb BspdpfmVWjbfb BspdpjbVWjbfb BspdpjhVWjbfb BspdpruVWjbfb BspdpruVXjbfb BspdrafVWjbfb BspdrafVXjbfb BspdrdfVWjbfb Bspdru~VWjbfb B spds`wVWjbfb B spds`wVXjbfb B spdsfwVWjbfb B spdsjwVWjbfb B spdsrjVWjbfb BspdsrjVXjbfb BspdsujVWjbfb Bspds}pVWjbfb BspdufxVWjbfb BspdujaVWjbfb BspduxdVWjbfb Bspdv`vVWjbfb BspdvbiVWjbfb BspdvbiVXjbfb BspdvjoVWjbfb BspdvojVWjbfb BspdvruVWjbfb BspdvsfVWjbfb BspdvwfVWjbfb Bspdw`vVWjbfb Bspdw`xVWjbfb BspdwxiVWjbfb BspdwxuVWjbfb B spdwxuVXjbfb B!spdz`pVWjbfb B"spdz`pVXjbfb B#spd{f`VWjbfb B$spd{ijVXjbfb B%spd{jfVXjbfb Cspd{jpVWjbfb Cspd{rrVWjbfb Cspd~`oVWjbfb Cspd~jfVWjbfb Cspd~rmVWjbfb CxVVuxvVYjbfb CxVXbrmVWjbfb CxVXjd`VWjbfb CxVXorpVWjbfb C xVXrufVstunted. Some stands are found on seasonally saturated sites that receive groundwater seepage. This water, combined with rainwater, keeps the soils saturated during wet periods and moist during dry periods. The soils have a pH below 5.5. The parent material is sand, gravelly or sandy alluvium, muck, or peat.VLVALb@ @@@@@ @`pdfuvrpW__\ *a`lfu`pdm`phdrpW__V +afppfww`pdpfmvrpW__W e&,arxudf`x`pdrrvwThis alliance consists of tropical hardwood hammocks of southern Florida, which are found on sites with elevated limestone at or near the surface. Classic examples occur inland, but closely related maritime examples fringe both the Gulf and Atlantic coastlines where sands contain substantial shell fragments. The vegetation consists of closed, broad-leaved forests with large numbers of evergreen and semi-evergreen tree species, many with tropical affinities reaching their northern range limits. Periodic freezes limit northward expansion, and coastal examples extend much farther north than inland ones. Canopy height ranges from 6-17 m, and is usually essentially unistratal. The canopy composition is usually very diverse at a given location but varies greatly from association to association and from site to site. ~Bursera simaruba$ and ~Coccoloba diversifolia$ are possibly the most likely species to be encountered in hammocks throughout the region, along with the small tree ~Eugenia axillaris$. However, a large number of other tropical species may also be encountered depending upon location. ~Lysiloma latisiliquum, Swietenia mahagoni, Simarouba glauca$, and ~Sideroxylon foetidissimum$ are some of the species with the greatest size potential (and therefore usually dominating the basal area of more mature hammocks). ~Quercus laurifolia$ and ~Quercus virginiana$ are among the relatively few species with temperate affinities which may be present. These hammocks are notably deficient in terrestrial herbaceous species, and the forest floor is consequently sparsely vegetated. However, herbaceous epiphytes are abundant and conspicuous, including ferns, bromeliads, and orchids.LVAL 5Forests in this alliance have seasonally flooded hydrology and are typically dominated or codominated by ~Quercus phellos$. Other canopy species that frequently occur in these forests are ~Quercus lyrata, Quercus nigra, Quercus laurifolia$ (within its range), ~Quercus similis$ (within its range), ~Quercus texana$ (within its range), ~Quercus bicolor$ (within its range), ~Nyssa biflora, Liquidambar styraciflua, Ulmus americana$, and in the northern extension of its range, ~Celtis laevigata var. laevigata$ and ~Fraxinus pennsylvanica$. The subcanopy and shrub layers are poorly developed. Common species of these strata are ~Acer rubrum, Ilex decidua, Fraxinus caroliniana, Salix nigra$, and ~Viburnum nudum var. nudum$. Some other characteristic herbs of these forests include ~Boehmeria cylindrica, Saururus cernuus, Onoclea sensibilis, Carex joorii, Carex striata, Carex intumescens, Saccharum baldwinii, Juncus coriaceus, Trachelospermum difforme, Cinna arundinacea, Chasmanthium sessiliflorum, Rhynchospora glomerata$, and ~Osmunda cinnamomea$. ~Sphagnum$ spp. may be common, especially ~Sphagnum lescurii$. This alliance occurs in upland depressions and swales in flatwoods that do not receive overbank flooding. In addition, some associations in this alliance are described from depressions in floodplains, but these may more appropriately placed in the related alliance, ~~Quercus (laurifolia, phellos)$ Seasonally Flooded Forest Alliance (A.327)$$. The flooding is seasonal in all these environments, but the hydroperiod may be longer or shorter depending on the situation. Some examples typically have longer hydroperiods than ~Quercus phellos$-dominated communities in floodplain terraces. This alliance is found in the central and southeastern United States. Its component associations are distributed from the West Gulf Coastal Plain of Arkansas and Texas through the Gulf Coastal Plain, and north in the Atlantic Coastal Plain and Piedmont to Virginia. They also occur in the Interior Low Plateau of Tennessee and vLVAL.@  @@@@@@@ @ @  @@@  afpvrpW_^X 'fp}xvW_^_ @fudjpfW__^ 'fudjpf`pdhrxmdW___ fuhW__Y fuho`p`pdo`ubxvW_]\ fup`udW_\Y fup`ud`pdafup`udW_]W fuujmm`pdafuujmmW_^W ' fuu}W_\Y #fuwpfvvW_^^ fuwpfvvfw`mW__X fw`pbrxuw`pdz`pdfzfpdfuW_^W fw~W_]^ fxbipfuW_ZZ ^&ibjW___ C j`W_]_ F&jbifmW_[_ #jfum}W_]X jhirupbr`mojpfpd jhmf}`pdixmmW__X fjhmf}`pdixmmW__[ jmmjphvW_Z[ bjmmjphvW_Z_ bjmmjphvW_[V bjmmjphvW_\_ jmmjphv`pdo`ulW_[] jjplmf}W_^\ '%judW_YV V jvvfmmW_]Y m`bl`pdo`blW_]\ m`blaxupW_\] m`blaxup`pdwxfmmfuW_]V m`blaxupfw`mW_\^` Dm`blaxupfw`mW_\^a Dm`blaxupfw`mW_\^b Dm`blaxupfw`mW_\_` Dm`blaxupfw`mW_\_a Dm`blaxupfw`mW_\_b Dm`blaxupfw`mW_\_d Dm`blaxupfw`mW_\_f Dm`blaxupfw`mW_]W Dm`bli`{lbr`mbros`p}W_^W m`juW_Y^ Zm`ju`pdixaafmmW_Y^ Zm`jvdfmm`pdirmohufpW_^Z m`jvdfmmfw`mW_]Z $mffd`pdhjpvafuhW__V mjvvW_[\ jmjvvW_\Y mjvv`pdbr|W_\Z $mj~~`udW_YW VmoW_]_` FmoW_]_a Frbl`pdarblW_^Z rbl`pdarblW_^\ "rfwvbiW__^ Crfwvbisfuvbroo @ rfwwbifu`pdau`hhW_^_ rhhvW__\ rhhvXVVV BrhhvXVVX rhhvfw`mW__V rmdwfw`mW_]^ rmfpW_\Z %rmfv`pddjblsfddjfW_^Y rp`blfufw`mW_]_ FrpdW_[_ $rpi`oW_\\ rpi`o`pdi`pp`pW_]^ rpi`o`pdmfu{jblW_]\ rpi`o`pd{`udW_]V rrwiW_YX rrwiW_ZW ^rubifuwW_^] rubifuwXVVV ruh`jvW__V CruijdjW__W @%ruijdj`pdoxpj~W_^Y 'ruijdjfw`mW_]_ #ruijdjfw`mW_^Y rur{jw~`pdvwKentucky, the Cumberland Plateau of northern Alabama, and the Mississippi River Alluvial Plain north to southern Illinois.LVAL  @ @  @@@@@@@@@Seasonally flooded forests dominated or codominated by ~Salix caroliniana$. Some examples may be shorter than 5 m, especially when young or successional following fire or other disturbance, but all classed here for now. Both subtropical and warm temperate communities are placed here. One (subtropical) association is a dense thicket dominated by ~Salix caroliniana$, 2-7 m tall, occurring in seasonal ponds, alligator holes, and other depressions in southern Florida. ~Cephalanthus occidentalis$ and ~Annona glabra$ are often present as well. Herbaceous species include ~Bacopa caroliniana, Blechnum serrulatum, Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense, Crinum americanum, Eleocharis cellulosa, Ludwigia peruviana, Ludwigia repens, Pontederia cordata (= Pontederia cordata var. lancifolia), Proserpinaca palustris$, and ~Sagittaria$ spp. Another association occurs in peaty depressional wetlands in northern peninsular Florida. ~Salix caroliniana$ is the monodominant small tree. Associated species are ~Decodon verticillatus, Typha latifolia, Boehmeria cylindrica, Saccharum giganteum$, and ~Hydrocotyle$ spp.These bottomland forests of the Mississippi River Alluvial Plain, West Gulf Coastal Plain, and Mobile-Tensaw Delta are dominated by ~Quercus texana$ and, often, ~Quercus lyrata$. Associated woody species include ~Sassafras albidum, Taxodium distichum, Liquidambar styraciflua, Fraxinus profunda, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Celtis laevigata, Forestiera acuminata, Carya aquatica$, and ~Gleditsia aquatica$. Vines are common in these forests and species include ~Campsis radicans, Toxicodendron radicans, Ampelopsis arborea, Ampelopsis cordata, Berchemia scandens$, and others. Among the herbaceous species that may be present are ~Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (= Aster lateriflorus), Justicia ovata, Laportea canadensis$, and ~Leersia virginica$.9LVALEtߐQb pQEH0$zTqQc\ pQEH8$zqQd pQEH@$zlQe!pQEHH$zpQfX!pQEHP`c$z|mQg!pQEHXu%uUuu`i$zqQh"pQEH`ee%ueepo$zLqQiT"pQEHhee%u%%`p$z\pQj"pQEHpEeeue%pu$zqQk"pQEHxeeuuee`s$zHqQlP#pQEHeeuuue`c$zqQm#pQEHuueueu`m$zqQn#pQEHee%eueThis alliance of floodplains and streamsides in cismontane California requires seasonally flooded, saturated soils. Stands occur from sea level to 2700 m. Because of the Mediterranean climate throughout the range of this alliance, flooding can occur throughout the winter and spring. Annual rainfall totals are between 60 and 80 cm. Stands of this alliance are dominated by ~Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra$ in its tree form. The canopy may also be shared by ~Acer macrophyllum, Populus balsamifera, Populus fremontii, Salix gooddingii, Salix hookeriana, Salix laevigata, Salix sitchensis, Alnus rubra$, and ~Alnus rhombifolia$. Shrubs are typically sparse under the canopy, but many of the tree species in this alliance may also occur in shrub form. Other shrubs that may be present include ~Sambucus mexicana$ and ~Cornus sericea$. The herbaceous layer is highly variable depending on season, length of time since last inundation, and degree of disturbance.}LVAL`p $z4qQ{<(pQEHeUue%eSeasonally flooded forests dominated by the exotic ~Triadica sebifera (= Sapium sebiferum)$ (Euphorbiaceae). This tree was introduced into the lower Gulf Coastal Plain as an ornamental and is spreading. It can overtake native vegetation types to become the strong dominant. Other wetland trees may be present, including ~Acer rubrum var. drummondii, Salix nigra$, and ~Salix caroliniana$. Various wetland grasses, sedges, and forbs are present in these forests as well.This alliance contains ~Salix nigra$ communities with seasonally flooded hydrology, i.e., the water table is below the soil surface by the end of the growing season in most years. They can occur in the swamps away from the river, behind the levees in the Mississippi River floodplain with ~Carya aquatica$ (K. Ribbeck pers. comm.), as well as on newly accreted areas on large river floodplains and along lakeshores, irrigation reservoirs, and borrow areas. These forests also may develop following clearcut logging in swamp forests. Species composition varies with geography and topographic setting. Other species that may be present include ~Quercus lyrata, Taxodium distichum, Nyssa aquatica, Nyssa biflora, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Gleditsia triacanthos, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Acer rubrum$, and ~Celtis laevigata$. ~Cephalanthus occidentalis$ is a common shrub in these forests. The vine component often is well-developed. These communities are often short-lived and succeed to bottomland hardwood forests. However, reportedly in Mississippi, long-persisting forests of this type have huge trees on loamy soils of low terraces with little understory (R. Wieland pers. comm.). In the Columbia Bottomlands area of coastal Texas, vegetation classified in this alliance occupies large shallow ponds in ancient river floodplains. The successional status of this vegetation is undetermined, but it is apparently long persisting.LVALc@@@@ @@ @ @@@  @ @brsfm`pdW_]_ Fbrsfm`pdW_^V` brsfm`pdW_^Va Gbrsfm`pd`pdhuffpfW_^X brssrbl`pddfwmjphW_^\ brssrblfw`mW_[[ fbrssrblfwSeasonally flooded forests dominated or codominated by ~Taxodium ascendens$. Species composition ranges from pure ~Taxodium ascendens$ to relatively mixed canopy with characteristic canopy and subcanopy/shrub species including ~Nyssa biflora, Magnolia virginiana, Acer rubrum, Pinus elliottii var. elliottii, Persea palustris, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Annona glabra, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Salix caroliniana, Ilex cassine, Fraxinus caroliniana, Cyrilla racemiflora, Clethra alnifolia, Cliftonia monophylla$, and others. The subcanopy and shrub layers often are dense. Density of the herbaceous stratum varies with duration of flooding. Common species in this stratum include ~Woodwardia virginica, Saururus cernuus, Lachnanthes caroliana, Carex striata, Carex turgescens, Rhynchospora microcephala (= Rhynchospora cephalantha var. microcephala), Dulichium arundinaceum, Osmunda cinnamomea, Pontederia cordata, Boehmeria cylindrica, Triadenum$ spp., ~Brasenia schreberi, Nymphoides$ spp., ~Nelumbo lutea, Cabomba caroliniana, Potamogeton$ spp., ~Rhynchospora macrostachya, Rhynchospora inundata, Carex$ spp., ~Utricularia$ spp., ~Juncus$ spp., ~Polygonum$ spp., and ~Hydrocotyle$ spp. Some examples may have trees shorter than 5 m, especially around the margins of cypress domes in shallower water and thinner soil, but all are classified here. All of these forests experience water levels that fall below the surface, but some examples will have almost year-round flooding. Topographic setting ranges from depression sinkholes to streamside. Forests in this alliance occur in the outer Coastal Plain from North Carolina to Louisiana.LVALd@ @ @@@ @ @ @  @@@ @ d`oo`p`pdgufpbiW_^] c`oo`p`pdlfuvipfuW_]] `p`sfuvbroo @`pjfmvW_WW N#`pvfuf`xW_\\ %`uwrpW_V[ C`vwuxsW_\Y $`xafpojufW_Y\ Z`xafpojufW_ZY ^`xafpojufW_[X f`xafpojufW_[_ `xafpojufW_\^ `xafpojufW_]V `xafpojufW_]Y `xafpojufW_][ %`xafpojufW_^W `xafpojufW_^^ @`xafpojufW__V `xafpojufW__X `xafpojuf`pdd`xafpojufW_\^ *`zjdvrpW_[V *`zjvW_XY R`zjvW_YV V `zjvW_ZV ^`zjvW_ZY C`zjvW_[_ %`zjvW_\Z `zjvW_\\ `zjvW_]X `zjvW_^V `zjvW__X `zjv`pd`pdfuvrpW__W e(`zjvfw`mW__X `zjvfw`mW__^ `zjvrpW_^Z a`{vrp`pdfimfujphfuW__Y `}W_^[ `}`pddfwmFloodplain forests, with seasonally flooded hydrology, dominated by ~Taxodium distichum$ and usually one or more of the following: ~Nyssa aquatica, Nyssa biflora$, and/or ~Nyssa ogeche$. Characteristic woody species include ~Quercus lyrata, Carya aquatica, Acer rubrum, Planera aquatica, Fraxinus caroliniana, Liquidambar styraciflua, Quercus laurifolia, Populus heterophylla, Ilex decidua$, and others. The subcanopy, shrub and herbaceous layers of these communities range from sparse to moderate. Herbaceous and vine species that may be present include ~Leersia lenticularis, Justicia ovata, Carex intumescens, Boehmeria cylindrica, Onoclea sensibilis, Commelina communis, Hydrocotyle verticillata, Ludwigia palustris, Carex bromoides, Saururus cernuus, Pilea pumila, Phanopyrum gymnocarpon (= Panicum gymnocarpon), Campsis radicans, Smilax tamnoides (= Smilax hispida), Ampelopsis arborea, Mikania scandens$, and others. Forests in this alliance occur in the Coastal Plain from Virginia south tp Florida, west to eastern Texas, and in the Mississippi River alluvial basin north to southern Illinois.}LVALe@@  @ @@ @@ @ @   @@@@   dj`orpdW_^Y j`orpdW_^] j`orpdW__Y j`orpd`pdgxmaujhiwW__V "j`orpd`pdvofjpvW_^Z j`orpd`pdvofjpvW_^[ j`orpd`pdThis alliance is found in western Washington and Oregon, along the coast, and extends into the lowland valleys of the Puget Trough region. This maritime-influenced region receives annual precipitation ranging from 75-400 cm, mostly as winter rain. Vegetation within this alliance usually occurs along low-elevation (0-1000 m) alluvial valley bottom landforms and floodplains along the major rivers and streams, which often flood from winter into late spring or early summer. Stands also occur in moist ravines of the foothills. Sites include backwaters, and often have heavy, poorly drained soils and old oxbow lakes. This alliance includes closed-canopy, tall, deciduous forests, usually with a fairly dense shrubby understory. These are riparian forests along major rivers and streams. ~Acer macrophyllum$ is the dominant tree species, forming a dense but diffuse canopy. Other deciduous trees, such as ~Alnus rubra, Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa$, and ~Betula papyrifera$, may also be present in the tree stratum, but are usually not abundant. Conifers are absent or of relatively minor significance. There is usually a dense, shrubby understory, with commonly present species including ~Corylus cornuta, Rubus parviflorus, Rubus spectabilis, Oplopanax horridus$, or ~Symphoricarpos albus$. Forbs and ferns dominate the herbaceous layer; species include ~Oxalis oregana, Polystichum munitum, Athyrium filix-femina, Trillium ovatum, Maianthemum dilatatum$, and ~Achlys triphylla$. Communities within this alliance often grow adjacent to ~Fraxinus latifolia$ riparian forests, lowland wet prairies, and ~Tsuga heterophylla / Thuja plicata$ forest.LVALf@ @ @ @  @    @ @ @ @ @dx|axu}W_^] cd{}fuW_[^ d{}fu`pdsjfsfuW_\] !d{}fu`pdv`pfmo`ppW_\Z d}f`pdorjuW_]] #d}lvwfuixjvW_Z^ b d}upfvvW_\V d}upfvv`pd}rxphafuhW_\\ d}upfvvfw`mW_]Z` d}upfvvfw`mW_]Za d}upfvvfw`mW_][ Ef`h`u`pd`d`ovW__X Af`hfuW___ #f`uwiufvrxubfwfbiprmrh}pd f`vwfud`}`pdo`orpfW_^V f`vwfum}`pdv`mvwuroW__]  f`vwfupfbrmrh}{ruljphhurxspd fblfuwW_[] fbro`sW__Y f"fddmfo`pW_\Y fddmfo`pW_\] fddmfo`p`pdk`jpdmW__Z gfdd}W__V $fdjphfufw`mXVVX #fdojvwfpW_\Y %fd{`udvW_^X fd{`udvW_^] cfd{`udv`pd{fafuW__V fh`pW_^] fhhfuv`pduffdW_^] cfhhmfuW_Y^ ZfhhmfuW_ZW ^ fhmfuW_YZ fhmfuW_\X % fiufpgfmd`pdhxmjblW_^W fjdvrpsfuvbroo @fjmfuvW_][ fjmfuvW_^Z fmdfu`pdvsujphfuW_]^ "fmfxwfujxvW_]W fmfxwfujxvW_]X fmfxwfujxvW_]Y fmfxwfujxv`pdb`md{fmmW_^Z fmfxwfujxv`pdfmfxwfujxvW_]_ fmfxwfujxv`pdojmmfuW_]\ fmfxwfujxv`pdrwzrvW_]_ fmj`vW_^V 'This alliance includes diverse-canopied forests with a short canopy height of 3-8 m on coastal berms formed from storm-deposited shell hash of biogenic origin, consisting of limestone sand, shell, and calcareous algal fragments. Typical canopy components include ~Guapira discolor, Eugenia foetida, Metopium toxiferum, Pithecellobium keyense, Casasia clusiifolia, Suriana maritima, Conocarpus erectus, Bursera simaruba, Coccoloba uvifera, Eugenia axillaris, Coccothrinax argentata, Thrinax radiata, Reynosia septentrionalis, Sideroxylon celastrinum (= Bumelia celastrina), Piscidia piscipula, Erithalis fruticosa$, and the exotic ~Casuarina equisetifolia$. This alliance occurs in the Florida Keys and in extreme southern peninsular Florida.LVALg@ @ @@@@@  @@@ @@ @@ fz`pvosfuvbroo @fz`pvusfuvbroo @fzfpdfpW__V fzfufwwW_^\ cfzfufwwW_^] cfzfuvW_[[ ff{fmW_^\ f{fmW__V` %f{fmW__Va This alliance occurs locally in seasonally flooded areas in the Rocky Mountain region. Stands in this alliance are restricted to sites saturated by seepage from springs and streams from snowmelt. They occur below seeps on gentle slopes, wet draws and flats, and in depressions along streambank terraces. Aspects are variable. Soils are often fine-textured, poorly drained with high organic content, but in some stands the alluvial soils are coarse-textured and permit rapid groundwater movement. The water table is typically at or near the soil surface in the spring but may drop more than 1 m by midsummer. Vegetation included in this broad-leaved deciduous forest alliance is characterized by a somewhat closed to closed canopy of trees that is dominated by ~Populus tremuloides$. In northern stands ~Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa$ may be present to codominant. Scattered conifer trees may occur throughout the range and contribute up to 25% of the tree canopy. The shrub layers in these communities are typically absent or sparse, commonly consisting of scattered ~Alnus$ spp., ~Lonicera involucrata, Ribes montigenum, Rosa woodsii, Salix$ spp., or ~Symphoricarpos albus$. The highly diverse herbaceous layer is typically dense and dominated by mesic graminoids and forbs like ~Calamagrostis canadensis, Equisetum arvense$ or ~Ranunculus alismifolius$. The exotic forage species may have significant cover in stands grazed by cattle or near hay meadows. Diagnostic of this alliance is the dominance of ~Populus tremuloides$ in a forest that is flooded for extended periods during the growing season and has a high water table.)LVAL7@@This alliance occurs throughout the northern Puget Trough lowlands and in low-lying valleys near the Oregon and northern California coasts. It typically occurs along low-elevation (0-1000 m) streams or valley bottoms, along the upland margins of wetlands, or on the floodplains of streams and rivers. Soils range from alluvium to veneers of muck and peat. These forests are seasonally flooded by spring snowmelt and rains, and the soils may be saturated year-round in some stands. ~Alnus rubra$ is well-adapted to wet soil conditions and is highly shade-intolerant. Communities within this alliance are usually strongly dominated by ~Alnus rubra$, which forms a diffuse canopy. Cover of ~Alnus$ ranges from 40-80%. The forest undergrowth is usually dominated by a deciduous shrub layer, in which ~Rubus spectabilis$ can be the only species. Cover of ~Rubus spectabilis$ ranges from 30-60%. The herbaceous layer may be well-developed, with species such as ~Athyrium filix-femina, Equisetum hyemale, Galium trifidum, Lonicera involucrata, Lysichiton americanus, Rubus ursinus, Tiarella trifoliata$, and ~Tolmiea menziesii$?.Limited information is available about this riparian alliance. Stands have been described from the Wasatch Range in Utah where they occur on nearly level stream terraces below 1830 m in elevation, and where slopes are less than 3%. The water table is seasonally within 1 m of the surface, as indicated by the presence of distinct mottles. Soil texture is generally coarse-loamy to fine-loamy. Stands in this forest alliance are dominated by ~Acer negundo$ in the tree canopy and ~Equisetum arvense$ in the herbaceous layer. Other woody vegetation is sparse. Other herbaceous species present may include ~Maianthemum stellatum, Mentha arvensis$, and ~Elymus glaucus$. Some exotic graminoids, such as ~Poa pratensis$ or ~Agrostis stolonifera$, may be common in some stands. ~Quercus gambelii$ or other low-elevation tree and shrub communities may dominate adjacent uplands.LVALk @  @   @     @ @@ @i`mmv`pdirofvmf}W_\\ msfupW_^\ mzfuvrpfw`mW_^\ bo`ppW_]X ofmW__X "oofuvrpW_]_ opfuW_\Z pdmf}W__[ !plvfw`mW_^Y `pmf}`pds`hfW_^W& pvfpW_ZX ^pvfpW_^[ pvfp`pdi`mmXVVXThese communities occur in low-elevation (0-500 m) wetland habitats of the Puget Trough and Willamette Valley of western Oregon and Washington, typically in poorly drained swales or riparian areas. Flooding occurs in much of the winter, spring, and occasionally into early summer. Scour associated with flooding is common, but not necessary to maintain these communities. These are the typical forests of older fluvial sites, such as oxbow lakes. Soils are usually silts or clays with poor drainage and gleying is evident. These forests are dominated by ~Fraxinus latifolia$ in the tree canopy, usually as the only tree species. Towards the drier edges of a stand, ~Acer macrophyllum$ or ~Quercus garryana$ may occur in small amounts. In stands near active stream channels with mineral soils, ~Alnus rubra, Alnus rhombifolia, Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa$, and ~Salix$ spp. may be common. Understory shrubs are not common, but when present species may include ~Crataegus douglasii, Spiraea douglasii, Symphoricarpos albus, Rosa eglanteria$, and ~Rubus ursinus$. The herbaceous layer is dominated by the perennial graminoid ~Carex obnupta$; other graminoids that may be present include ~Carex deweyana, Carex unilateralis, Carex ovalis (= Carex leporina)$, and ~Eleocharis acicularis$. Common forbs include ~Galium trifidum, Galium aparine, Ranunculus uncinatus, Veronica$ spp., and ~Geum macrophyllum$. Adjacent vegetation is most often upland forest of ~Quercus garryana$ and wet prairie dominated by ~Deschampsia caespitosa$ and/or ~Hordeum brachyantherum$.o k;}0E@ @@ @@ A.3502CMidwestV.A.5.N.cSPOROBOLUS NEGLECTUS - SPOROBOLUS VAGINIFLORUS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBarrens Dropseed - Poverty Dropseed Herbaceous AllianceYD. FABER-LANGENDOEN^   A.350CSoutheastI.B.2.N.gLIQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA SATURATED FOREST ALLIANCESweetgum Saturated Forest Alliance@NYA.S. WEAKLEY/M.P. SCHAFAL}|pN   A.35CLatin AmericaI.A.3.N.aCEDRELA MEXICANA - ANDIRA INERMIS - HYMENAEA COURBARIL FOREST ALLIANCEWest Indian-cedar - Cabbagebark-tree - Stinkingtoe Forest Alliancek@nYLACDf    A.349CMidwestI.B.2.N.gLARIX LARICINA SATURATED FOREST ALLIANCETamarack Saturated Forest AllianceMYMCSurqeC   A.348CEastI.B.2.N.gACER RUBRUM - NYSSA SYLVATICA SATURATED FOREST ALLIANCERed Maple - Blackgum Saturated Forest Alliance{@LYK.D. PATTERSON/J. CAMPBEL}O   A.347CMidwestI.B.2.N.gFRAXINUS NIGRA - ACER RUBRUM SATURATED FOREST ALLIANCEBlack Ash - Red Maple Saturated Forest Alliance0KYECSQ   A.346CSoutheastI.B.2.N.fTAXODIUM DISTICHUM SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEBald-cypress Semipermanently Flooded Forest Alliance@JYD.J. ALLARD/D. FABER-LANGW   A.345CSoutheastI.B.2.N.fNYSSA AQUATICA - (TAXODIUM DISTICHUM) SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEWater Tupelo - (Bald-cypress) Semipermanently Flooded Forest Alliance@IYD.J. ALLARD/D. FABER-LANGռj   fA.344CSoutheastI.B.2.N.eFRAXINUS CAROLINIANA SEASONALLY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEWater Ash Seasonally Flooded Forest Alliance%@HYA.S. WEAKLEY, MOD. M. PYNT   A.343CWestI.B.2.N.eFRAXINUS LATIFOLIA SEASONALLY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEOregon Ash Seasonally Flooded Forest Alliance@?YD. SARRzM   A.342CWestI.B.2.N.eALNUS RUBRA SEASONALLY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCERed Alder Seasonally Flooded Forest Allianceb@>YM.S. REID~rF  F S\\6ij@   @ A.3516CMidwestIV.A.1.N.bDRYAS INTEGRIFOLIA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWhite Mountain-avens Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYMCSyvuuH   A.3515CMidwestIII.B.2.N.hSALIX SPP. TIDAL SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWillow species Tidal Shrubland AllianceYMCSlihhA   A.3514CMidwestIII.B.2.N.gSALIX PLANIFOLIA SATURATED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEPlaneleaf Willow Saturated Shrubland AllianceYMCS|yxxK   A.3513CMidwestIII.B.2.N.eVIBURNUM SPP. - MIXED SHRUB SEASONALLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEViburnum species - Mixed Shrub Seasonally Flooded Shrubland AllianceYMCS_   A.3512CMidwestIII.B.2.N.eMYRICA GALE SEASONALLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESweet Gale Seasonally Flooded Shrubland AllianceYMCSO   A.3510CMidwestIII.B.2.N.aCORNUS (RACEMOSA, DRUMMONDII, RUGOSA) - RHUS SPP. SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE(Gray Dogwood, Roughleaf Dogwood, Roundleaf Dogwood) - Sumac species Shrubland AllianceYMCSb   A.351CSoutheastI.B.2.N.gNYSSA BIFLORA - ACER RUBRUM - (LIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA) SATURATED FOREST ALLIANCESwamp Blackgum - Red Maple - (Tuliptree) Saturated Forest AllianceQOYA.S. WEAKLEY 10-95, MOD. ֽn   A.3509CMidwestIII.B.2.N.aPHOTINIA MELANOCARPA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBlack Chokeberry Shrubland AllianceYMCSlihhE   A.3508CMidwestIII.B.2.N.aACER SPICATUM SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEMountain Maple Shrubland AllianceYMCSc`__>   A.3507CMidwestII.C.3.N.aTSUGA CANADENSIS - ACER SACCHARUM WOODLAND ALLIANCEEastern Hemlock - Sugar Maple Woodland AllianceYMCSP   A.3506CMidwestII.C.3.N.aPINUS STROBUS - QUERCUS ALBA WOODLAND ALLIANCEEastern White Pine - White Oak Woodland AllianceYMCS|{{K   A.3504CMidwestII.A.4.N.bPICEA MARIANA WOODLAND ALLIANCEBlack Spruce Woodland AllianceYMCS^[ZZ<   A.3503CMidwestI.C.3.N.aPINUS BANKSIANA - POPULUS TREMULOIDES - BETULA PAPYRIFERA FOREST ALLIANCEJack Pine - Quaking Aspen - Paper Birch Forest AllianceYMCSe  ] d8r.|  @@@@@ A.3528CMidwestV.A.5.N.nDUPONTIA FISHERI TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEFisher's Tundragrass Tidal Herbaceous AllianceYMCSxuttF   A.3527CMidwestV.A.5.N.nCAREX SPP. TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESedge species Tidal Herbaceous AllianceYMCSkhgg@   A.3526CMidwestV.A.5.N.mCAREX AQUATILIS SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAquatic Sedge Saturated Herbaceous AllianceYMCSxuttI   A.3525CMidwestV.A.5.N.mCALAMAGROSTIS CANADENSIS - CAREX VIRIDULA - CLADIUM MARISCOIDES - LOBELIA KALMII SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBluejoint - Hairy Sedge - Twig-rush - Ontario Lobelia Saturated Herbaceous AllianceYMCS݊   A.3524CMidwestV.A.5.N.kCAREX SPP. SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESedge species Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous AllianceYMCSM   A.3523CMidwestV.A.5.N.cHESPEROSTIPA CURTISETA - ELYMUS LANCEOLATUS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWestern Porcupine Grass - Streamside Wild Rye Herbaceous AllianceYMCS[   A.3521CMidwestV.A.5.N.cNASSELLA VIRIDULA - HESPEROSTIPA COMATA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGreen Needlegrass - Needle-and-Thread Herbaceous AllianceYMCSW   A.3520CMidwestV.A.5.N.cELYMUS LANCEOLATUS - KOELERIA MACRANTHA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEStreamside Wild Rye - Prairie Junegrass Herbaceous AllianceYMCSW   A.352CSoutheastI.B.2.N.gQUERCUS LAURIFOLIA - NYSSA BIFLORA SATURATED FOREST ALLIANCEDiamondleaf Oak - Swamp Blackgum Saturated Forest Alliance@NYM.P. SCHAFALE/A.S. WEAKLEY   A.3519CMidwestIV.B.2.N.bSALIX ARCTOPHILA - SALIX HERBACEA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCETrailing Willow - Dwarf Willow Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYMCSW   A.3518CMidwestIV.A.1.N.hPICEA MARIANA SATURATED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBlack Spruce Saturated Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYMCS}||M   A.3517CMidwestIV.A.1.N.dPICEA GLAUCA / EMPETRUM NIGRUM DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWhite Spruce / Black Crowberry Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYMCST  > -!1b@ @ A.3542CMidwestV.C.2.N.aMYRIOPHYLLUM SPP. PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWater-milfoil species Permanently Flooded Herbaceous AllianceYMCSU   A.3541CMidwestV.C.2.N.aLOW FORBS PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELow Forbs Permanently Flooded Herbaceous AllianceYMCS~~M   A.3540CMidwestV.C.2.N.aHIPPURIS SPP. PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMare's-tail species Permanently Flooded Herbaceous AllianceYMCSQ   A.3539CMidwestV.B.2.N.eEQUISETUM (ARVENSE, VARIEGATUM) SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Field Horsetail, Variegated Scouringrush) Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@QYK. SCHULZɽg   A.3538CMidwestV.B.2.N.dTALL FORBS MIXED TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETall Forbs Mixed Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous AllianceNMCST   A.3537CMidwestV.B.2.N.bLOW FORBS MIXED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELow Forbs Mixed Herbaceous AllianceYMCSfcbb?   A.3536CMidwestV.B.2.N.bHEDYSARUM BOREALE HERBACEOUS ALLIANCENorthern Sweetvetch Herbaceous AllianceYMCSlihhA   A.3535CMidwestV.B.2.N.bCHAMERION ANGUSTIFOLIUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEFireweed Herbaceous AllianceYMCSgdccG   A.3534CMidwestV.A.6.N.gQUERCUS MUEHLENBERGII WOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEChinquapin Oak Wooded Herbaceous AllianceYMCSyvuuL   A.3533CMidwestV.A.6.N.fTHUJA OCCIDENTALIS WOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCENorthern White-cedar Wooded Herbaceous AllianceYD. FABER-LANGENDOENyxxI   A.3530CMidwestV.A.5.N.nPUCCINELLIA PHRYGANODES TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESalt Meadow Grass Tidal Herbaceous AllianceYMCS|yxxM   A.353CSoutheastI.B.2.N.gQUERCUS MICHAUXII - QUERCUS PAGODA SATURATED FOREST ALLIANCESwamp Chestnut Oak - Cherrybark Oak Saturated Forest Alliance@PYM.P. SCHAFALE/A.S. WEAKLEY   A.3529CMidwestV.A.5.N.nELEOCHARIS SPP. TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESpikerush species Tidal Herbaceous AllianceYMCStqppE  e e\uS?v1@    @  A.3562CMidwestV.A.5.N.dPOA PRATENSIS SEMI-NATURAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEKentucky Bluegrass Semi-natural Herbaceous Alliance@TYD. FABER-LANGENDOEN}J   A.3561CMidwestV.A.5.N.dBROMUS INERMIS SEMI-NATURAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESmooth Brome Semi-natural Herbaceous Alliance@SYD. FABER-LANGENDOEN, MOD.xK   A.3560CMidwestIII.C.2.N.aTAXUS CANADENSIS - MIXED DECIDUOUS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCECanada Yew - Mixed Deciduous Shrubland AllianceYC. RESCHKES   A.356CSoutheastI.B.2.N.hFRAXINUS PENNSYLVANICA - ACER RUBRUM - ULMUS AMERICANA TIDAL FOREST ALLIANCEGreen Ash - Red Maple - American Elm Tidal Forest AllianceC@SYA.S. WEAKLEYi   A.3558CMidwestIII.B.2.N.aCORNUS DRUMMONDII SHRUBLAND ALLIANCERoughleaf Dogwood Shrubland Alliance@RYD. FABER-LANGENDOENsrfB   A.3556CMidwestVII.C.4.N.dTIDAL MUDFLAT SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCETidal Mudflat Sparsely Vegetated AllianceYMCStqppG   A.3551CMidwestVII.B.2.N.cCOBBLE/GRAVEL RIDGES SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCECobble/Gravel Ridges Sparsely Vegetated AllianceYMCS~~N   A.3550CMidwestVII.B.2.N.cCOBBLE/GRAVEL PAVEMENT SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCECobble/Gravel Pavement Sparsely Vegetated AllianceYMCSP   A.355CSoutheastI.B.2.N.gTAXODIUM DISTICHUM - NYSSA BIFLORA - (NYSSA AQUATICA) SATURATED FOREST ALLIANCEBald-cypress - Swamp Blackgum - (Water Tupelo) Saturated Forest Alliance/@QYM.P. SCHAFALE/A.S. WEAKLEl   A.3545CMidwestVI.B.1.N.cPICEA MARIANA / LICHENS NONVASCULAR ALLIANCEBlack Spruce / Lichens Nonvascular AllianceYMCSxuttI   A.3544CMidwestVI.B.1.N.cPICEA GLAUCA / LICHENS NONVASCULAR ALLIANCEWhite Spruce / Lichens Nonvascular AllianceYMCSwtssH   A.3543CMidwestV.D.2.N.fSENECIO CONGESTUS TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMarsh Ragwort Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous AllianceYMCSU   Jc58F $z&Qv \pQ%EuuE A.363CLatin AmericaI.C.1.N.aTABEBUIA HETEROPHYLLA - PISONIA SUBCORDATA FOREST ALLIANCEWhite-cedar - Water Mampoo Forest AllianceYLACD[!   A.362CLatin AmericaI.C.1.N.aPISONIA SUBCORDATA - BOURRERIA SUCCULENTA FOREST ALLIANCEWater Mampoo - Pigeonberry Forest AllianceYLACDZ!   A.361CLatin AmericaI.C.1.N.aPHYLLOSTYLON BRASILIENSIS FOREST ALLIANCEYLACDOKJJJ!  ? A.360CLatin AmericaI.C.1.N.aLYSILOMA LATISILIQUUM - SWIETENIA MAHAGONI - PELTOPHORUM ADNATUM FOREST ALLIANCEWild Tamarind - West Indian Mahogany - Horsebush Forest AllianceYLACDq!   dA.36CLatin AmericaI.C.1.N.aCOCCOLOBA DIVERSIFOLIA FOREST ALLIANCEPigeon-plum Forest Alliance; Gateado Forest Alliance@WYA.S. WEAKLEYzF    A.359CLatin AmericaI.C.1.N.aCOCCOLOBA PUBESCENS - EUGENIA SPP. FOREST ALLIANCEGrandleaf Sea-grape - Stopper species Forest AllianceYLACDS!   A.357CSoutheastI.B.2.N.hNYSSA BIFLORA - (NYSSA AQUATICA, TAXODIUM DISTICHUM) TIDAL FOREST ALLIANCESwamp Blackgum - (Water Tupelo, Bald-cypress) Tidal Forest Alliance@WYM.P. SCHAFALE/G.P. FLEMINзg   A.3566CMidwestI.B.2.N.aELAEAGNUS ANGUSTIFOLIA SEMI-NATURAL WOODLAND ALLIANCERussian-olive Semi-natural Woodland Alliance@VYD. FABER-LANGENDOEN}Q   A.3565CMidwestVII.C.4.N.aERIOGONUM PAUCIFLORUM SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCESmall-flower Wild Buckwheat Sparsely Vegetated AllianceYD. FABER-LANGENDOENO   A.3564CMidwestV.B.2.N.a(CIRSIUM ARVENSE, EUPHORBIA ESULA, MELILOTUS SPP.) - MIXED FORBS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Canada Thistle, Leafy Spurge, Sweet Clover species) - Mixed Forbs Herbaceous AllianceYD. FABER-LANGENDOENp   A.3563CMidwestV.A.5.N.dAGROPYRON CRISTATUM SEMI-NATURAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECrested Wheatgrass Semi-natural Herbaceous Allianceb@UYD. FABER-LANGENDOEN, MOD.P  ` 4=i(~A`,jD`({@ A.375CSoutheastI.C.2.N.aQUERCUS VIRGINIANA - QUERCUS PAGODA FOREST ALLIANCELive Oak - Cherrybark Oak Forest Alliancew@]YA.S. WEAKLEY/L.M. SMITHyP   A.374CSoutheastI.C.2.N.aQUERCUS VIRGINIANA - CELTIS LAEVIGATA FOREST ALLIANCELive Oak - Sugarberry Forest Alliance@\YGREAT PLAINS PROGRAMwR   A.372CSoutheastI.C.2.N.aQUERCUS HEMISPHAERICA - CARYA GLABRA FOREST ALLIANCESand Laurel Oak - Pignut Hickory Forest Alliance@[YM.P. SCHAFALE/A.S. WEAKLEQ   A.371CWestI.C.2.N.aQUERCUS (AGRIFOLIA, DOUGLASII, KELLOGGII, LOBATA, WISLIZENI) FOREST ALLIANCE(Coast Live Oak, Blue Oak, California Black Oak, Valley Oak, Interior Live Oak) Forest Alliance@[YM. SCHINDELd   A.37CSoutheastI.A.3.N.aGUAPIRA DISCOLOR - PITHECELLOBIUM KEYENSE - REYNOSIA SEPTENTRIONALIS - METOPIUM TOXIFERUM FOREST ALLIANCEBlolly - Blackbead - Darling-plum - Poisonwood Forest AllianceYSCSÅ   A.369CSoutheastI.C.2.N.aFAGUS GRANDIFOLIA - MAGNOLIA GRANDIFLORA FOREST ALLIANCEAmerican Beech - Southern Magnolia Forest Alliance YYD.J. ALLARDU   A.368CSoutheastI.C.2.N.aARBUTUS XALAPENSIS - ACER GRANDIDENTATUM - QUERCUS SPP. FOREST ALLIANCEXalapa Madrone - Bigtooth Maple - Oak species Forest Alliance2@XYA.S. WEAKLEY/K.D. PATTERSǮd   A.366CSoutheastI.C.1.N.cTAXODIUM DISTICHUM - PERSEA PALUSTRIS - CHRYSOBALANUS ICACO SEASONALLY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEBald-cypress - Swampbay - Coco-plum Seasonally Flooded Forest Alliance@XYA.S. WEAKLEY 2-96, MOD. A{   A.365CLatin AmericaI.C.1.N.bINGA VERA - ERYTHRINA POEPPIGIANA FOREST ALLIANCEGuaba - Brucayo Forest AllianceYLACDvrqqR!   A.364CLatin AmericaI.C.1.N.aTABEBUIA HETEROPHYLLA - COCCOLOBA SWARTZII - BURSERA SIMARUBA FOREST ALLIANCEWhite-cedar - Swartz's Pigeon-plum - Gumbo Limbo Forest Alliance@nYLACDn!  Q -ImpQi$zQa\ A.384CEastI.C.3.N.aPICEA RUBENS - BETULA ALLEGHANIENSIS FOREST ALLIANCERed Spruce - Yellow Birch Forest Alliance[fYD.J. ALLARDuL   A.383CSoutheastI.C.3.N.aJUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA - QUERCUS (STELLATA, VELUTINA, MARILANDICA) FOREST ALLIANCEEastern Red-cedar - (Post Oak, Black Oak, Blackjack Oak) Forest AllianceIeYS. LANDAAL/A.S. WEAKLEYm   A.382CMidwestI.C.3.N.aJUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA - QUERCUS (MUEHLENBERGII, STELLATA) FOREST ALLIANCEEastern Red-cedar - (Chinquapin Oak, Post Oak) Forest Alliance cYD.J. ALLARD/D. FABER-LANGǮc   A.380CSoutheastI.C.2.N.dSABAL PALMETTO - QUERCUS LAURIFOLIA - QUERCUS VIRGINIANA - MAGNOLIA VIRGINIANA - ULMUS AMERICANA SATURATED FOREST ALLIANCECabbage Palmetto - Diamondleaf Oak - Live Oak - Sweetbay - American Elm Saturated Forest Alliancei@bYA.S. WEAKLEY, MOD. C.W. N   A.38CSoutheastI.A.3.N.aMETOPIUM TOXIFERUM - EUGENIA FOETIDA FOREST ALLIANCEPoisonwood - Spanish Stopper Forest Alliance@aYK.D. PATTERSON|P   A.379CSoutheastI.C.2.N.dQUERCUS VIRGINIANA - QUERCUS NIGRA SATURATED FOREST ALLIANCELive Oak - Water Oak Saturated Forest Alliance@`YA.S. WEAKLEY/L.M. SMITHY   A.378CSoutheastI.C.2.N.dMAGNOLIA VIRGINIANA - NYSSA BIFLORA - (QUERCUS LAURIFOLIA) SATURATED FOREST ALLIANCESweetbay - Swamp Blackgum - (Diamondleaf Oak) Saturated Forest Alliance+ ^YL.M. SMITH/S. CARRĸq   A.377CSoutheastI.C.2.N.cMAGNOLIA VIRGINIANA - NYSSA (BIFLORA, OGECHE) SEASONALLY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCESweetbay - (Swamp Blackgum, Ogeechee Tupelo) Seasonally Flooded Forest Alliance@oYA.S. WEAKLEYȼm   A.376CSoutheastI.C.2.N.bQUERCUS VIRGINIANA - CELTIS LAEVIGATA - QUERCUS PAGODA TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCELive Oak - Sugarberry - Cherrybark Oak Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance@]YL.M. SMITH/P. HARCOMBEw  LVAL @@  @  @@ @@@     im`dflfw`mW_]X "ir`hm`pdW__\ ir`hm`pdW__] ir`hm`pdW__^` ir`hm`pdW__^a ir`hm`pdW__^b #ir`hm`pdXVVV Nir`hm`pd`pdbrmmjpvW__] "ir`hm`pdfw`mW__\ !$ir`hm`pdsfuvbroo Air`hm`pdsfuvbroo Airdhdrp`pdsjlfW_\W !irdhljpvrp`pd}rxphW_]Y irggo`p`pd`mf|`pdfuW_]\ E irggo`p`pd`mf|`pdfuW_^V Girggo`p`pd`mf|`pdfuW_^Y `irggo`p`pd`mf|`pdfuW_^] cirgvwfwwfu`pdijmvfpafblW_^V 'irjvjphwrpW_Y] irmfbifbl`pdvwfsifpvrpW_^Y $irmm`pdW_^X 'irmm`pdW_^\` %irmm`pdW_^\a &irmm`pd`pdlfjmW__[ AirmoW_X] R)irmovwf`dXVVW irmssW_]] irm{`}W_\V irm{`}W_\X` irm{`}W_\Xa irm{`}`pd{`udW_\Y iror}`W_^Y `iror}`W__Z iror}``pdifdhfW_^[ %iror}`fw`mW_^[ iror}`fw`mW_^^ diror}`sfuvbroo AirsljpvW_Y^ ZirsljpvW_[W b&irsljpvW_]_` FirsljpvW_]_a FirupW_]\ irupW_^V iruwrpW_]W D irvjfuW_][ irvw`pdsufhjw~fuW__W These are long hydroperiod, seasonally flooded forests dominated or codominated by ~Fraxinus caroliniana$, which is the dominant tree in stands. Some examples may be shorter than 5 m, especially when young or successional following fire or other disturbance, but all classed here for now. Various tropical species may also be present in stands of this alliance in southern Florida. This alliance is associated with natural or anthropogenic disturbance. Further data are needed to better characterize this alliance. In Louisiana, this vegetation occurs as a small-scale natural type, in small depressional areas in second bottoms (L. Smith pers. comm.). In Texas this type also occurs in small-scale sloughs, reminiscent of oxbows, within extensive mounded, ancient terrace complexes (R. Evans pers. obs.).*LVAL6o @@ @@@  @@ @@@ @kripvrp`pdoxmmfuW__X #kripvrp`pdoxmmfuW__Y` kripThis alliance encompasses semipermanently flooded forested riverine swamps dominated by ~Nyssa aquatica$, with or without ~Taxodium distichum$ as a codominant. Stands of this alliance may vary in composition from ones largely dominated by ~Nyssa$ to ones dominated by a mix of ~Taxodium, Nyssa$, and other hardwood species. Dominance of ~Nyssa$ may vary conceptually from 100-25%. Dominance of ~Taxodium$ may vary from less than 75% to absent. Other canopy and subcanopy species may include ~Nyssa biflora, Quercus lyrata, Carya aquatica, Fraxinus profunda, Fraxinus caroliniana, Planera aquatica$, and ~Populus heterophylla$. Shrubs and herbs are typically limited to tree bases, fallen logs, and other elevated places in the stand. ~Itea virginica$ is often the only shrub present. Herbaceous species may be absent and often are sparse. Species present can include ~Phanopyrum gymnocarpon (= Panicum gymnocarpon), Pluchea camphorata, Boehmeria cylindrica, Rudbeckia laciniata, Sagittaria latifolia, Onoclea sensibilis, Triadenum walteri, Carex joorii, Carex glaucescens, Proserpinaca pectinata, Asclepias perennis, Saururus cernuus, Justicia ovata, Leersia lenticularis$, and others. Associations in this alliance occur in backwater sloughs, low wet flats, swales and backswamps, and along blackwater streams; and in artificial lakes and millponds and other situations with altered or enhanced hydrology. Surface water is present throughout the growing season in most years. Forests in this alliance occur virtually throughout the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains and the Mississippi River Alluvial Plain within the range of ~Nyssa aquatica$, and in the Arkansas River Valley; also reported from the Mobile and Tensaw rivers in Alabama.JLVALVq @@ @  @ @@ @ @@   @@ @@@ lmfoofdvrpW_[Y lmjo`vW_^^` lmjo`vW_^^a d lmjo`vfw`mW_^W GlmjpfW_]Y lmjpf`pdbrww`oW_]_ lmjpl``pdbirxuorx~jvXVVX D!lmjssmfW_\Z D lmjssmf`pdbrvwfmmrW_\V DlmjviW_]] lmrw~W_^\ lpjggfpW_\^ %lpjhiwW__Z Alpjhiw`pdwijmfpjxvW_][ lpjhiwfw`mW_]\ lpjhiwfw`mW_^] lprsgW_^[ Swamp forests dominated by ~Taxodium distichum$ often with a monospecific canopy. Dominance by ~Taxodium$ should be greater than 75%, but hardwoods may be present. Other canopy species that may be present include ~Fraxinus profunda (= Fraxinus tomentosa), Populus heterophylla, Nyssa aquatica$, and possibly others. The subcanopy is usually sparse and may contain ~Planera aquatica, Fraxinus caroliniana$ (in its range), and occasionally ~Acer rubrum$. The shrub and herbaceous layers are very sparse and frequently limited to tree bases and downed logs. Species present include ~Cephalanthus occidentalis, Forestiera acuminata, Bidens discoidea, Carex lupulina, Proserpinaca palustris, Lemna minor, Azolla caroliniana$, and ~Saururus cernuus$. Occurrence of the alliance is possible in suitable habitat anywhere within the range of ~Taxodium distichum$, i.e., the lower Atlantic Coastal Plain from southern Delaware to southern Florida, the lower Gulf Coastal Plain to southeastern Texas, and the Mississippi River Alluvial Plain to southern Illinois. However, it is more commonly recognized outside of, or near the edge of, the range of ~Nyssa aquatica$ which otherwise is frequently codominant with ~Taxodium distichum$. Such areas include: southwestern Arkansas and northwestern Louisiana, southeastern Oklahoma, eastern Mississippi and adjacent Alabama, southern Indiana, peninsular Florida, northeastern Virginia, eastern Maryland and Delaware.LVALs@ @@@@@@@  @@ @@ @This alliance, found in the upper midwestern and eastern regions of the United States as well as parts of adjacent Canada, contains communities known as 'calcareous seepage swamps,' 'hardwood swamps,' and 'red maple - black ash swamps' in which ~Acer rubrum$ and ~Fraxinus nigra$ are dominant or prominent canopy members. Total canopy cover ranges from nearly closed to open. Where the tree canopy is open, the understory vegetation is patchy, ranging from shrub-dominated patches to minerotrophic sedge meadows. Associated canopy trees are ~Betula alleghaniensis, Ulmus rubra, Ulmus americana$, and ~Pinus strobus$. In the northern parts of the range, ~Larix laricina, Thuja occidentalis$, and ~Abies balsamea$ are sometimes present. ~Lindera benzoin$ (east), ~Toxicodendron vernix, Alnus incana$ (north), ~Salix$ spp., and ~Rhamnus alnifolia$ often occur in the shrub layer. The herbaceous layer is often quite diverse, supporting such species as ~Carex leptalea, Carex bromoides ssp. bromoides, Caltha palustris, Veratrum viride, Platanthera grandiflora, Geum rivale$ (north), ~Symplocarpus foetidus, Trollius laxus$ (north), ~Cypripedium reginae, Cypripedium parviflorum (= Cypripedium calceolus), Osmunda cinnamomea, Impatiens capensis, Cardamine bulbosa, Saxifraga pensylvanica, Dryopteris cristata$, and ~Carex lacustris$. ^Stands are typically found in poorly drained depressions (sometimes as narrow zones or small inclusions in wetland complexes, sometimes as large swamps), and occasionally in seepage zones at the base of river terraces or draws. Soils are generally muck and, although ~Sphagnum$ spp. may occur, there is generally not substantial peat development. Stands often occur in areas where there is influence by calcareous bedrock, and soil pH is generally higher than that of other alliances containing ~Acer rubrum$.yLVALu @@  @   @ @ o`wif{W_^Va `wrv`pduxdrmsiW_^[ `wwvrpW_^Z `xl`pdifpdfuvrpW_^Z a`|{fmmW_][ `|{fmm`pdaur{pW_\^ `}W_]Y `}`pdd`zjvW_]^ &`}brblW_\W %`}brbl`pdbxuwjvW_\V `}gjfmd`pdlkfmo}uW_^Z `}rW_]W b`d`ovfw`mW__^ Cb`mjvwfuW_^^ b`mjvwfu`pdob`mjvwfuW__Y b`mjvwfu`pdob`mjvwfuW__[ Ab`uwixu`pd{fmbiW_^\ b!b`xmjggfW__Y gb`xmjggfW__[ !b`zr}`pdbm`pb}W__Y gb`zr}`pdbm`pb}W__Z bb`jp`pddj`~XVVW bb`uwi}fw`mW__Z gbbm`jpW_^\ b"bbm`jpfw`mW__Y bbm`jpfw`mW__] bbm`jpfw`mW__^&`  bbm`jpfw`mW__^a # bbm`jpsfuvbroo AbbmThis alliance covers deciduous forested acid seeps, saturated swamp forests, and "basin swamps" of the eastern and southeastern United States. Forests in this alliance have variable canopy composition, but ~Acer rubrum$ and ~Nyssa sylvatica$ are common components. Canopy composition differs from the surrounding upland and varies with geography. Typical canopy species across the range of this alliance include ~Acer rubrum var. trilobum, Nyssa sylvatica$, and ~Liquidambar styraciflua$. Understory and shrub species include ~Alnus serrulata, Ilex opaca var. opaca, Photinia pyrifolia (= Aronia arbutifolia)$, and ~Ilex verticillata$. Characteristic herbaceous species are ~Osmunda cinnamomea$ and ~Osmunda regalis$. ~Sphagnum$ spp. are typical. These wetland forests occur where surface water is seldom present, but the substrate is saturated to the surface for extended periods during the growing season, and include forested acid seeps on hillsides or streamheads, on edges of floodplains, and other poorly drained depressions. Individual occurrences of these forests tend to be small in extent, and can provide habitat for rare plant species.<LVALHw@@@@@@This wetland forest alliance is found in the central and western Great Lakes region. The canopy is dominated by ~Larix laricina$, either in pure stands or in combination with other coniferous and hardwood species. ~Acer rubrum, Betula alleghaniensis, Betula papyrifera, Fraxinus nigra$, and ~Thuja occidentalis$ can often be found in association with ~Larix laricina$. In the northern stands of this alliance, ~Picea mariana$ is the most common, and often the only, associate, while in the Southeast, ~Carpinus caroliniana$ and ~Cornus florida$ reach canopy status. Few trees grow very large in communities within this alliance. The canopy trees may be only 5-10 m tall, and the stem density may be moderate to high. The shrub layer is also variable, from open to moderately dense. Common species in this stratum include ~Andromeda polifolia var. glaucophylla (= Andromeda glaucophylla), Photinia melanocarpa (= Aronia melanocarpa), Betula pumila, Chamaedaphne calyculata, Cornus sericea (= Cornus stolonifera), Gaultheria procumbens$ (in the northern portion of this alliance's range), ~Ledum groenlandicum$ (in the northwest), ~Lindera benzoin$ and ~Toxicodendron vernix$ (in the southeast), ~Salix$ spp., and ~Vaccinium$ spp. The herbaceous stratum is poorly to moderately well-developed. Graminoids, such as ~Carex aquatilis, Carex lasiocarpa, Carex trisperma$, and ~Calamagrostis canadensis$, are common in some communities. ~Impatiens capensis, Mitella nuda$, and ~Osmunda cinnamomea$ are typical non-graminoid species. Mosses, especially ~Sphagnum$ spp., are very prevalent. ^Stands in this alliance are found on poorly drained sites, usually with acidic, organic soils but sometimes on wet mineral soils. Most stands of this alliance have poor to moderate nutrient status. Fires can spread through stands of this alliance in dry years and kill many of the thin-barked ~Larix laricina$. Insect infestations, notably by the larch sawfly, can also cause great damage.|LVAL   @  @ @Forests in this alliance are described as nonriverine flats dominated or codominated by ~Quercus laurifolia$ with ~Nyssa biflora, Quercus phellos, Acer rubrum var. trilobum$, and ~Carpinus caroliniana$. ~Clethra alnifolia$ and ~Leucothoe axillaris$ are typical shrubs. These forests occur on poorly drained interstream flats with fine-textured mineral soils. Hydrology and species composition separate these communities from alluvial bottomland communities with somewhat similar canopy composition. They may occur on the margins of large peatlands, and on smaller upland flats where they experience mostly saturated soils as a result of poor drainage, high water tables, and perhaps sheet flow from adjacent pocosins. Examples of forests in this alliance currently are known from the Coastal Plain of North Carolina, and Virginia, and they are likely to occur in Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, and South Carolina.This alliance encompasses forests dominated by ~Liquidambar styraciflua$ that are associated with seepage, have a saturated hydrology (and are only rarely flooded), found on muck soils in the Coastal Plain and adjacent ecoregions of the southeastern United States. Stands of this alliance occur in low, flat seepage areas. The soils are mucks, or have some organic development. Characteristic canopy and subcanopy species include ~Liquidambar styraciflua, Quercus laurifolia, Magnolia virginiana, Acer rubrum, Liriodendron tulipifera, Carpinus caroliniana, Ilex opaca$, and others. Among species that occur in the herbaceous layer are ~Saururus cernuus, Carex debilis, Carex intumescens, Carex lonchocarpa, Asclepias perennis, Mitchella repens, Smilax rotundifolia, Toxicodendron radicans, Campsis radicans, Vitis rotundifolia$, and ~Arundinaria gigantea$. As far as is known, this is an uncommon alliance of the Atlantic Coastal Plain of South Carolina and Georgia, and perhaps of North Carolina.LVAL}@   @    @ @Forests codominated by ~Nyssa biflora$ and ~Acer rubrum$ occurring on extensive peat flats in the Coastal Plain, in seepage-fed edges of floodplains or on slopes wet by nearly constant seepage. The hydrology is constantly saturated, and soils are acid and organic. ~Liriodendron tulipifera$ is a common woody species in these forests, as are ~Liquidambar styraciflua, Magnolia virginiana, Oxydendrum arboreum, Acer rubrum, Persea palustris, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Quercus laurifolia, Ulmus rubra, Quercus michauxii, Pinus taeda$, and ~Carpinus caroliniana$. Some of these forests, particularly those on peat flats, may result from logging of former ~Chamaecyparis thyoides$-dominated swamps. ~Leucothoe axillaris, Ilex coriacea, Morella caroliniensis (= Myrica heterophylla), Toxicodendron vernix$, and ~Lyonia lucida$ are common dominants in the shrub layer, with ~Itea virginica, Clethra alnifolia, Persea palustris, Ilex glabra, Rhododendron flammeum$, and ~Arundinaria gigantea$ also often present. ~Sphagnum$ spp. are common in the ground layer, as well as ~Carex atlantica ssp. capillacea, Carex bromoides ssp. bromoides, Saururus cernuus, Boehmeria cylindrica, Osmunda cinnamomea, Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis, Hydrocotyle verticillata var. verticillata, Woodwardia areolata, Macbridea caroliniana, Sagittaria fasciculata, Ludwigia palustris$, and ~Mitchella repens$. These forests occur in the Piedmont on small to medium streams on seepage-fed edges where there is more ~Acer rubrum$ than ~Nyssa biflora$, in the Ridge and Valley of Georgia and in the East Gulf Coastal Plain on slopes in a longleaf pine-dominated upland. Examples of forests in this alliance are known from the Atlantic Coastal Plain from Virginia to Georgia, the Upper East Gulf Coastal Plain of Alabama, the East Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi, and likely other adjacent states as well.LVAL@@@@  @ @@@@@@ @@ @@@ @@@ wijfufwW_]W ijmfpjxvW_\^ ijmfpjxvW_]V &ijmfpjxvW_]W D%ijmfpjxvW_]X Eijmfpjxv`pdaur{pW_^] dijmfpjxv`pdaur{pW__V !ijmfpjxv`pdvojwiW_^[ bijmfpjxvfw`mW__[ $iro`vW_\\ iro`vW_^V !iro`vW_^_ iro`v`pd`mmfpW__Y g iro`v`pd`mmfpW__\ A#iro`vfw`mW_\W )iro`vfw`mXVVY` C iro`vfw`mXVVYa Ciro`vfw`mXVVYb CirosvrpW_]_ irosvrpW_^Z 'irosvrpW_^_ irosvrpW__V irosvrpW__\ irosvrpW__]  irosvrpXVVW irosvrpThis alliance covers hardwood forests of nonriverine flats and other areas with a saturated hydrology, dominated by ~Quercus michauxii$ and ~Quercus pagoda$, with ~Quercus laurifolia, Liquidambar styraciflua$ (especially in logged examples), ~Quercus nigra, Quercus lyrata, Quercus alba, Carya aquatica, Carya cordiformis$, and ~Fagus grandifolia$. Common woody plants in the understory typically include ~Carpinus caroliniana ssp. caroliniana, Asimina triloba, Ilex opaca var. opaca, Acer rubrum, Clethra alnifolia, Lindera benzoin var. benzoin, Leucothoe axillaris$, and ~Cornus foemina (= Cornus stricta)$. ~Sabal minor$ is conspicuous in the shrub stratum. Characteristic shrub and herbaceous species include ~Vaccinium formosum, Itea virginica, Leucothoe racemosa, Arundinaria gigantea, Boehmeria cylindrica, Arisaema triphyllum$, and others. Hydrology and species composition separates these communities from alluvial bottomland communities with similar canopy composition. These forests are seasonally saturated and are on the borderline between upland and wetland. This is an uncommon alliance and examples of forests in this alliance are known only from North Carolina and Virginia, but are possible in South Carolina and Georgia. One North Carolina example is a wet marl forest.8LVALuF@@@@@@@  @ @@@@ @@ @@ @@{fvwfupufvrxubfvdfzfmrsofpwbrusru`wjrppda fvwfupufvrxubfvdfzfmForests in this alliance occur as nonriverine swamps on extensive flats in the Coastal Plain, and also along small streams in very flat pine flatwood landscapes. Canopy dominants are some combination of ~Taxodium distichum, Nyssa biflora$, and ~Nyssa aquatica$. Other woody species that may occur are ~Taxodium ascendens, Pinus taeda, Chamaecyparis thyoides, Pinus serotina, Fraxinus profunda, Populus heterophylla, Liriodendron tulipifera$, and ~Acer rubrum$. Typical species in the moderate to dense understory include ~Magnolia virginiana, Persea palustris, Acer rubrum, Ilex opaca var. opaca, Cyrilla racemiflora, Lyonia lucida, Clethra alnifolia$, and ~Smilax laurifolia$. Herbaceous species include ~Woodwardia areolata, Woodwardia virginica, Carex$ spp., and ~Sphagnum$ spp. Vines are conspicuous components.This wetland alliance is reported from Utah and Ontario, Canada, but the distribution is much broader. If its range is similar to the ranges of the dominant and diagnostic species, then it likely occurs throughout much of northern and western North America. Sites include streambanks, wet meadows and ditches. Substrates are generally organic alluvium. This community is typically flooded much of the growing season. The water table is high even when surface water is gone. The vegetation is characterized by the moderately dense to dense herbaceous layer that is dominated or codominated by ~Equisetum arvense$ or ~Equisetum variegatum$. Other wetland and facultative wetland plants may be present in low cover, but the dominance of ~Equisetum$ spp. is diagnostic of this type. Introduced graminoids such as the perennial ~Poa pratensis$ or the annual ~Bromus diandrus$ are known to codominate some stands.ALVALM@@  brs}ujhiwxwjmjwjfvd`w`a`vfvgruovordxmfv ufm`wjrpvijsvufsruwv vbujswv v}vufm w`amfv'w`amfvwrufgufvi`gwfuf`bif|bi`phf`mmj`pbf`mmj`pbf,ijvwrujbdjvwujaxwjrpfwbfwb,brpvfbrufhIn the central Great Plains and western tallgrass regions of the United States, stands of this alliance occur on level to moderate, well-drained slopes of uplands, usually along the borders of upland woods, but also in grassland ravines. In the upper southeastern states, this alliance typically occupies disturbed or successional uplands over limestones, dolomites, or other neutral to basic substrates. The vegetation consists of thickets or patches of shrubs 2-3 m tall. ~Cornus drummondii$ and ~Rhus glabra$ are usually the dominant species, although ~Prunus americana, Prunus angustifolia, Prunus mexicana, Rhus aromatica$, or ~Symphoricarpos orbiculatus$ may dominate in places. In the midwestern states, ~Corylus americana$ may be a component. Where shrub cover is dense, vines may be present. In the southeastern states, these may include ~Berchemia scandens, Toxicodendron radicans$, and ~Parthenocissus quinquefolia$. In the midwestern states, ~Celastrus scandens$ and ~Parthenocissus vitacea$ may assume this role. Under the dense canopy, the herbaceous layer may be sparse, consisting of various native grasses and forbs, but also exotic species such as ~Lespedeza cuneata, Poa pratensis$, and/or ~Nepeta cataria$. In open stands, the herbaceous layer is more dense and consists of species characteristic of tallgrass and mixedgrass prairie, or in the southeastern states, species which are common to perennial limestone glade-margin associations.*LVAL8@This introduced-species grassland alliance occurs widely throughout the northern Great Plains of the United States, and perhaps more widely in the Midwest and Canada. It likely occurs throughout much of the Rocky Mountains and Intermountain West. In semi-arid environments, it is restricted to relatively mesic conditions such as in riparian areas or forest openings at montane elevations. Stands can occur in a wide variety of human-disturbed habitats, including highway rights-of-way, jeep trails, etc. ~Bromus inermis$ is also widely planted for cover, pasture, and hay, and has escaped into a variety of habitats. The vegetation is dominated by medium-tall (0.5-1 m) perennial graminoids. The dominant grass is ~Bromus inermis$, a naturalized species from Eurasia. Other weedy species may occur as well, but native species are generally less than 10% cover. Native species may include mixed-grass prairie grasses, such as ~Pascopyrum smithii$ and ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$, as well as others. Where native species are conspicuous enough to identify the native plant association that could occupy the site, the stand should be typed as such.Tidally flooded hardwood forests, in upper, oligohaline reaches of tidal streams. Canopy and subcanopy species that may be present in stands of this type include ~Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Ulmus americana, Acer rubrum var. trilobum, Persea palustris, Nyssa biflora, Magnolia virginiana$, and ~Pinus taeda$. Shrub layers include ~Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Juniperus virginiana var. silicicola, Baccharis halimifolia, Cornus sericea, Alnus serrulata, Clethra alnifolia, Toxicodendron radicans ssp. radicans$, and others. ~Osmunda cinnamomea$ and ~Osmunda regalis$ are common herbaceous species in these forests. This alliance occurs in the upper reaches of tidal streams in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina, south of the embayed area, and in Virginia, north of the embayed area (as on the Chickahominy and Mattaponi rivers).LVALj3qG o5tC^/OT&k212HtBig Rapids Loamy Moraines Subsection212H.*212HsCadillac End Moraines Subsection212H*&212HrTawas Lake Plain Subsection212H%!212HqMio Outwash Plain Subsection212H&"212HpVanderbilt Moraines Subsection212H($212HoTraverse City Drumlin Fields Subsection212H1-212HnStutsmanville Sand Ridges Subsection212H.*212HmHarrisville Moraines Subsection212H)%212HlCheboygan Lake Plain Subsection212H)%212HkRudyard Clay Lake Plain Subsection212H,(212HjSt. Ignace Lake Plain Subsection212H*&212HiGrand Marais Sand End Moraine and Outwash Subsec212H:6212HhSeney Sand Lake Plain Subsection212H*&This semi-natural grassland alliance is potentially widespread throughout the Great Plains and into the midwestern United States and Canada, depending on how the type is defined. Stands can occur in a wide variety of human-disturbed and native habitats. Stands are found on upland sites in the northwestern Great Plains and likely occur elsewhere in the western U.S. where ~Poa pratensis$ has invaded native western rangeland. The vegetation is characterized by a medium-tall (0.5-1 m), moderate to dense herbaceous canopy that is strongly dominated by the introduced perennial, sod-forming graminoid ~Poa pratensis$. ~Poa pratensis$ is considered to be both a native and naturalized species from Eurasia. It is present to codominant in many other natural plant associations, but the diagnostic character in this alliance is that there is typically not enough of the native grassland left to classify it as a poor-condition natural type. Other native species may occur as well, but they are generally less than 10% cover. Native species may include mixed-grass prairie grasses, such as ~Pascopyrum smithii$ and ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$, as well as others. Associates are often those early-seral and weedy species that tolerate historic heavy livestock grazing or other disturbance well.LVAL{Rg9 Z'Z0k9h(uA222EaEastern Highland Rim Subsection222E)%222DjNorthern Dripping Springs Subsection222D.*222DiLesser Shawnee Hills Subsection222D)%222DhGreater Shawnee Hills Subsection222D*&222DgSouthern Dripping Springs Subsection222D.*222DfCrawford Escarpment Subsection222D($222DeCrawford Uplands Subsection222D%!222DdMarion Hills Subsection222D!222DcOuter Western Coalfields Subsection222D-)222DbLower Ohio-Cache-Wabash Alluvial Plains Subsecti222D:6222DaInterior Western Coalfields Subsection222D0,222ChOhio and Cache River Alluvial Plain Subsection222C84222CgUpper Loam Hills Subsection222C%!222CfNorthern Pontotoc Ridge Subsection222C,(222CeNorthern Loessial Hills Subsection222C,(222CdClay Hills Subsection222C222CcDeep LoeThis introduced-species grassland alliance occurs throughout the northwestern Great Plains of the United States and adjacent Canada. It is likely more widespread because it has been planted into pastures to improve forage production and is well suited to the cold, semi-arid conditions of the northwestern Great Plains and higher elevation rangeland in more southern latitudes. Stands can occur in a wide variety of human-disturbed habitats, including highway rights-of-way, revegetation projects, etc. The vegetation is characterize by a moderately dense to dense herbaceous layer dominated by medium-tall (0.5-1 m) perennial graminoids. The dominant grass is ~Agropyron cristatum$, a naturalized species from the plains of Siberia. Other weedy species may occur as well, but native species are generally less than 10% cover. Native species may include mixed-grass prairie grasses, such as ~Pascopyrum smithii$ and ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$, as well as others. Where native species are conspicuous enough to identify the native plant association that could occupy the site, the stand should be typed as such.0LVAL<r9uA~Y/tGMhACs222JaSoutheast Lake Michigan Plains and Dunes Subsect222J:6222IgLake Erie Sand Plain Subsection222I)%222IfMaumee Lake Plain Subsection222I&"222IeEastern Ontario Lake Plain Subsection222This widespread Russian-olive woodland alliance is found in the northern Great Plains, Utah, and probably throughout much of the western United States and adjacent Canada. It is a naturalized type that has been widely planted in hedgerows for windbreaks. It has since spread to a variety of native habitats, particularly more mesic ones, such as near streams and rivers. In Badlands National Park, this type occupies a portion of shoreline along the White River, upstream of a highway bridge (Von Loh et al. 1999). In Ouray National Wildlife Refuge in Utah these woodlands are found in the floodplain along the Green River and in upland basins and drainages. Stands tend to be small and linear. The vegetation is dominated by the tree ~Elaeagnus angustifolia$ with a variety of native and introduced species in the shrub and herbaceous layers. Associated species have not been characterized. In a stand in Badlands National Park of South Dakota, ~Elaeagnus angustifolia$ is dominant. Canopy closure approaches 40-50%, about equal to the tall-shrub cover provided by ~Salix exigua$. ~Amorpha fruticosa$ and ~Pascopyrum smithii$ make up the short-shrub and herbaceous cover, which are less than 10%. At Ouray National Wildlife Refuge in Utah, tree canopies were denser to (80% cover) and had remnant ~Populus fremontii$ trees (to 10% cover). Other than a few native grasses (~Sporobolus airoides, Distichlis spicata$, and ~Hordeum jubatum$) and ~Atriplex patula$ in the herbaceous layer, the understory was dominated by introduced species, both in the moderately dense to dense tall-shrub layer (~Tamarix ramosissima$) and in the herbaceous layer (~Lepidium latifolium, Descurainia sophia$, and ~Bassia scoparia (= Kochia scoparia)$).LVALuJ!S*_5]kC`3 G|231EaSouth Central Arkansas Subsection231E+'231DeShaley Limestone Valley Subsection231D,(231DdQuartzite and Forests dominated or codominated by ~Coccoloba diversifolia$. In Puerto Rico these forests occur at low elevations in northwestern and north-central Puerto Rico on limestone hills (which make the vegetation somewhat xerophytic). In Puerto Rico other typical canopy species include ~Bucida buceras, Quararibea turbinata, Guapira fragrans, Zanthoxylum martinicense$, and ~Ficus citrifolia$. Terrestrial and epiphytic ferns are frequent and include ~Blechnum occidentale, Tectaria heracleifolia, Cyclopeltis semicordata$, and ~Adiantum tenerum$.This alliance accommodates tidally flooded forests in lower, estuarine reaches of brownwater and blackwater rivers in the Outer Coastal Plain (tidewater), and also along estuarine shores. Flooding can be either lunar-tidal or wind-tidal, and can be affected as well by riverine flooding events. The trees often have a stressed appearance, and the herbaceous layer usually is well-developed and more species-rich than in most non-tidal swamps, possibly as a result of the tidal nutrient input. Various combinations of ~Nyssa biflora, Taxodium distichum$, and ~Nyssa aquatica$ usually dominate the canopy. On blackwater rivers, ~Nyssa aquatica$ is often an indicator of tidal condition, presumably because it requires the higher nutrients provided by tidal flooding. Other species common in tidal situations, such as ~Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Lilaeopsis carolinensis, Peltandra virginica, Thelypteris palustris var. pubescens, Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis$, and ~Rosa palustris$, are often common. Typical species of non-tidal swamps, such as ~Quercus lyrata, Carya aquatica, Quercus phellos, Smilax laurifolia, Ilex glabra, Lyonia lucida, Woodwardia virginica, Sphagnum$ spp., ~Chamaecyparis thyoides, Cyrilla racemiflora$, and others, are absent.LVALV1l4n; nBm9U`0bM221AdNorthern Great Valley SubsectionM221A,'M221AcNorthern Ridge and Valley SubsectionM221A0+M221AbGreat Valley of Virginia SubsectionM221A1,M221AaRidge and Valley SubsectionM221A)$M212FbTug Hill Transition SubsectionM212F*%M212FaTug Hill Plateau SubsectionM212F'"M212EbCatskill Highlands SubsectionM212E)$M212EaCatshill Mountains SubsectionM212E)$M212DfAdirondack Peaks SubsectionM212D'"M212DeEastern Adirondack Low Maintains SubsectionM212D72M212DdCentral Adirondack Mountains SubsectionM212D3.M212DcAdirondack Highlands and Lakes SubsectionM212D50These mixed evergreen-deciduous forests occur in mesic canyons of mountain ranges of Trans-Pecos Texas. Evergreen components are ~Arbutus xalapensis$, evergreen ~Quercus$ spp., ~Juniperus$ spp., ~Pinus$ spp., and, in some ranges, ~Cupressus arizonica$. Deciduous components are ~Acer grandidentatum$, deciduous ~Quercus$ spp., ~Prunus serotina var. virens$, and, in some ranges, ~Ostrya$ spp. They grade to even more mesic deciduous forests, e.g., the I.B.2.N.b ~~Acer grandidentatum$ Montane Forest Alliance (A.265)$$ and to mixed evergreen-deciduous woodlands.This alliance consists of forests known as 'tropical bayhead forests' and 'wet tropical hammocks,' occurring in seasonally flooded situations in southern Florida. They characteristically have a mixture of tropical and temperate species. ~Taxodium distichum, Persea palustris$, and ~Chrysobalanus icaco$ are characteristic. Other typical canopy and subcanopy species that are not present in all associations include ~Acer rubrum var. rubrum, Annona glabra, Celtis laevigata, Conocarpus erectus, Ficus aurea, Fraxinus caroliniana, Magnolia virginiana, Metopium toxiferum, Myrsine floridana, Quercus laurifolia, Rhizophora mangle, Roystonea elata, Sabal palmetto, Salix caroliniana$, and ~Sideroxylon salicifolium$. Ferns, especially ~Blechnum serrulatum$, are often abundant.LVAL ZThis alliance includes a variety of mesic to dry-mesic, mixed broad-leaved evergreen-deciduous hardwood forests, occurring in fire-sheltered situations, on sandy, clayey, or calcareous substrates in the southeastern Coastal Plain. ~Magnolia grandiflora$ and ~Fagus grandifolia$ are characteristic species, and may be codominant in less species-rich associations. In more species-rich associations, canopy composition is very diverse and mixed, with no species dominating. Typical canopy species in this alliance include ~Magnolia grandiflora, Fagus grandifolia, Acer barbatum, Carya alba, Carya glabra, Carya pallida, Celtis laevigata, Fraxinus americana, Ilex opaca, Juglans nigra, Liquidambar styraciflua, Magnolia macrophylla, Oxydendrum arboreum, Persea borbonia, Pinus glabra, Pinus taeda, Quercus alba, Quercus hemisphaerica, Quercus michauxii, Quercus pagoda, Quercus shumardii, Quercus virginiana, Sabal palmetto, Sapindus saponaria (= Sapindus marginatus), Tilia americana var. caroliniana, Ulmus alata$, and ~Ulmus americana$. Typical subcanopy species may include ~Carpinus caroliniana ssp. caroliniana, Cercis canadensis var. canadensis, Cornus florida, Halesia carolina, Halesia diptera (= var. diptera$ and = ~var. magniflora), Magnolia acuminata, Magnolia ashei, Magnolia macrophylla, Magnolia pyramidata, Ostrya virginiana, Acer rubrum var. rubrum, Quercus hemisphaerica, Nyssa sylvatica, Ilex opaca var. opaca, Oxydendrum arboreum, Persea borbonia, Prunus caroliniana, Taxus floridana$ (rare and restricted), and ~Torreya taxifolia$ (rare and restricted). Typical shrubs and woody vines include ~Chionanthus virginicus, Hamamelis virginiana, Ilex vomitoria, Illicium floridanum$ (East Gulf Coastal Plain only), ~Hydrangea quercifolia, Kalmia latifolia, Sebastiania fruticosa, Stewartia malacodendron, Styrax grandifolius, Symplocos tinctoria, Rhododendron austrinum, Halesia diptera, Clethra alnifolia, Vaccinium elliottii, Asimina parviflora$, and ~Toxicodendron radicans$. Typical herbaceous stratum species may iLVALQaIe-i)D f3W m@m@tblMetaDates+++++++++++ o _Wm@m@SUBSECT&&&&&&&&&&& j <m@<m@Status%%%%%%%%%%% K ?m@<m@SOURCES&&&&&&&&&&& @ m@?m@SECT########### / m@m@PROV########### : m@m@Pattern&&&&&&&&&&&  m@m@MSysModules2+++++++++++  m@m@MSysModules***********  )Gm@pm@ETC_Historic+++++++++++ dm@)Gm@ETC_CONSECOREG----------- >Um@m@ETC""""""""""" /Um@Um@Distribution+++++++++++ 2Rm@Um@ALLIANCE_Historic00000000000 pwm@m@ALLIANCE''''''''''' pwm@pwm@@Tables to Refresh after each exchangeEEEEEEEEEEE  nclude ~Sanicula canadensis var. canadensis (= Sanicula canadensis var. floridana), Mitchella repens, Elephantopus carolinianus, Hexastylis arifolia, Polystichum acrostichoides, Aristolochia serpentaria, Asplenium platyneuron, Polystichum acrostichoides, Oplismenus hirtellus ssp. setarius (= Oplismenus setarius), Smilax pumila, Chasmanthium sessiliflorum, Chasmanthium laxum$, and ~Pteridium aquilinum var. pseudocaudatum$. ~Tillandsia usneoides$ and ~Pleopeltis polypodioides ssp. michauxiana$ are frequent and typical epiphytes. Species composition is variable and dependent on geography, topographic position, and soil chemistry. Vegetation which represents the drier phase of this alliance may contain more ~Pinus glabra, Quercus alba, Quercus falcata$, and possibly also ~Pinus taeda$ than more mesic examples. This vegetation may grade into that of the I.B.2.N.a ~~Quercus alba - (Quercus nigra)$ Forest Alliance (A.238)$$ or the I.C.3.N.a ~~Pinus taeda - Quercus (alba, falcata, stellata)$ Forest Alliance (A.404)$$.LVALhSI?5This alliance includes Coastal Plain dry-mesic to subxeric sandy forests, with mixed broad-leaved evergreen-deciduous composition. Typical species include ~Quercus hemisphaerica, Carya glabra, Carya pallida, Quercus virginiana, Pinus taeda, Pinus glabra, Magnolia grandiflora$, and ~Osmanthus americanus var. americanus$. ~Fagus grandifolia$ may be present within its range (which includes Florida Panhandle but not extreme southeastern Georgia). ~Sabal palmetto$ may also be present. Dominance by ~Quercus hemisphaerica$ indicates that fire has been excluded from these forests for a period of many years; ~Quercus hemisphaerica$ is probably more widespread than in pre-settlement times. In Florida, this vegetation is partly described as well-developed xeric forest dominated by ~Quercus hemisphaerica, Quercus virginiana$, and ~Magnolia grandiflora$ in the canopy, and ~Persea borbonia, Ilex opaca$, and ~Carya glabra$ in the understory.Stands of this California forest alliance are found on moderately deep soils in gently sloping valleys. Soils are seasonally to permanently saturated at depth. The precipitation regime where this alliance occurs is strongly Mediterranean, with most precipitation falling as rain between November and April. Summers are quite warm and dry. Winters are cool, but frosts are rare. This alliance is characterized by the presence of several oak species, none of which achieve dominance. Characteristic oaks include ~Quercus kelloggii, Quercus douglasii, Quercus agrifolia$, and ~Quercus lobata$. Other trees in the canopy or subcanopy may include ~Umbellularia californica, Aesculus californica, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus sabiniana, Pinus ponderosa, Arbutus menziesii$, and ~Heteromeles arbutifolia$. Shrubs may include ~Frangula californica (= Rhamnus californica), Baccharis pilularis$, and ~Toxicodendron diversilobum$.7LVALC@A       Forests of coastal salt domes and cheniers dominated by ~Quercus virginiana$ and ~Celtis laevigata$, sometimes with a substantial component of other species in the Gulf Coast Prairies and Marshes. In one chenier type, the generally closed canopy is from 6-15 m tall and includes ~Quercus virginiana, Celtis laevigata, Gleditsia triacanthos, Sideroxylon lanuginosum, Zanthoxylum clava-herculis$, and ~Ulmus americana$. The subcanopy contains ~Crataegus viridis, Quercus nigra, Ilex decidua$, and canopy species. The open to dense shrub layer has ~Sabal minor, Diospyros virginiana, Ampelopsis arborea, Toxicodendron radicans, Vitis mustangensis, Campsis radicans$, and ~Parthenocissus quinquefolia$. Herbs may include ~Oplismenus hirtellus$ and ~Tillandsia usneoides$. Soils are silty clay loam soils, sometimes with a substantial shell hash component. Forests of Louisiana salt domes have a canopy dominated by ~Quercus virginiana, Magnolia grandiflora, Quercus pagoda, Ulmus americana, Celtis laevigata, Liquidambar styraciflua, Quercus nigra$, and ~Carya glabra$. The sparse shrub layer contains ~Sabal minor, Vitis rotundifolia, Smilax rotundifolia$, and the alien ~Parathesis crenulata (= Ardisia crenulata)$.LVALBottomland forests dominated by ~Quercus virginiana$ and ~Celtis laevigata$, in the historic floodplain of the Mississippi River, and along the bayous of south Louisiana. Other characteristic species include ~Sabal minor, Quercus pagoda, Fraxinus americana$, and ~Liquidambar styraciflua$. There were formerly approximately 300,000 hectares of this natural levee type in Louisiana in the floodplains of most rivers, of which only approximately 4000-20,000 hectares remain.Wet-mesic forests of the Outer Coastal Plain of Louisiana, occurring on low ridges of the antecedent Mississippi River. Forests of related environments of South Carolina and possibly Georgia are included here as well. This alliance as presently defined is near the upland/wetland boundary; examples are constantly moist and sometimes have a high water table. The canopy is dominated by ~Quercus virginiana, Magnolia grandiflora$, and ~Quercus pagoda$, with lesser amounts of ~Liquidambar styraciflua$ and ~Quercus nigra$. The open understory consists of ~Cornus florida, Ilex opaca var. opaca$, and ~Ilex decidua$. Woody vines are abundant, especially ~Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Toxicodendron radicans$, and ~Campsis radicans$. The herb layer is well-developed and includes species such as ~Asplenium platyneuron, Sanicula$ sp., ~Elephantopus carolinianus$, and ~Thelypteris kunthii$.LVAL _Forests of floodplain flats and small blackwater stream headwaters. Canopies are diverse, but various combinations of ~Magnolia virginiana, Nyssa biflora$, and ~Quercus laurifolia$ often strongly dominate the canopy stratum. In the East Gulf Coastal Plain of Louisiana and Mississippi, this alliance includes ~Quercus laurifolia$ bayheads, over sticky clay soils, which are less acid and shrubby than most other bayhead types; as well as small ravine-bottom bayheads with seepage. In the former, the canopy is dominated by ~Quercus laurifolia, Nyssa biflora, Magnolia virginiana$, and ~Acer rubrum var. rubrum$. In addition, the subcanopy contains ~Fraxinus caroliniana$. The open shrub stratum may contain ~Cyrilla racemiflora, Vaccinium elliottii, Leucothoe racemosa, Rhododendron viscosum, Viburnum nudum var. nudum, Toxicodendron radicans, Chionanthus virginicus$, and ~Lyonia lucida$. In the latter case, the canopy is dominated by ~Magnolia virginiana, Nyssa biflora, Magnolia grandiflora$, and ~Liriodendron tulipifera$. The shrub layer is dominated by ~Ilex coriacea$ and ~Viburnum nudum var. nudum$; also ~Illicium floridanum, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Morella caroliniensis (= Myrica heterophylla), Leucothoe racemosa$, and ~Lyonia lucida$. In the West Gulf Coastal Plain of Louisiana and Texas (and possibly Arkansas and Oklahoma), this alliance is expressed in at least two broad types which vary geographically along a north-south gradient. These broad-leaved mixed evergreen-deciduous forests are dominated by ~Magnolia virginiana$ and ~Nyssa biflora$, with ~Liquidambar styraciflua$ codominant in some occurrences. Associated canopy species may include ~Quercus laurifolia, Magnolia grandiflora, Quercus alba, Quercus nigra, Fagus grandifolia, Taxodium distichum, Pinus palustris$, and ~Pinus taeda$. The subcanopy may include ~Persea palustris, Acer rubrum, Ilex opaca var. opaca$, and occasionally ~Chionanthus virginicus$ and ~Fraxinus pennsylvanica$. Tall shrubs include ~Viburnum nudum var. nudum, MoLVALenicola ssp. riddellii$). The historical fire frequency of these vegetation types is unknown but is widely believed to have beenrella caroliniensis, Rhododendron canescens, Persea palustris, Morella cerifera, Ilex coriacea, Alnus serrulata, Photinia pyrifolia (= Aronia arbutifolia), Styrax americanus$, and ~Rhododendron oblongifolium$. The short-shrub stratum includes seedlings of overstory and tall-shrub species, plus ~Itea virginica, Berchemia scandens, Rubus$ spp., and ~Hypericum$ spp. ~Smilax laurifolia$ and ~Decumaria barbara$ are conspicuous vines. Herb species may include ~Woodwardia areolata, Osmunda regalis, Osmunda cinnamomea, Athyrium filix-femina ssp. asplenioides, Chasmanthium latifolium, Chasmanthium laxum, Carex leptalea, Carex atlantica, Carex lonchocarpa (= Carex folliculata var. australis), Eleocharis tortilis$, and ~Saururus cernuus$, as well as ~Onoclea sensibilis, Elephantopus carolinianus, Boehmeria cylindrica, Juncus$ spp., and ~Fimbristylis$ spp. This manifestation of the alliance occurs on deep, very acidic silt loams, fine sandy loam, and loamy fine sand soils with high organic content, primarily on floodplain flats and along small blackwater streams of low velocity.NLVALZWetland forests of the Outer Coastal Plain of Louisiana and Texas, occurring on extensive flats in the Outer Coastal Plain of Louisiana, or on floodplains along rivers and creeks in the Upper Coastal Prairie of Texas. There is also an association placed here from low moist to wet flats in the Outer Coastal Plain of South Carolina (and possibly Georgia). In Louisiana, the vegetation of this alliance is found in the lower, wetter portions of flats, where water pools following rains. In addition to ~Quercus virginiana$ and ~Quercus nigra$, other canopy dominants may include ~Carya illinoinensis, Liquidambar styraciflua, Magnolia grandiflora, Celtis laevigata, Ulmus americana, Ulmus crassifolia, Quercus laurifolia, Quercus phellos$, and ~Quercus pagoda$. The open understory consists of ~Ilex opaca var. opaca$ and ~Morus rubra$. The shrub stratum is locally dense, and may be dominated by ~Viburnum dentatum$ or ~Sabal minor$. Other shrubs include ~Ilex vomitoria, Ilex decidua, Callicarpa americana, Sambucus canadensis$, and ~Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera var. cerifera)$. Woody vines are common and include ~Ampelopsis arborea, Berchemia scandens, Toxicodendron radicans, Campsis radicans$, and ~Bignonia capreolata$. Herbs are few but may include ~Chasmanthium laxum, Chasmanthium sessiliflorum$, and ~Juncus coriaceus$. The epiphytes ~Tillandsia usneoides$ and ~Pleopeltis polypodioides ssp. michauxiana$ are also often present.LVALTropical hardwood hammock forests of south Florida and the West Indies, characterized by ~Metopium toxiferum$ and ~Eugenia foetida$. Other characteristic trees and shrubs include ~Amyris elemifera, Ardisia escallonoides, Bourreria succulenta (= Bourreria ovata), Bursera simaruba, Byrsonima lucida, Canella winteriana, Capparis flexuosa, Chiococca parvifolia, Coccoloba diversifolia, Colubrina elliptica, Conocarpus erectus, Drypetes diversifolia, Erithalis fruticosa, Ernodea littoralis, Eugenia axillaris, Eugenia foetida, Eugenia rhombea, Ficus aurea, Guajacum sanctum, Guapira discolor, Guettarda elliptica, Guettarda scabra, Gymnanthes lucida, Jacquinia keyensis, Krugiodendron ferreum, Lysiloma latisiliquum, Manilkara jaimiqui ssp. emarginata, Myrsine floridana, Piscidia piscipula, Psychotria nervosa, Randia aculeata, Sapindus saponaria, Sideroxylon salicifolium (= Bumelia salicifolia, = Dipholis salicifolia), Sideroxylon foetidissimum (= Mastichodendron foetidissimum), Swietenia mahagoni, Thrinax radiata$, and ~Thrinax morrisii$. Forests in this alliance extend into the Bahamas and West Indies, but the associations listed here are restricted to the Florida Keys. These forests occur in thin soils over consolidated limestones of the Miami and Key Largo formations.LVALThis successionally intermediate alliance occurs in the Black Hills and western and norThis alliance includes hydric hammocks of Florida and possibly adjacent Georgia, characterized by a moderately diverse canopy, usually composed of ~Sabal palmetto, Quercus virginiana, Quercus laurifolia, Liquidambar styraciflua, Ulmus americana (= Ulmus americana var. floridana)$, and sometimes also ~Pinus taeda, Acer rubrum, Quercus nigra, Magnolia virginiana, Celtis laevigata, Fraxinus pennsylvanica$, and others. Typical understory species can include ~Carpinus caroliniana ssp. caroliniana, Cornus foemina, Diospyros virginiana, Magnolia virginiana, Persea palustris, Nyssa biflora$, and canopy species. Typical shrubs and woody vines include ~Sabal minor, Rhapidophyllum hystrix, Viburnum obovatum, Berchemia scandens, Callicarpa americana, Ampelopsis arborea, Persea palustris$, and ~Toxicodendron radicans$. Hydric hammocks typically form where deep groundwater seeps slowly from limestone outcrops. They reside on poorly drained soils or on soils with high water tables, and are frequently located between mesic hammock or pine flatwoods on the upper side, and river swamps, wet prairies, or marshes on the lower side.LVAL dThis alliance covers calcareous forests dominated by ~Quercus muehlenbergii$ and ~Quercus stellata$ with ~Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana$. These forests are apparently more strongly calcareous than those in the I.C.3.N.a ~~Juniperus virginiana - Quercus (stellata, velutina, marilandica)$ Forest Alliance (A.383)$$. The structure and composition of vegetation in this and related alliances depends on management and disturbance history, as well as inherent site conditions. Depending on soil depth, climate, and fire interval, the canopy closure and the relative ~Quercus / Juniperus$ balance will vary considerably. At some sites, both forest and woodland communities may be present, grading into one another depending on aspect, surface geology, or fire history. With prolonged fire suppression, ~Juniperus$ will increase in importance and stature, eventually occupying part of the canopy with the oaks, and presenting greater canopy closure. In intermediate stages, an oak canopy will overtop a subcanopy of ~Juniperus$. Drier, rockier, or more frequently burned examples will tend to exhibit an oak woodland physiognomy. ^In an Ozarkian element, stands are typically found on moderate to steep mid and upper slopes of hills and plains, crests of bluffs, and ridges, generally with a southern and western aspect. Soils are shallow and well-drained, and the parent material is limestone or dolomite bedrock with fragments or boulders at or near the surface. Tree canopies are short and slow-growing with slow replacement. The understory may be poorly developed, with shrubs sometimes dominant. Mosses may dominate the ground layer. The canopy contains ~Quercus muehlenbergii, Quercus alba$, and ~Acer saccharum$. The subcanopy contains ~Acer saccharum, Juniperus virginiana, Cornus florida$, and ~Celtis laevigata var. texana$. Other tall shrubs include ~Chionanthus virginicus, Cotinus obovatus, Frangula caroliniana, Ilex decidua, Sideroxylon lanuginosum$, and ~Viburnum rufidulum$. Herbs include ~Anemone virginiana, ArabLVALUThis alliance includes xeric forests with mixed evergreen/deciduous canopies composed primarily of ~Pinus virginiana$ co-occurring with ~Quercus coccinea$ and/or ~Quercus prinus$. These forests often have ericaceous shrub strata, with ~Vaccinium$ spp. and ~Kalmia latifolia$ typical. This alliance includes both forests resulting from disturbance and forests maintained by harsh environmental conditions, including dry shale substrates and shallow rocky soils. Forests in this alliance occur on upper slopes and ridges of the Southern Blue Ridge (below 3000 feet), Ridge and Valley, Cumberland Plateau, and Piedmont.This alliance includes forests with mixed evergreen/deciduous canopies composed primarily of ~Pinus virginiana$, with various admixtures of the nominal ~Quercus$ spp. (~Quercus alba, Quercus stellata, Quercus falcata, Quercus velutina$). The application of this alliance is currently restricted to the pine barrens of New Jersey, Delaware and Maryland.This alliance includes dry pine - oak forests dominated by ~Pinus strobus$ occurring with ~Quercus coccinea$ and/or ~Quercus prinus$. Typical species in the subcanopy are ~Oxydendrum arboreum, Acer rubrum var. rubrum, Nyssa sylvatica$, and ~Cornus florida$. These forests often have dense ericaceous shrub strata with species such as ~Rhododendron maximum, Kalmia latifolia, Vaccinium$ spp., or ~Gaylussacia$ spp. Herbaceous strata have low species richness and are composed of species typical of dry montane forests, such as ~Galax urceolata, Viola hastata, Chimaphila maculata, Goodyera pubescens, Epigaea repens, Smilax glauca, Smilax rotundifolia$, and ~Chamaelirium luteum$. These forests ois missouriensis, Astragalus distortus, Berlandiera betonicifolia (= Berlandiera texana), Erysimum capitatum, Galium arkansanum, Hexalectris spicata, Hybanthus concolor, Penstemon arkansanus, Polygala senega$, and ~Tragia cordata$. This vegetation is associated with limestone or dolomite glades.LVALsThis alliance encompasses loblolly pine - oak forests of the Coastal Plain and some adjacent provinces of the eastern United States. The canopy is dominated by ~PiThese are mixed forests (often stunted) of cedar and xeric oaks; some stands may be fire-suppressed oak savannas. Examples of this alliance often occur over limestone, sandstone, or sandstone chert; they may also possibly occur on old fields. Examples of this alliance are typically less calcareous than similar forests which are dominated by ~Quercus muehlenbergii$ and ~Quercus stellata$. In Arkansas, associated species include ~Ulmus alata, Carya texana, Fraxinus americana, Sideroxylon lycioides, Celtis tenuifolia, Cercis canadensis, Rhus aromatica, Symphoricarpos orbiculatus, Viburnum rufidulum, Antennaria plantaginifolia, Cheilanthes lanosa, Cheilanthes tomentosa, Euphorbia commutata$, and ~Scutellaria ovata$. The structure and composition of vegetation in this and related alliances depends on management and disturbance history, as well as inherent site conditions. Depending on soil depth, climate, and fire interval, the canopy closure and the relative ~Quercus / Juniperus$ balance will vary considerably. At some sites, both forest and woodland communities may be present, grading into one another depending on aspect, surface geology, or fire history. With prolonged fire suppression, ~Juniperus$ will increase in importance and stature, eventually occupying part of the canopy with the oaks, and presenting greater canopy closure. In intermediate stages, an oak canopy will overtop a subcanopy of ~Juniperus$. Drier, rockier, or more frequently burned examples will tend to exhibit an oak woodland physiognomy. Additional information about associations in this alliance is needed to help determine if at least some of this vegetation should possibly be referred either to the II.B.2.N.a ~~Quercus stellata - Quercus marilandica$ Woodland Alliance (A.625)$$ or to the I.B.2.N.a ~~Quercus stellata - Quercus marilandica$ Forest Alliance (A.253)$$.LVALForests with mixed deciduous/evergreen canopies, dominated by ~Picea rubens$ and ~Betula alleghaniensis$, occurring from the maritime provinces of Canada, through northern New England and eastern New York, south to the High Alleghenies, and high elevations in the northern Ridge and Valley and Southern Blue Ridge. This alliance includes forests transitional between northern hardwoods and spruce - fir forests, as well as successional forests resulting from the death of ~Abies fraseri$ due to the Balsam Woolly Adelgid. ~Picea rubens$ is usually the most abundant conifer, with lesser amounts of ~Abies balsamea$, in the north, and ~Abies fraseri$, in the southern portion of the range. ~Betula alleghaniensis$ is usually the most abundant deciduous tree, although other deciduous species, such as ~Fagus grandifolia$ and, in the southern Appalachians, ~Aesculus flava$, can be prominent constituents. Associated species vary with geography, but include ~Acer spicatum, Acer pensylvanicum, Acer saccharum, Oclemena acuminata (= Aster acuminatus), Clintonia borealis, Dryopteris carthusiana (= Dryopteris spinulosa), Dryopteris intermedia, Dryopteris campyloptera, Ilex montana, Menziesia pilosa, Oxalis montana, Rugelia nudicaulis, Rhododendron catawbiense, Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa (= Sambucus racemosa var. pubens), Solidago glomerata, Trillium undulatum, Vaccinium erythrocarpum$, and ~Viburnum lantanoides (= Viburnum alnifolium)$. Forests of this alliance generally occur on midslopes, with soils ranging from somewhat poorly drained to well-drained. Forests of this alliance in the White Mountains and Green Mountains in New England were noted to occur on soils derived from compact till and ablational till consisting of metamorphic schist and gneiss. Forests in this alliance tend to be on moister sites than deciduous forests dominated by northern hardwood species.LVAL hThis alliance includes communities dominated by the nominal species, on xeric, sandy sites in the Coastal Plain west of the Mississippi River. The canopy coverage may be variable, reflecting the range of situations involved, ranging from open canopied woodlands on very well-drained Pleistocene terraces and low, broad ridges on deep, acidic sandy soils to slightly more or less dense examples on similarly droughty sites. In addition to the nominal canopy species, ~Carya texana$ may be present. Among the subcanopy, ~Quercus incana$ is arguably the most constant species. In most cases a patchy shrub stratum (varying from approximately 30-60% in total cover) consisting of stunted, scrubby ~Quercus$ spp. and tall shrubs ranging from 2.5-5 m in height is present. ~Quercus arkansana$, a rare Coastal Plain endemic species, may occur in some examples. Due to xeric conditions, graminoids and forbs are very sparse in this community, and patches of exposed sand are common. Lichens (~Cladonia$ spp.) and spike-moss (~Selaginella arenicola ssp. riddellii$) form large patches. Typical shrubs include ~Sassafras albidum, Vaccinium arboreum, Ilex vomitoria, Sideroxylon lanuginosum ssp. lanuginosum, Asimina parviflora, Chionanthus virginicus, Stillingia sylvatica$, and ~Frangula caroliniana$, and seedlings of canopy species. Depending, in part, upon management history, the herbaceous layer density may vary widely and is sometimes quite sparse. However, in nearly all cases it will contain a suite of habitat fidels, several of which are either endemic or nearly so to the West Gulf Coastal Plain. Herbaceous species may include ~Aristida desmantha, Schizachyrium scoparium, Opuntia humifusa, Cnidoscolus texanus, Eriogonum longifolium, Eriogonum multiflorum, Penstemon murrayanus, Polanisia erosa, Polygonella americana, Polygonella polygama$, and ~Zornia bracteata$. More open examples that approach woodland structure may contain scattered patches of fruticose lichens (~Cladonia$ spp.) and possibly spike-moss (~Selaginella ar1LVAL=enicola ssp. riddellii$). The historical fire frequency of these vegetation types is unknown but is widely believed to have been less than that of ~Pinus palustris$-dominated woodlands (which sometimes occur adjacent to this type). Too frequent fires would not allow for the persistence of ~Pinus echinata$ and hardwood species, although young ~Pinus echinata$ has the ability to resprout when top-killed by fire. In some areas of eastern Texas these xeric sandhills occupy very limited portions of the landscape possibly suggesting that natural fire frequencies may not have been as constant or as frequent as would be necessary to maintain herbaceous-dominated woodlands. In addition, the extremely droughty soils contribute to only sparse fine fuel build-up making frequent, natural fires difficult to either ignite or spread. In the continued absence of fire, these mixed forests may become increasingly invaded by ~Pinus taeda$. This alliance occurs on ridgetops and flat xeric uplands on very well-drained, acidic sandy soils in the West Gulf Coastal Plain and Upper West Gulf Coastal Plain of Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas. Its status in the western part of the East Gulf Coastal Plain is unclear.?LVALK\T,F #A.415CEastI.C.3.N.aPINUS (RIGIDA, ECHINATA) - QUERCUS COCCINEA FOREST ALLIANCE(Pitch Pine, Shortleaf Pine) - Scarlet Oak Forest AllianceX@{YECSS   "A.414CMidwestI.C.3.N.aPICEA MARIANA - POPULUS TREMULOIDES FOREST ALLIANCEBlack Spruce - Quaking Aspen Forest Alliance@zYMCSzN   !A.413CSoutheastI.C.3.N.aTSUGA CANADENSIS - LIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA FOREST ALLIANCEEastern Hemlock - Tuliptree Forest Alliancex@yYD. TAYLORW   A.412CEastI.C.3.N.aTSUGA CANADENSIS - BETULA ALLEGHANIENSIS FOREST ALLIANCEEastern Hemlock - Yellow Birch Forest Alliance; wYECS/MCS~P   A.41CSoutheastI.A.3.N.aEBENOPSIS EBANO FOREST ALLIANCETexas Ebony Forest Alliance|vYK.D. PATTERSON, MOD. A.S.|cbVThis alliance, found in the extreme north-central United States and adjacent Canada, is composed of a mix of coniferous and deciduous trees, with the conifers tending to be more abundant in the north. The canopy is typically dominated by ~Pinus banksiana$ and ~Populus tremuloides$ with lesser amounts of ~Abies balsamea, Betula papyrifera, Picea glauca$, and ~Picea mariana$. Tree density and crown spacing may be moderately dense to dense, but sufficient light penetrates to permit the growth of a vigorous shrub layer. Most shrubs are less than 1 m tall. The most common among these are ~Corylus cornuta, Diervilla lonicera, Linnaea borealis, Rosa acicularis, Rubus pubescens$, and ~Vaccinium$ spp. The herbaceous layer is also typically quite rich with species such as ~Aralia nudicaulis, Eurybia macrophylla (= Aster macrophyllus), Cornus canadensis, Clintonia borealis, Streptopus lanceolatus var. longipes (= Streptopus roseus), Trientalis borealis$, and ~Viola$ spp. ^This alliance is found on generally level sandy outwash plains or moderately sloping moraines. The soils are fresh to dry, deep, sandy loams, loams, and fine sands. In Manitoba, the soils tend to be somewhat more moist and finer.\LVALEjThis alliance includes mixed forests of high elevations (above 5000 feet) of the Chisos Mountains, possibly extending into Mexico. Characteristically, these forests are dominated by a mixture of evergreen ~Pinus$ spp. (~Pinus cembroides, Pinus arizonica$), evergreen ~Juniperus$ spp. (~Juniperus deppeana, Juniperus flaccida, Juniperus coahuilensis (= Juniperus erythrocarpa)$), evergreen ~Quercus$ spp. (~Quercus grisea, Quercus tardifolia$), and deciduous ~Quercus$ spp. (~Quercus gravesii, Quercus graciliformis$). These forests occur on canyon slopes at high elevations in the Chisos Mountains of Trans-Pecos Texas. They grade into coniferous forests at higher elevations and, at lower elevations, into oak - juniper woodlands.This alliance occurs in the western Great Lakes area on dry, sandy sites. The overstory of this forest alliance has a moderately closed to closed canopy. Tree density can be very high (up to several hundred trees/ha). The dominant canopy species are ~Pinus banksiana$ and ~Quercus ellipsoidalis$. In some stands these two species constitute nearly the entire canopy. Where other species are present, they typically include ~Acer rubrum, Pinus resinosa$, and ~Populus tremuloides$. The shrub layer is sparse to well-defined. ~Vaccinium angustifolium$ is very common, but ~Corylus cornuta, Rosa$ spp., and ~Rubus$ spp. are other common constituents. The herbaceous layer contains species such as ~Carex pensylvanica, Fragaria virginiana, Lysimachia quadrifolia$, and ~Maianthemum racemosum$. ^Stands of this alliance are found on well-drained, sandy, infertile soils. Sites are typically relatively flat and occur on outwash plains or glaciolacustrine beds. LVALThis alliance occurs in the southeastern United States from the Inner Coastal Plain and Piedmont, ranging north and west through the Cumberland Plateau, Ridge and Valley, and low Blue Ridge, and from eastern Texas and Louisiana, through the Ouachita Mountains and Ozarks. It includes mesic to dry-mesic forests with mixed evergreen and deciduous canopies where ~Pinus echinata$ and one or more of the nominal ~Quercus$ spp. occur in varying ratios. In some associations ~Pinus taeda$ may be a dominant evergreen canopy component. ~Quercus rubra$ codominates in associations in the Ozarks and Ouachita Mountains. Other common species vary greatly with geography, but can include ~Carya alba, Carya texana, Sassafras albidum, Oxydendrum arboreum, Acer rubrum, Nyssa sylvatica, Cornus florida, Vaccinium arboreum, Vaccinium pallidum, Vaccinium stamineum, Chimaphila maculata, Tephrosia virginiana, Coreopsis major$, and others. Forests in this alliance occur on dry hilltops, upper slopes, and ridges on acidic soils. The alliance also includes associations from some more non-acidic substrates, including hilltops and upper slopes in Louisiana associated with the Cook Mountain Formation and with calcareous prairies on the Fleming Formation in eastern Texas.LVALThis alliance is found in the extreme north-central United States and adjacent Canada. The tree layer is dominated by a moderately closed to closed canopy of mixed coniferous and deciduous species. ~Populus tremuloides$ is the only common deciduous tree, but scattered ~Betula papyrifera$ and ~Populus balsamifera$ are also found. ~Picea mariana$ is the most abundaThis alliance includes mixed ~Pinus echinata - Quercus$ spp. forests of the low mountains in the Blue Ridge/Piedmont transition, extending into the southern Ridge and Valley and Cumberland Plateau of the southeastern United States. ~Pinus echinata$ and some combination of the nominal oaks (~Quercus coccinea, Quercus prinus$) are dominant. Associated species include ~Quercus falcata, Quercus stellata, Quercus marilandica, Carya pallida, Oxydendrum arboreum$, and ~Cornus florida$ in the canopy and subcanopy. ~Pinus virginiana$ may also be a component. ~Gaylussacia baccata, Gaylussacia ursina, Vaccinium pallidum, Vaccinium stamineum$, and ~Kalmia latifolia$ are typical shrubs. Herbaceous species that are common to these forests include ~Chimaphila maculata, Iris verna, Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum, Silphium compositum, Smilax glauca, Goodyera pubescens, Schizachyrium scoparium, Dichanthelium dichotomum$, and ~Danthonia sericea$. These forests occur on exposed, rocky ridges and upper, convex slopes, as well as more protected sites. Species composition varies with bedrock geology and exposure.4LVAL@This successionally intermediate alliance occurs in the Black Hills and western and northwestern United States. This description is strongly based on the portion of this alliance that occurs in the Black Hills. This is a mixed evergreen - deciduous forest composed of short to moderately tall trees. Sites can be on gentle to steep slopes and have any aspect. The canopy is variable, ranging from moderately open to closed. Younger stands typically have dense ~Populus tremuloides$ with ~Pinus ponderosa$ mixed in. As the stands age, ~Populus tremuloides$ is slowly reduced and ~Pinus ponderosa$ becomes dominant. ~Betula papyrifera$ and ~Picea glauca$ may be minor components of the canopy. The shrub layer contains species such as ~Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Juniperus communis, Prunus americana, Prunus pensylvanica, Prunus virginiana, Rubus idaeus, Sorbus scopulina$, and ~Vaccinium scoparium$. ~Aralia nudicaulis, Castilleja sulphurea, Clematis columbiana, Geranium richardsonii, Oryzopsis asperifolia, Pteridium aquilinum$, and ~Sedum stenopetalum$ are found in the herbaceous stratum. Stands of this alliance typically develop after a crown fire or other disturbance has removed the ~Pinus ponderosa$ overstory.CLVALOThis forest alliance, found from the western Great Lakes to southern Manitoba, occurs on relatively recently disturbed dry-mesic sites. The tree canopy is typically continuous and composed of a mix of coniferous and deciduous species. Although the mix of evergreen and deciduous trees varies, conifers are usually taller than the deciduous trees. ~Acer rubrum, Betula papyrifera, Pinus strobus, Pinus resinosa, Populus tremuloides, Populus grandidentata$, and ~Quercus rubra$ are all common canopy species. ~Abies balsamea, Acer saccharum, Picea glauca$, and ~Thuja occidentalis$ can occur in the overstory but are more abundant as saplings. The tall-shrub layer is moderately dense, but low shrubs are infrequent. Species in these layers include ~Acer spicatum, Corylus cornuta, Diervilla lonicera$, and ~Lonicera canadensis$. The herbaceous layer is poorly to moderately well-developed. It contains species such as ~Aralia nudicaulis, Eurybia macrophylla (= Aster macrophyllus), Clintonia borealis, Cornus canadensis, Linnaea borealis, Maianthemum canadense, Streptopus lanceolatus var. longipes (= Streptopus roseus)$, and ~Trientalis borealis$. Mosses, such as ~Dicranum polysetum$ and ~Pleurozium schreberi$, are common in Canada. ^This alliance is found on flat to rolling topography on outwash plains and moraines. Soils are often well-drained sands or sandy loams, but can be loam or silt. They range from moderately infertile to moderately fertile.LVAL pThis alliance occurs from the western Great Lakes to the northeastern United States and south to the southern Appalachian Mountains. The overstory is a mix of evergreen and deciduous trees which form a moderately closed to closed canopy. ~Pinus strobus$ is a consistent constituent of the canopy and usually occurs as supercanopy trees, as well. ~Quercus alba, Quercus rubra$, and ~Quercus velutina$ are also important canopy trees along with minor amounts of ~Acer rubrum, Carya alba, Liriodendron tulipifera, Pinus resinosa, Pinus banksiana$ (in Wisconsin), ~Populus tremuloides$ (in the northern parts of this alliance's range), ~Quercus ellipsoidalis$ (in the northwest), and ~Tsuga canadensis$, and ~Quercus prinus$ (in the southeast). Subcanopy trees can include ~Carpinus caroliniana, Cornus florida, Hamamelis virginiana, Halesia tetraptera, Oxydendrum arboreum$, and ~Nyssa sylvatica$. The shrub layer is often well-developed with ~Gaylussacia$ spp., ~Kalmia latifolia, Rubus$ spp., and ~Vaccinium$ spp. most commonly dominant. Other shrubs can include ~Corylus americana, Gaultheria procumbens, Rhododendron maximum$, and ~Sassafras albidum$, and in the Ridge and Valley, ~Viburnum rafinesquianum$ and ~Viburnum prunifolium$. The herb stratum is sparse to moderate, but can be quite species rich, especially in the Southern Blue Ridge and Ridge and Valley, where typical species include ~Ageratina altissima, Amphicarpaea bracteata, Brachyelytrum erectum, Carex communis, Carex platyphylla, Carex woodii, Carex pensylvanica, Chimaphila maculata, Desmodium nudiflorum, Eupatorium purpureum, Galax urceolata, Galium latifolium, Galium circaezans, Geranium maculatum, Goodyera pubescens, Hexastylis shuttleworthii, Hieracium venosum, Houstonia purpurea, Maianthemum racemosum, Maianthemum canadense, Medeola virginiana, Mitchella repens, Monotropa uniflora, Poa cuspidata, Polygonatum biflorum, Polystichum acrostichoides, Trillium catesbaei$, and ~Viola hastata$. Stands of this alliance are dry-mesic to mesic forests foundLVALxThis alliance is found in the Great Lakes region and the northeastern United States and can range as far south as the Southern Blue Ridge of North Carolina and Tennessee, where it can occur in high-elevation areas. Forests in this alliance are late successional upland forests, dominated by coniferous and deciduous trees. ~Tsuga canadensis$ and some combination of ~Acer saccharum, Betula alleghaniensis$, and ~Fagus grandifolia$ are typically the dominant trees. ~Fagus grandifolia$ is not found in stands west of eastern Wisconsin. Associated trees include ~Acer rubrum, Betula lenta$ (in the eastern portion of this alliance's range), ~Carya$ spp. (in the south), ~Liriodendron tulipifera$ (in the south), ~Pinus strobus, Prunus serotina var. serotina$ (in the Allegheny Mountains), ~Quercus alba, Quercus rubra$, and ~Ulmus americana$. ~Picea rubens$ can be found in northern New England. The small tree ~Ostrya virginiana$ is often present in the subcanopy. In the northern portions of this alliance's range, the shade from the canopy and dense stands of ~Acer saccharum$ saplings and seedlings inhibits the growth of many other species. These stands often have depauperate ground layer strata. Where the shade is not as complete, shrubs such as ~Corylus cornuta, Diervilla lonicera, Hamamelis virginiana, Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa (= Sambucus pubens)$, and ~Viburnum lantanoides (= Viburnum alnifolium)$ may be found along with saplings of ~Abies balsamea$ and ~Picea glauca$. In the southern portion of on acidic, relatively nutrient-poor, sandy loam to sandy soil on a variety of topographic positions. In the upper Midwest, most stands are on flat to rolling topography on outwash plains or moraines. In the Southern Blue Ridge, they occur on mid to lower slopes in the lower elevations (below 3000 feet) on protected ridges, and in disturbed bottoms. In the Ridge and Valley of Virginia, these forests are found on protected ravines, with rocky soils developed over shale, sandstone, or other sedimentary rock.ELVALUi$z4Jyɵ   A.462CLatin AmericaII.A.1.N.aCOCCOTHRINAX BARBADENSIS WOODLAND ALLIANCEPuerto Rico Silver Palm Woodland AllianceYK. LINDSAY/B. HORWITHvuuL"   A.461CWestII.A.1.N.aCHAMAESYCE OLOWALUANA WOODLAND ALLIANCEAkoko Woodland AllianceYWCS[XWW@   A.460CWestII.A.1.N.aCHAMAESYCE CELASTROIDES WOODLAND ALLIANCE`Ekoko Woodland AllianceYWCS^[ZZB  w v#jN= A.492CLatin AmericaII.A.3.N.dPINUS CARIBAEA VAR. BAHAMENSIS SATURATED WOODLAND ALLIANCEBahaman Pine Saturated Woodland Alliance@qYLACD\"   A.491CSoutheastII.A.3.N.aPINUS ELLIOTTII TROPICAL WOODLAND ALLIANCESlash Pine Tropical Woodland Alliance@YK.D. PATTERSONzymH   A.490CLatin AmericaII.A.3.N.aPINUS CUBENSIS WOODLAND ALLIANCECuban Pine Woodland Alliance+@YLACDokj^B"   A.489CLatin AmericaII.A.3.N.aPINUS CARIBAEA VAR. BAHAMENSIS WOODLAND ALLIANCEBahaman Pine Woodland AllianceYLACDuqppR"   A.488CSoutheastII.A.2.N.cSABAL PALMETTO SATURATED WOODLAND ALLIANCECabbage Palmetto Saturated Woodland Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYtH   A.485CWestII.A.2.N.bWASHINGTONIA FILIFERA SEASONALLY FLOODED WOODLAND ALLIANCECalifornia Fan Palm Seasonally Flooded Woodland Alliance[@YM. SCHINDELS   A.483CWestII.A.2.N.aQUERCUS EMORYI WOODLAND ALLIANCEEmory Oak Woodland Alliance\@YD. DIAMOND 11-94, MOD. K.za`T9   A.482CWestII.A.2.N.aQUERCUS ARIZONICA WOODLAND ALLIANCEArizona White Oak Woodland Alliance@YK. SCHULZulk_<   A.481CSoutheastII.A.2.N.aSABAL PALMETTO TEMPERATE WOODLAND ALLIANCECabbage Palmetto Temperate Woodland Alliance@YD.J. ALLARDtH   A.48CWestI.A.3.N.cSOPHORA CHRYSOPHYLLA FOREST ALLIANCEMamane Forest AllianceYWCSURQQ;   A.479CSoutheastII.A.2.N.aQUERCUS VIRGINIANA - JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA - (SABAL PALMETTO) WOODLAND ALLIANCELive Oak - Eastern Red-cedar - (Cabbage Palmetto) Woodland AllianceJ@YD.J. ALLARD, MOD. A.S. WEռl   A.478CWestII.A.2.N.aQUERCUS GRISEA WOODLAND ALLIANCEGray Oak Woodland AllianceJ@YK. SCHULZi`_S9   A.477CSoutheastII.A.2.N.aQUERCUS FUSIFORMIS WOODLAND ALLIANCEPlateau Live Oak Woodland Alliancez@YA.S. WEAKLEY}qpdB  'W-oaJMTh A.509CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS BALFOURIANA WOODLAND ALLIANCEFoxtail Pine Woodland Alliance`@YM. SCHINDELrgfZ<   A.508CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS ATTENUATA WOODLAND ALLIANCEKnobcone Pine Woodland Allianceb@YM. SCHINDELqfeY:   A.507CMidwestII.A.4.N.aPINUS (BANKSIANA, RESINOSA) WOODLAND ALLIANCE(Jack Pine, Red Pine) Woodland Alliance@YMCS}|pI   A.506CWestII.A.4.N.aJUNIPERUS SCOPULORUM WOODLAND ALLIANCERocky Mountain Juniper Woodland AllianceZ@YK. SCHULZ}tsg?   A.505CSoutheastII.A.4.N.aJUNIPERUS PINCHOTII WOODLAND ALLIANCEPinchot's Juniper Woodland Alliance@YD. DIAMOND}srfC   A.504CWestII.A.4.N.aJUNIPERUS MONOSPERMA WOODLAND ALLIANCEOne-seed Juniper Woodland AllianceK@YK. SCHULZwnma?   A.503CWestII.A.4.N.aJUNIPERUS COAHUILENSIS WOODLAND ALLIANCERedberry Juniper Woodland AllianceH@YK. SCHULZypocA   A.502CWestIII.A.5.N.eJUNIPERUS CALIFORNICA WOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCECalifornia Juniper Wooded Shrubland AllianceX@YM. SCHINDELuI   A.501CSoutheastII.A.4.N.aJUNIPERUS ASHEI WOODLAND ALLIANCEAshe's Juniper Woodland Alliance@YD.J. ALLARDwlk_?   A.500CWestII.A.4.N.aCUPRESSUS SARGENTII WOODLAND ALLIANCESargent Cypress Woodland Alliance@YM. SCHINDELwlk_>   lA.5CLatin AmericaI.A.1.N.bDACRYODES EXCELSA - SLOANEA MASSONII FOREST ALLIANCECandletree - Burrwood Forest Alliance@qYLACDxS   A.499CSoutheastII.A.4.N.aPINUS PALUSTRIS / QUERCUS SPP. WOODLAND ALLIANCELongleaf Pine / Oak species Woodland Alliance} YA.S. WEAKLEY{N   A.494CLatin AmericaII.A.3.N.dPINUS TROPICALIS SATURATED WOODLAND ALLIANCETropical Pine Saturated Woodland AllianceYLACD|xwwN"   A.493CSoutheastII.A.3.N.dPINUS ELLIOTTII SATURATED TROPICAL WOODLAND ALLIANCESlash Pine Saturated Tropical Woodland Alliance@YK.D. PATTERSONR  LVALVegetation in this alliance has a very restricted distribution; these communities are fire-sheltered forests of poorly drained flatwoods of the Coastal Plain of southwestern portion of the Florida Parishes of southeastern Louisiana. Characteristic canopy trees include ~Pinus glabra, Quercus laurifolia, Quercus phellos, Quercus michauxii, Quercus nigra, Quercus pagoda, Quercus virginiana, Pinus taeda, Nyssa biflora, Nyssa sylvatica, Magnolia grandiflora, Salix nigra, Liquidambar styraciflua, Carya glabra, Acer rubrum$, and ~Fraxinus pennsylvanica$. Understory trees and shrubs include ~Crataegus opaca$ and ~Sabal minor$ (often very abundant or dominant), ~Arundinaria gigantea ssp. tecta, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Diospyros virginiana, Cornus foemina, Crataegus viridis, Ilex opaca var. opaca, Ilex decidua, Itea virginica, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Sambucus canadensis, Styrax americanus$, and ~Viburnum dentatum$. Woody vines include ~Ampelopsis arborea, BThis alliance covers mixed loblolly-hardwood forests of primarily blackwater rivers of the eastern Coastal Plain and related small stream floodplains west of the Mississippi River. Stands are dominated by ~Pinus taeda$ with any combination of the nominal ~Quercus$ species (e.g., ~Quercus laurifolia, Quercus nigra, Quercus phellos$). Some stands could originate as ~Pinus taeda$ plantations, with subsequent ingrowth of the hardwoods. These situations confound the status of this alliance as distinct from its deciduous equivalent (A.292). See the description for the I.B.2.N.d ~~Quercus (phellos, nigra, laurifolia)$ Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance (A.292)$$ which is very similar, but lacks a significant component of ~Pinus taeda$. This alliance perhaps uncomfortably combines natural, ecologically restricted situations (e.g., CEGL007548 of "sandy blackwater streams and on low, sandy terraces and levees in the Atlantic Coastal Plain") as well as more semi-natural or successional situations under less restricted or clearly defined conditions.MLVALYThis alliance includes palustrine forests, often dominated by ~Tsuga canadensis$ and ~Acer rubrum$, with closeThese riparian forests have been described from valleys, drainages and basins in the eastern Cascade Mountains of Oregon. Elevations range from 1100-2135 m. Stands are often relatively narrow, occurring in active floodplains, low terraces along stream channels, and on margins of meadows. Sites are flat to gently sloping, and are seasonally flooded. Substrates are moderately deep to deep, alluvial soil with textures ranging from loamy sand to silt clay loams. They are saturated in the spring then dry out by late summer, with the water table often dropping about 1 m. Parent materials are pumice alluvium or air-laid pumice that blanket this area. Stands have a sparse to dense, mixed evergreen needle-leaved and deciduous, broad-leaved tree canopy (25-90%) that is codominated by ~Pinus contorta var. murrayana$ and ~Populus tremuloides$. These seral stands are often dominated by one of the tree species depending on the time since the last disturbance. The relatively sparse to dense short-shrub layer (28-80% cover) is dominated by the cold-deciduous species ~Spiraea douglasii$ with ~Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Rosa woodsii$, and several species of ~Salix$, including ~Salix boothii, Salix geyeriana$, and ~Salix lemmonii$, often present. The herbaceous layer is sparse to moderately dense (5-60% cover). It is often dominated by the perennial graminoid ~Carex angustata$, but other herbaceous species may include ~Achillea millefolium, Elymus glaucus, Fragaria virginiana, Galium boreale$, and ~Maianthemum stellatum$. Adjacent stands include upland and riparian conifer forests dominated by ~Pinus contorta$ and various wetlands dominated by herbaceous and shrub species of ~Carex$ and ~Salix$.wLVALThese communities occur in fire-protected situations in a pine flatwoods landscape. They have saturated hydrology, with infrequent ponding of water following heavy rains. These communities are known from the East Gulf Coastal Plain and the northern Florida peninsula. This alliance encompasses a type of mixed bayhead and saturated small stream forest, with a closed to nearly closed canopy of ~Pinus elliottii var. elliottii, Magnolia virginiana, Nyssa biflora, Acer rubrum, Liriodendron tulipifera$, and ~Liquidambar styraciflua$. ~Taxodium ascendens, Quercus laurifolia$, and ~Quercus nigra$ may also be present. Understory trees, shrubs, and vines include ~Photinia pyrifolia (= Aronia arbutifolia), Arundinaria gigantea ssp. tecta, Cyrilla racemiflora, Gaylussacia mosieri, Gelsemium rankinii, Gordonia lasianthus, Hypericum galioides, Ilex cassine, Ilex coriacea, Ilex glabra, Ilex opaca, Itea virginica, Lyonia lucida, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Morella caroliniensis (= Myrica heterophylla), Persea palustris, Toxicodendron radicans ssp. radicans$, and ~Viburnum nudum var. nudum$. Typical herbaceous species include ~Polygala cymosa, Carex glaucescens, Eriocaulon compressum, Viola X primulifolia, Woodwardia areolata, Woodwardia virginica$, and ~Xyris fimbriata$. ~Sphagnum$ spp. are abundant. This alliance grades to vegetation of slightly less wet sites with greater fire frequency.LVAL Vegetation in this alliance has a very restricted distribution; these communities are fire-sheltered forests of poorly drained flatwoods of the Coastal Plain of southwestern portion of the Florida Parishes of southeastern Louisiana. Characteristic canopy trees include ~Pinus glabra, Quercus laurifolia, Quercus phellos, Quercus michauxii, Quercus nigra, Quercus pagoda, Quercus virginiana, Pinus taeda, Nyssa biflora, Nyssa sylvatica, Magnolia grandiflora, Salix nigra, Liquidambar styraciflua, Carya glabra, Acer rubrum$, and ~Fraxinus pennsylvanica$. Understory trees and shrubs include ~Crataegus opaca$ and ~Sabal minor$ (often very abundant or dominant), ~Arundinaria gigantea ssp. tecta, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Diospyros virginiana, Cornus foemina, Crataegus viridis, Ilex opaca var. opaca, Ilex decidua, Itea virginica, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Sambucus canadensis, Styrax americanus$, and ~Viburnum dentatum$. Woody vines include ~Ampelopsis arborea, Berchemia scandens, Brunnichia ovata, Campsis radicans, Toxicodendron radicans ssp. radicans, Smilax glauca, Smilax rotundifolia$, and ~Vitis rotundifolia$. Herbs include ~Boehmeria cylindrica, Carex$ spp., ~Chasmanthium latifolium, Chasmanthium laxum, Chasmanthium sessiliflorum, Cyperus$ spp., ~Gratiola virginiana, Hygrophila lacustris, Juncus$ spp., ~Justicia ovata, Ludwigia$ spp., ~Lycopus rubellus, Lycopus virginicus, Lysimachia radicans, Onoclea sensibilis, Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis, Phanopyrum gymnocarpon, Polygonum$ spp., ~Rhynchospora$ spp., ~Sabatia calycina, Saccharum giganteum, Saururus cernuus, Scirpus cyperinus, Scirpus$ spp., ~Solidago gigantea, Thelypteris palustris var. pubescens, Triadenum walteri, Vernonia gigantea$, and ~Woodwardia areolata$. Known associations in this alliance occur on calcareous and high-sodium soils. This vegetation occurs on hydric, acidic silt loams (Encrow, Gilbert, and Springfield series), on broad, low flats, in small to large depressional areas, and along small, intermittent, ill-defined gLVALsForests in this alliance are successional on Coastal Plain nonriverine flats and often result from logging, fire suppression, and hydrologic alteration; or occur on the backside of dunes on barrier islands. The canopies of stands are dominated by ~Pinus taeda, Liquidambar styraciflua$, and ~Acer rubrum$. Characteristic species vary with geography and habitat, and include ~Acer rubrum, Liquidambar styraciflua, Nyssa sylvatica, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Magnolia virginiana, Quercus laurifolia, Quercus nigra, Quercus michauxii, Quercus pagoda$, and ~Quercus alba$. ~Arundinaria gigantea ssp. tecta$ occurs in dense, or sometimes patchy, stands within one association in the Outer Coastal Plain of Virginia and North Carolina. Other shrubs of this alliance include ~Clethra alnifolia, Vaccinium formosum, Vaccinium fuscatum, Smilax rotundifolia, Smilax glauca, Ilex opaca, Ilex glabra, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera var. cerifera), Persea palustris, Leucothoe racemosa, Vaccinium elliottii, Callicarpa americana$, and ~Toxicodendron radicans ssp. radicans$. Locally, ~Lyonia lucida$ and ~Asimina triloba$ may occur, as well. Herbaceous species are sparse to essentially lacking, but can include ~Woodwardia areolata, Woodwardia virginica, Osmunda cinnamomea$, and ~Osdrainages ('slashes'), on the Pleistocene prairie terraces in the southwestern portion of the Florida Parishes of southeastern Louisiana.LVALThis alliance includes palustrine forests, often dominated by ~Tsuga canadensis$ and ~Acer rubrum$, with closed to open canopies and an open to dense shrub layer, interspersed with small ~Sphagnum$ - herb-dominated depressions. Canopies are composed of various mixtures of evergreen and deciduous species, with canopy dominants varying with elevation. Occurrences at lower elevations tend to be dominated by ~Acer rubrum, Liriodendron tulipifera$, and/or ~Nyssa sylvatica$, while examples at higher elevations are usually dominated by ~Tsuga canadensis$ and ~Betula alleghaniensis$. The dominant shrubs are usually ~Rhododendron maximum, Kalmia latifolia$, and ~Leucothoe fontanesiana$, but other shrubs include ~Salix nigra, Alnus serrulata, Ilex montana, Cornus amomum, Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides$, and ~Toxicodendron vernix$. Herbs in ~Sphagnum$ - herb-dominated openings include ~Solidago patula var. patula, Symphyotrichum puniceum (= Aster puniceus), DaliThis alliance, found in the Great Lakes region and the northeastern United States, is a wetland forest. The overstory is moderately to completely closed and dominated by conifers but usually contains a significant proportion of deciduous species. ~Pinus strobus$ is the leading dominant. Other species commonly found in the canopy are ~Acer rubrum, Betula alleghaniensis, Fraxinus nigra, Thuja occidentalis, Tsuga canadensis$ (east of Wisconsin), and ~Ulmus americana$. Understory species are less well known. They include ~Carex$ spp., ~Ilex verticillata$, and ~Osmunda$ spp. ~Sphagnum$ spp. often occur as a ground cover. ^Stands of this alliance are found in flat or very gently sloping lowlands. These sites are flooded or saturated for at least part of the year. The soil is organic or sand with a thin layer of organic matter on the surface.LVALThis alliance includes semi-evergreen woodlands dominated by ~QuercNonriverine swamp forests. Vegetation in this alliance has a very restricted distribution. One association has been described at this time; it has a canopy dominated by variable mixtures of ~Pinus taeda, Pinus serotina, Chamaecyparis thyoides, Taxodium distichum, Taxodium ascendens, Nyssa biflora, Acer rubrum var. trilobum$, and ~Liriodendron tulipifera$. The subcanopy is open to dense, and consists of ~Magnolia virginiana, Persea palustris$, and ~Cyrilla racemiflora$. The shrub layer is often well-developed, though not pocosin-like, and characteristically includes ~Lyonia lucida, Clethra alnifolia, Cyrilla racemiflora, Vaccinium formosum$, and ~Vaccinium fuscatum$. ~Smilax laurifolia$ is a liana climbing into the canopy. The herb layer is poorly developed, with ~Woodwardia areolata, Woodwardia virginica, Carex$ spp., and ~Sphagnum$ spp. Soils are generally organic, such as Typic Medisaprists and Terric Medisaprists. Forests in this alliance are apparently shallowly inundated during the winter by high water table, and also appear to receive occasional mineral input from flood runoff from adjacent very slightly higher communities, and from wind and storm tides from nearby estuarine sounds. Some occurrences may develop from disturbed stands of ~Chamaecyparis thyoides$-dominated forests.nLVALzThis alliance encompasses a variety of environmental situations with saturated hydrology and a distinctive open canopy of ~Sabal palmetto$. In Florida, this alliance may be represented by a type of open-canopy hydric hammock over organic soil dominated by a combination of ~Sabal palmetto, Quercus virginiana, Acer rubrum, Liquidambar styracifluaForests in this alliance are successional on Coastal Plain nonriverine flats and often result from logging, fire suppression, and hydrologic alteration; or occur on the backside of dunes on barrier islands. The canopies of stands are dominated by ~Pinus taeda, Liquidambar styraciflua$, and ~Acer rubrum$. Characteristic species vary with geography and habitat, and include ~Acer rubrum, Liquidambar styraciflua, Nyssa sylvatica, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Magnolia virginiana, Quercus laurifolia, Quercus nigra, Quercus michauxii, Quercus pagoda$, and ~Quercus alba$. ~Arundinaria gigantea ssp. tecta$ occurs in dense, or sometimes patchy, stands within one association in the Outer Coastal Plain of Virginia and North Carolina. Other shrubs of this alliance include ~Clethra alnifolia, Vaccinium formosum, Vaccinium fuscatum, Smilax rotundifolia, Smilax glauca, Ilex opaca, Ilex glabra, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera var. cerifera), Persea palustris, Leucothoe racemosa, Vaccinium elliottii, Callicarpa americana$, and ~Toxicodendron radicans ssp. radicans$. Locally, ~Lyonia lucida$ and ~Asimina triloba$ may occur, as well. Herbaceous species are sparse to essentially lacking, but can include ~Woodwardia areolata, Woodwardia virginica, Osmunda cinnamomea$, and ~Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis$. ~Quercus nigra$ is an important canopy component of this vegetation in Mississippi (R. Wieland pers. comm.).LVAL ;This alliance includes tropical and subtropical woodlands dominated by ~Pinus elliottii var. densa$, on sites where surface water is seldom present, but the substrate is saturated to the surface for extended periods during the growing season. Associated species can include ~Sabal palmetto, Serenoa repens, Schizachyrium rhizomatum, Muhlenbergia filipes$, and ~Rhynchospora divergens$. These woodlands occur primarily in the Big Cypress area of southern Florida.This alliance consists of tropical and subtropical pine woodlands with canopies dominated by ~Pinus elliottii var. densa$. The canopy may vary from very open to nearly closed in structure. Scattered subcThis alliance is found in the northern United States and southern Canada. The tree layer is dominated by a mix of conifers and deciduous species. Most of the deciduous species are not abundant, but taken together, they make up a substantial amount of the canopy. ~Thuja occidentalis$ is a consistently abundant tree. ~Acer rubrum$ can be absent to codominant. Other common trees include ~Betula alleghaniensis, Fraxinus nigra$, and ~Abies balsamea$. The shrub layer varies from sparse to moderately well-developed. It includes ~Alnus$ spp., ~Cornus sericea, Ilex verticillata, Lonicera$ spp., ~Nemopanthus mucronatus$ (in the eastern portion of this alliance's range), and ~Rhamnus alnifolia$. Herbaceous species often found in stands of this alliance include ~Aralia nudicaulis, Carex$ spp., ~Chelone glabra, Coptis trifolia, Lysimachia thyrsiflora, Lycopus virginicus$, and the ferns ~Onoclea sensibilis, Osmunda cinnamomea$, and ~Osmunda regalis$. ^Stands of this alliance are found on poorly drained, mostly mineral soils. Soil pH is typically neutral to alkaline.LVALThis alliance includes all ~Pinus palustris$-dominated vegetation on dry to xeric sites in the southeastern United States. These types include `longleaf pine sandhills' of the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains; otherThis alliance includes palustrine forests, often dominated by ~Tsuga canadensis$ and ~Acer rubrum$, with closed to open canopies and an open to dense shrub layer, interspersed with small ~Sphagnum$ - herb-dominated depressions. Canopies are composed of various mixtures of evergreen and deciduous species, with canopy dominants varying with elevation. Occurrences at lower elevations tend to be dominated by ~Acer rubrum, Liriodendron tulipifera$, and/or ~Nyssa sylvatica$, while examples at higher elevations are usually dominated by ~Tsuga canadensis$ and ~Betula alleghaniensis$. The dominant shrubs are usually ~Rhododendron maximum, Kalmia latifolia$, and ~Leucothoe fontanesiana$, but other shrubs include ~Salix nigra, Alnus serrulata, Ilex montana, Cornus amomum, Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides$, and ~Toxicodendron vernix$. Herbs in ~Sphagnum$ - herb-dominated openings include ~Solidago patula var. patula, Symphyotrichum puniceum (= Aster puniceus), Dalibarda repens, Osmunda cinnamomea, Carex folliculata, Carex gynandra, Carex scabrata, Carex leptalea, Carex stricta, Sarracenia purpurea, Sagittaria latifolia (= Sagittaria latifolia var. pubescens)$, and ~Leersia virginica$. Herbs in the forested areas include ~Glyceria melicaria, Lycopodium obscurum, Onoclea sensibilis, Maianthemum canadense, Thelypteris noveboracensis$, and ~Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis$. Forests in this alliance are typically at elevations below 1200 m (4000 feet), in poorly drained bottomlands, generally with visible microtopography of ridges and sloughs or depressions. They often occur near streams and are undoubtedly occasionally flooded. These forests are found in the northeastern U.S. and throughout the Southern Blue Ridge, in the Cumberland Mountains and Cumberland Plateau, and in the central Appalachians.LVAL This alliance is characterized by a canopy of abundant ~Chamaecyparis thyoides$, but because other hardwoods are often present in quantity, this vegetation is placed within a mixed alliance. Nearly pure stands do occur, but their floristic composition is similar enough to warrant their placement within this alliance. Associated canopy trees include ~Acer rubrum, Magnolia virginiana, Betula alleghaniensis, Pinus strobus, Pinus rigida, Pinus serotina$, and ~Nyssa sylvatica$. Common shrubs include ~Vaccinium corymbosum, Ilex glabra, Leucothoe racemosa, Lyonia lucida, Rhododendron viscosum, Clethra alnifolia$, and ~Gaylussacia frondosa$. Common herbaceous species of this alliance include ~Osmunda cinnamomea, Woodwardia virginica, Smilax rotundifolia, Smilax laurifolia, Trientalis borealis, Arundinaria gigantea, Maianthemum canadense$, and ~Aralia nudicaulis$. ~Sphagnum$ hummocks are usually characteristic of this vegetation. ~Schizaea pusilla$ is apparently restricted to this vegetation, where it grows at the bases of cedar trees. Other species found in this alliance on the Delmarva peninsula include ~Orontium aquaticum$ and ~Alnus maritima$. Communities of this alliance are commonly associated with pine barrens vegetation in New Jersey; Long Island, New York; and Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Isolated communities also occur in poorly drained depressions inland of the coastal plain in Massachusetts, New York and New Jersey. Waters are generally acidic, and soils are usually thick peat deposits in basin wetlands, or mucks overlying mineral soils along water courses. Atlantic white-cedar grows in basins and along streams in the pine barrens; it is much more common in this habitat in Delaware than it is in basins not influenced by stream flooding or seepage. White-cedar reaches its greatest abundance on artificial habitats in Delaware, headwaters of dammed mill ponds (Clancy 1993b). As a commercially important species, Atlantic white-cedar has been cut extensively throughout its range, and very few virgin or LVAL&#jN= A.492CLatin AmericaII.A.3.N.dPINUS CARIBAEA VAR. BAHAMENSIS SATURATED WOODLAND ALLIANCEBahaman Pine Saturated Woodland Alliance@qYLACD\"   A.491CSoutheastII.A.3.N.aPINUS ELLIOTTII TROPICAL WOODLAND ALLIANCESlash Pine Tropical Woodland Alliance@YK.D. PATTERSONzymH   A.490CLatin AmericaII.A.3.N.aPINUS CUBENSIS WOODLAND ALLIANCECuban Pine Woodland Alliance+@YLACDokj^B"   A.489CLatin AmericaII.A.3.N.aPINUS CARIBAEA VAR. BAHAMENSIS WOODLAND ALLIANCEBahaman Pine Woodland AllianceYLACDuqppR"   A.488CSoutheastII.A.2.N.cSABAL PALMETTO SATURATED WOODLAND ALLIANCECabbage Palmetto Saturated Woodland Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYtH   A.485CWestII.A.2.N.bWASHINGTONIA FILIFERA SEASONALLY FLOODED WOODLAND ALLIANCECalifornia Fan Palm Seasonally Flooded Woodland Alliance[@YM. SCHINDELS   A.483CWestII.A.2.N.aQUERCUS EMORYI WOODLAND ALLIANCEEmory Oak Woodland Alliance\@YD. DIAMOND 11-94, MOD. K.za`T9   A.482CWestII.A.2.N.aQUERCUS ARIZONICA WOODLAND ALLIANCEArizona White Oak Woodland Alliance@YK. SCHULZulk_<   A.481CSoutheastII.A.2.N.aSABAL PALMETTO TEMPERATE WOODLAND ALLIANCECabbage Palmetto Temperate Woodland Alliance@YD.J. ALLARDtH   A.48CWestI.A.3.N.cSOPHORA CHRYSOPHYLLA FOREST ALLIANCEMamane Forest AllianceYWCSURQQ;   A.4old-growth stands are known. Classification of this vegetation is complicated by this fact, although much research has been done on the impacts of fire in this vegetation. Although Atlantic white-cedar trees are fire-sensitive, many stands were initiated following fire. Low-intensity fires that did not burn the forest floor foster the growth of dense seedlings. Seedling mortality is high, but even mature stands initiated in this way are quite dense (McCormick 1979.)LVALz#jN= A.492CLatin AmericaII.A.3.N.dPINUS CARIBAEA VAR. BAHAMENSIS SATURATED WOODLAND ALLIANCEBahaman Pine Saturated Woodland Alliance@qYLACD\"   A.491CSoutheastII.A.3.N.aPINUS ELLIOTTII TROPICAL WOODLAND ALLIANCESlash Pine Tropical Woodland Alliance@YK.D. PATTERSONzyThis alliance consists of woodlands of ~Cocos nucifera$, typically in maritime situations on sandy flats. ~Cocos nucifera$ generally forms an open canopy, and all natural and semi-natural ~Cocos nucifera$-dominated vegetation is placed in this alliance for now. In the southeastern United States, this alliance is limited to subtropical and tropical areas of southern Florida. It is very widespread in the Neotropics and Paleotropics.This broadly defined alliance contains swamp forest communities that are largely deciduous but with a substantial component of conifers, including ~Picea rubens, Tsuga canadensis$, and ~Pinus strobus$. ~Chamaecyparis thyoides$ may occur as scattered individuals, but is never abundant. Unlike vegetation strongly dominated by conifers, the high component of broad-leaved trees allows sufficient light penetration to support an herb layer of significant cover. Although ~Sphagnum$ usually occurs, there is not usually significant peat accumulation. ~Acer rubrum$ is a major canopy species, but is generally associated with ~Betula alleghaniensis$. Common shrubs include ~Vaccinium corymbosum, Clethra alnifolia, Rhododendron viscosum, Rhododendron maximum$, and ~Ilex verticillata$. The herb layer includes species such as ~Osmunda cinnamomea, Trientalis borealis, Aralia nudicaulis$, and ~Clintonia borealis$. The full geographic range of this alliance has not been fully evaluated, but communities of this alliance have been reported from all New England states, Pennsylvania, New York, and New Jersey. It may also occur in West Virginia (Core 1966, p. 46).LVAL0*This alliance consists of woodlands with an open to widely scattered canopy of tree-sized ~Conocarpus erectus$, with herbaceous or shrubby understories. Typical associated canopy and large shrub species may include ~Conocarpus erectus, Rhizophora mangle, Laguncularia racemosa, Avicennia germinans, Metopium toxiferum, Persea palustris, Sabal palmetto$, and ~Taxodium ascendens$. Epiphytes are sometimes very abundant, and can include ~Tillandsia utriculata, Tillandsia X smalliana, Tillandsia balbisiana, Tillandsia fasciculata, Tillandsia paucifolia, Tillandsia flexuosa, Pleopeltis polypodioides ssp. michauxiana, Phlebodium aureum, Encyclia tampensis$, and ~Vanilla barbellata$. In grassy associations, typical species may include ~Sporobolus virginicus, Fimbristylis$ spp., ~Spartina spartinae, Borrichia frutescens, Borrichia arborescens, Panicum virgatum, Sporobolus coromandelianus (= Sporobolus pyramidatus), Salicornia virginica, Eustoma exaltatum$. These communities are seasonally flooded and are not tidally affected.This alliance consists of woodlands of tropical Florida, characterized by an open canopy of ~Metopium toxiferum$ and mixtures of other tropical species. The only association defined in this alliance has a short canopy (3-7 m) and is dominated by ~Metopium toxiferum, Thrinax morrisii$, and ~Byrsonima lucida$, with other tropical hammock species. Understory species present include ~Schizachyrium$ spp., ~Flaveria linearis, Croton linearis$, and ~Borrichia frutescens$. The open canopy structure is perhaps maintained in part by prescribed burning. In the southeastern United States, this alliance occurs on exposures of Miami Formation oolite in the Florida Keys. It may well occur in the Bahamas or in the West Indies.bLVAL6rWoodlands in this alliance are dominated by ~Quercus grisea$, occurring with other oaks. Associated species can include ~Quercus gravesii, Quercus oblongifolia, Pinus cembroides, Juniperus deppeana, Juniperus monosperma, Cercocarpus montanus, Rhus trilobata, Bouteloua curtipendula$, and ~Bouteloua hirsuta$. These woodlands occur on protected canyon slopes and, in the Trans-Pecos of western Texas, this alliance is restricted to a few locations in relatively mesic canyons. This alliance also occurs in the mountains of Arizona and New Mexico, and in the mountains of northern Mexico.This alliance includes evergreen woodlands dominated by ~Quercus fusiformis$ on sands in the Llano Basin, Texas, over deep soils in limestone canyons of the Edwards Plateau, Texas, and on rocky, granite slopes in the Granite Mountain region of Oklahoma. Composition varies with substrate and precipitation. Canopy cover ranges from open to closed with monospecific mottes of ~Quercus fusiformis$ present in some areas. In Oklahoma and inland Texas, ~Quercus buckleyi, Ulmus crassifolia, Quercus stellata, Juniperus ashei$, and ~Quercus sinuata$ are variously present. Shrubs include ~Rhus$ spp. and ~Condalia$ spp. These woodlands can occur in a mosaic with ~Juniperus ashei$- or ~Prosopis glandulosa$-dominated woodlands or shrublands (shallow soil and disturbed areas) and with grasslands or grassy openings with ~Schizachyrium scoparium, Bouteloua curtipendula$, and ~Hilaria belangeri$.This alliance consists of bayheads with open canopies, typically in the 'downstream' or 'tail' portion of tree islands in the Shark Slough drainage of the Everglades. Canopy trees include ~Magnolia virginiana, Persea palustris, Chrysobalanus icaco, Salix caroliniana, Ilex cassine, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera)$, and ~Annona glabra$. Similar to tropical bayheads [see I.A.3.N.f] but with an open canopy and a much better-developed herbaceous stratum.LVAL-oaJM A.509CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS BALFOURIANA WOODLAND ALLIANCEFoxtail Pine Woodland Alliance`@YM. SCHINDELrgfZ<   A.508CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS ATTENUATA WOODLAND ALLIANCEKnobcone Pine Woodland Allianceb@YM. SCHINDELqfeY:   A.507CMidwestII.A.4.N.aPINUS (BANKSIANA, RESINOSA) WOODLAND ALLIANCE(Jack Pine, Red Pine) Woodland Alliance@YMCS}|pI   A.506CWestII.A.4.N.aJUNIPERUS SCOPULORUM WOODLAND ALLIANCERocky Mountain Juniper Woodland AllianceZ@YK. SCHULZ}tsg?   A.505CSoutheastII.A.4.N.aJUNIPERUS PINCHOTII WOODLAND ALLIANCEPinchot's Juniper Woodland Alliance@YD. DIAMOND}This alliance consists of upland palm savannas dominated by open to scattered canopy of ~Sabal palmetto$. In some cases, these communities occupy narrow strips of upland adjacent to marsh. They have a dense shrubby understory and a high water table. Severe conditions, likely including periodic hurricane damage (by wind and flooding), preclude forest development. They occur in the ACE (Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto) Basin and may be most common in the Sea Islands Section of the Coastal Plain. In southern Florida, vegetation of this alliance occurs on similar sites to ~Pinus elliottii var. densa$ communities but with more frequent fire (2- to 3-year return time) favoring the palm species ~Sabal palmetto$ and ~Serenoa repens$.This alliance accommodates calciphilic communities occurring on coastal sands, Amerindian shell middens, and natural shell deposits of the Outer Coastal Plain. Composition varies along a latitudinal gradient; associations have been defined for two separate geographic zones, one of the Atlantic Coast from northern Florida north to Virginia, and another in the Gulf Coast from Florida west to Texas. This vegetation occurs under more severe and unstable conditions than related forests, which are found in the I.A.4.N.a ~~Quercus virginiana - (Sabal palmetto)$ Forest Alliance (A.55)$$.LVAL(-oaJM A.509CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS BALFOURIANA WOODLAND ALLIANCEFoxtail Pine Woodland Alliance`@YM. SCHINDELrgfZ<   A.508CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS ATTENUATA WOODLAND ALLIANCEKnobcone Pine Woodland AlliancebThis alliance is found on rocky slopes in canyons and mountains in southwestern New Mexico and southeastern Arizona. Sites include moderate to steep slopes on all aspects in canyons and on piedmont slopes of mountains. Soils are often gravelly loams derived from a variety of parent materials. Woodlands included in this alliance are characterized by the broad-leaved evergreen tree ~Quercus arizonica$ and are typically 3-15 m tall with an open tree canopy. Other common trees may include ~Juniperus deppeana, Juniperus monosperma, Pinus discolor, Pinus edulis, Quercus emoryi, Quercus grisea$, and ~Quercus hypoleucoides$. Riparian woodlands may also have ~Fraxinus velutina$ present. There is usually a moderate shrub layer from 1-3 m tall. Characteristic species include ~Agave$ spp., ~Arctostaphylos pungens, Brickellia$ spp., ~Cercocarpus montanus, Dasylirion wheeleri, Ericameria laricifolia, Garrya wrightii, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Nolina microcarpa, Opuntia imbricata, Opuntia phaeacantha, Quercus turbinella, Rhus$ spp., ~Yucca baccata, Yucca schottii$, and juvenile tree species. The graminoid layer is dominated by bunch grasses, such as ~Bouteloua curtipendula$ or ~Muhlenbergia emersleyi$, but can be very diverse. Other common graminoid species may include ~Koeleria macrantha, Leptochloa dubia, Muhlenbergia dubia, Muhlenbergia longiligula, Muhlenbergia pauciflora, Panicum bulbosum, Piptochaetium fimbriatum$, and ~Schizachyrium cirratum$. The usually sparse, but often diverse, forb layer may include ~Artemisia$ spp., ~Croton fruticulosus, Dichondra brachypoda, Geranium caespitosum, Macroptilium gibbosifolium, Viguiera dentata$, and many others. Diagnostic of this woodland alliance is the ~Quercus arizonica$-dominated tree layer.LVALThis alliance includes all ~Pinus palustris$-dominated vegetation on dry to xeric sites in the southeastern United States. These types include `longleaf pine sandhills' of the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains; other dry to xeric substrates of the East Gulf and West Gulf coastal plains; as well as `montane longleaf' on rocky substrates of the Piedmont, Cumberland Plateau, and Ridge and Valley. Longleaf pine sandhills include a variety of xeric to dry-mesic ~Pinus palustris$ communities, characterized by the presence of one or more scrub oaks, most characteristically including ~Quercus incana, Quercus laevis, Quercus margarettiae, Quercus myrtifolia, QueThis alliance includes semi-evergreen woodlands dominated by ~Quercus emoryi$. ~Quercus grisea$ is a component on drier sites. ~Quercus gravesii, Quercus graciliformis$, and ~Acer grandidentatum$ are on more mesic, subirrigated sites. ~Juniperus deppeana$ and ~Juniperus pinchotii$ may also be important. Other typical species include (from Texas occurrences) ~Celtis laevigata var. reticulata, Juniperus coahuilensis, Prunus serotina var. virens, Baccharis neglecta, Croton$ sp., ~Brickellia$ spp., ~Mahonia trifoliolata (= Berberis trifoliolata), Mimosa dysocarpa, Leptochloa dubia, Bothriochloa barbinodis (= var. barbinodis)$, and ~Muhlenbergia emersleyi$. These woodlands are found in the Trans-Pecos Mountains of west Texas at 1350-1700 m (4500-5500 feet) elevation, especially over soils of alluvial origin in mountain valleys, associated with igneous geology. These woodlands may occur as a mosaic with grasslands dominated by ~Schizachyrium scoparium var. scoparium (= Schizachyrium scoparium ssp. neomexicanum)$ or ~Bouteloua eriopoda$ and ~Bouteloua curtipendula$ and may grade into woodlands of ~Pinus cembroides, Pinus edulis$, and ~Quercus$ spp. on adjacent steep mountain slopes. This alliance is distributed in the mountains of Arizona and New Mexico, west to the Davis and Chisos mountains in western Texas, and south, in the mountains of northern Mexico.LVALThis woodland alliance of the desert Southwest is found along canyon waterways and faultlines on intermittently flooded sites below 900 m in elevation. Permanent subsurface water is required to maintain ~Washingtonia filifera$, a relict species. Only 24 sites are known to support oases in the Colorado Desert, one of the most arid regions in North America. The mean 24-hour maximum temperature may exceed 38 degrees Celsius for several weeks a year. Annual precipitation totals between 90 and 168 mm. Salinity is low in the root zone, but increases near the surface where evaporation leaves salt accumulations. Reproduction of ~Washingtonia filifera$ is limited by water supply, surface salinity, rainfall, and fire. Oases are the only desert community in which fire is an important abiotic factor. Fan palms are fire-tolerant, while the understory species are not. Fires open up the understory allowing palm seedlings to establish. Removal of the understory also decreases competition for water. This alliance of the oases of the Colorado Desert is recognized by the presence of ~Washingtonia filifera$ as the sole or dominant tree in the canopy. There is great floristic diversity among oases, and this palm is the only species that does not differ in its relative importance. The vegetation of oases along waterways differs consistently from those along faultlines. Other trees that may be present include ~Platanus racemosa, Quercus chrysolepis, Populus fremontii$, and ~Fraxinus velutina$. A subcanopy is often present and may be comprised of ~Salix lasiolepis, Salix gooddingii, Salix exigua$, and ~Prosopis glandulosa$.LVAL `This alliance encompasses a variety of environmental situations with saturated hydrology and a distinctive open canopy of ~Sabal palmetto$. In Florida, this alliance may be represented by a type of open-canopy hydric hammock over organic soil dominated by a combination of ~Sabal palmetto, Quercus virginiana, Acer rubrum, Liquidambar styraciflua$, and ~Quercus nigra$. All the upper woody strata contain prominent ~Sabal palmetto$. Shrubs include ~Ilex cassine, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Ilex glabra, Persea palustris, Cornus foemina, Diospyros virginiana$, and ~Vaccinium corymbosum$. Some other sites may consist of wet flatwoods with sand substrates and canopies of cabbage palmetto. In these cases, there is usually a well-developed shrubby stratum, consisting of species such as ~Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera var. cerifera)$ and ~Ilex glabra$. The hydrology is seasonally saturated, with rare surface water. On Kiawah Island, South Carolina, woodlands dominated by ~Sabal palmetto$ occupy old dune swales and extensive low flats between old dune ridges. In this vegetation ~Sabal palmetto$ may comprise over 95% of the canopy; the only other tree species which occur are occasional ~Quercus laurifolia, Acer rubrum, Juniperus virginiana var. silicicola (= Juniperus silicicola), Persea$ sp., ~Morella cerifera$, and ~Morus rubra$. This open, glade-like woodland has a dense herbaceous layer containing ~Glyceria septentrionalis, Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense (= Cladium jamaicense), Woodwardia virginica, Woodwardia areolata, Hydrocotyle verticillata, Rhynchospora caduca, Carex stipata var. maxima$, and ~Boehmeria cylindrica$. Marsh edge ~Sabal palmetto$ communities with marsh grass understories may also belong in this alliance.+LVAL ;This montane woodland alliance of California and Baja California occurs on all aspects on shallow, well-drained soils. This alliance groThis alliance includes tropical and subtropical woodlands dominated by ~Pinus elliottii var. densa$, on sites where surface water is seldom present, but the substrate is saturated to the surface for extended periods during the growing season. Associated species can include ~Sabal palmetto, Serenoa repens, Schizachyrium rhizomatum, Muhlenbergia filipes$, and ~Rhynchospora divergens$. These woodlands occur primarily in the Big Cypress area of southern Florida.This alliance consists of tropical and subtropical pine woodlands with canopies dominated by ~Pinus elliottii var. densa$. The canopy may vary from very open to nearly closed in structure. Scattered subcanopy trees may be present. The ground layer may be shrub-dominated or herb-dominated. These communities show conceptual relationship both to temperate fire-maintained pinelands of the southeastern United States, as well as to tropical pinelands of the Bahamas, West Indies, and Central America. This alliance is probably most closely related in floristic composition and structure to the ~~Pinus caribaea var. bahamensis$ Woodland Alliance (A.489)$$ of the Bahamas. These woodlands are compositionally diverse. Some typical species include ~Coccothrinax argentata, Thrinax morrisii, Sideroxylon salicifolium, Chrysobalanus icaco, Ilex cassine$, and ~Tetrazygia bicolor$. This alliance occurs in south Florida, often in association with elevated limestone outcroppings.Open woodlands with canopy dominated by ~Pinus cubensis$, on bare serpentine rocks. ~Coccothrinax orientalis$ is usually present in the canopy. The species-rich, well-developed microphyllous evergreen shrub layer is made up by the same endemic species found in the serpentine scrubs of eastern Cuba.LVAL This alliance includes all ~Pinus palustris$-dominated vegetation on dry to xeric sites in the southeastern United States. These types include `longleaf pine sandhills' of the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains; other dry to xeric substrates of the East Gulf and West Gulf coastal plains; as well as `montane longleaf' on rocky substrates of the Piedmont, Cumberland Plateau, and Ridge and Valley. Longleaf pine sandhills include a variety of xeric to dry-mesic ~Pinus palustris$ communities, characterized by the presence of one or more scrub oaks, most characteristically including ~Quercus incana, Quercus laevis, Quercus margarettiae, Quercus myrtifolia, Quercus geminata, Quercus minima, Quercus arkansana, Quercus chapmanii, Quercus stellata$, and ~Quercus marilandica$, sometimes in combination with the more mesic oaks ~Quercus virginiana, Quercus falcata, Quercus pumila$, and ~Quercus nigra$. The more montane examples may contain ~Quercus prinus, Quercus coccinea, Quercus falcata, Pinus echinata$, and ~Pinus virginiana$. The structure of examples of these communities is highly variable, depending on fire frequency. Generally, appropriately fire-managed examples of these communities have an open canopy of ~Pinus palustris$, with scattered tree-sized individuals of the ~Quercus$ spp.; the oaks are otherwise reduced to sprouts. Under lower fire frequency, these communities often develop a dense subcanopy, shrub layer, or even canopy of scrub oaks. In addition, fire suppression may promote ingrowth of other pines, particularly ~Pinus clausa, Pinus echinata$, and/or ~Pinus taeda$. Where a well-developed shrub stratum is present, common shrubs include ~Vaccinium stamineum, Vaccinium arboreum, Vaccinium virgatum, Vaccinium tenellum, Gaylussacia dumosa (= var. dumosa), Gaylussacia frondosa (= var. frondosa), Gaylussacia nana (= Gaylussacia frondosa var. nana), Gaylussacia tomentosa (= Gaylussacia frondosa var. tomentosa), Ilex vomitoria, Rhus copallinum, Asimina parviflora$, and ~Morella cerifera (= Myrica cercLVALo|\'!j[ A.523CSoutheastII.A.4.N.aPINUS REMOTA WOODLAND ALLIANCEPapershell Pinyon Woodland Alliancez@YGREAT PLAINS PROGRAMlk_<   A.522CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS QUADRIFOLIA WOODLAND ALLIANCEFourleaf Pinyon Woodland Alliance@YM. SCHINDELuji]<   A.521CSoutheastII.A.4.N.aPINUS PUNGENS - (PINUS RIGIDA) WOODLAND ALLIANCETable Mountain Pine - (Pitch Pine) Woodland AllianceyYA.S. WEAKLEYN   A.520CSoutheastII.A.4.N.aPINUS PALUSTRIS WOODLAND ALLIANCELongleaf Pine Woodland Alliance-YD.J. ALLARDvkj^?   A.52CSoutheastI.A.4.N.aQUERCUS GEMINATA FOREST ALLIANCESand Live Oak Forest Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEY, MOD. C.W. NfeY<   A.518CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS LONGAEVA WOODLAND ALLIANCEIntermountain Bristlecone Pine Woodland Alliance@YM. SCHINDELvui9   A.517CSoutheastII.A.4.N.aPINUS ELLIOTTII WOODLAND ALLIANCESlash Pine Woodland Alliance>@YSCSkhg[?   A.516CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS EDULIS - (JUNIPERUS SPP.) WOODLAND ALLIANCETwo-needle Pinyon - (Juniper species) Woodland Alliance%@YK. SCHULZJ   A.515CSoutheastII.A.4.N.aPINUS ECHINATA WOODLAND ALLIANCEShortleaf Pine Woodland Allianced@YD.J. ALLARD/D. FABER-LANGkj^>   A.514CWestII.Aifera)$. ~Aristida stricta$ or ~Aristida beyrichiana$ are also dominant or at least present within their ranges in the herbaceous layer of many associations. Other characteristic grasses include ~Sporobolus junceus, Aristida purpurascens, Schizachyrium scoparium, Andropogon gyrans$, and ~Andropogon ternarius$. Soils of this alliance include sandy Entisols, plinthic and aquic Ultisols, Alfisols and occasionally Spodosols. Soils vary in texture from deep sands to well-drained loams with a strong clay component. Montane examples occur on rocky ridges comprised of various rock types including sandstone, quartzite, phyllite, mica schists, and gneiss.bLVALn|\'!j[ A.523CSoutheastII.A.4.N.aPINUS REMOTA WOODLAND ALLIANCEPapershell Pinyon Woodland Alliancez@YGREAT PLAINS PROGRAMlk_<   A.522CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS QUADRIFOLIA WOODLAND ALLIANCEFourleaf Pinyon Woodland Alliance@YM. SCHINDELuji]<   A.521CSoutheastII.A.4.N.aPINUS PUNGENS - (PINUS RIGIDA) WOODLAND ALLIANCETable Mountain Pine - (Pitch Pine) Woodland AllianceyYA.S. WEAKLEYN   A.520CSoutheastII.A.4.N.aPINUS PALUSTRIS WOODLAND ALLIANCELongleaf Pine Woodland Alliance-YD.J. ALLARDvkj^?   A.52CSoutheastI.A.4.N.aQUERCUS GEMINATA FOREST ALLIANCESand Live Oak Forest Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEY, MOD. C.W. NfeY<   A.518CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS LONGAEVA WOODLAND ALLIANCEIntermountain BristlStands of the ~~Cupressus sargentii$ Woodland Alliance (A.500)$$ occur from 200-900 m elevation in the California Coast Ranges. The climate of this region is Mediterranean with a distinct summer dry season, and with most of the precipitation falling as rain in the fall and winter. The yearly precipitation varies widely from year to year, and site to site, ranging from 30-100 cm. Some sites receive significant fog drip from coastal fogs. Sites supporting this alliance are usually on rocky outcrops or formations of ultramafic serpentine. The soils are shallow, infertile, rocky clays, and are poorly drained. This woodland alliance is characterized by ~Cupressus sargentii$ as the sole, dominant, or important tree in the canopy. Several other conifers may occur including ~Pinus attenuata, Pinus sabiniana$, and ~Cupressus macnabiana$. Broad-leaved trees, such as ~Quercus wislizeni$ and ~Umbellularia californica$, may also be present. Shrubs may be present and could include ~Ceanothus cuneatus, Eriodictyon californicum$, and on serpentine outcrops, ~Quercus durata, Ceanothus jepsonii$, and ~Arctostaphylos hookeri ssp. montana$. The herbaceous layer is sparse.SLVAL_@'|ɵȵi$z'|ɵ\ȵi$z'|ɵȵi$z<(|ɵȵi$z(|ɵXȵi$z(|ɵȵi$z8)|ɵȵi$z OyɵThis alliance includes evergreen woodlands dominated by ~Juniperus ashei$, occurring in the Ozarks of Arkansas and Missouri, the Arbuckle Mountains of Oklahoma, and in the Edwards Plateau of Texas. In Texas associated species include evergreen oaks, ~Quercus fusiformis, Quercus vaseyana (= Quercus pungens var. vaseyana)$, and deciduous oaks, ~Quercus sinuata var. breviloba$ and ~Quercus buckleyi$, as well as ~Mahonia trifoliolata (= Berberis trifoliolata), Bouteloua curtipendula, Carex planostachys, Celtis laevigata var. reticulata, Diospyros texana, Fraxinus texensis, Lespedeza texana, Nolina texana, Toxicodendron pubescens (= Rhus toxicodendron), Rhus virens, Schizachyrium scoparium$, and ~Yucca rupicola$. In the Ozarks, the canopy is dominated by ~Juniperus ashei$, although ~Juniperus virginiana$ may be present, and ~Quercus muehlenbergii$ and ~Fraxinus quadrangulata$ may form a minor component. Woodlands in the Arbuckle Mountains of Oklahoma have a grassy understory dominated by ~Schizachyrium scoparium$. Woodlands in this alliance generally occur on calcareous substrates, with shallow, rocky soils, often with much exposed bedrock and lichen coverage. These woodlands occur on dolomite, rimrock bluffs, and as a part of glade complexes (Ozarks), and on slopes with shallow soils over limestone (Edwards Plateau, Arbuckle Mountains). Fire and drought are thought to play an important role in maintaining these woodlands.RLVAL`i$z.|ɵ<ȵi$zt/|ɵȵi$z4*|ɵ䈞ȵi$z*|ɵ8ȵThis alliance includes woodlands dominated by ~Juniperus coahuilensis (= Juniperus erythrocarpa)$, occurring with a well-developed herbaceous stratum, with little, if any, shrub cover. Common associates include ~Quercus turbinella, Canotia holacantha, Quercus grisea, Quercus emoryi, Mimosa dysocarpa, Rhus trilobata, Bouteloua curtipendula, Bouteloua gracilis, Bouteloua chondrosioides, Bouteloua eriopoda, Muhlenbergia setifolia, Muhlenbergia emersleyi, Schizachyrium cirratum, Schizachyrium sanguineum var. hirtiflorum, Schizachyrium scoparium var. scoparium (= Schizachyrium scoparium ssp. neomexicanum), Lycurus$ sp., ~Bothriochloa barbinodis (= var. barbinodis), Eragrostis intermedia$, and ~Liatris punctata$. These woodlands often occur in association with ~Bouteloua$-dominated grasslands in western Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.This woodland alliance of the Mojave Desert, southern California, and the Baja Peninsula, grows on ridges, slopes and valleys on soils derived from bedrock or alluvium. Annual precipitation totals are quite low, varying from 20-40 cm. The precipitation is strongly seasonal, with the bulk falling between November and April. Stands are found from 1000-2450 m elevation. This semi-arid and desert woodland is dominated by ~Juniperus californica$. Other trees present may include ~Quercus turbinella, Yucca brevifolia, Pinus quadrifolia$, and ~Pinus monophylla$. An open or intermittent shrub layer may include ~Artemisia tridentata, Coleogyne ramosissima, Yucca whipplei, Yucca schidigera, Ephedra$ spp., ~Purshia stansburiana (= Purshia mexicana var. stansburiana)$, and ~Lepidospartum squamatum$. The herbaceous layer is sparse or dominated by graminoids.LVALThis montane woodland alliance of California and Baja California occurs on all aspects on shallow, well-drained soils. This alliance grows in a Mediterranean climate with a distinct summer dry season. Annual precipitation varies from 25-50 cm, the bulk falling between November and April as rain. Summers are quite warm; winters are mild. Stands are found at elevations ranging from 700-2000 m. This alliance is characterized by the dominance of ~Pinus coulteri$ in the canopy. Other conifers present may include ~Pseudotsuga macrocarpa, Pinus sabiniana$, and ~Pinus ponderosa$. ~Quercus kelloggii, Quercus chrysolepis$, and/or ~Quercus agrifolia$ may also be present. Shrubs are frequent to infrequent, and the herbaceous layer is sparse.This alliance includes evergreen short woodlands or shrublands on slopes, often over gypsum or caliche-influenced soils, primarily in the Trans-Pecos and Rolling Plains of Texas, but ranges into Oklahoma. Common associates include ~Ziziphus obtusifolia, Prosopis glandulosa, Quercus mohriana, Quercus pungens, Quercus havardii, Dalea formosa, Yucca$ spp., ~Bouteloua gracilis, Bouteloua curtipendula, Tridens$ spp., ~Sporobolus$ spp., and ~Pleuraphis mutica (= Hilaria mutica)$. These woodlands often occur within a grassland-shrubland matrix.Woodlands in this alliance are dominated by ~Juniperus monosperma$ and occur in the southern Rocky Mountains of Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico, west to northern Trans-Pecos and High Plains of Texas and Oklahoma. Common associates include ~Quercus gambelii, Quercus pungens, Quercus mohriana, Rhus trilobata, Agave lechuguilla, Cercocarpus montanus, Dalea formosa, Artemisia bigelovii, Artemisia tridentata, Andropogon hallii, Bouteloua eriopoda, Bouteloua curtipendula, Sporobolus$ spp., ~Aristida$ spp., and ~Tridens$ spp. In Texas these woodlands occur over shallow soils on slopes.LVALThis alliance, found in New England and the Great Lakes region in the United States, as well as Manitoba and Ontario, Canada, contains rocky or sandy pine barrens and woodlands. Stands form an open canopy of either ~Pinus banksiana$ or ~Pinus resinosa$ or both. Understory composition varies from heath-dominated, with ~Vaccinium angustifolium$ and ~Vaccinium myrtilloides$, to a mixture of graminoids, open rocky areas with lichens, and scrub oak, such as ~Quercus ellipsoidalis$. ^This alliance can occur on bedrock outcrops and summits, often of sandstone or granite. Some stands occur on sandy outwash plains. Stands on sandy outwash are often fire-maintained.This alliance includes woodlands dominated by ~Juniperus scopulorum$, occurring in seven states from the northern and central Rocky Mountains, east to the Great Plains. Many associations in this alliance occur in the landscape above dry prairies and below communities dominated by ~Pinus ponderosa$ or ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$. In southwestern North Dakota and western South Dakota, ~Juniperus scopulorum$ dominates low-stature woodlands, where associated species can include ~Pinus ponderosa, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Artemisia$ spp., ~Cercocarpus montanus, Purshia tridentata, Rhus trilobata, Bouteloua gracilis, Festuca idahoensis, Piptatherum micranthum (= Oryzopsis micrantha), Pseudoroegneria spicata$, and ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$. This alliance is extremely limited in the southeastern United States, occurring in northwestern Texas in the escarpment area between the High Plains and Rolling Plains, where ~Juniperus scopulorum$ forms nearly pure stands on mesic slopes and in canyons. ~Juniperus scopulorum$ woodlands are typically found on gentle to steep, north-facing slopes, rock outcrops, and bluffs, and are best developed on calcareous soils. Soils are typically thin, stony, clay or clay loam, commonly with exposed bedrock. The soil parent material varies with community association but may be limestone, gneiss, sandstone, scoria, or shale.=LVALKThis montane woodland alliance of California and Baja California grows on all aspects on shallow, sandstone- or schist-derived soils. This alliance grows in a Mediterranean climate with a distinct summer dry season. Annual precipitation varies from 25-50 cm, the bulk falling between November and April as rain. Summers are quite warm; winters are mild. Stands are found at elevations ranging from 700-2000 m. This alliance is characterized by the importance of both ~Pinus coulteri$ and ~Quercus chrysolepis$ in the canopy. In older stands the canopy may be two-tiered with ~Quercus chrysolepis$ dominant in the subcanopy. Other conifers present may include ~Pseudotsuga macrocarpa, Pinus sabiniana$, and ~Pinus ponderosa$. ~Quercus kelloggii$ and/or ~Quercus agrifolia$ may also be present. Shrubs are infrequent, and the herbaceous layer is sparse.This woodland alliance of California's foothills and mountains is found on ridges and upper slopes on infertile soils. Some stands are found on soils derived from ultramafic parent materials. Stands occur from 180-2000 m of elevation, and sites are usually quite xeric. The unusually large range of this alliance is indicative of its tolerance to varied environmental factors such as precipitation. In the southern reaches of the range, this alliance may receive fewer than 60 cm of rain per year; at the northern extreme perhaps as much as 150 cm per year. As with most California alliances, this alliance is adapted to a Mediterranean climate with the bulk of precipitation falling between November and May. Summers are warm and dry. ~Pinus attenuata$ is the sole or dominant tree in the canopy. Other trees present may include ~Quercus chrysolepis, Quercus wislizeni, Pinus coulteri, Pinus sabiniana, Pinus contorta, Pinus radiata$, and ~Pinus monticola$. Shrubs may be infrequent to continuous, and could include ~Arctostaphylos patula, Arctostaphylos columbiana, Quercus vacciniifolia$, and ~Lithocarpus densiflorus$.LVALThis aThis alliance consists of pinyon - juniper woodlands in the Davis and Chisos mountains of Trans-Pecos Texas, occurring at 1500-2000 m (5000-6500 feet) elevation, and extending into Mexico. ~Pinus cembroides$ is the dominant pine. Other typical tree species include ~Juniperus deppeana, Juniperus flaccida, Juniperus coahuilensis (= Juniperus erythrocarpa), Quercus grisea$, and ~Quercus emoryi$. Shrub and herbaceous species include ~Mimosa dysocarpa, Agave lechuguilla, Salvia regla, Muhlenbergia emersleyi, Muhlenbergia montana, Piptochaetium pringlei$, and ~Bouteloua curtipendula$. These woodlands occur on steep, rocky slopes, mesas, and higher elevation canyons, mostly associated with igneous substrates.This montane and subalpine woodland occurs on a variety of substrates. Northern stands, composed of ~Pinus balfouriana ssp. balfouriana$, grow on Franciscan greywacke sandstone, metavolcanics, and schist-derived soils. Southern stands of ~Pinus balfouriana ssp. austrina$ grow on ultramafic soils. In the Sierra Nevada, ~Pinus balfouriana$ stands occur on granitic soils. Stands occur at elevations from 2100-3500 m. Stands are usually best developed on dry, rocky sites. Precipitation is highly seasonal, with the bulk falling as snow from November to April. Late summer is droughty after the snow has melted. At the higher elevations, trees will be smaller in stature and contorted, but they rarely form krummholz. This woodland is dominated by ~Pinus balfouriana$ (~Pinus balfouriana ssp. balfouriana$ or ~Pinus balfouriana ssp. austrina)$. Other trees present may include ~Pinus flexilis, Pinus contorta var. murrayana, Pinus monticola, Pinus albicaulis, Tsuga mertensiana$, and ~Abies X shastensis$. The shrub ~Anemone drummondii$ is often associated with stands. The shrub and herbaceous layers are usually sparse.LVAL Sand pine scrub communities of Florida and southern Alabama, occurring on coastal and inland sand ridges, including those composed of coarse, white sands ('sugar sands'). This alliance includes both coastal and interior late-successional scrub vegetation, with a sparse canopy of ~Pinus clausa$ over dense to open scrub oaks and other smaller shrubs. Associations affiliated with this alliance are found primarily in three distinct areas: inland on the Florida peninsula; along the Atlantic Coast of Florida; and along the Gulf Coast of Panhandle Florida and extreme southern Alabama. The pine in the latter zone is ~Pinus clausa (= Pinus clausa var. immuginata)$, the Choctawhatchee Sand Pine (unrecognized by Kartesz 1999). This alliance concept includes examples with an open pine canopy which are generally referred to as 'coastal scrub' as well as those called 'Florida scrub.' This phase of scrub vegetation is characterized by having a fairly open pine canopy averaging approximately 7 m in height. Beneath this, oaks and other species form a dense to open layer of shrubs and stunted trees. Typical woody species include ~Quercus geminata, Quercus myrtifolia, Quercus chapmanii, Serenoa repens, Ceratiola ericoides, Chrysoma pauciflosculosa$, (Gulf Coast only), ~Lyonia ferruginea, Quercus inopina$, (southern peninsular Florida only), ~Sabal etonia$, (peninsular Florida only), as well as (Gulf Coast only) ~Conradina canescens$ and ~Clinopodium coccineum (= Calamintha coccinea)$. ~Sabal palmetto$ is common in the eastern portion of Gulf scrub. The understory/shrub layer usually consists of scattered clumps of ~Ceratiola ericoides$ and may be quite open. Some Gulf Coast examples contain ~Smilax pumila$. A denser sand pine/oak canopy leads to a less dense ground cover; the ground layer frequently includes fruticose lichens such as ~Cladonia leporina$ and ~Cladina evansii$, which may form 100% cover in some places. This alliance occurs on various kinds of deep sands; recent coastal or near-coastal dunes, or inlandLVALWoodlands in this alliance are dominated by ~Pinus remota$, and occur at low to moderate elevations (2500-5000 feet) in the Glass and Del Norte mountains of the Trans-Pecos, and eastward to the Stockton and Edwards Plateau. ~Quercus$ spp. and ~Juniperus$ spp. often share dominance in the open canopy, with the species varying geographically. Associated species in the Trans-Pecos include ~Quercus mohriana, Juniperus pinchotii, Yucca elata, Bouteloua curtipendula, Bouteloua gracilis$, and ~Agave lechuguilla$. Associates in the Edwards/Stockton Plateau are ~Juniperus ashei, Quercus vaseyana (= Quercus pungens var. vaseyana), Quercus fusiformis$, and perhaps ~Quercus buckleyi$ and ~Quercus laceyi$. This alliance occurs as isolated stands, mostly associated with limestone geology sand ridges and ancient dune systems. The Florida Central Ridge is composed of a variety of eolian, alluvial, and marine deposits of Miocene to early Pleistocene age. These soils are excessively well-drained Quartzipsamments which lack silt, clay, or organic matter and are very low in nutrients. While often associated with deep white sands ('sugar sands'), not all examples of scrub occur on these particular sands. It is inferred that whiter sands are associated with more ancient scrub vegetation. Early successional scrub vegetation occurring on younger, more exposed dune ridges lacks the pine overstory characteristic of more protected occurrences. Also, the exposed occurrences tend to have much larger areas of open sand than do their more protected counterparts.5||\'!j[ A.523CSoutheastII.A.4.N.aPINUS REMOTA WOODLAND ALLIANCEPapershell Pinyon Woodland Alliancez@YGREAT PLAINS PROGRAMlk_<   A.522CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS QUADRIFOLIA WOODLAND ALLIANCEFourleaf Pinyon Woodland Alliance@YM. SCHINDELuji]<   A.521CSoutheastII.A.4.N.aPINUS PUNGENS - (PINUS RIGIDA) WOODLAND ALLIANCETable Mountain Pine - (Pitch Pine) Woodland AllianceyYA.S. WEAKLEYN   A.520CSoutheastII.A.4.N.aPINUS PALUSTRIS WOODLAND ALLIANCELongleaf Pine Woodland Alliance-YD.J. ALLARDvkj^?   A.52CSoutheastI.A.4.N.aQUERCUS GEMINATA FOREST ALLIANCESand Live Oak Forest Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEY, MOD. C.W. NfeY<   A.518CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS LONGAEVA WOODLAND ALLIANCEIntermountain Bristlecone Pine Woodland Alliance@YM. SCHINDELvui9   A.517CSoutheastII.A.4.N.aPINUS ELLIOTTII WOODLAND ALLIANCESlash Pine Woodland Alliance>@YSCSkhg[?   A.516CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS EDULIS - (JUNIPERUS SPP.) WOODLAND ALLIANCETwo-needle Pinyon - (Juniper species) Woodland Alliance%@YK. SCHULZJ   A.515CSoutheastII.A.4.N.aPINUS ECHINATA WOODLAND ALLIANCEShortleaf Pine Woodland Allianced@YD.J. ALLARD/D. FABER-LANGkj^>   A.514CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS COULTERI WOODLAND ALLIANCECoulter Pine Woodland Alliance@YM. SCHINDELodcW9   A.513CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS COULTERI - QUERCUS CHRYSOLEPIS WOODLAND ALLIANCECoulter Pine - Canyon Live Oak Woodland AllianceS@YM. SCHINDELO   A.512CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS CONTORTA WOODLAND ALLIANCELodgepole Pine Woodland AllianceEYM.S. REID/D. SARRwfeY9   A.511CSoutheastII.A.4.N.aPINUS CLAUSA WOODLAND ALLIANCESand Pine Woodland Alliance YD.J. ALLARDodcW<   A.510CSoutheastII.A.4.N.aPINUS CEMBROIDES WOODLAND ALLIANCEMexican Pinyon Woodland Alliance@YD. DIAMONDwml`@  I uohq )A.539CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS ENGELMANNII WOODLAND ALLIANCEApache Pine Woodland AllianceYK. SCHULZofeY<   (A.538CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS DISCOLOR WOODLAND ALLIANCEBorder Pinyon Woodland AllianceYK. SCHULZnedX9   'A.537CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS ARISTATA WOODLAND ALLIANCEBristlecone Pine Woodland AllianceYK. SCHULZqhg[9   &A.536CWestII.A.4.N.aJUNIPERUS OSTEOSPERMA WOODLAND ALLIANCEUtah Juniper Woodland Allianceq@YM.S. REID/D. SARR|kj^@   %A.535CWestII.A.4.N.aJUNIPERUS OCCIDENTALIS WOODLAND ALLIANCEWestern Juniper Woodland Alliance@YD. SARRvonbA   $A.534CWestII.A.4.N.aJUNIPERUS DEPPEANA WOODLAND ALLIANCEAlligator Juniper Woodland Alliance@YK. SCHULZvml`=   #A.533CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS PONDEROSA - PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII WOODLAND ALLIANCEPonderosa Pine - Douglas-fir Woodland AllianceYK. SCHULZR   "A.532CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS MONTICOLA WOODLAND ALLIANCEWestern White Pine Woodland AllianceYD. SARRf_^^:   !A.531CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS ALBICAULIS WOODLAND ALLIANCEWhitebark Pine Woodland AllianceYK. SCHULZqhg[;   A.530CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS PONDEROSA WOODLAND ALLIANCEPonderosa Pine Woodland Alliance@YM.S. REID, D. SARRygfZ:   A.53CSoutheastI.A.4.N.aQUERCUS HEMISPHAERICA FOREST ALLIANCESand Laurel Oak Forest AllianceYM.P. SCHAFALE/A.S. WEAKLEml`A   A.529CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS WASHOENSIS WOODLAND ALLIANCEWashoe Pine Woodland Alliancej@YM. SCHINDELpedX;   A.526CSoutheastII.A.4.N.aPINUS TAEDA WOODLAND ALLIANCELoblolly Pine Woodland Allianceu@YD.J. ALLARDrgfZ;   A.525CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS SABINIANA WOODLAND ALLIANCEFoothill Pine Woodland Alliance'@YM. SCHINDELqfeY:   A.524CEastII.A.4.N.aPINUS RIGIDA WOODLAND ALLIANCEPitch Pine Woodland Alliance@YECSc`_S7  = ZWlP[e A.554CWestII.A.4.N.bCHAMAECYPARIS NOOTKATENSIS WOODLAND ALLIANCEAlaska Yellow-cedar Woodland AllianceYK. SCHULZtkjjE   A.553CWestII.A.4.N.bABIES CONCOLOR WOODLAND ALLIANCEWhite Fir Woodland AllianceYYD. SARRha`T9   A.552CWestII.A.4.N.bPSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII WOODLAND ALLIANCEDouglas-fir Woodland AllianceYK. SCHULZsji]@   A.551CMidwestII.A.4.N.bPICEA GLAUCA WOODLAND ALLIANCEWhite Spruce Woodland AllianceJ@YMCShedX:   A.550CWestII.A.4.N.bTSUGA MERTENSIANA WOODLAND ALLIANCEMountain Hemlock Woodland AllianceYWCSb_^^<   A.55CSoutheastI.A.4.N.aQUERCUS VIRGINIANA - (SABAL PALMETTO) FOREST ALLIANCELive Oak - (Cabbage Palmetto) Forest Alliance,YD.J. ALLARD, MOD. SCS~Q   A.549CWestII.A.4.N.bTSUGA HETEROPHYLLA WOODLAND ALLIANCEWestern Hemlock Woodland AllianceL@YK. SCHULZtkj^=   A.547CWestII.A.4.N.bPICEA SITCHENSIS WOODLAND ALLIANCESitka Spruce Woodland AllianceYWCS]ZYY;   A.546CEastII.A.4.N.bPICEA RUBENS WOODLAND ALLIANCERed Spruce Woodland Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYl`_S7   A.545CMidwestII.A.4.N.bJUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA WOODLAND ALLIANCEEastern Red-cedar Woodland Alliance@YD.J. ALLARD}rqeB   A.544CEastII.A.4.N.bTHUJA OCCIDENTALIS WOODLAND ALLIANCENorthern White-cedar Woodland Alliance@YD.J. ALLARD{poc=   -A.543CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS MONOPHYLLA - (JUNIPERUS OSTEOSPERMA) WOODLAND ALLIANCESingleleaf Pinyon - (Utah Juniper) Woodland AllianceF@YD. SARRU   ,A.542CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS LEIOPHYLLA WOODLAND ALLIANCEChihuahuan Pine Woodland AllianceYK. SCHULZrih\;   +A.541CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS JEFFREYI WOODLAND ALLIANCEJeffrey Pine Woodland Alliance,@YM. SCHINDELodcW9   *A.540CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS FLEXILIS WOODLAND ALLIANCELimber Pine Woodland AllianceN YK. SCHULZlcbV9    eW`92D A.567CWestII.A.4.N.dPICEA PUNGENS TEMPORARILY FLOODED WOODLAND ALLIANCEBlue Spruce Temporarily Flooded Woodland Alliance YM.S. REID}L   A.566CWestII.A.4.N.dPICEA ENGELMANNII TEMPORARILY FLOODED WOODLAND ALLIANCEEngelmann Spruce Temporarily Flooded Woodland Alliance@uYM.S. REIDP   A.565CWestII.A.4.N.dPINUS PONDEROSA TEMPORARILY FLOODED WOODLAND ALLIANCEPonderosa Pine Temporarily Flooded Woodland AlliancehYM.S. REIDN   A.564CWestII.A.4.N.dPINUS FLEXILIS TEMPORARILY FLOODED WOODLAND ALLIANCELimber Pine Temporarily Flooded Woodland Alliance@YK. SCHULZ~M   A.563CWestII.A.4.N.dJUNIPERUS SCOPULORUM TEMPORARILY FLOODED WOODLAND ALLIANCERocky Mountain Juniper Temporarily Flooded Woodland Alliance@YD. CULVER, MOD. K.A. SCHUS   A.562CWestII.A.4.N.dPINUS CONTORTA TEMPORARILY FLOODED WOODLAND ALLIANCELodgepole Pine Temporarily Flooded Woodland Alliance5@YK. SCHULZM   A.561CWestII.A.4.N.dPICEA SITCHENSIS TEMPORARILY FLOODED WOODLAND ALLIANCESitka Spruce Temporarily Flooded Woodland AllianceYWCSO   A.560CWestII.A.4.N.cABIES LASIOCARPA - PINUS ALBICAULIS WOODLAND ALLIANCESubalpine Fir - Whitebark Pine Woodland AllianceYK. SCHULZ~~N   A.559CWestII.A.4.N.cABIES LASIOCARPA WOODLAND ALLIANCESubalpine Fir Woodland Alliance|YM.S. REID/D. SARRxgfZ;   A.558CWestII.A.4.N.bABIES GRANDIS WOODLAND ALLIANCEGrand Fir Woodland AllianceYM.S. REID/D. SARReTSS8   A.557CWestII.A.4.N.bPICEA PUNGENS WOODLAND ALLIANCEBlue Spruce Woodland Alliance@YM.S. REIDkbaU8   A.556CWestVII.B.1.N.cPICEA ENGELMANNII SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCEEngelmann Spruce Sparsely Vegetated Alliance@YM.S. REIDsG   A.555CWestII.A.4.N.bTSUGA MERTENSIANA - ABIES AMABILIS WOODLAND ALLIANCEMountain Hemlock - Pacific Silver Fir Woodland AllianceYK. SCHULZM  H X 6\ j A.58CSoutheastI.A.4.N.gCLIFTONIA MONOPHYLLA SATURATED FOREST ALLIANCEBlack Titi Saturated Forest Alliance@YC. NORDMAN/A.S. WEAKLEY{znJ   A.578CSoutheastII.A.4.N.fPINUS PALUSTRIS - PINUS (ELLIOTTII, SEROTINA) SATURATED WOODLAND ALLIANCELongleaf Pine - (Slash Pine, Pond Pine) Saturated Woodland AlliancefYD.J. ALLARD, MOD.ȷg   A.577CWestII.A.4.N.fPINUS CONTORTA SATURATED WOODLAND ALLIANCELodgepole Pine Saturated Woodland AllianceYWCSqnmmC   A.576CWestII.A.4.N.fPICEA SITCHENSIS SATURATED WOODLAND ALLIANCESitka Spruce Saturated Woodland AllianceYWCSqnmmE   A.575CSoutheastII.A.4.N.fCHAMAECYPARIS THYOIDES SATURATED WOODLAND ALLIANCEAtlantic White-cedar Saturated Woodland Alliance/@YC. NORDMAN/A.S. WEAKLEY, P   A.574CSoutheastII.A.4.N.fPINUS ELLIOTTII SATURATED TEMPERATE WOODLAND ALLIANCESlash Pine Saturated Temperate Woodland Alliance;YA.S. WEAKLEYS   A.572CWestII.A.4.N.ePICEA ENGELMANNII SEASONALLY FLOODED WOODLAND ALLIANCEEngelmann Spruce Seasonally Flooded Woodland AllianceYM.S. REIDO   A.571CEastII.A.4.N.eCHAMAECYPARIS THYOIDES SEASONALLY FLOODED WOODLAND ALLIANCEAtlantic White-cedar Seasonally Flooded Woodland Alliance@YECS, MOD. S.L. NEIDT   A.570CWestII.A.4.N.eTSUGA MERTENSIANA SEASONALLY FLOODED WOODLAND ALLIANCEMountain Hemlock Seasonally Flooded Woodland AllianceYWCSO   A.57CSoutheastI.A.4.N.eQUERCUS VIRGINIANA TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCELive Oak Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliancew@YD.J. ALLARD~R   A.569CWestII.A.4.N.eTSUGA HETEROPHYLLA SEASONALLY FLOODED WOODLAND ALLIANCEWestern Hemlock Seasonally Flooded Woodland AllianceYWCSP   A.568CWestII.A.4.N.dPSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII TEMPORARILY FLOODED WOODLAND ALLIANCEDouglas-fir Temporarily Flooded Woodland Allianceb@YK. SCHULZT  r f zT0i$zPQ <pQؤi$z A.591CWestII.A.5.N.aQUERCUS WISLIZENI WOODLAND ALLIANCEInterior Live Oak Woodland Alliance3@YM. SCHINDELwlk_<   A.590CWestII.A.5.N.aQUERCUS ENGELMANNII WOODLAND ALLIANCEEngelmann Oak Woodland Alliance@YM. SCHINDELuji]>   A.59CSoutheastI.A.4.N.gGORDONIA LASIANTHUS SATURATED FOREST ALLIANCELoblolly-bay Saturated Forest Alliance%@YD.J. ALLARD|{oI   A.589CWestII.A.5.N.aQUERCUS AGRIFOLIA WOODLAND ALLIANCECoast Live Oak Woodland Alliance@YM. SCHINDELtih\<   A.588CWestII.A.5.N.aPARKINSONIA FLORIDA - OLNEYA TESOTA WOODLAND ALLIANCEBlue Paloverde - Desert-ironwood Woodland Alliance@YK. SCHULZN   A.587CWestII.A.5.N.aCERCOCARPUS MONTANUS WOODLAND ALLIANCEMountain-mahogany Woodland AllianceK@YM.S. REID/D. SARRonb?   A.586CWestII.A.5.N.aCERCOCARPUS LEDIFOLIUS WOODLAND ALLIANCECurl-leaf Mountain-mahogany Woodland Alliance@YM.S. REID/D. SARR{znA   A.585CEastII.A.4.N.fPICEA MARIANA SATURATED WOODLAND ALLIANCEBlack Spruce Saturated Woodland Alliance@YECSzwvjB   A.584CWestII.A.4.N.fTSUGA MERTENSIANA SATURATED WOODLAND ALLIANCEMountain Hemlock Saturated Woodland AllianceYWCSvsrrF   A.583CEastII.A.4.N.fTHUJA OCCIDENTALIS SATURATED WOODLAND ALLIANCENorthern White-cedar Saturated Woodland Allianceq@YD.J. ALLARDwG   A.582CSoutheastII.C.3.N.cPINUS STROBUS - ACER RUBRUM SATURATED WOODLAND ALLIANCEEastern White Pine - Red Maple Saturated Woodland Alliance@YD.J. ALLARDU   A.581CSoutheastII.A.4.N.fPINUS SEROTINA SATURATED WOODLAND ALLIANCEPond Pine Saturated Woodland Alliance@YD.J. ALLARDzymH   A.580CEastII.A.4.N.fPINUS RIGIDA SATURATED WOODLAND ALLIANCEPitch Pine Saturated Woodland Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEY 11-94, MOD. tsgA    F4xw<This woodland alliance of northern an A.607CWestII.B.2.N.aJUGLANS CALIFORNICA WOODLAND ALLIANCECalifornia Walnut Woodland Allianced@YM. SCHINDELynma>   A.606CSoutheastII.B.2.N.aGLEDITSIA TRIACANTHOS WOODLAND ALLIANCEHoney-locust Woodland Alliancew@YA. ANDREUypocE   A.605CSoutheastII.B.2.N.aFRAXINUS QUADRANGULATA - QUERCUS MACROCARPA - QUERCUS MUEHLENBERGII WOODLAND ALLIANCEBlue Ash - Bur Oak - Chinquapin Oak Woodland Alliance"@YJ. CAMPBELL/M. EVANSɵs   A.604CSoutheastII.B.2.N.aFRAXINUS AMERICANA - CARYA GLABRA - (JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA) WOODLAND ALLIANCEWhite Ash - Pignut Hickory - (Eastern Red-cedar) Woodland Alliancea YA.S. WEAKLEY, MOD. L. SNEҹj   A.603CMidwestII.B.2.N.aBETULA PAPYRIFERA WOODLAND ALLIANCEPaper Birch Woodland Alliance@YMCSlih\?   A.602CWestII.B.2.N.aAESCULUS CALIFORNICA WOODLAND ALLIANCECalifornia Buckeye Woodland Alliance@YM. SCHINDEL{poc?   A.60CSoutheastI.A.4.N.gMAGNOLIA VIRGINIANA - PERSEA PALUSTRIS SATURATED FOREST ALLIANCESweetbay - Swampbay Saturated Forest Alliance0 YS. LANDAAL, MOD. A.S. WEA\   A.6CLatin AmericaI.A.1.N.aDIOSPYROS REVOLUTA FOREST ALLIANCEBlack-apple Forest Alliance@vYA.S. WEAKLEYuih\A   A.596CSoutheastII.B.2.C.xCARYA ILLINOINENSIS PLANTED WOODLAND ALLIANCEPecan Planted Woodland Alliance*@vYA.S. WEAKLEYwvjK   A.594CLatin AmericaII.B.1.N.aPROSOPIS PALLIDA - (BUCIDA BUCERAS) WOODLAND ALLIANCEKiawe - (Gregory-wood) Woodland Alliance; Bayahonda - (Ucar) Woodland AllianceL@uYLACDW"   A.593CLatin AmericaII.B.1.N.aBURSERA SIMARUBA WOODLAND ALLIANCEGumbo Limbo Woodland Alliance@uNLACDrnmaD"   A.592CLatin AmericaII.A.5.N.bCEREUS HILDMANNIANUS WOODLAND ALLIANCEHedge Cactus Woodland AllianceYLACDkgffH"  ! k*#{E A.62CWestI.A.5.N.aACACIA KOA / DODONAEA VISCOSA FOREST ALLIANCEKoa / 'A'ali'i Forest AllianceYWCSfcbbD   A.619CMidwestII.B.2.N.aQUERCUS MACROCARPA - QUERCUS (ALBA, ELLIPSOIDALIS, VELUTINA) WOODLAND ALLIANCEBur Oak - (White Oak, Northern Pin Oak, Black Oak) Woodland Alliance@ YMCSj   A.618CWestII.B.2.N.aQUERCUS LOBATA WOODLAND ALLIANCEValley Oak Woodland Alliancex@YM. SCHINDELmbaU9   A.617CSoutheastII.B.2.N.aQUERCUS LAEVIS WOODLAND ALLIANCETurkey Oak Woodland AllianceYJ.E. MOHANqgfZ>   A.616CSoutheastII.B.2.N.aQUERCUS LACEYI WOODLAND ALLIANCELacey Oak Woodland Alliance'@YK.D. PATTERSONtfeY>   A.615CSoutheastII.B.2.N.aQUERCUS INCANA - (QUERCUS ARKANSANA) WOODLAND ALLIANCEBluejack Oak - (Arkansas Oak) Woodland AllianceL@YM. PYNE/T. FOTIT   A.614CWestII.B.2.N.aQUERCUS DOUGLASII WOODLAND ALLIANCEBlue Oak Woodland AllianceoYM. SCHINDELncbV<   A.613CSoutheastII.B.2.N.aQUERCUS ALBA - QUERCUS STELLATA - QUERCUS VELUTINA - (QUERCUS FALCATA) WOODLAND ALLIANCEWhite Oak - Post Oak - Black Oak - (Southern Red Oak) Woodland Alliance@YS. LANDAALɽv   A.612CMidwestII.B.2.N.aQUERCUS ALBA - (QUERCUS VELUTINA) WOODLAND ALLIANCEWhite Oak - (Black Oak) Woodland Alliancee@YMCSxO   A.611CSoutheastII.B.2.N.aPROSOPIS GLANDULOSA WOODLAND ALLIANCEHoney Mesquite Woodland Alliance@YGREAT PLAINS PROGRAMpocC   A.610CWestII.B.2.N.aPOPULUS TREMULOIDES WOODLAND ALLIANCEQuaking Aspen Woodland AllianceYK. SCHULZsji]>   A.61CSoutheastI.A.4.N.gSABAL PALMETTO - QUERCUS VIRGINIANA SATURATED FOREST ALLIANCECabbage Palmetto - Live Oak Saturated Forest Alliance"@YD.J. ALLARD, MOD. A.S. WEY   A.609CSoutheastII.B.2.N.aPAULOWNIA TOMENTOSA WOODLAND ALLIANCEPrincess-tree Woodland Alliance@YS. SIMON/G. KAUFFMAN/D.M.onbC  LVAL uohq )A.539CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS ENGELMANNII WOODLAND ALLIANCEApache PinThis woodland alliance includes upland plant associations found in the montane and subalpine zone of major mountain ranges of the western U.S., as well as one association occurring on wooded sand dunes of the Pacific coast. Sites include canyons, ridges, swales, plateaus, toeslopes, basins, flats, and benches. Slopes and aspects are not consistent. Soils are variable, but tend to be coarse-textured and well drained. Forests included in this alliance are characterized by the dominance of ~Pinus contorta$ in an open tree canopy. Most associations are considered early to mid-successional. Following stand-replacing fires, ~Pinus contorta$ will rapidly colonize and dominate sites. The open tree canopy is related to unusually dry or cold topo-edaphic situations such as excessively well-drained pumice deposits, shallow rocky soils with little water-holding capacity often on warm aspects, and well-drained to xeric stabilized sand dunes. Trees may be stunted and twisted in coastal stands. ~Pinus contorta$ is usually the only mature tree in these woodlands, but occasionally other conifers will be present. A short-shrub layer is usually present, but is often patchy and rarely has substantial cover. Important shrubs and dwarf-shrubs include ~Purshia tridentata, Juniperus communis, Artemisia tridentata, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Arctostaphylos patula, Amelanchier alnifolia, Mahonia repens, Paxistima myrsinites$, and ~Ribes cereum$. The herbaceous layer is typically sparse and has low species richness. Cespitose graminoids or forbs tolerant of dry conditions are dominant. Lichens and mosses may be present, and are an important component in coastal stands. Diagnostic of this widespread woodland alliance is the dominance of ~Pinus contorta$ in a relatively open tree canopy (<60% cover), and the lack of significant ~Abies lasiocarpa$ regeneration.)LVALw9Upland ~Pinus elliottii$ woodlands occurring on barrier islands and other near-coastal areas in the East Gulf Coastal Plain and the South Atlantic Coastal Plain. The structure may be variable. Associated species can include ~Pinus palustris, Ilex vomitoria, Serenoa repens$, and ~Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera)$.~Pinus edulis$-dominated woodlands occur in the mountains of Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico, in the western-most tip of the Oklahoma panhandle, and possibly in western Texas. Associated species can include ~Juniperus monosperma, Juniperus osteosperma, Juniperus deppeana, Juniperus coahuilensis (= Juniperus erythrocarpa), Quercus arizonica, Cercocarpus montanus, Cercocarpus ledifolius, Arctostaphylos pungens, Artemisia tridentata, Rhus trilobata, Bouteloua gracilis, Andropogon hallii, Festuca arizonica, Muhlenbergia dubia$, and others.This alliance covers upland woodlands dominated by ~Pinus echinata$ with less than 25% canopy cover by ~Quercus$ spp. Some associations occur on dry ridges at the southern end of the Appalachians and in adjacent provinces (Ridge and Valley, Piedmont, Upper East Gulf Coastal Plain?), and have a ~Pinus virginiana$ or ~Pinus rigida$ admixture. In the Ouachita Mountains, these woodlands occur naturally on rock outcrops but also as restored ~Pinus echinata$ savannas in eastern Oklahoma and western Arkansas. In some associations, ~Pinus taeda$ can also be present, possibly as a result of northward expansion of the range of the species following land-clearing and fire suppression. Most associations are topo-edaphic climaxes, and the woodland structure is maintained by dry site conditions and occasional fire. These woodlands probably were more common historically.LVAL uohq )A.539CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS ENGELMANNII WOODLAND ALLIANCEApache Pine Woodland AllianceYK. SCHULZofeY<   (A.538CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS DISCOLOR WOODLAND ALLIANCEBorder Pinyon Woodland AllianceYK. SCHULZnedX9   'A.537CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS ARISTATA WOODLAND ALLIANCEBristlecone Pine WoodlanThis alliance includes forests dominated by ~Quercus geminata$. These occur on bayside shores of the mainland coast and inland on coarse sands. This alliance includes xeric maritime hammocks of the northeastern coast of Florida, south at least to Cape Canaveral, and of the panhandle. It also includes inland xeric hammocks dominated by ~Quercus geminata$. These occur in north and central Florida, south Georgia, and perhaps south Alabama and South Carolina. Other characteristic species include ~Quercus myrtifolia, Lyonia ferruginea, Osmanthus americanus var. americanus, Persea borbonia$, and ~Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera)$. Characteristic shrubs may include ~Ilex vomitoria, Lyonia fruticosa, Serenoa repens$, and ~Sideroxylon lanuginosum$. An understory of ~Sabal palmetto$ may be present. The soils at sites where this alliance is found typically contain deep, infertile sands. Habitat for these forests is decreasing and many associations now are rare.This widely scattered subalpine woodland alliance grows on all slopes, especially ridges and upper slopes below timberline. It grows on dolomitic, limestone- or granite-derived soils. This woodland may occur under the driest conditions of the California subalpine woodlands. The growing season is limited by drought in the summer and cold in the winter. Precipitation, mostly as snow, falls in the winter. Stands are found between 2600 and 3600 m elevation. This alliance is dominated by ~Pinus longaeva$ as the sole or dominant tree in the canopy. ~Pinus flexilis$ may also be present. The shrub ~Cercocarpus intricatus$ is often present.LVALThis alliance includes mesic to dry-mesic upland ~Pinus palustris$ woodlands and savannas, on rolling hills or on flats, with an open to sparse canopy of ~Pinus palustris$, and lacking scrub oaks and the extreme xeric conditions that typically support these species. If oaks are present, they are generally of more mesic species, such as ~Quercus falcata, Quercus nigra, Quercus virginiana$, or ~Quercus pumila$; examples may contain more xeric species such as ~Quercus marilandica$ or ~Quercus stellata$, in combination with the more mesic oaks. Other pines, particularly ~Pinus echinata, Pinus elliottii var. elliottii$, and ~Pinus taeda$, may be present. While not dominant, they may form part of the canopy, increasing with fire suppression. When fire-suppressed, ~Quercus falcata, Liquidambar styraciflua, Acer rubrum, Quercus nigra, Nyssa sylvatica, Cornus florida, Callicarpa americana$, and/or ~Rhus copallinum$ may invade or increase. Overall floristic composition is primarily composed of upland species typical of mesic to dry-mesic conditions, but may include an admixture of species characteristic of wetland sites and those characteristic of xeric sites as well. Some typical mesic to dry-mesic herbaceous species include ~Andropogon ternarius, Andropogon gyrans var. gyrans, Schizachyrium scoparium, Sorghastrum nutans$, and ~Panicum virgatum$. ~Aristida stricta$ or ~Aristida beyrichiana$ are also dominant or at least present in the herbaceous layer of many associations within their respective ranges. Variation in floristic composition of this wide-ranging alliance is related to site conditions, fire interval, and local or regional floristics. The herbaceous layer typically becomes much less diverse with increased fire interval. This alliance typically occurs on finer-textured soils, such as clays and clay loams.wLVAL!This montane and subalpine woodland alliance occurs between 2100 and 2850 m elevation on a few widThis alliance includes woodland vegetation in the southern and central Appalachians, dominated or codominated by ~Pinus pungens$, with or without some admixture of ~Pinus rigida$ and/or ~Pinus virginiana$. This alliance also includes woodlands dominated by ~Pinus rigida$ that occur within the geographic area where ~Pinus pungens$ occurs as a canopy dominant. Common canopy and subcanopy associates include ~Quercus prinus, Quercus coccinea, Castanea dentata, Nyssa sylvatica, Acer rubrum$, and ~Oxydendrum arboreum$. Typical shrubs include ~Gaylussacia baccata, Vaccinium pallidum, Vaccinium stamineum, Vaccinium corymbosum, Vaccinium simulatum, Gaylussacia ursina, Rhododendron maximum, Kalmia latifolia, Rhododendron carolinianum, Rhododendron catawbiense, Leucothoe recurva$, and ~Leiophyllum buxifolium$. In the central Appalachians and in the Virginia portion of the Southern Blue Ridge, ~Quercus ilicifolia$ is a characteristic shrub. Herbaceous species composition will vary within the range of this alliance. Species commonly found in the sparse herb stratum include ~Galax urceolata, Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum, Xerophyllum asphodeloides, Fothergilla major, Comptonia peregrina$, and the subshrubs ~Gaultheria procumbens$, and ~Epigaea repens$. These woodlands typically occur at elevations from 760-1220 m (2500-4000 feet), on xeric ridges and exposed, steep side-slopes over thin, excessively drained, nutrient-poor soils and are often associated with rock outcroppings. Without periodic fire, these woodlands will gradually succeed into forests dominated by ~Quercus prinus$ and ~Quercus coccinea$, except on the most extreme sites, where this vegetation is self-perpetuating. The primary range of associations in this alliance is the Appalachian Mountains (within the range of ~Pinus pungens$), although the nominal species, ~Pinus pungens$, has insular occurrences in the Upper Piedmont.LVALaThis montane and subalpine woodland alliance occurs between 2100 and 2850 m elevation on a few widely scattered areas in the mountains of northern California. It can occur on all slopes, but is most extensive on upper slopes. This alliance requires moderately high annual precipitation, of which a significant portion must fall as snow. The summers are distinctly dry. Substrates in the northern portion of the range are volcanic, grading to granitic in Woodlands in this alliance are dominated by ~Pinus remota$, and occur at low to moderate elevations (2500-5000 feet) in the Glass and Del Norte mountains of the Trans-Pecos, and eastward to the Stockton and Edwards Plateau. ~Quercus$ spp. and ~Juniperus$ spp. often share dominance in the open canopy, with the species varying geographically. Associated species in the Trans-Pecos include ~Quercus mohriana, Juniperus pinchotii, Yucca elata, Bouteloua curtipendula, Bouteloua gracilis$, and ~Agave lechuguilla$. Associates in the Edwards/Stockton Plateau are ~Juniperus ashei, Quercus vaseyana (= Quercus pungens var. vaseyana), Quercus fusiformis$, and perhaps ~Quercus buckleyi$ and ~Quercus laceyi$. This alliance occurs as isolated stands, mostly associated with limestone geology, and is endemic to Texas and adjacent provinces of Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo Len, and northern Chihuahua).This cismontane woodland alliance of southern California and Baja California grows on well-drained soils on north-facing slopes. Most stands are found on slopes and ridges in San Diego County, California. Annual precipitation totals average between 25 and 40 cm, and most precipitation falls between November and May. Stands are found between 900 and 1800 m elevation. This alliance is dominated by ~Pinus quadrifolia$. Other trees present may include ~Pinus jeffreyi, Pinus monophylla$, and ~Quercus cornelius-mulleri$. Shrubs are common and may include ~Adenostoma fasciculatum, Adenostoma sparsifolium$, and ~Arctostaphylos glandulosa$. The herbaceous layer is sparse.1LVAL=This alliance includes dry-mesic to mesic forests of lower and adjacent upper coastal plains. These communities are characteristically dominated or codominated by the evergreen oak ~Quercus hemisphaerica$. Representative examples occur in fire-sheltered topographic situations, or in more fire-prone topographic situations as the result of fire suppression. Soils are typically sandy and nutrient-poor. Examples also occur on nutrient-poor sandy and gravelly sites where the topsoil has been lost due to heavy erosion. These more succesThis alliance includes evergreen woodlands of rock outcrops, summits, exposed slopes, or, less frequently, sandy soils. In the southeastern United States, associations are dominated by ~Pinus rigida$ with or without an admixture of ~Pinus virginiana$. In the northeastern United States, associated canopy species include ~Pinus resinosa, Pinus strobus$, and ~Pinus banksiana$, sometimes with an understory of ~Quercus ilicifolia$. In the northeastern United States, associations in this alliance occur on xeric, sandy terraces within the Coastal Plain from southern Maine to Cape Henlopen, Delaware, including paleodunes and other habitats of the New Jersey pine barrens. Examples also occur on coastal acidic rock outcrops and rocky summits of southern Maine, eastern New York, Nova Scotia, Canada, as well as on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Other possible habitats include sand plains, flat glacial outwash plains, sand dunes and glacial till. In the North Atlantic Coast ecoregion, stands are on sandy soils, which are typically well-drained and nutrient-poor. The habitats are fire-maintained or with a maritime influence. In the southeastern United States, associations in this alliance occur at low elevations in the Ridge and Valley, and Cumberland Mountains, on sites outside the geographic range of ~Pinus pungens$. Fire plays an important role in maintaining these communities, but on the most extreme sites, these communities are maintained by topo-edaphic conditions.LVALWoodlands in this alliance are dominated by ~Juniperus deppeana$. Associated species can include ~Juniperus monosperma, Quercus grisea, Rhus trilobata, Cercocarpus montanus, Ceanothus greggii, Arctostaphylos pungens, Bouteloua gracilis, Bouteloua hirsuta, Muhlenbergia emersleyi, Panicum obtusum$, and ~Schizachyrium cirratum$. This alliance occurs in the Trans-Pecos Mountains of western Texas and the mountains of New Mexico, Arizona, and northern Mexico.This alliance is one of the most widespread wooded alliances in the western United States; there are currenStands of this widespread California foothill and mountain woodland alliance grow on uplands and valleys with gentle to steep slopes and intermittently flooded soils. The soils are usually shallow, infertile, and moderately to excessively drained. The surface is often covered with stones and rock outcrops. This alliance occurs from 300-2100 m in elevation. Annual precipitation is highly variable, depending on topographic location and region. Western Mojave stands receive as little as 20 cm of precipitation per year, while northern coast stands may receive more than 80 cm annually. This alliance is dominated by ~Pinus sabiniana$ in the canopy or as emergent trees over a shrub canopy. Other trees present may include ~Quercus kelloggii, Quercus douglasii, Quercus agrifolia, Quercus wislizeni, Quercus durata, Quercus dumosa, Quercus lobata, Pinus coulteri, Heteromeles arbutifolia$, and ~Juniperus occidentalis$. Shrubs may include ~Cercocarpus montanus var. glaber, Adenostoma fasciculatum, Rhamnus$ spp., ~Arctostaphylos$ spp., and ~Ceanothus cuneatus$.LVAL!This montane and subalpine woodland alliance occurs between 2100 and 2850 m elevation on a few widely scattered areas in the mountains of northern California. It can occur on all slopes, but is most extensive on upper slopes. This alliance requires moderately high annual precipitation, of which a significant portion must fall as snow. The summers are distinctly dry. Substrates in the northern portion of the range are volcanic, grading to granitic in the southern portion. ~Pinus washoensis$ is the sole or dominant tree in the canopy of this montane and subalpine California woodland. ~Pinus contorta var. murrayana, Pinus jeffreyi, Pinus ponderosa, Abies magnifica, Pinus monticola$, and ~Abies concolor$ may also be present. Shrubs are very sparse, but may include ~Pseudostellaria jamesiana$ and/or ~Lupinus caudatus$. The herbaceous layer is dominated by graminoids.Woodlands of the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains dominated by ~Pinus taeda$. In the Atlantic Coastal Plain, natural examples of this alliance include maritime woodlands of barrier islands that occur on foredunes. Trees in these maritime woodlands often have multiple trunks and spreading branches. Herbaceous cover is usually low. Canopy associates include ~Quercus phellos, Quercus falcata$, and ~Quercus virginiana$. One rare community in this alliance occurs on swamp islands protected from fire in the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain. Associated species include ~Quercus hemisphaerica, Osmanthus americanus var. americanus, Ilex glabra, Ilex opaca var. opaca, Persea palustris$, and ~Quercus nigra$. Other associations, including some vegetation of Louisiana, result from thinning of plantations, or disturbance by fire of ~Pinus taeda$ forests. One other semi-natural example occurs on military reservations and is at least in part the result of fires set by military training. It may occur both within or outside of the natural range of ~Pinus palustris$. In the former case, it is present where ~Pinus palustris$ has failed to regenerate.LVAL!This alliance includes dry-mesic to mesic forests of lower and adjacent upper coastal plains. These communities are characteristically dominated or codominated by the evergreen oak ~Quercus hemisphaerica$. Representative examples occur in fire-sheltered topographic situations, or in more fire-prone topographic situations as the result of fire suppression. Soils are typically sandy and nutrient-poor. Examples also occur on nutrient-poor sandy and gravelly sites where the topsoil has been lost due to heavy erosion. These more successional forests on highly eroded nutrient-poor sites may be related to and possibly represent depauperate examples of the ~~Quercus hemisphaerica - Carya glabra$ Forest Alliance (A.372)$$. Other typical tree species in stands of this alliance include ~Pinus taeda, Quercus virginiana, Quercus nigra, Quercus falcata, Magnolia grandiflora, Ilex opaca var. opaca, Carya glabra, Carya pallida$, and ~Carya alba$. Early successional communities in this alliance are likely to be strongly dominated by ~Quercus hemisphaerica$ and to lack (or only have minor amounts of) later successional species, such as ~Carya glabra, Tilia americana var. caroliniana, Carpinus caroliniana ssp. caroliniana, Ostrya virginiana$, and ~Quercus michauxii$. Other characteristic species may include ~Persea borbonia, Persea palustris, Ilex opaca var. opaca, Vitis rotundifolia$, and ~Lyonia lucida$. Examples of this alliance typically occur on submesic to xeric upland sands. The absence of fire is a critical part of the environmental parameters of this alliance; in natural types, this absence of fire results from topographic position. In early successional ruderal types, absence of fire is the result of fragmentation of the landscape and fire suppression in remaining fragments. Dominance by ~Quercus hemisphaerica$ indicates that fire has been excluded from these forests for a period of many years; stands of this species are probably more common and widespread than in pre-settlement times.LVALnWoodlands in this alliance are dominated by ~Juniperus deppeana$. Associated species can include ~Juniperus monosperma, Quercus grisea, Rhus trilobata, Cercocarpus montanus, Ceanothus greggii, Arctostaphylos pungens, Bouteloua gracilis, Bouteloua hirsuta, Muhlenbergia emersleyi, Panicum obtusum$, and ~Schizachyrium cirratum$. This alliance occurs in the Trans-Pecos Mountains of western Texas and the mountains of New Mexico, Arizona, and northern Mexico.This alliance is one of the most widespread wooded alliances in the western United States; there are currently over 50 plant associations in this alliance. The alliance is found throughout the western half of the U.S. and southwestern Canada, as well as the Trans-Pecos of Texas and the western portions of the Great Plains, such as in western Oklahoma and the Dakotas. Sites are dry/dry-mesic to xeric, and soils are generally well-drained and coarse-textured. ~Pinus ponderosa$ often dominates these woodlands, but codominant species may include ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$, other ~Pinus$ species, and species of ~Juniperus, Abies$, or ~Picea$. The understory ranges from dense shrub or graminoid layers to barren rock. The associated plant species vary with changes in geography and environmental conditions. Associated trees include species of ~Pinus, Quercus, Juniperus, Abies, Pseudotsuga, Populus$, and ~Picea$. Shrubs can include species of ~Arctostaphylos, Artemisia, Cercocarpus, Ceanothus, Symphoricarpos, Physocarpus, Rosa, Purshia$, and others. Important graminoids include species of ~Carex, Elymus, Poa, Festuca, Muhlenbergia, Piptochaetium$, and many others.<LVALHThis subalpine woodland alliance occurs locally on warm, dry, rocky, exposed sites in the mountains of the interior northwestern U.S. and the central and northern Rocky Mountains. Stands typically occur intermittently between the closed-canopy subalpine forestline and upper treeline, but may occur at lower elevations on rocky wind-swept ridges or where disturbance has reduced the cover of shade-tolerant tree species. Above the continuous forestline, these woodlands form patches separated by subalpine meadow or rock outcrops. Landforms include ridgetops, mountain slopes, and cirque headwalls and basins. Sites occur on all aspects, but are more typically south-facing. Substrates are generally rocky, shallow, coarse-textured soils. Woodlands included in this alliance have a sparse to moderate conifer tree canopy dominated or codominated by ~Pinus albicaulis$. High-elevation stands are often stunted and may be only a few meters tall, and ~Pinus albicaulis$ may be the only tree in the canopy. ~Abies lasiocarpa$ is the most common associated tree species. Other associated tree species may include ~Pinus contorta, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Picea engelmannii, Tsuga mertensiana$, and ~Pinus flexilis$. There may be a sparse to moderate shrub layer consisting of tree regeneration and other woody species such as ~Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Juniperus communis, Ribes$ spp., ~Shepherdia canadensis, Symphoricarpos oreophilus$, and ~Vaccinium scoparium$. The herbaceous layer ranges from absent on rocky sites to moderately dense cover of graminoids or forbs on more mesic sites. Associated herbaceous species include ~Achillea millefolium, Arnica$ spp., ~Calamagrostis rubescens, Carex geyeri, Cassiope mertensiana, Festuca idahoensis, Juncus parryi, Ligusticum grayi, Luzula glabrata var. hitchcockii, Phyllodoce empetriformis, Solidago multiradiata$, and ~Xerophyllum tenax$. Diagnostic of this alliance is the dominance of ~Pinus albicaulis$ in the open tree canopy.ELVALQi$z4Q<pQi$zH5QpQi$z5Q䨟pQi$z5Q8pQThis woodland alliance is widely distributed along the northern and western margins of the Great Basin, from southwestern Idaho to southern California. Stands are found on all aspects and slope positions, but are restricted to rock outcrops or escarpments with excessively drained soils where it grades into relatively mesic forests or grassland habitats. Soils are variable, but generally medium-textured, with abundant coarse fragments, and derived from volcanic parent materials. An open tree canopy that is dominated by ~Juniperus occidentalis$ characterizes vegetation included in this woodland alliance. Scattered emergent individuals of ~Pinus ponderosa$ and/or ~Pinus jeffreyi$ may be present in areas transitional to conifer forests. At such sites, ~Cercocarpus ledifolius$, a tall shrub or small tree, may codominate the canopy. ~Quercus garryana$ may also be present in the tree layer. The shrub layer is variable in density and species composition. The most common shrub is ~Artemisia tridentata$. Other shrubs that commonly occur are ~Purshia tridentata, Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus), Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus, Ribes cereum$, and ~Tetradymia$ spp. Less common, but locally abundant shrubs include ~Prunus emarginata, Grayia spinosa (= Atriplex spinosa)$, and ~Ribes velutinum$. The herbaceous layer is usually composed of annual and perennial grasses such as ~Pseudoroegneria spicata, Festuca idahoensis, Koeleria macrantha, Poa$ spp., and ~Stipa$ spp. Common forb species include ~Achillea millefolium, Collinsia parviflora, Eriophyllum lanatum$, and ~Gayophytum diffusum$. Diagnostic of this alliance is the ~Juniperus occidentalis$-dominated tree layer with over 25% cover.LVALThis woodland alliance occurs in mountains below the Mogollon Rim in southeastern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico and northern Mexico. Sites are typically on moderate to very steep, rocky slopes of foothills and mountains and on ridgetops, but may occur in cool microsites of canyons, washes and along drainages. Aspect is variable, but stands are typically on the less xeric northern slopes. Soils are shallow, coarse-textured and rocky. Woodlands included in this alliance are characterized by a moderately sparse upper tree canoThis woodland alliance is distributed across the Intermountain West from the eastern Sierra Nevada to the central and southern Rocky Mountains. Stands occur on middle mountain slopes of the many mountain ranges and plateaus of the region above areas of cold-air drainage in high intermountain basins. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by an open tree canopy of ~Juniperus osteosperma$, quite often in association with ~Pinus monophylla$ or ~Pinus edulis$. ~Cercocarpus ledifolius$ is a common associate in these interior stands. Scattered ~Pinus ponderosa, Pinus flexilis, Pinus aristata$, or ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ trees may be present where stands grade into montane coniferous forest. If present, the shrub layer may be composed of ~Artemisia tridentata, Artemisia arbuscula, Artemisia nova, Symphoricarpos oreophilus, Amelanchier alnifolia, Cercocarpus intricatus, Cercocarpus montanus, Chrysothamnus$ spp., ~Quercus gambelii, Prunus virginiana$, or ~Purshia tridentata$. The herbaceous layer if present is usually sparse and dominated by cespitose perennial grasses, including ~Pseudoroegneria spicata, Festuca idahoensis, Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii), Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Elymus elymoides$, and ~Stipa$ spp. Diagnostic of this alliance is an open tree canopy greater that 25% cover that is dominated by ~Juniperus osteosperma$.LVALThis woodland alliance occurs in mountains below the Mogollon Rim in southeastern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico and northern Mexico. Sites range fThis woodland alliance occurs on semi-xeric sites in the subalpine zone throughout the southern Rocky Mountains and eastern Colorado Plateau. Sites are typically xeric on exposed, wind-swept rocky slopes and ridges. Stands occur on all aspects, but are most common on the drier south- and west-facing slopes. Slopes are variable. Soils are typically well-drained, shallow, skeletal and coarse-textured. Woodlands included in this alliance are characterized by an open to moderately closed tree canopy typically 5-15 m tall that is dominated by the conifer ~Pinus aristata$. In some stands trees are clumped with grassy patches interspersed. Other tree species that may be present to codominant include ~Picea engelmannii, Pseudotsuga menziesii$, and less commonly ~Picea pungens, Pinus flexilis, Abies lasiocarpa$, and ~Populus tremuloides$. The understory vegetation ranges from moderately dense to typically sparse because sites are dry and often have large amounts of rock cover. The shrub layer is generally sparse or absent, and can include ~Juniperus communis, Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda (= Pentaphylloides floribunda), Ribes$ spp., ~Rosa woodsii, Saxifraga bronchialis, Symphoricarpos oreophilus$, and immature trees. The sparse to moderately dense herbaceous layer often dominates the understory. The most common species are typically graminoids, especially species of ~Festuca$. Common species may include ~Calamagrostis purpurascens, Carex$ spp., ~Danthonia parryi, Festuca arizonica, Festuca brachyphylla, Festuca idahoensis, Festuca thurberi, Koeleria macrantha, Muhlenbergia filiculmis, Muhlenbergia montana, Poa fendleriana$, and ~Trisetum spicatum$. Forbs are generally sparse. Diagnostic of this alliance is the dominance of ~Pinus aristata$ in the open tree canopy.kLVALwThis woodland alliance occurs in mountains below the Mogollon Rim in southeastern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico and northern Mexico. Sites are typically on moderate to very steep, rocky slopes of foothills and mountains and on ridgetops, but may occur in cool microsites of canyons, washes and along drainages. Aspect is variable, but stands are typically on the less xeric northern slopes. Soils are shallow, coarse-textured and rocky. Woodlands included in this alliance are characterized by a moderately sparse upper tree canopy, typically 5-10 m tall, often with a sparse to moderately dense subcanopy. The upper canopy is dominated by the conifer ~Pinus discolor$. Scattered ~Pinus ponderosa$ or ~Pinus leiophylla$ may be present in higher elevation stands. The subcanopy is a mixture of several different species of ~Juniperus$ and ~Quercus$ trees. The shrub layer is sparse to moderately dense depending on the density of the tree canopy. It can be a relatively rich mixture of deciduous or evergreen broad-leaved, microphyllous and rosette-leaved shrubs, 0.5-5 m tall. The layer includes xeric shrubs such as ~Agave palmeri, Arctostaphylos$ spp., ~Cercocarpus montanus, Dasylirion wheeleri, Garrya wrightii, Nolina microcarpa, Opuntia$ spp., ~Ptelea trifoliata, Quercus$ spp., ~Rhus trilobata, Yucca$ spp. The herbaceous layer is sparse to moderately dense (1-40% cover). Perennial graminoids are the most abundant species, particularly ~Muhlenbergia emersleyi$ or ~Piptochaetium fimbriatum$. Other common graminoids include species of ~Aristida, Bouteloua, Cyperus, Eragrostis, Koeleria, Muhlenbergia$, and ~Schizachyrium$. Forbs are typically sparse. Some of the more common forbs include species of ~Artemisia, Cheilanthes, Chenopodium, Ageratina, Hedeoma hyssopifolia, Geranium, Senecio, Thalictrum$, and ~Viguiera$. Diagnostic of this woodland alliance is the dominance of ~Pinus discolor$ in the tree canopy.XLVALdThis alliance includes communities of barrier islands, maritime hammocks, and some mThis woodland alliance occurs in mountains below the Mogollon Rim in southeastern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico and northern Mexico. Sites range from cool dry-mesic to warm xeric on rocky, moderate to steep mountain slopes, benches and terraces. Aspect varies with elevation. Soils range from moderately deep alluvium to shallow, lithic colluvium and residuum. Woodlands included in this alliance are characterized by an open tree canopy, 15-25 m tall, dominated by the Madrean, evergreen needle-leaved tree ~Pinus engelmannii$. ~Pinus leiophylla$ may codominate in seral stands, and scattered ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ or ~Pinus ponderosa$ may be present in higher elevation stands. The subcanopy is dominated by evergreen trees, such as ~Quercus rugosa, Quercus emoryi$, or ~Quercus hypoleucoides$, with a mixture of small trees that may include ~Quercus arizonica, Juniperus deppeana, Pinus discolor$, or ~Pinus edulis$. The shrub layer is typically moderately dense to dense depending on the density of the tree canopy, and is often dominated by the same ~Quercus$ species that made up the tree subcanopy, especially ~Quercus hypoleucoides$ and ~Quercus rugosa$. Other shrubs, like ~Agave parryi, Arbutus arizonica, Ceanothus fendleri, Garrya wrightii, Quercus gambelii, Quercus turbinella, Quercus toumeyi, Rhus trilobata$, and ~Yucca schottii$, may be present. Perennial graminoids are the most abundant species in the herbaceous layer, particularly ~Muhlenbergia longiligula, Muhlenbergia emersleyi, Panicum bulbosum$, and ~Piptochaetium fimbriatum$. Forb species may be diverse, but few species have much cover. The more common forbs include ~Artemisia ludoviciana, Cheilanthes fendleri, Erigeron neomexicanus, Hedeoma hyssopifolia, Hieracium fendleri, Packera neomexicana (= Senecio neomexicanus), Solidago wrightii$, and ~Thalictrum fendleri$. Diagnostic of this woodland alliance is the tree canopy dominated by ~Pinus engelmannii$.LVAL Woodlands included in this alliance occur intermittently from timberline to lower montane and foothill zones throughout much of the Rocky Mountains, on escarpments and other geographic breaks in the northwestern Great Plains, and in mountains in the Great Basin and southern California. Elevations range from 850-3500 m. Sites are typically xeric on exposed, wind-swept rocky slopes and ridges from subalpine to foothills and prairie breaks. Some stands are on eroded substrates and resemble 'badlands' while others may occur on lava flows. These open woodlands occur on all aspects, but are most common on dry south- and west-facing slopes. Soils are typically shallow, skeletal and coarse-textured, such as gravelly, sandy loams or loams, but may include alkaline clays. Exposed bedrock is common and many stands have over 50% bare soil. The vegetation is characterized by an open canopy typically 3-10 m tall, but individuals may reach 15 m. Stands are solely dominated or codominated by the evergreen needle-leaved tree ~Pinus flexilis$. Other trees species that may be present to codominant vary by geography and elevation zones throughout the woodland's range and include ~Pinus albicaulis, Picea engelmannii$, or ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ in the subalpine; ~Pinus contorta, Pinus ponderosa$, or ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ in the montane zone; and ~Juniperus osteosperma$ or ~Juniperus scopulorum$ in the lower montane transition zone from woodlands to grasslands or shrublands. In California, other associates may include ~Abies concolor, Pinus albicaulis, Pinus balfouriana, Pinus contorta, Pinus jeffreyi$, and ~Pinus longaeva$. ^The understory vegetation is typically sparse because sites are dry and have a large cover of rock. A sparse shrub layer may be present that includes tall shrubs such as ~Artemisia tridentata, Cercocarpus ledifolius, Jamesia americana, Rhus trilobata, Shepherdia canadensis$, and ~Symphoricarpos oreophilus$. ~Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Artemisia arbuscula, Artemisia nova, Juniperus communis, MahoniLVALThis woodland alliance occurs in mountains below the Mogollon Rim in southeastern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico and northern Mexico. Sites range from mesic, nearly level washes, stream terraces and toeslopes to very steep, rocky, xeric, mountain slopes. Aspect is variable depending on elevation. Soils range from moderately deep alluvium to shallow, lithic colluvium and residuum. Woodlands included in this alliance are characterized by a moderately sparse upper tree canopy, typically 10-20 m tall, with a moderately dense subcanopy. The upper canopy is dominated by ~Pinus leiophylla$. Scattered ~Pinus ponderosa$ or ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ may be present in higher elevation stands. The subcanopy is a mixture of trees, such as ~Juniperus deppeana, Juniperus monosperma, Pinus discolor$, or Madrean encinals, such as ~Quercus arizonica, Quercus emoryi$ or ~Quercus hypoleucoides$. Mesic semi-riparian sites may include scattered individuals of ~Cupressus arizonica, Juglans major, Fraxinus velutina, Platanus wrightii$, or ~Prunus serotina$. The shrub layer is typically sparse depending on the density of the tree canopy. Shrub associates include ~Agave$ spp., ~Arbutus arizonica, Arctostaphylos$ spp., ~Ceanothus fendleri, Fallugia paradoxa, Garrya wrightii, Nolina microcarpa, Opuntia$ spp., ~Quercus$ spp., ~Rhus aromatica, Yucca schottii$, and immature trees species. The herbaceous layer is composed primarila repens, Purshia tridentata$, and ~Yucca glauca$ are the most frequent low shrubs. The herbaceous layer often dominates the understory and is composed primarily of graminoids such as ~Bouteloua gracilis, Calamagrostis purpurascens, Carex rossii, Festuca idahoensis, Festuca campestris, Leucopoa kingii (= Festuca kingii), Koeleria macrantha, Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$, and ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$. Scattered forbs may include species of ~Achillea, Antennaria, Arenaria, Arnica, Astragalus, Erigeron, Eriogonum, Hymenopappus, Hymenoxys, Liatris, Sedum, Solidago$, and ~Thermopsis$.LVALThis woodland alliance occurs in dry mountain ranges of the Great Basin and southern California, usually on erosional terrain or upper alluvial slopes. Soils are variable, but generally coarse-textured and well-drained. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by an open tree canopy dominated by ~Pinus monophylla$, quite often in association with ~Juniperus osteosperma$. ~Pinus monophylla$ may be the sole tree in some cases, or ~Juniperus osteosperma$ may be codominant. In stands that occur in dry ranges of central and This alliance occurs on well-drained, productive or infertile soils regardless of parent material. Some self-replicating stands are found on strongly serpentinized peridotite. Most commonly, stands are found on ultramafic-derived soils. The alliance is dominated by ~Pinus jeffreyi$. Other trees present may include ~Quercus kelloggii, Quercus chrysolepis, Quercus wislizeni, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus balfouriana, Pinus attenuata, Pinus contorta var. murrayana, Pinus ponderosa, Pinus monticola, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Abies magnifica$, and ~Abies concolor$. Shrubs and forbs present may include ~Purshia tridentata, Rhus trilobata, Xerophyllum tenax, Chrysolepis sempervirens, Festuca californica, Cercocarpus ledifolius, Festuca idahoensis, Iris innominata, Symphoricarpos longiflorus, Quercus vacciniifolia, Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana, Ceanothus cordulatus, Wyethia mollis, Poa secunda, Arctostaphylos nevadensis, Ericameria ophitidis, Lupinus caudatus, Calamagrostis koelerioides, Achnatherum occidentale (= Stipa occidentalis)$, and ~Poa wheeleri$.LVAL This woodland alliance occurs in mountains below the Mogollon Rim in southeastern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico and northern Mexico. Sites range from mesic, nearly level washes, stream terraces and toeslopes to very steep, rocky, xeric, mountain slopes. Aspect is variable depending on elevation. Soils range from moderately deep alluvium to shallow, lithic colluvium and residuum. Woodlands included in this alliance are characterized by a moderately sparse upper tree canopy, typically 10-20 m tall, with a moderately dense subcanopy. The upper canopy is dominated by ~Pinus leiophylla$. Scattered ~Pinus ponderosa$ or ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ may be present in higher elevation stands. The subcanopy is a mixture of trees, such as ~Juniperus deppeana, Juniperus monosperma, Pinus discolor$, or Madrean encinals, such as ~Quercus arizonica, Quercus emoryi$ or ~Quercus hypoleucoides$. Mesic semi-riparian sites may include scattered individuals of ~Cupressus arizonica, Juglans major, Fraxinus velutina, Platanus wrightii$, or ~Prunus serotina$. The shrub layer is typically sparse depending on the density of the tree canopy. Shrub associates include ~Agave$ spp., ~Arbutus arizonica, Arctostaphylos$ spp., ~Ceanothus fendleri, Fallugia paradoxa, Garrya wrightii, Nolina microcarpa, Opuntia$ spp., ~Quercus$ spp., ~Rhus aromatica, Yucca schottii$, and immature trees species. The herbaceous layer is composed primarily of perennial graminoids, particularly ~Aristida schiedeana var. orcuttiana (= Aristida orcuttiana), Cyperus$ spp., ~Koeleria macrantha, Muhlenbergia$ spp., ~Panicum bulbosum, Piptochaetium fimbriatum, Schizachyrium cirratum$, and ~Piptochaetium pringlei (= Stipa pringlei)$. Forb diversity may be high, but cover is low. Some of the more common forbs include ~Artemisia ludoviciana, Brickellia lemmonii, Erigeron neomexicanus, Gnaphalium$ spp., ~Penstemon barbatus, Packera neomexicana (= Senecio neomexicanus)$, and ~Solidago wrightii$. Diagnostic of this woodland alliance is the tree canopy dominated by~PLVALThis alliance contains boreal woodlands occurring on acidic bedrock or talus at high elevations. The dominant tree is ~Picea rubens$, but in some cases the dominant may be ~Picea mariana$. In the northern part of the range of this alliance, associated canopy trees include ~Abies balsamea, Betula papyrifera var. papyrifera$, and ~Betula papyrifera var. cordifolia$; shrubs include ~Vaccinium angustifolium, Vaccinium myrtilloides, Ribes glandulosum, Sorbus americana$, and ~Acer spicatum$; and typical herbs are ~Sibbaldiopsis tridentata, Solidago simplex var. randii, Juncus trifidus, Piptatherum pungens (= Oryzopsis pungens)$, and ~Clintonia borealis$. These woodlands are often stunted and grade into montane shrublands. Soils are shallow, often only a thin layer of duff overlying bedrock. This alliance occurs in Canada, northern New England, New York, south through the Appalachians from Pennsylvania south to the minus leiophylla$.LVALThis alliance includes communities of barrier islands, maritime hammocks, and some more inland coastal hammocks and other fire-protected situations, which are dominated and characterized by ~Quercus virginiana$, and often containing ~Sabal palmetto$ and ~Juniperus virginiana var. silicicola$ within their ranges. Habitats for associations in this alliance range from xeric and subxeric to moist. Vegetation of this alliance mThis woodland alliance occurs in dry mountain ranges of the Great Basin and southern California, usually on erosional terrain or upper alluvial slopes. Soils are variable, but generally coarse-textured and well-drained. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by an open tree canopy dominated by ~Pinus monophylla$, quite often in association with ~Juniperus osteosperma$. ~Pinus monophylla$ may be the sole tree in some cases, or ~Juniperus osteosperma$ may be codominant. In stands that occur in dry ranges of central and southern Nevada, ~Cercocarpus ledifolius$ is a common associate. Less common tree associates include ~Pinus ponderosa, Pinus flexilis, Pinus aristata$, and ~Abies concolor$. In eastern California, ~Pinus jeffreyi$ and ~Juniperus californica$ may also be common. The shrub layer is present to moderately dense. Shrub associates may include ~Artemisia tridentata, Artemisia arbuscula, Artemisia nova, Amelanchier alnifolia, Arctostaphylos patula, Quercus gambelii, Prunus virginiana$, and ~Purshia tridentata$. Other shrubs include chaparral species such as ~Quercus chrysolepis$ and ~Ceanothus cuneatus$; and ~Quercus turbinella, Arctostaphylos glauca, Eriogonum fasciculatum, Yucca schidigera$, and ~Coleogyne ramosissima$ in southern California. The typically sparse herbaceous layer is usually composed of cespitose perennial grasses, including ~Pseudoroegneria spicata, Festuca idahoensis, Elymus elymoides$, and ~Stipa$ spp. Diagnostic of this woodland alliance is the tree canopy dominated by ~Pinus monophylla$ often with ~Juniperus osteosperma$ as a codominant.LVALThese woodlands occur in mountain or foothill environments from southeastern Oregon to the southern Rocky Mountain region. They occur at middle elevations of major mountain ranges. Temperature and moisture regimes appear to be the key factors in distribution of these woodlands. Sometimes, they are associated with moist topo-edaphic positions such as ravines, in other cases with scree slopes where soils are confined to small pockets within the rocks. Edaphic conditions (such as on the scree) or frequent fires are important factors maintaining the open nature of these woodlands. All slopes and aspects are represented within this alliance. Soils are highly variable, but are generally more skeletal and better drained than soils supporting ~AThis alliance contains woodlands (with variable canopy closure) of calcareous bedrock outcrops and limestone cliffs on which ~Thuja occidentalis$ is the dominant canopy tree, although associations can include admixtures of deciduous species. The growth form is generally single-stemmed, but trees may be quite stunted. Associated canopy species can include ~Pinus resinosa, Ostrya virginiana, Quercus rubra, Pinus strobus, Abies balsamea, Betula alleghaniensis, Betula papyrifera, Picea mariana, Picea glauca, Acer saccharum, Fraxinus americana, Tsuga canadensis, Celtis occidentalis, Ulmus rubra, Quercus alba$, and ~Quercus muehlenbergii$. Herbaceous species vary with geography but can include ~Zigadenus elegans ssp. glaucus, Carex eburnea, Cystopteris bulbifera, Pellaea atropurpurea, Pinguicula vulgaris, Primula laurentiana, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Waldsteinia fragarioides, Oligoneuron album (= Solidago ptarmicoides)$, and ~Carex pensylvanica$, among others. This alliance occurs in Canada, the Great Lakes region, northern New England, New York, and discontinuously in Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee. In the Southeast it is known mostly from the Ridge and Valley Province, but occurrences are known from the periphery of the Tennessee Blue Ridge.aLVALmThis alliance, found in the central, eastern, and southeastern United States, contains rocky woodlands dominated by ~Juniperus virginiana$. Associated woody species include ~Quercus muehlenbergii, Quercus stellata, Celtis tenuifolia, Ulmus alata, Cercis canadensis$, and ~Fraxinus quadrangulata$ on calcareous or circumneutral sites; and ~Liquidambar styraciflua$ and others on old fields. Some examples occur as shale woodlands in the Ouachita Mountains, rimrock glades and cliffs, and as fire-suppressed glades and prairies. Some examples occur on rich granitic substrates in the Piedmont. In Louisiana, this community is found on calcareous clays of the Jackson Formation. This alliance occurs in the Piedmont, Interior Low Plateau, West Gulf Coastal Plain, Ozark Plateau, Ouachita Mountains, and Arkansas Valley. More information is needed on the range of variability and the exact distribution of this alliance. ^Note that ~Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana$-dominated communities occurring in old pastures, cleared calcareous areas, and so forth are placed in the I.A.8.N.c ~~Juniperus virginiana$ Forest Alliance (A.137)$$, whether the canopy is closed or open.DLVALPThese wooded scree communities occur on steep slopes of any exposure in the southern Rocky Mountains of southern Colorado and northern New Mexico. Elevations are upper montane to subalpine, ranging from about 3000 m to 3600 m. Winter snowfall comprises the major portion of annual precipitation in this region. Melting snow can be held within the rocky matrix of these scree slopes, providing greater moisture-holding capacity than at first appearance. Slopes of these screes are typically greater than 50%. Greater This alliance contains boreal woodlands occurring on acidic bedrock or talus at high elevations. The dominant tree is ~Picea rubens$, but in some cases the dominant may be ~Picea mariana$. In the northern part of the range of this alliance, associated canopy trees include ~Abies balsamea, Betula papyrifera var. papyrifera$, and ~Betula papyrifera var. cordifolia$; shrubs include ~Vaccinium angustifolium, Vaccinium myrtilloides, Ribes glandulosum, Sorbus americana$, and ~Acer spicatum$; and typical herbs are ~Sibbaldiopsis tridentata, Solidago simplex var. randii, Juncus trifidus, Piptatherum pungens (= Oryzopsis pungens)$, and ~Clintonia borealis$. These woodlands are often stunted and grade into montane shrublands. Soils are shallow, often only a thin layer of duff overlying bedrock. This alliance occurs in Canada, northern New England, New York, south through the Appalachians from Pennsylvania south to the mountains of Virginia.LVALThese conifer woodlands occur at middle elevations (2300-2800 m) of These woodlands occur on the eastern slope of the northern Cascade Mountains in Washington and in Alaska. This description is mostly based on stands ranging from 740-1070 m in Washington, but they may extend to near sea level in Alaska. Precipitation ranges from 150-500 cm annually. The climate has a strong maritime influence, with deep winter snowpacks. Summers are warm and very dry. Sites are well-drained on nearly level to moderately steep slopes on rocky ridgetops and very rocky glacial outwash deposits. The soils are shallow, acidic, rocky and derived from colluvium and glacial outwash. There is a very high percentage of surface rock and coarse fragments. Rock outcrop is common. These conifer woodlands have an open canopy codominated by ~Tsuga heterophylla$. ~Pseudotsuga menziesii, Thuja plicata, Tsuga mertensiana$, or ~Pinus contorta$ may codominate these multi-layered, canopy stands. Other trees may include ~Pinus monticola, Abies lasiocarpa$, or ~Larix occidentalis$. The patchy, moderately dense shrub layers are dominated by the dwarf-shrubs like ~Arctostaphylos nevadensis$ or the short shrubs ~Gaultheria shallon$ and ~Vaccinium ovalifolium$. There are many other scattered shrubs and dwarf-shrubs. The sparse herbaceous layer is mostly ferns such as ~Pteridium aquilinum$ with scattered graminoids like ~Calamagrostis rubescens$.LVAL This alliance includes communities of barrier islands, maritime hammocks, and some more inland coastal hammocks and other fire-protected situations, which are dominated and characterized by ~Quercus virginiana$, and often containing ~Sabal palmetto$ and ~Juniperus virginiana var. silicicola$ within their ranges. Habitats for associations in this alliance range from xeric and subxeric to moist. Vegetation of this alliance most typically lies just landward of maritime shrub zones; it ranges from temperate to subtropical and often has a component of deciduous broad-leaved trees as well, particularly in the north. Some examples are affected by varying intensities of salt spray; these situations display more-or-less wind- and salt spray-sculpted vegetation. Other upland examples are not affected by salt spray and correspondingly differ in composition and stature. Composition varies along a latitudinal gradient; the northernmost examples, in Virginia and extreme northeastern North Carolina, contain ~Morella pensylvanica (= Myrica pensylvanica)$ as a shrub. Farther south, stabilized dunes where salt spray is light to moderate display wind-sculpted vegetation dominated by ~Quercus virginiana$ and ~Quercus hemisphaerica$ with lesser amounts of ~Pinus taeda$ and ~Juniperus virginiana var. silicicola$; typical understory components here include ~Persea borbonia, Carpinus caroliniana ssp. caroliniana, Juniperus virginiana var. silicicola, Cornus florida, Osmanthus americanus var. americanus, Ilex opaca var. opaca$, and ~Zanthoxylum clava-herculis$. These examples occur on sand flats, lower slopes, and on stabilized dunes that are protected from saltwater flooding but which experience light to moderate salt spray. Some more protected examples have relatively closed and diverse canopies and well-developed shrub strata; vines are often conspicuous and abundant, but the herbaceous stratum is typically sparse and low in diversity. Canopies in these more protected examples are dominated by ~Quercus virginiana, QuerLVAL cus hemisphaerica$, and ~Pinus taeda$ and may also contain ~Quercus falcata, Carya glabra, Quercus nigra$, and ~Pinus palustris$. Understory species include ~Persea palustris, Magnolia virginiana, Osmanthus americanus var. americanus, Ilex opaca var. opaca, Juniperus virginiana var. silicicola$, and ~Sassafras albidum$. This community occurs over moist, sandy soils, on low areas of the mainland coast, and stands are protected from the most extreme maritime influences (i.e., salt spray) but are susceptible to high winds and flooding during hurricanes. Extending south from the vicinity of Cape Fear, North Carolina, the canopy is dominated by ~Quercus virginiana$ and ~Pinus taeda$ with some ~Sabal palmetto$. Farther south, ~Pinus elliottii var. elliottii$ replaces ~Pinus taeda$, and ~Sabal palmetto$ becomes more prominent. In mid-Florida, tropical species begin to dominate the understory while temperate species retain canopy dominance. South of Martin County, Florida, tropical species such as ~Bursera simaruba, Sideroxylon foetidissimum$, and ~Ficus aurea$ begin to dominate the forest canopy. The more tropically influenced examples may contain shrubs such as ~Eugenia axillaris, Myrsine floridana$, and ~Coccoloba uvifera$ on the west coast of Florida, and ~Myrcianthes fragrans, Ardisia escallonoides$, and ~Psychotria nervosa$ on the east coast. The alliance also includes tropical/temperate maritime hammocks of the east coast of Florida, in mid-peninsula, characteristically with oak canopy and tropical subcanopy; as well as temperate maritime hammocks of the northeast and Panhandle coasts of Florida. Vegetation of this alliance may be found on xeric to mesic sites, often occurring as linear strands behind frontal dunes. The seaward edge is generally found on the leeward side of dune complexes which provide shelter from excessive salt spray and overwash; this vegetation is also found on top of relict dune ridges and other areas with xeric to mesic hydrology. While relatively protected, the vegetation frLVALThis alliance occurs on low-elevation, semi-riparian localities scattered throughout most of the Rocky Mountains, and west into the Columbia Basin of Washington and Oregon. Valleys vary from V-shaped to trough-shaped or broad and flat, and stream gradients are typically moderate. These woodlands can occur as broad, extensive stands on wider floodplain terraces or as narrow, long ribbons. Sites include mountain valleys, foothill ravines, terraces and alluvial benches of major streams and rivers. In southern Arizona, stands occur along smaller perennial streams and washes. Soils are cobbly, coarse-textured and derived from alluvium. Vegetation included in this semi-riparian alliance is characterized by an open canopy of the conifers ~Pinus ponderosa$ and often ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$. Other trees occasionally present include ~Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa, Populus angustifolia, Acer negundo, Quercus$ spp., ~Juniperus deppeana, Juniperus scopulorum, Pinus edulis$, and ~Pinus discolor$ in southern stands. Composition and structure of understory vegetation vary greatly by geographic region. Typically a tall-shrub layer is present, with species such as ~Alnus$ spp.equently exhibits effects of wind-pruning and salt spray. The alliance also includes some dry hammocks, found from Florida to North Carolina; in these examples, ~Quercus virginiana$ is dominant, and sometimes ~Juniperus virginiana var. silicicola$ is present in the canopy. Frequently small ~Cladina - Cladonia$-dominated openings are present. On small hammocks in salt marshes, ~Juniperus virginiana var. silicicola, Baccharis halimifolia$, and ~Morella cerifera$ are characteristic. Another type of xeric hammock contains ~Serenoa repens$ under a ~Quercus virginiana$ canopy. On Amelia Island, Florida, ~Magnolia grandiflora$ is characteristically in the understory, increasing after cutting or with a greater shell content in the soil. Some Mississippi vegetation included here is found on coastal sand ridges along inlets of marsh channels.LVALThis alliance, found in northern Michigan and northwestern Ontario, occurs on rocky ridges and hills. The discontinuous tree canopy is dominated by ~Picea glauca$, sometimes with ~Betula papyrifera$ codominant. ~Populus tremuloides$ can be present, as well. The trees are relatively short, typically under 13 m tall. Shrubs under 2 m tall are often abundant. ~Amelanchier$ spp., ~Corylus cornuta, Prunus virginiana, Rhus$ spp., and ~Rosa$ spp. are common shrubs. The herbaceous layer is dominated by graminoids, especially ~Danthonia spicata$. ~Poa$ spp. and ~Hieracium$ spp. can be found, especially in disturbed stands. Lichens and mosses are also abundant. ^Stands of this alliance are found on hilltops and ridges with thin soils. Slope and aspect are variable, but most stands are on gentle to moderate slopes. Exposed bedrock is common.LVAL This widespread coniferous woodland alliance occurs across the western U.S., typically on relatively poor sites for tree growth. Environmental factors, such as harsh substrate, desiccating winds or frequent disturbances that limit the tree canopy density, vary geographically. Stands are typically restricted to hot, dry slopes with southern and western exposures at higher elevations and latitudes. At lower elevations and latitudes stands are found on relatively mesic northern aspects. Where there is adequate moisture to develop a closed tree canopy, shallow rocky soils, talus and scree have so little moisture-holding capacity that these sites are effectively very dry for plant growth. Other harsh substrates, such as serpentine, or frequent disturbance from fire may also limit tree canopy development. Substrates are typically shallow, lithic, course-textured and well-drained. Woodlands included in this alliance have a sparse to moderately dense canopy, or may occur as patchy stands that are dominated by ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$. Other trees in the canopy and subcanopy may include ~Pinus ponderosa, Tsuga mertensiana$ or ~Quercus chrysolepis$ in Oregon, and ~Pinus flexilis$ or ~Juniperus scopulorum$. Typically sparse tall-shrub/small-tree layer may include ~Acer circinatum$ or any of the above trees depending on the species range. Shrub cover is scattered to patchy. Common shrubs include ~Cercocarpus ledifolius, Cercocarpus montanus, Holodiscus dumosus, Purshia tridentata$, or ~Toxicodendron diversilobum$. The herbaceous layer is often dominated by perennial graminoids such as ~Festuca campestris, Festuca idahoensis, Leucopoa kingii (= Festuca kingii), Piptatherum micranthum (= Oryzopsis micrantha), Pseudoroegneria spicata$, or ~Schizachyrium scoparium$. Forbs important in this layer include ~Aspidotis densa$ and ~Penstemon fruticosus$. Annual grasses and forbs may be present, especially on disturbed sites. Diagnostic of this alliance is the ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$-dominated tree canopy with less than LVALThese conifer woodlands occur at middle elevations (2300-2800 m) of the central and southern Rocky Mountains, usually on slopes of southwesterly aspects, and a variety of topographic positions. Although they represent the warmest and driest of the ~Picea pungens$ communities, they can be associated with frost pockets and lower slopes with cool-air drainage. At higher elevations they are found on southerly slopes, and at lower elevations on northerly slopes. Soils are variable, but usually young and derived from glacial or alluvially deposited materials. Woodlands included in this alliance are characterized by the dominance of ~Picea pungens$ in the canopy. Other conifers are usually codominant. Species include ~Pseudotsuga menziesii, Abies concolor, Picea engelmannii, Pinus ponderosa$, and ~Pinus strobiformis$. ~Populus tremuloides$ is the only widespread hardwood associate. The shrub layer is sparse to absent. The sparse to dense herbaceous layer is dominated by perennial bunch grasses, although rhizomatous sedges may be common in some stands. The most important grasses include ~Festuca arizonica, Muhlenbergia montana, Muhlenbergia viresn60% cover on average.LVAL These woodlands occur in mountain or foothill environments from southeastern Oregon to the southern Rocky Mountain region. They occur at middle elevations of major mountain ranges. Temperature and moisture regimes appear to be the key factors in distribution of these woodlands. Sometimes, they are associated with moist topo-edaphic positions such as ravines, in other cases with scree slopes where soils are confined to small pockets within the rocks. Edaphic conditions (such as on the scree) or frequent fires are important factors maintaining the open nature of these woodlands. All slopes and aspects are represented within this alliance. Soils are highly variable, but are generally more skeletal and better drained than soils supporting ~Abies concolor$ forests. These woodlands may occupy somewhat marginal sites for ~Abies concolor$ communities. Stands included in this alliance are typically mixed conifer woodlands that are characterized by the importance of ~Abies concolor$ in the tree canopy. ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ and~Pinus ponderosa$ are common codominant trees throughout the range of these woodlands. Other tree species include ~Pinus jeffreyi, Pinus contorta, Pinus lambertiana$, and ~Calocedrus decurrens$ in southeastern Oregon, and ~Abies lasiocarpa, Juniperus scopulorum, Pinus flexilis, Picea engelmannii$, and ~Picea pungens$ in stands from Utah and Colorado southward. If present, shrub or dwarf-shrub layers may include ~Arctostaphylos$ spp, ~Artemisia tridentata, Ceanothus$ spp., ~Holodiscus dumosus, Mahonia repens, Juniperus communis, Purshia tridentata, Ribes$ spp., ~Symphoricarpos oreophilus$, and ~Vaccinium$ spp. The herbaceous layer is typically dominated by shade-tolerant forbs, including ~Pyrola picta, Orthilia secunda, Galium triflorum$, and ~Chimaphila umbellata$. Graminoids may include ~Festuca arizonica, Poa fendleriana, Danthonia parryi, Carex siccata (= Carex foenea), Leymus triticoides$, and ~Muhlenbergia montana$. These woodlands are distinguished from woodlands in similar alLVALThese riparian woodlands have been described from valleys, drainages and basins in the mountains and highlands of central and northeastern Oregon. Elevations range from 1220-2070 m. Stands are often relatively narrow, occurring in floodplains, on lakeshores and on low terraces along stream channels or near springs. Sites are flat to gently sloping, temporarily flooded with moderately deep to deep, alluvial soils. Soils range from sandy loams to silt loams and may have a significant organic layer. They are saturated in the spring then dry out by late summer, with the water table often dropping about 1 m. Parent materials are pumice alluvium or air-laid pumice that blanketed this area. Stands have a moderately dense to dense tree canopy that ranges from 40-85% cover, dominated by ~Pinus contorta$. The sparse short-shrub layer consists of scattered clumps of ~Spiraea douglasii, Salix geyeriana, Vaccinium boreale$, or ~Ribes$ spp. The herbaceous layer is typically dominated by the perennial graminoids ~Carex angustata$ or ~Carex aquatilis$, but other graminoids occur such as several other species of ~Carex, Calamagrostis$ spp., ~Deschampsia caespitosa, Elymus glaucus$, and ~Juncus balticus$. Forb species are often diverse and may include ~Achillea millefolium, Dodecatheon jeffreyi, Fragaria virginiana, Galium boreale, Geum macrophyllum, Packera pseudaurea (= Senecio pseudaureus)$, and ~Trifolium longipes$. Adjacent stands include upland conifer forests dominatliances by the relatively open tree canopy (<60% cover on average) and the dominance of ~Abies concolor$.@LVALLThis alliance occurs on low-elevation, semi-riparian localities scattered throughout most of the Rocky Mountains, and west into the Columbia Basin of Washington and Oregon. Valleys vary from V-shaped to trough-shaped or broad and flat, and stream gradients are typically moderate. These woodlands can occur as broad, extensive stands on wider floodplain terraces or as narrow, long ribbons. Sites include mountain valleys, foothill ravines, terraces and alluvial benches of major streams and rivers. In southern Arizona, stands occur along smaller perennial streams and waThese wooded scree communities occur on steep slopes of any exposure in the southern Rocky Mountains of southern Colorado and northern New Mexico. Elevations are upper montane to subalpine, ranging from about 3000 m to 3600 m. Winter snowfall comprises the major portion of annual precipitation in this region. Melting snow can be held within the rocky matrix of these scree slopes, providing greater moisture-holding capacity than at first appearance. Slopes of these screes are typically greater than 50%. Greater than 80% of the substrate is composed of coarse rock fragments, with mineral soils confined to pockets. Differences in rock size and rates of movement cause heterogeneity in the development of vegetation. These wooded screes are characterized by ~Picea engelmannii$ as the dominant mature tree species. The trees are typically widely spaced and rarely reach over 20% cover. A few other trees can occur, usually as seedlings and saplings, including ~Abies lasiocarpa, Pinus flexilis$, or ~Populus tremuloides$. The shrub layer, also very sparse, can include ~Jamesia americana, Juniperus communis, Ribes montigenum$, and ~Ribes wolfii$. The herbaceous component is nearly unnoticeable, as these species typically are found only in crevices in the talus where small amounts of soil may have accumulated. Species can include ~Carex rossii, Festuca brachyphylla, Koeleria macrantha, Saxifraga bronchialis, Senecio atratus$, and ~Sedum lanceolatum$.dLVALpThese conifer woodlands occur at middle elevations (2300-2800 m) of the central and southern Rocky Mountains, usually on slopes of southwesterly aspects, and a variety of topographic positions. Although they represent the warmest and driest of the ~Picea pungens$ communities, they can be associated with frost pockets and lower slopes with cool-air drainage. At higher elevations they are found on southerly slopes, and at lower elevations on northerly slopes. Soils are variable, but usually young and derived from glacial or alluvially deposited materials. Woodlands included in this alliance are characterized by the dominance of ~Picea pungens$ in the canopy. Other conifers are usually codominant. Species include ~Pseudotsuga menziesii, Abies concolor, Picea engelmannii, Pinus ponderosa$, and ~Pinus strobiformis$. ~Populus tremuloides$ is the only widespread hardwood associate. The shrub layer is sparse to absent. The sparse to dense herbaceous layer is dominated by perennial bunch grasses, although rhizomatous sedges may be common in some stands. The most important grasses include ~Festuca arizonica, Muhlenbergia montana, Muhlenbergia virescens, Koeleria macrantha$, and ~Poa fendleriana$. The most commonly present sedge is ~Carex siccata (= Carex foenea)$. Forb cover is sparse. Diagnostic of this woodland alliance is the dominance of ~Picea pungens$ growing in open-canopy woodlands on non-flooded sites.tLVALThis alliance consists of wet pinelands (often termed `pine flatwoods,' `wet pine flatwoods,' and `pine savannasThese upper montane or subalpine conifer woodlands are found in many of the mountainous areas of the western United States within cool and relatively dry climate regimes. Stands may also occur at montane elevations where cold-air drainage modifies the environment. These woodlands are typically found where marginal growing conditions such as low precipitation, or droughty sites or substrates produce an open tree canopy. Parent materials and soils are variable across the distribution of the alliance. In mature stands, the association is characterized by ~Abies lasiocarpa$ as the dominant tree species, often with ~Picea engelmannii$. In seral stands other conifers can be important or even dominant, but ~Abies lasiocarpa$ is always present in the regeneration layer. Other tree associates include ~Pinus albicaulis, Pinus contorta, Picea glauca, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsuga$ spp., ~Larix$ spp., and ~Chamaecyparis nootkatensis$. Most woodlands in this alliance have well-developed shrub layers. Important to dominant species include ~Phyllodoce empetriformis, Vaccinium$ spp., ~Vaccinium myrtillus, Juniperus communis, Shepherdia canadensis, Paxistima myrsinites$, and ~Rhododendron albiflorum$. Stands with sparse shrub layers are typically a reflection of dry conditions, such as vegetated scree slopes or lava fields, and may include species such as ~Salix brachycarpa, Salix glauca, Holodiscus dumosus, Juniperus communis, Acer circinatum$, and ~Ribes$ spp. The herbaceous layer is generally sparse. Important forbs include species of ~Arnica, Thalictrum, Pedicularis, Lupinus$, and ~Fragaria$. Graminoids are rarely important in these woodlands. Diagnostic of woodlands in this alliance is that they are upland (non-flooded) with average tree canopy of less than 60% cover that is either dominated by ~Abies lasiocarpa$ or has ~Abies lasiocarpa$ as the predominant conifer in the tree-regeneration layer.LVALottii$ in Louisiana and Texas. Across the range of this alliance, pine densities vary from low with widely spaced trees giving an open savanna-like aspect, to high with dense, nearly closed canopies. Nevertheless, even the densest stands have discontinuous canopies which allow considerable light to penetrate to the forest floor. Probably the most significant factor affecting community composition is fire. In fire suppressed examples, an unThese riparian woodlands have been described from valleys, drainages and basins in the mountains and highlands of central and northeastern Oregon. Elevations range from 1220-2070 m. Stands are often relatively narrow, occurring in floodplains, on lakeshores and on low terraces along stream channels or near springs. Sites are flat to gently sloping, temporarily flooded with moderately deep to deep, alluvial soils. Soils range from sandy loams to silt loams and may have a significant organic layer. They are saturated in the spring then dry out by late summer, with the water table often dropping about 1 m. Parent materials are pumice alluvium or air-laid pumice that blanketed this area. Stands have a moderately dense to dense tree canopy that ranges from 40-85% cover, dominated by ~Pinus contorta$. The sparse short-shrub layer consists of scattered clumps of ~Spiraea douglasii, Salix geyeriana, Vaccinium boreale$, or ~Ribes$ spp. The herbaceous layer is typically dominated by the perennial graminoids ~Carex angustata$ or ~Carex aquatilis$, but other graminoids occur such as several other species of ~Carex, Calamagrostis$ spp., ~Deschampsia caespitosa, Elymus glaucus$, and ~Juncus balticus$. Forb species are often diverse and may include ~Achillea millefolium, Dodecatheon jeffreyi, Fragaria virginiana, Galium boreale, Geum macrophyllum, Packera pseudaurea (= Senecio pseudaureus)$, and ~Trifolium longipes$. Adjacent stands include upland conifer forests dominated by ~Pinus contorta$, and various herbaceous and shrub wetlands dominated by species of ~Carex$ or ~Salix$.+LVAL7This riparian woodland alliance has been reported from low to mid-montane areas in Colorado and Montana. Stands occur on a wide range of landforms, from rocky V-shaped canyons to fertile alluvium. Stands are intolerant of frequent and prolonged flooding. However, this vegetation is tolerant of periodic flooding and high water tables. Typically, the soils are shallow, derived from coarse alluvial substrates. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by an open tree canopy that is dominated by ~Juniperus scopulorum$. Scattered emergent deciduous trees may be present, such as ~Populus angustifolia, Populus deltoides$, or ~Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (= Populus trichocarpa)$. Typically shrub cover ranges from 10-25%. Shrub composition can include any of the following: ~Amelanchier alnifolia, Cornus sericea, Rhus aromatica, Rosa woodsii$, or ~Solanum dulcamara$. Herbaceous undergrowth occurs beneath the tree canopy as well as on exposed point bars. The understory consists of native graminoids, including ~Piptatherum micranthum (= Oryzopsis micrantha), Panicum virgatum$, and the fern ally ~Equisetum arvense$. Forb cover is sparse and can include ~Glycyrrhiza lepidota, Apocynum androsaemifolium$ or ~Maianthemum stellatum (= Smilacina stellata)$. Both the forb and graminoid strata can be dominated by adventive, weedy species. Diagnostic of this woodland alliance is the ~Juniperus scopulorum$-dominated open tree canopy and the riparian habitats.+LVAL7This alliance consists of peaty wetland forests dominated by ~Cliftonia monophylla$. Communities of this alliance may be extensive wetlands (up to 300 or more hectares), generally with a longer hydroperiod than other baygall associations; such large occurrences have developed over peat at least 1-2 m dWoodlands included in this minor alliance are restricted to a 20-ha temporarily flooded site in southern Idaho's upper Pahsimeroi Valley. The elevation is approximately 1850 m and the climate is cold temperate. Mean annual precipitation is 20 cm, which mostly occurs during the winter as snow. Sites typically have snow cover in the winter and may be local cold-air sinks. Stands occur in association with alkaline spring systems. Heavy livestock use creates compacted soils and areas of bare ground. These phreatophyte stands have an open canopy dominated by the evergreen needle-leaved tree ~Pinus flexilis$. These trees are reproducing with several sapling and pole-size individuals present. ~Juniperus scopulorum$ may be present in the subcanopy, with ~Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda (= Pentaphylloides floribunda)$ dominating the shrub layer and ~Distichlis spicata$ dominating the herbaceous layer. Additional information of this vegetation is not available.LVAL This alliance occurs on low-elevation, semi-riparian localities scattered throughout most of the Rocky Mountains, and west into the Columbia Basin of Washington and Oregon. Valleys vary from V-shaped to trough-shaped or broad and flat, and stream gradients are typically moderate. These woodlands can occur as broad, extensive stands on wider floodplain terraces or as narrow, long ribbons. Sites include mountain valleys, foothill ravines, terraces and alluvial benches of major streams and rivers. In southern Arizona, stands occur along smaller perennial streams and washes. Soils are cobbly, coarse-textured and derived from alluvium. Vegetation included in this semi-riparian alliance is characterized by an open canopy of the conifers ~Pinus ponderosa$ and often ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$. Other trees occasionally present include ~Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa, Populus angustifolia, Acer negundo, Quercus$ spp., ~Juniperus deppeana, Juniperus scopulorum, Pinus edulis$, and ~Pinus discolor$ in southern stands. Composition and structure of understory vegetation vary greatly by geographic region. Typically a tall-shrub layer is present, with species such as ~Alnus$ spp., ~Betula occidentalis, Cornus sericea, Crataegus douglasii, Juglans major, Prunus virginiana, Quercus garryana$, or ~Salix$ spp. Some stands have a short-shrub layer that includes species such as ~Frangula betulifolia (= Rhamnus betulifolia), Holodiscus discolor, Rhus aromatica, Ribes$ spp., ~Physocarpus malvaceus, Rosa woodsii$, or ~Symphoricarpos$ spp. Woody vines are important in some stands, including ~Toxicodendron rydbergii$ or ~Vitis arizonica$. The herbaceous layer can be dominated by either graminoids or forbs. Graminoids can include ~Panicum bulbosum, Bromus ciliatus var. richardsonii (= Bromus richardsonii)$, and ~Pascopyrum smithii$. Forbs can include ~Geranium caespitosum, Galium$ spp., ~Pteridium aquilinum, Thalictrum fendleri, Potentilla$ spp., ~Achillea millefolium$, and ~Maianthemum stellatum$. Diagnostic of this semi-xLVALThis open-canopy Atlantic white-cedar swamp occurs along streams of the Delmarva peninsula. It is also found in artificial mill ponds. The substrate is peat and muck characterized by hummock-and-hollow microtopography. The tree canopy is characterized by low-stature ~Chamaecyparis thyoides$ in association with ~Pinus taeda$. The herbaceous layer is comprised of ~Peltandra virginica, Nymphaea odorata, Carex exilis, Dichanthelium dichotomum, Oxypolis rigidior, Triadenum virginicum, Dulichium arundinaceum, Glyceria obtusa, Rhynchospora alba, Carex atlantica, Selaginella apoda, Drosera rotundifolia, Juncus militaris, Vaccinium macrocarpon, Calopogon tuberosus$, and ~Eriocaulon decangulare$. Floating mats within mill ponds have unique species assemblages.This alliance includes temporarily and infrequently flooded forests dominated by ~Quercus virginiana$ occurring on older and more recent natural levee ridges and terraces within antecedent and current floodplain systems of large Coastal Plain rivers of both the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. Hydrology is variable, including temporarily flooded areas within current floodplains and very infrequently flooded areas within antecedent floodplains. Species composition is also variable depending on hydrology and geographic location. A poorly described type with a broad geographic range includes ~Pinus taeda$ as a codominant with ~Quercus virginiana$. This alliance may contain disparate elements that have been grouped together primarily on landscape position and the riparian alliance is ~Pinus ponderosa$-dominated woodland stands with brief seasonal flooding during the growing season.LVAL This riparian woodland alliance is found at middle elevations (from 1900-2900 m) of the central and southern Rocky Mountains and the Colorado Plateau region. Stands typically occur in narrow, or V-shaped, valleys and canyons subject to cold-air drainage and limited sunlight. They occupy streambanks, terraces, narrow floodplains or benches, and subirrigated toeslopes; stream gradients are often steep. These sites can be subject to spring flooding, and usually water tables are within 1 m of the soil surface even late in the growing season. The soils are somewhat variable often with signs of mottling. This alliance is characterized by the dominance of ~Picea pungens$ in the tree canopy. Other conifers are usually present in these stands, depending upon geographic location, site moisture, and stand history. Common associates include ~Pseudotsuga menziesii, Abies lasiocarpa, Abies concolor, Picea engelmannii, Pinus ponderosa$, and ~Pinus contorta$. ~Populus angustifolia$ is the most commonly present deciduous tree species, although ~Populus tremuloides$ may persist as a seral species on well-drained sites of this alliance. There is often an abundant tall-shrub layer; common species include ~Alnus incana, Betula occidentalis, Cornus sericea, Rosa woodsii$, and several species of ~Salix$. Other shrubs that may be present include ~Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda (= Pentaphylloides floribunda), Lonicera involucrata$, and ~Acer glabrum$. Because of favorable soil moisture, the herbaceous layer is usually a luxuriant mixture of forbs and graminoids, including ~Equisetum arvense, Calamagrostis canadensis, Carex siccata (= Carex foenea), Heracleum sphondylium, Rudbeckia laciniata, Mertensia ciliata, Fragaria virginiana, Conioselinum scopulorum$, and ~Maianthemum stellatum$. The herbaceous layer can have very high cover in some stands. Diagnostic of this woodland alliance is the dominance of ~Picea pungens$ with an open to moderately closed canopy, occurring on sites that have surface water for brief periodLVALThis alliance includes stream woodlands with a scattered to open canopy of ~Chamaecyparis thyoides$, both Florida Panhandle and Alabama 'seepage stream' or 'streamside baygall' examples, as well as other types located at the mouths of rivers whose hydrology is influenced by 'tidal damming.' Seepage stream examples have a dense shrub layer of ~Cyrilla racemiflora$ and other evergreen shrubs, such as ~Cliftonia monophylla, Lyonia lucida, Ilex coriacea$, and ~Ilex glabra$. One of the saturated/tidally dammed types reportedly contains ~Chamaecyparis thyoides$, with ~Pinus elliottii var. elliottii$ and ~Acer rubrum$ over an herbaceous layer of ~Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense$. Some examples included here may have stunted trees with canopy closures less than 25% and could be classified as 'grasslands with a sparse tree layer.' The seepage streamside habitats of the Panhandle are normally linear, from 30-100 m wide, and extend along streams in saturated, highly acid, coarse-sandy situations. This alliance also includes Atlantic s during the growing season.LVALThis riparian woodland alliance has been described from drainages in narrow valleys and canyons in the Rocky Mountains. Stands are often narrow, occurring in floodplains on alluvial terraces of rivers, and along stream channels where there is cold-air drainage. Sites are flat to gently sloping and are temporarily flooded in the spring. Substrates are moderately deep, alluvial soils with textures ranging from sand to loam. They are saturated in the spring, and then dry out by late summer, when the water table drops below 1 m. Vegetation included in this riparian woodland alliance is characterized by a relatively sparse to moderately dense tree canopy that is dominated by the conifer ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ with occasional ~Pinus ponderosa$ or ~Pinus contorta$ trees. Scattered individuals of ~Populus tremuloides, Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa$ or ~Populus angustifolia$ may be present in the tree canopy. A moderately dense to dense short-shrub layer is typically present that is dominated by ~Cornus sericea$ or ~Betula occidentalis$ with ~Rosa woodsii, Rhus trilobata, Alnus incana, Acer glabrum, Prunus virginiana$, and several species of ~Salix$. The herbaceous layer is generally sparse because of the dense shade from the tree and shrub canopies. Common herbaceous species may include ~Carex geyeri, Actaea rubra, Clematis ligusticifolia, Equisetum$ spp., ~Heterotheca villosa$, and ~Maianthemum$ spp. Diagnostic of this riparian alliance is the dominance of ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ in the open tree layer of woodlands that are flooded for brief periods during the growing season and have a shallow water table.LVALThis open-canopy Atlantic white-cedar swamp occurs along streams of the Delmarva peninsula. It is also found in artificial mill ponds. The substrate is peat and muck characterized by hummock-and-hollow microtopography. The tree canopy is characterized by low-stature ~Chamaecyparis thyoides$ in association with ~Pinus taeda$. The herbaceous layer is comprised of ~Peltandra virginica, Nymphaea odorata, Carex exilis, Dichanthelium dichotomum, Oxypolis rigidior, Triadenum virginicum, Dulichium arundinaceum, Glyceria obtusa, Rhynchospora alba, Carex atlantica, Selaginella apoda, Drosera rotundifolia, Juncus militaris, Vaccinium macrocarpon, Calopogon tuberosus$, and ~Eriocaulon decangulare$. Floating mats within mill ponds have unique species assemblages.This alliance includes temporarily and infrequently flooded forests dominated by ~Quercus virginiana$ occurring on older and more recent natural levee ridges and terraces within antecedent and current floodplain systems of large Coastal Plain rivers of both the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. Hydrology is variable, including temporarily flooded areas within current floodplains and very infrequently flooded areas within antecedent floodplains. Species composition is also variable depending on hydrology and geographic location. A poorly described type with a broad geographic range includes ~Pinus taeda$ as a codominant with ~Quercus virginiana$. This alliance may contain disparate elements that have been grouped together primarily on landscape position and the predominance of ~Quercus virginiana$ in the overstory. Additional evaluation and inventory of these associations are needed.LVALThis alliance includes saturated, often open-canopied stands dominated by ~Pinus elliottii var. elliottii$ (within its natural range from the Florida parishes of Louisiana to South Carolina), which are sometimes codominated by ~Pinus palustris$ or ~Pinus serotina$ (within its natural range). Associations most often occur in `flatwoods' sites of the Outer Coastal Plain, but may also be found near coastal areas with maritime influence and in dune swales and interdune flats on older, well-stabilized portions of barrier islands. This alliance includes both natural wet ~Pinus elliottii$ woodlands, as well as those originally dominated by ~Pinus palustris$ into which ~Pinus elliottii$ has invaded and become dominant, as a result of fire suppression and/or the removal and subsequent reproductive failure of ~Pinus palustris$. Within its range, ~Sabal palmetto$ may be present in the canopy, as may be ~Pinus serotina$. The shrub stratum may include ~Cliftonia monophylla, Cyrilla racemiflora, Ilex glabra, Lyonia ferruginea$, and/or ~Ilex myrtifolia$. Some associations contain ~Serenoa repens$. Shrubs will be sparse and open with appropriate fire management, and will be denser in more fire-suppressed examples. Where growing-season fires are frequent, examples should have a well-developed herbaceous layer with dominant or abundant graminoids such as ~Aristida beyrichiana, Ctenium aromaticum, Dichanthelium longiligulatum, Sporobolus$ spp., and/or ~Rhynchospora$ spp. Pitcherplants (~Sarracenia$ spp.) are also found in several associations. The structure and composition varies with fire frequency. Frequently burned sites exhibit a patchy shrub stratum and may have a dense graminoid herbaceous layer; examples that have not burned for more than five years will tend to exhibit a denser canopy and shrub stratum and little herbaceous cover.LVALThis woodland alliance occurs between sea level and 1200 m on the flanks of the coastal mountains of California and Baja California, Mexico. Stands are This alliance includes stream woodlands with a scattered to open canopy of ~Chamaecyparis thyoides$, both Florida Panhandle and Alabama 'seepage stream' or 'streamside baygall' examples, as well as other types located at the mouths of rivers whose hydrology is influenced by 'tidal damming.' Seepage stream examples have a dense shrub layer of ~Cyrilla racemiflora$ and other evergreen shrubs, such as ~Cliftonia monophylla, Lyonia lucida, Ilex coriacea$, and ~Ilex glabra$. One of the saturated/tidally dammed types reportedly contains ~Chamaecyparis thyoides$, with ~Pinus elliottii var. elliottii$ and ~Acer rubrum$ over an herbaceous layer of ~Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense$. Some examples included here may have stunted trees with canopy closures less than 25% and could be classified as 'grasslands with a sparse tree layer.' The seepage streamside habitats of the Panhandle are normally linear, from 30-100 m wide, and extend along streams in saturated, highly acid, coarse-sandy situations. This alliance also includes Atlantic white-cedar bogs in New England.LVAL This alliance consists of wet pinelands (often termed `pine flatwoods,' `wet pine flatwoods,' and `pine savannas') of the Outer Coastal Plain or `coastal flatlands' typically dominated by ~Pinus palustris$, with or without the presence of the other nominals. ~Pinus elliottii var. elliottii$ and ~Pinus serotina$ are more restricted geographically and edaphically than is ~Pinus palustris$. ~Pinus serotina$ may be present within its natural range (from southeastern Virginia south to panhandle Florida) but tends to be codominant only on the wettest, often organic soils. ~Pinus elliottii var. elliottii$ may be present or codominant within its natural range from South Carolina to eastern Louisiana, as well as in limited areas of the West Gulf Coastal Plain (which are outside the natural range of ~Pinus elliottii var. elliottii$. Both ~Pinus elliottii$ and ~Pinus serotina$ may replace ~Pinus palustris$ on wetter sites. Both species are less tolerant of frequent fire than is ~Pinus palustris$. While ~Pinus elliottii$ can survive reasonably frequent fire, it has been estimated that natural fire frequencies are less than half that of longleaf pine, while typical regimes for ~Pinus serotina$ may be less than one-third as frequent. Thus, it is often believed that these species were confined historically to wetter flatwoods sites with lower burn frequencies than those typical of ~Pinus palustris$-dominated communities. With fire suppression, alteration of fire regimes, and widespread logging of ~Pinus palustris, Pinus elliottii$ has invaded many flatwoods sites historically dominated almost exclusivelly by ~Pinus palustris$. To a lesser extent this phenomenon may also have occurred with ~Pinus serotina$. As presently defined, this alliance includes both naturally mixed ~Pinus palustris - Pinus elliottii$ stands, as well as those originally dominated by ~Pinus palustris$ into which ~Pinus elliottii$ has invaded, as well as silviculturally managed stands outside of the natural range of ~Pinus elliottii var. elliLVAL ottii$ in Louisiana and Texas. Across the range of this alliance, pine densities vary from low with widely spaced trees giving an open savanna-like aspect, to high with dense, nearly closed canopies. Nevertheless, even the densest stands have discontinuous canopies which allow considerable light to penetrate to the forest floor. Probably the most significant factor affecting community composition is fire. In fire suppressed examples, an understory of ~Acer rubrum, Liquidambar styraciflua$, and ~Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera)$ is likely to develop. Understory composition is variable, and includes both shrub- and shrub/graminoid-dominated systems. Heavily shrubby examples may be indicative of lower fire frequencies than are more herbaceous-dominated examples. Typical shrubs may include ~Gaylussacia$ spp., ~Ilex coriacea, Ilex glabra, Ilex vomitoria, Morella cerifera, Osmanthus americanus var. americanus, Serenoa repens, Symplocos tinctoria$, and ~Vaccinium$ spp. Appreciable herb layers typically exist only where the canopy and shrub layers are relatively open, and where there has been relatively frequent fire history. ^Grasses usually make up the majority of total cover. Graminoids typical in various associations of this alliance include ~Aristida beyrichiana, Aristida palustris, Aristida stricta, Ctenium aromaticum, Muhlenbergia expansa, Sporobolus curtissii, Sporobolus floridanus, Sporobolus pinetorum, Sporobolus silveanus, Sporobolus teretifolius, Andropogon capillipes, Andropogon glaucopsis, Andropogon glomeratus, Rhynchospora$ spp., ~Dichanthelium$ spp., ~Fimbristylis puberula, Gymnopogon chapmanianus, Panicum$ spp., ~Schizachyrium$ spp., ~Scleria$ spp., and ~Sorghastrum$ spp. Forbs typical of this alliance include ~Carphephorus odoratissimus, Chaptalia tomentosa, Eupatorium$ spp., ~Helianthus$ spp., ~Lachnanthes caroliana, Lachnocaulon$ spp., ~Liatris$ spp., ~Lobelia$ spp., ~Pinguicula$ spp., ~Pityopsis$ spp., ~Polygala$ spp., ~Sabatia$ spp., and ~Solidago$ spp. This alliance also includjLVALvThis alliance includes ~Thuja occidentalis$ woodlands on cliffs, associated with seepage, or on poorly drained flats. Associated species include ~Cypripedium reginae, Maianthemum stellatum$, and ~Spiranthes lucida$. More information is needed to determine the extent of this alliance and its relationship to II.A.4.N.b ~~Thuja occidentalis$ Woodland Alliance (A.544)$$.This alliance contains woodlands associated with seepage areas of mineral soil derived from mafic bedrock. Canopies are composed of mixtures of deciduous and evergreen species including ~Pinus strobus, Acer rubrum, Pinus rigida$, and ~Quercus rubra$. Shrub layers are variable in density and composition, but typical species include ~Physocarpus opulifolius, Rhamnus alnifolia, Lyonia ligustrina$, and ~Alnus serrulata$. The herbaceous stratum of associations in this alliance contains species indicative of mafic conditions, such as ~Parnassia grandifolia, Sanguisorba canadensis, Viola walteri$, and ~Helenium brevifolium$. Other herbaceous species known from associations in this alliance include ~Aconitum uncinatum, Symphyotrichum novi-belgii (= Aster novi-belgii), Carex atlantica, Castilleja coccinea, Cirsium muticum, Dichanthelium clandestinum, Dichanthelium dichotomum, Eleocharis tenuis, Glyceria striata, Houstonia caerulea, Juncus subcaudatus, Oenothera perennis, Osmunda cinnamomea, Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis, Oxypolis rigidies silviculturally managed stands from the West Gulf Coastal Plain of Louisiana and Texas. Shrubs in these examples include ~Callicarpa americana, Ilex coriacea, Morella cerifera, Morella caroliniensis (= Myrica heterophylla), Vaccinium elliottii$, and ~Viburnum nudum var. nudum$. Graminoids may include ~Schizachyrium scoparium, Muhlenbergia expansa, Ctenium aromaticum$, and ~Carex$ spp.LVALThis alliance is found in the Great Lakes and northeastern parts of the United States and throughout the boreal region in Canada. Tree canopy cover is variable but generally exceeds 25%. Stunted ~Picea mariana$ trees (<10 m tall) dThis alliance consists of peaty wetland forests dominated by ~Cliftonia monophylla$. Communities of this alliance may be extensive wetlands (up to 300 or more hectares), generally with a longer hydroperiod than other baygall associations; such large occurrences have developed over peat at least 1-2 m deep. Other communities in the alliance occur over nutrient-poor saturated mineral soils. The canopy is often nearly pure ~Cliftonia monophylla$, 10-15 m tall; a sparse supercanopy of ~Pinus serotina$ or ~Pinus elliottii var. elliottii$ is sometimes present, especially near the transition to wet flatwoods. The open to dense shrub layer may contain ~Cliftonia monophylla, Morella inodora (= Myrica inodora), Gaylussacia mosieri, Lyonia lucida, Ilex coriacea$, and ~Nyssa biflora$. Herbs are infrequent and may occur in small patches; they may include ~Peltandra sagittifolia, Sarracenia rubra ssp. gulfensis, Utricularia subulata, Drosera capillaris, Eriocaulon decangulare, Rhynchospora$ sp., ~Balduina uniflora$, and ~Cleistes bifaria$. ~Sphagnum$ spp. are common. Catastrophic fire may have been a rare type of disturbance in the past. This is a naturally occurring vegetation type, though possibly increased in occurrence by logging and subsequent fire suppression.BLVALND6QpQi$z<8Q\pQi$z9QpQi$z4:QpQiCommunities of this alliance are characterized by an open canopy of ~Pinus rigida$, with an understory of ericaceous shrubs over a mat of ~Sphagnum$ moss. These wetlands are 'boggy' in nature, generally with saturated acidic soils and extensive peat accumulation. They form in poorly drained depressions or deeper basins, and on stream flats (not flooded except in very rare events), and sometimes have a floating bog mat. Canopy associates of this alliance include ~Acer rubrum, Nyssa sylvatica$, and ~Betula populifolia$. The shrub layer may be dominated by ~Chamaedaphne calyculata$, or made up of ~Vaccinium corymbosum, Rhododendron canadense, Kalmia angustifolia, Gaylussacia baccata$, or ~Gaylussacia frondosa (= var. frondosa)$. The herbaceous stratum is generally characterized by ~Eriophorum virginicum, Calopogon tuberosus$, and ~Scirpus$ spp. Northern occurrences may contain ~Scheuchzeria palustris, Gaultheria procumbens$, and ~Cornus canadensis$, while woodlands in the southern part of the main range support species such as ~Orontium aquaticum, Lophiola aurea, Arethusa bulbosa, Helonias bullata, Xyris$ spp., ~Xerophyllum asphodeloides, Gentiana autumnalis, Muhlenbergia torreyana$, and ~Calamovilfa brevipilis$. In the Southern Blue Ridge, ~Kalmia carolina, Toxicodendron vernix, Gaylussacia baccata$, and ~Symplocarpus foetidus$ are components. In the New Jersey pine barrens, additional species include ~Leiophyllum buxifolium$ and ~Polygala lutea$. This alliance occurs in the pine barrens of New Jersey, southern New England, and in the southern Blue Ridge of North Caroliana. This alliance is of very limited occurrence in the southeastern United States; it is more widespread farther north.<LVALHSaturated woodlands dominated by ~Pinus serotina$, often termed pocosins or pond pine woodlands. Soils are generally peats or organic-rich coarse sands. The canopy coverage of individual stands tends to vary in space and time from sparse woodland (less than 25% canopy cover), through woodland (25-60% canopy cover), to forest (more than 60% canopy cover). The average expression of most of these communities (under a 'normal' fire regime) is that of a woodland. Shrub densities can also be highly variable, with cover from 100% to less than 50%. Some common and typical shrubs (variable from association to association) include ~Photinia pyrifolia (= Aronia arbutifolia), Clethra alnifolia, Cyrilla racemiflora, Gaylussacia frondosa (= var. frondosa), Ilex coriacea, Ilex glabra, Kalmia carolina, Kalmia cuneata, Leucothoe racemosa, Lyonia ligustrina var. foliosiflora, Lyonia lucida, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera var. cerifera), Morella caroliniensis (= Myrica heterophylla), Persea palustris, Smilax laurifolia, Toxicodendron vernix, Vaccinium formosum$, and ~Viburnum nudum var. nudum$. The bay species, ~Gordonia lasianthus, Persea palustris$, and ~Magnolia virginiana$, are present in most examples, and ~Gordonia lasianthus$ is a codominant canopy species in some associations. This alliance can cover very large areas in Outer Coastal Plain peat domes and large peat-filled Carolina bays of southeastern Virginia, eastern North Carolina, and northeastern South Carolina, where it forms the landscape matrix in unbroken blocks of up to 100 square miles. In other landscapes, such as the Fall-line Sandhills of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, it occurs as relatively narrow bands along streams.LVAL`This alliance includes ~Thuja occidentalis$ woodlands on cliffs, associated with seepage, or on poorly drained flats. Associated species include ~Cypripedium reginae, Maianthemum stellatum$, and ~Spiranthes lucida$. More information is needed to determine the extent of this alliance and its relationship to II.A.4.N.b ~~Thuja occidentalis$ Woodland Alliance (A.544)$$.This alliance contains woodlands associated with seepage areas of mineral soil derived from mafic bedrock. Canopies are composed of mixtures of deciduous and evergreen species including ~Pinus strobus, Acer rubrum, Pinus rigida$, and ~Quercus rubra$. Shrub layers are variable in density and composition, but typical species include ~Physocarpus opulifolius, Rhamnus alnifolia, Lyonia ligustrina$, and ~Alnus serrulata$. The herbaceous stratum of associations in this alliance contains species indicative of mafic conditions, such as ~Parnassia grandifolia, Sanguisorba canadensis, Viola walteri$, and ~Helenium brevifolium$. Other herbaceous species known from associations in this alliance include ~Aconitum uncinatum, Symphyotrichum novi-belgii (= Aster novi-belgii), Carex atlantica, Castilleja coccinea, Cirsium muticum, Dichanthelium clandestinum, Dichanthelium dichotomum, Eleocharis tenuis, Glyceria striata, Houstonia caerulea, Juncus subcaudatus, Oenothera perennis, Osmunda cinnamomea, Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis, Oxypolis rigidior, Pycnanthemum tenuifolium, Rhynchospora alba, Rubus hispidus, Scirpus expansus, Solidago uliginosa, Thalictrum pubescens$, and ~Viola cucullata$. This alliance currently contains mafic wetlands in the southern Blue Ridge of Virginia. Other ~Pinus strobus$ saturated woodlands may occur in southern New England, but these are not well known and are not restricted to mafic bedrock formations.LVAL!This alliance is found in the Great Lakes and northeastern parts of the United States and throughout the boreal region in Canada. Tree canopy cover is variable but generally exceeds 25%. Stunted ~Picea mariana$ trees (<10 m tall) dominate the canopy, which may also include scattered ~Larix laricina$. The dwarf-shrub layer is dominated by ericaceous species, such as ~Ledum groenlandicum, Chamaedaphne calyculata, Andromeda polifolia var. glaucophylla (= Andromeda glaucophylla)$, and ~Kalmia polifolia$. Herbaceous species include ~Carex trisperma$ and ~Eriophorum vaginatum$. ~Sphagnum$ mosses (usually ~Sphagnum fuscum, Sphagnum angustifolium$, and ~Sphagnum magellanicum$) cover the ground layer, with scattered feathermosses ~Pleurozium schreberi, Dicranum undulatum$, and ~Polytrichum strictum$. Species considered diagnostic for this alliance in northern Minnesota and Ontario, when compared to the ~~Chamaedaphne calyculata$ Saturated Dwarf-shrubland Alliance (A.1092)$$, include ~Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Gaultheria hispidula, Maianthemum trifolium$, and ~Carex trisperma$, but this needs rangewide review. ^This alliance is best developed on the crests and upper slopes of raised bogs within bog complexes, but is also found in basin bogs and occasionally on shores (but isolated from groundwater contact). Here, sphagnum mosses can prevent most tree reproduction except that of ~Picea mariana$ and ~Larix laricina$, which can reproduce by layering. The substrate consists of deep, fibric peat.LVALPlant associations in this alliance occur in semi-arid, mountainous habitats of the interior western United States. Annual precipitation averages 25-45 cm, with a significant proportion falling as winter snow. These woodlands often form small patchy stands on rocky outcrops or escarpments in forested areas, or may form the only tree cover in steppe regions. Elevations where the alliance is found range from 600 m to over 2650 m. Soils are typically rocky and immature, and are always of coarser texture than soils of adjacent coniferous woodlands or forests. The vegetation in this alliance is characterized by an open canopy of ~Cercocarpus ledifolius$. These woodlands may occur as scattered communities in arid steppe or on rocky outcrops or steep escarpments within forests. Steppe woodlands typically have only ~Cercocarpus ledifolius$ in the overstory canopy, but ~Juniperus occidentalis, Juniperus osteosperma, Juniperus scopulorum$, or ~Pinus monophylla$ occur in local areas. Evergreen or cold-deciduous shrubs often grow in these woodlands and include ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana, Purshia tridentata, Amelanchier alnifolia, Holodiscus dumosus, Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus), Ribes$ spp., and ~Symphoricarpos$ spp. The understory is typically dominated by bunch grasses, including ~Festuca idahoensis, Leymus ambiguus, Pseudoroegneria spicata, Elymus elymoides, Calamagrostis rubescens$, and ~Achnatherum$ spp. Adjacent vegetation is usually ~Pinus ponderosa$ forest, ~Artemisia$ shrublands, or ~Festuca - Achnatherum$ grassland.LVAL F4xw< A.607CWestII.B.2.N.aJUGLANS CALIFORNICA WOODLAND ALLIANCECalifornia Walnut Woodland Allianced@YM. SCHINDELynma>   A.606CSoutheastII.B.2.N.aGLEDITSIA TRIACANTHOS WOODLAND ALLIANCEHoney-locust Woodland Alliancew@YA. ANDREUypocE   A.605CSoutheastII.B.2.N.aFRAXINUS QUADRANGULATA - QUERCUS MACROCARPA - QUERCUS MUEHLENBERGII WOODLAND ALLIANCEBlue Ash - Bur Oak - Chinquapin Oak Woodland Alliance"@YJ. CAMPBELL/M. EVANSɵs   A.604CSoutheastII.B.2.N.aFRAXINUS AMERICANA - CARYA GLABRA - (JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA) WOODLAND ALLIANCEWhite Ash - Pignut Hickory - (Eastern Red-cedar) Woodland Alliancea YA.S. WEAKLEY, MOD. L. SNEҹj   A.603CMidwestII.B.2.N.aBETULA PAPYRIFERA WOODLAND ALLIANCThis alliance is latitudinally widely distributed, known from the valleys of northwestern California to montane habitats in the southern part of the state. Depending upon local moisture conditions and fire history, this vegetation can occur on ridges with stony, excessively drained soils or moist swales with fine soils and subirrigation. Vegetation is this alliance is characterized by the presence of tree-sized ~Cercocarpus montanus var. glaber$ in the upper canopy. Tree associates include many different species of ~Quercus, Juniperus$, and ~Pinus$ depending on location. The shrub layer is variable in density and species composition. Characteristic shrubs include several species of ~Ceanothus$ and ~Arctostaphylos, Adenostoma fasciculatum, Artemisia tridentata, Eriogonum fasciculatum, Frangula californica (= Rhamnus californica), Garrya fremontii, Purshia tridentata, Rhamnus ilicifolia, Quercus garryana var. breweri$, and ~Quercus berberidifolia$. Diagnostic of this woodland alliance is the presence of large (>5 m tall) ~Cercocarpus montanus var. glaber$ codominating the tree canopy.<LVALH F4xw< A.607CWestII.B.2.N.aJUGLANS CALIFORNICA WOODLAND ALLIANCECalifornia Walnut Woodland Allianced@YM. SCHINDELynma>   A.606CSoutheastII.B.2.N.aGLEDITSIA TRIACANTHOS WOODLAND ALLIANCEHoney-locust Woodland Alliancew@YA. ANDREUypocE   A.605CSoutheastII.B.2.N.aFRAXINUS QUADRANGULATA - QUERCUS MACROCARPA - QUERCUS MUEHLENBERGII WOODLAND ALLIANCEBlue Ash - Bur Oak Woodlands included in this alliance occur in southern California, and possibly southwestern Arizona and adjacent Mexico. Elevation ranges from -10- to 500 m. The climate is arid and subtropical, without hard freezes during the winter. Amount and season of precipitation are highly variable from year to year. In the more arid Colorado Desert, stands are generally restricted to the margins of washes and braided, unstable channels on bajadas, but may occur on terraces if the water table is not deep. Sites are generally flat or gently sloping, and the vegetation occurs on all aspects. Parent material is usually sandy or gravelly alluvium. Substrates are coarse-textured, but may include gravelly silty loams. The soils are generally not saline. These semi-riparian woodlands usually occur as two strips of vegetation along the banks of a broad, sandy wash bed. Stands have moderate to dense cover dominated by the xeromorphic evergreen and deciduous trees ~Parkinsonia florida$ and ~Olneya tesota$. Other associated shrubs and trees may include ~Ambrosia$ spp., ~Acacia greggii, Chilopsis linearis, Hymenoclea salsola, Lycium$ spp., ~Parkinsonia microphylla, Prosopis glandulosa, Prosopis pubescens, Psorothamnus spinosus$, and ~Ziziphus obtusifolia$. Perennial herbaceous cover is sparse, but annual grasses and forbs can be seasonally abundant. These woodlands are surrounded by a matrix of desert shrubland dominated by ~Larrea tridentata$ or ~Ambrosia$ spp.-LVAL9Woodlands included in this alliance occur from the Great Lakes and northern Great Plains to the interior northwestern United States. Elevations range from up to 2900 m in Montana and Oregon to less than 500 m in the lake states. Climate is temperate, continental and ranges from semi-arid to subhumid. Stands have a sparse to moderately dense canopy of the cold-deciduous broad-leaved tree ~Populus tremuloides$, 5-20 m tall. Other trees may include scattered conifers in the western extent or several deciduous broad-leaved trees from the Great Plains to the Great Lakes. Stands may have irregular canopies of young and old trees, or tall, dense immature trees, or mature trees. Often these stands are found on rocky, dry or disturbed sites that limited the density of tree canopy. The shrub layer can be spaThis woodland alliance occurs between sea level and 1200 m on the flanks of the coastal mountains of California and Baja California, Mexico. Stands are usually found on slopes, often steep, and along raised streambanks and terraces. The precipitation regime in the range of this alliance is strongly Mediterranean, with most precipitation falling between November and April as rain. Summers are warm and dry, though the coastal influence moderates temperatures. Annual precipitation totals range from 20-50 cm. Stands of this woodland alliance contain ~Quercus agrifolia$ as an important or dominant species in the tree canopy. Other trees may include ~Acer macrophyllum, Acer negundo, Quercus kelloggii, Quercus douglasii, Quercus engelmannii, Quercus dumosa, Umbellularia californica, Corylus cornuta, Arbutus menziesii$, and ~Heteromeles arbutifolia$. The shrub layer may contain ~Salvia mellifera, Rubus$ spp., ~Pteridium aquilinum, Rhamnus ilicifolia (= Rhamnus crocea ssp. ilicifolia), Artemisia californica, Adenostoma fasciculatum, Ceanothus oliganthus, Malosma laurina, Holodiscus discolor$, and ~Toxicodendron diversilobum$. The herbaceous layer is grassy or absent, though ~Symphoricarpos mollis$ may be present.LVAL~Physocarpus malvaceus$ with scattered ~Ribes lacustre$. The graminoid layer is also sparse to moderately dense (3-40% canopy cover) and is dominated by the perennial grass ~Elymus glaucus$ with ~Carex$ spp. The sparse to moderately dense (10-40% cover) and often diverse forb layer includes ~Achillea millefolium, Fragaria virginiana, Galium$ spp., ~Geum macrophyllum, Maianthemum stellatum, Osmorhiza$ spp., and ~Veratrum californicum$. Exotic grasses, such as the perennial ~Poa pratensis$, are often common in stands disturbed by grazing. Stands are largely limited to gentle (0-20%) slopes but may be steep in mountains and canyons. Canopy cover of these ~Populus tremuloides$ woodlands is limited by environmental factors such aThis alliance consists of bay forests dominated by ~Gordonia lasianthus$, with closed or moderately open canopy. This alliance occurs in streamhead pocosins, other peaty streamhead situations, large peat dome pocosins, peat-filled Carolina bays, and seeps at slope bases. The closed, broad-leaved evergreen canopy is dominated by ~Gordonia lasianthus$, though other bays (~Magnolia virginiana$ and ~Persea palustris), Acer rubrum, Pinus serotina$, and ~Pinus elliottii var. elliottii$ may occur. This alliance presumably can occur as a mosaic with the ~~Magnolia virginiana - Persea palustris$ Saturated Forest Alliance (A.60)$$, as well as with other pocosin/baygall vegetation types. Associated shrubs include ~Cyrilla racemiflora, Clethra alnifolia, Itea virginica, Lyonia lucida, Ilex glabra$, and ~Cephalanthus occidentalis$. Vines (~Smilax laurifolia, Smilax glauca, Vitis rotundifolia$) and ferns (~Osmunda cinnamomea, Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis$, and ~Woodwardia areolata$) also occur. ~Peltandra virginica$ is a characteristic herbaceous species.aLVALmThis woodland of valley bottoms and riparian corridors of southern California and Baja California occurs on deep soils of gentle valley floors and on raised stream terraces. Soils are usually fine-textured. This alliance grows in a region dominated by a Mediterranean climate, with mild, moist winters and warm, dry summers. Average yearly precipitation totals are about 80 cm. Because of the fine-textured soils and topographic location of stands, soil moisture is relatively abundant and constant. Stands are found between 50 and 1220 m elevation. This woodland is characterized by the importance of ~Quercus engelmannii$ in the tree canopy. ~Quercus agrifolia$ is a common associate, though it must be less important than the ~Quercus engelmannii$ for the stand to belong to this alliance. As sites become more mesic, ~Quercus agrifolia$ becomes a more important component of the canopy. Other trees present may include ~Quercus kelloggii, Quercus dumosa$, and ~Juglans californica$. ~Quercus dumosa$ hybridizes with ~Quercus engelmannii$, and individuals intermediate between the two species can often be found. The ground is typically dominated by annual graminoids.LVALThis alliance, found primarily in the central miThis woodland alliance of cismontane California requires shallow, excessively drained soils on steep, north-facing slopes. Elevations range from 100-1500 m. ~Aesculus californica$ is the dominant or important species in the tree layer and can attain tree size due to the low fire frequency. Other trees present may include ~Umbellularia californica, Fraxinus dipetala, Pinus sabiniana, Prunus ilicifolia, Quercus wislizeni$, and ~Heteromeles arbutifolia$. Shrubs are infrequent, and the herbaceous layer is sparse.This woodland alliance of California's western mountains grows on shallow, moderately to excessively drained soils. Stands are found between 500 and 4500 m elevation. Precipitation throughout the range of this alliance is strongly Mediterranean, with the bulk falling between November and May. Because this alliance has an exceptionally large elevational and latitudinal range, yearly precipitation totals vary from 40-200 cm. The poor water-holding capacity of the soils of this alliance creates very droughty conditions through the long summer. Precipitation may fall as snow in the upper elevations. This alliance is characterized by ~Quercus wislizeni$ as the sole or dominant tree in the canopy. Other oaks present may include ~Quercus kelloggii$ and ~Quercus douglasii$. Other trees in the canopy may include ~Pinus sabiniana, Arbutus menziesii$, and ~Lithocarpus densiflorus$. Shrubs are infrequent or common and may include ~Arctostaphylos manzanita, Arctostaphylos viscida, Toxicodendron diversilobum$, and ~Eriodictyon californicum$. The herbaceous layer is sparse.LVAL These are saturated forests of the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains which have canopies dominated by ~Magnolia virginiana$ and/or ~Persea palustris$. Both species are generally present; one or the other may dominate. A small component of ~Gordonia lasianthus$ may be present in some associations but only in small amounts; communities with substantial amounts of ~Gordonia$ are treated in the I.A.4.N.g ~~Gordonia lasianthus$ Saturated Forest Alliance (A.59)$$. ^This alliance includes seepage-fed saturated forests found at the base of steepheads, with cool microclimates; also stream-associated flats and isolated peaty wetlands; as well as peaty soils only slightly above sea level, in swales and seepage-fed areas adjacent to sand dunes. Shrubs may include ~Illicium floridanum, Ilex coriacea, Ilex glabra, Viburnum nudum var. nudum, Clethra alnifolia, Itea virginica, Pinckneya bracteata$, and ~Lyonia lucida$. Herbs include ~Rhynchospora$ spp., ~Peltandra sagittifolia, Sarracenia purpurea, Drosera intermedia, Pinguicula pumila, Viola X primulifolia, Athyrium filix-femina ssp. asplenioides, Woodwardia areolata$, and ~Carex atlantica ssp. capillacea$. ~Sphagnum$ is common to scattered in examples of this alliance. Some examples occur in association with ~Cliftonia monophylla$ Forest, in slightly drier (though still saturated) situations. Canopy coverage can vary, depending on disturbance; some maritime associations are subject to flooding, hurricanes, or storms which can create canopy openings. A maritime forest dominated by ~Persea palustris$ is included here; in this example ~Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera)$ is common in the shrub layer. The herb layer has ~Osmunda cinnamomea, Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis, Woodwardia virginica$, and ~Woodwardia areolata$. This alliance is known from the Atlantic Coastal Plain from North Carolina south to Florida, and in the Florida Gulf Coastal Plain. Occurrences in subtropical Florida have subtropical components, such as ~Chrysobalanus icaco, Ficus aurea, AnnonaLVALicea, Danthonia spicata, Desmodium rotundifolium, Dichanthelium boscii, Dichanthelium scoparium, Dodecatheon meadia, Draba ramosissima, Elymus hystrix, Erigeron pulchellus, Helianthus divaricatus, Helianthus microcephalus, Houstonia longifolia, Hypericum gentianoides, Hypericum punctatum, Melica mutica, Muhlenbergia tenuiflora, Phacelia dubia, Phlox nivalis ssp. hentzii, Piptochaetium avenaceum, Polygala paucifolia, Polygonum tenue, Pycnanthemum incanum, Pycnanthemum montanum, Saxifraga michauxii, Schizachyrium scoparium, Sedum glaucophyllum, Selaginella rupestris, Packera millefolia (= Senecio millefolium), Packera obovata (= Senecio obovatus), Solidago arguta var. harrisii (= Solidago harrisii), Solidago juncea, Solidago nemoralis, Sorghastrum nutans, Tradescantia ohiensis, Verbesina occidentalis, Woodsia ilvensis$, and ~Woodsia obtusa$. These woodlands are often a physiognomic complex of woodland, grassland, and rock outcropping, often associated with granitic domes or rocky summits. Soils are circumneutral and derived from such base-rich rocks as gr glabra, Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (= Sambucus simpsonii), Myrsine floridana, Psychotria tenuifolia, Dicliptera sexangularis, Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense, Acrostichum danaeifolium, Blechnum serrulatum, Nephrolepis exaltata, Thelypteris kunthii, Rivina humilis, Habenaria odontopetala$, and ~Melothria pendula$.TLVAL`Deep soil mesic woodlands of the Bluegrass Region of Kentucky, the woodland structure maintained by fire, bison browse, and possibThis alliance occurs from the western Great Lakes to the northern Great Plains. There is an open, short (5-10 m) tree canopy dominated by ~Betula papyrifera$. ~Populus tremuloides$ is often present. In the sub-boreal western Great Lakes area, ~Picea glauca$ is a common associate, while in the Great Plains ~Fraxinus pennsylvanica$ and ~Quercus macrocarpa$ are typical. There is a 1- to 2-m tall-shrub layer which is usually prominent but can be moderate to sparse in some stands. ~Corylus cornuta$ is the most abundant shrub, accompanied by ~Amelanchier$ spp., ~Prunus virginiana, Rosa$ spp., and ~Symphoricarpos occidentalis$ (in the Great Plains). The herbaceous layer is typically dominated by forbs such as ~Aralia nudicaulis, Cornus canadensis, Galium boreale, Linnaea borealis, Maianthemum canadense$, and ~Pyrola elliptica$. Graminoids do not usually contribute greatly to the herbaceous layer. ^Stands of this alliance are usually found on slopes or rolling topography. In the southwest portion of its range, they are restricted to the top of steep north-facing slopes (Girard et al. 1989). In other parts of its range it occurs on all aspects. Sites tend to be well-drained.LVAL Woodlands in this alliance have ~Fraxinus americana$ and ~Carya glabra$ as typical canopy dominants, although ~Juniperus virginiana, Quercus prinus$, or other ~Carya$ spp. may have significant coverage in some associations. Some associations have a nearly closed or locally closed canopy, and could in some cases as readily be considered as forests, while others have an edaphically maintained woodland physiognomy. Other minor canopy species vary with geography, but may include ~Quercus rubra var. rubra, Pinus virginiana, Ulmus alata, Quercus stellata, Carya ovata$, and ~Carya pallida$. Subcanopy and shrub species are variable between associations, but can include ~Amelanchier sanguinea, Ceanothus americanus, Celtis tenuifolia, Cercis canadensis, Chionanthus virginicus, Crataegus$ sp., ~Hypericum prolificum, Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana, Lonicera flava, Ostrya virginiana, Philadelphus hirsutus, Physocarpus opulifolius, Ptelea trifoliata, Rhus aromatica var. aromatica, Rhus typhina, Rosa carolina, Spiraea betulifolia var. corymbosa, Symphoricarpos orbiculatus, Toxicodendron radicans, Vaccinium arboreum, Vaccinium pallidum, Vaccinium stamineum, Viburnum rafinesquianum (= var. rafinesquianum)$, and ~Viburnum rufidulum$. Herbaceous species vary among associations, but species known from these woodlands include ~Allium cuthbertii, Andropogon gerardii, Andropogon gyrans, Andropogon ternarius, Anemone berlandieri, Anemone virginiana, Antennaria virginica, Aquilegia canadensis, Arabis canadensis, Arabis hirsuta var. pycnocarpa (= Arabis hirsuta var. adpressipilis), Arabis laevigata, Aristida purpurascens, Aristolochia serpentaria, Asclepias quadrifolia, Asplenium platyneuron, Symphyotrichum oblongifolium (= Aster oblongifolius), Symphyotrichum patens var. patens (= Aster patens var. patens), Campanula divaricata, Cardamine parviflora var. arenicola, Carex pensylvanica, Cheilanthes lanosa, Claytonia virginica, Coreopsis major, Coreopsis pubescens, Cunila origanoides, Danthonia compressa, Danthonia serLVALThis alliance encompasses wet palmetto - live oak forests, occurring throughout central and southern Florida; these are sometimes known as low hammocks or hydric hammocks. ~Sabal palmetto$ and ~Quercus virginiana$ generally share dominance, and few other trees except ~Juniperus virginiana var. silicicola$ are commonly encountered. ~Sabal palmetto$ or the other two primary canopy species may strongly dominate local paicea, Danthonia spicata, Desmodium rotundifolium, Dichanthelium boscii, Dichanthelium scoparium, Dodecatheon meadia, Draba ramosissima, Elymus hystrix, Erigeron pulchellus, Helianthus divaricatus, Helianthus microcephalus, Houstonia longifolia, Hypericum gentianoides, Hypericum punctatum, Melica mutica, Muhlenbergia tenuiflora, Phacelia dubia, Phlox nivalis ssp. hentzii, Piptochaetium avenaceum, Polygala paucifolia, Polygonum tenue, Pycnanthemum incanum, Pycnanthemum montanum, Saxifraga michauxii, Schizachyrium scoparium, Sedum glaucophyllum, Selaginella rupestris, Packera millefolia (= Senecio millefolium), Packera obovata (= Senecio obovatus), Solidago arguta var. harrisii (= Solidago harrisii), Solidago juncea, Solidago nemoralis, Sorghastrum nutans, Tradescantia ohiensis, Verbesina occidentalis, Woodsia ilvensis$, and ~Woodsia obtusa$. These woodlands are often a physiognomic complex of woodland, grassland, and rock outcropping, often associated with granitic domes or rocky summits. Soils are circumneutral and derived from such base-rich rocks as greenstone, plagioclase-rich granite, hornblende gneiss, amphibole gneiss, limestones, or calcareous shales. Woodlands in this alliance are currently defined from 1000-3800 feet elevation in the southern and central Blue Ridge, the Ridge and Valley of Virginia, and the upper Piedmont of Georgia, North Carolina, and Virginia.LVAL*#{E A.62CWestI.A.5.N.aACACIA KOA / DODONAEA VISCOSA FOREST ALLIANCEKoa / 'A'ali'i Forest AllianceYWCSfcbbD   A.619CMidwestII.B.2.N.aQUERCUS MACROCARPA - QUERCUS (ALBA, ELLIPSOIDALIS, VELUTINA) WOODLAND ALLIANCEBur Oak - (White Oak, Northern Pin Oak, Black Oak) Woodland Alliance@ YMCSj   A.618CWestII.B.2.N.aQUERCUS LOBATA WOODLAND ALLIANCEValley Oak Woodland Alliancex@YM. SCHINDELmbaU9   A.617CSoutheastII.B.2.N.aQUERCUS LAEVIS WOODLAND ALLIANCETurkey Oak Woodland AllianceYJ.E. MOHANqgfZ>   A.616CSoutheastII.B.2.N.aQUERCUS LACEYI WOODLAND ALLIANCELacey Oak Woodland Alliance'@Deep soil mesic woodlands of the Bluegrass Region of Kentucky, the woodland structure maintained by fire, bison browse, and possibly by periodic severe drought as well. This alliance was developed to accommodate vegetation which existed historically, and expressions of it would be very rare under conditions of fire suppression and habitat alteration. The tree layer would be dominated by variable mixtures of ~Fraxinus quadrangulata, Quercus macrocarpa$, and ~Quercus muehlenbergii$, with other species, including ~Juglans nigra, Aesculus glabra$, and ~Gymnocladus dioicus$, and in moister areas ~Carya laciniosa$ and ~Quercus shumardii$. Extensive swards of ~Arundinaria gigantea ssp. gigantea$ would have been historically dominant locally. This type graded locally to ~Arundinaria$-dominated areas with scattered to nearly absent trees [see III.A.2.N.f ~~Arundinaria gigantea$ Wooded Shrubland Alliance (A.794)$$]. The herb layer was well-developed in more open areas (probably as a result of fire and bison browse), with species such as ~Trifolium stoloniferum, Elymus$ spp., ~Ageratina altissima var. altissima, Amphicarpaea bracteata$, and possibly ~Tridens flavus$ and ~Poa pratensis$?. The presence of ~Acer saccharum$ in present vegetation related to this historic type is a symptom of fire suppression.LVAL%Stands of this central and southern California woodland alliance form in areas where soils are intermittently flooded or saturated. Riparian corridors, floodplains, seeps, terraces, and riverbanks provide suitable habitat. The climate is strongly Mediterranean, with a moist fall and winter followed by a dry spring and summer. Annual precipitation totals average about 32 cm. Stands occur between 150 and 900 m in elevation. Most stands are near the coast where the summer heat of the region is moderated by intrusions of the coastal cloud deck. Suitable substrates for this alliance include gravelly, alluvial soils or, on north-facing slopes, deep soils derived from shales. Stands often intergrade with ~Quercus agrifolia$ woodlands or various types of chaparral or scrub. ~Juglans californica$ is the sole or dominant tree in the canopy of this woodland alliance. Other trees present may include ~Umbellularia californica$ and ~Quercus agrifolia$. Shrubs are infrequent, but the deciduous broad-leaved ~Fraxinus dipetala$ and/or ~Sambucus mexicana$ may be present. Annual grasses may be present in the herbaceous layer.This alliance covers successional Appalachian and interior woodlands typically dominated by ~Gleditsia triacanthos$ and ~Ulmus$ spp., along with a variety of hardwoods and gymnosperms. These successional woodlands typically have a total canopy cover between 25 and 50%. The canopy species vary greatly, but ~Gleditsia triacanthos$ is always present (in variable amounts), and ~Ulmus alata$ or ~Ulmus rubra$ is usually present. Other species that may occur in this woodland are ~Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana, Pinus virginiana, Celtis occidentalis, Celtis laevigata var. laevigata, Liriodendron tulipifera, Liquidambar styraciflua, Juglans nigra, Fraxinus americana, Quercus alba, Quercus stellata, Quercus velutina, Quercus rubra$, and ~Carya$ spp. Common shrubs are ~Rhus copallinum$ and ~Rubus$ spp. This successional type results from heavy grazing or other severe disturbance.LVAL This alliance encompasses wet palmetto - live oak forests, occurring throughout central and southern Florida; these are sometimes known as low hammocks or hydric hammocks. ~Sabal palmetto$ and ~Quercus virginiana$ generally share dominance, and few other trees except ~Juniperus virginiana var. silicicola$ are commonly encountered. ~Sabal palmetto$ or the other two primary canopy species may strongly dominate local patches. ~Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera)$ is a typical shrub or small tree. A related alliance encompasses more diverse-canopied hydric hammocks, occurring in more inland situations (or at least away from immediate coastal influence) and with enough admixture of deciduous and tardily deciduous trees to be placed in a mixed forest subclass (see below). This alliance generally occurs on sands, shell hash, or limestone, with either a substantial calcareous component or influence (past or present) of brackish water. Occurrences in North Carolina and South Carolina are of small size and are marginally attributable to this alliance.This alliance includes disturbed, usually steep and rocky areas dominated by scattered ~Paulownia tomentosa$, which is native to eastern Asia, where it is a minor component of deciduous mesophytic forests. It has become naturalized in portions of the eastern United States, where it occurs as small, scattered populations along roadsides, in disturbed woodlots, and in streamside forests. It is not likely to become an invasive pest, since it requires large-scale, substrate-s