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" # $ %e() As VarianVOn Error GoTo _( 'Pull the " vcurrent as of" dafrom&tblMetaQ,es l'(Thi imported 4@EcoARTEa.mdb and should be up/d with each refresh.tDim hP, RspRecordseqMaxK 9, K&Se"t&= CrDb, (= .OHpen+(" w") 1= 0M0o UnH.EOF eqonly 1 row,  make su&PA_max e,=![/Z]ICIf5> #ThenA(E^IfRs.MoveNexNLoopFNothingFFHÄExittrrƙ:C@/.Number <@> 30244en 'don't w@ to e­if haveŋlin ksC:m@{m@ETC2%0e53 888,,,,,,," @/0m@Vvm@Distribution2%0e5@ AAA5555555+ @m@Vvm@ALLIANCE_Historic2%0e5@ FFF:::::::0 @I9m@3vm@ALLIANCE2%0e5 @ ===1111111' @  /˽m@/˽m@utilities2%0e52222222222( ʽm@ ʽm@Copyright2%0e52222222222(  v m@v m@UserDefined2%0e54444444444*  v m@Vغm@SummaryInfo2%0e5@ @@@4444444* @  m@ m@SysRel2%0e5//////////%  m@ m@Scripts2%0e50000000000&  m@ m@Reports2%0e50000000000&  m@ m@Modules2%0e50000000000&  v m@v m@MSysRelationships22222222220 v m@um@MSysQueries,,,,,,,,,,* v m@um@MSysACEs))))))))))' v m@v m@MSysObjects,,,,,,,,,,* v m@=]zںm@MSysDb2%0e5@ ;;;///////% @v m@v m@Relationships.........., v m@v m@Databases**********( v m@v m@Tables''''''''''% VCN 2    TableNameRefresh?Note  PrimaryKey3.N.bGRAYIA SPINOSA - EPHEDRA VIRIDIS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESpiny Hop-sage - Mormon-tea Shrubland AllianceYM.S. REID}||N   A.1055CSoutheastIII.C.2.N.fZENOBIA PULVERULENTA - CYRILLA RACEMIFLORA SATURATED WOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEHoneycups - Titi Saturated Wooded Shrubland Alliance@KYM.P. SCHAFALE/A.S. WEAKLEȯn    A.1054CSoutheastIII.C.2.N.eZENOBIA PULVERULENTA - LYONIA LUCIDA - ILEX (CORIACEA, GLABRA) SATURATED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEHoneycups - Shining Fetterbush - (Big Gallberry, Little Gallberry) Saturated Shrubland Alliance@KYA.S. WEAKLEY/M.P. SCHAFAL{    A.1053CSoutheastIII.C.2.N.cJUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA - LEPTOPUS PHYLLANTHOIDES INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEEastern Red-cedar - Maidenbush Intermittently Flooded Shrubland AllianceT@KYJ. CAMPBELL/D. ZOLLNERx    em@em@Copyright(((((((((((  em@em@UserDefined***********  em@em@SummaryInfo***********  em@em@AccessLayout+++++++++++ em@em@SysRel%%%%%%%%%%% em@em@Scripts&&&&&&&&&&& em@em@Reports&&&&&&&&&&& em@em@Modules&&&&&&&&&&& em@em@Forms$$$$$$$$$$$ em@em@MSysRelationships22222222220 em@em@MSysQueries,,,,,,,,,,* em@em@MSysACEs))))))))))' em@em@MSysObjects,,,,,,,,,,* em@em@MSysDb2%0e5//////////% em@em@Relationships.........., em@em@Databases**********( em@em@Tables''''''''''% S{qg@brs}ujhiwd`w`a`vfvgruovordxmfv ufm`wjrpvijsvufsruwv vbujswv v}vufm w`amfvov}v`bfvov}vrakfbwvov}vtxfujfvov}vufm`wjrpvijsv`bbfvvm`}rxw ov}vdavxoo`u}jpgrxvfudfgjpfdCWestIV.A.1.N.aSADLERIA CYATHEOIDES - METROSIDEROS POLYMORPHA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEAmaumau Fern - 'Ohi'a Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSa   A.1066CWestIV.A.1.N.aOSTEOMELES ANTHYLLIDIFOLIA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE'Ulei Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSolkkM   A.1065CWestIV.A.1.N.aMETROSIDEROS POLYMORPHA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE'Ohi'a Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSmjiiJ   A.1063CSoutheastIV.A.1.N.aLEIOPHYLLUM BUXIFOLIUM DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESand-myrtle Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@RYA.S. WEAKLEY/K.D. PATTERS~rN   A.1062CEastIV.A.1.N.aHUDSONIA TOMENTOSA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWoolly Beach-heather Dwarf-shrubland Alliance\@QYA.S. WEAKLEY/L.E. MORSE~rE   A.1061CSoutheastIV.A.1.N.aCHRYSOMA PAUCIFLOSCULOSA DWARF-SHRUBLA @@2LVALtH@@ @ brs}ujhiwxwjmjwjfvd`w`a`vfvgruovordxmfv ufm`wjrpvijsvufsruwv vbujswv v}vufm w`amfvov}v`bfvov}vrakfbwvov}vtxfujfvov}vufm`wjrpvijsv`bbfvvm`}rxw ov}vdavxoo`u}jpgrxvfudfgjpfd ANGUSTIFOLIA) SEASONALLY FLOODED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCELeatherleaf - (Sheep Laurel) Seasonally Flooded Dwarf-shrubland Alliance0@dYMCSx   A.1090CSoutheastIV.A.1.N.fHYPERICUM BRACHYPHYLLUM SEASONALLY FLOODED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCECoastal Plain St. John's-wort Seasonally Flooded Dwarf-shrubland AllianceV@dYA.S. WEAKLEYĸb   A.109CWestI.A.8.N.aSEQUOIA SEMPERVIRENS - PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII FOREST ALLIANCERedwood - Douglas-fir Forest Alliance@cYJ. KAGAN, MOD. K. SCHULZyT   A.1089CWestIV.A.1.N.eCASSIOPE MERTENSIANA TEMPORARILY FLOODED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWestern Moss Heather Temporarily Flooded Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@bYM. DAMM[   A.1088CSoutheastIV.A.1.N.eHYPERICUM REDUCTUM TEMPORARILY FLOODED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEPineland St. John's-wort Temporarily Flooded Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@bYA.S. WEAKLEY^   A.1087CEastIV.A.1.N.eHUDSONIA TOMENTOSA TEMPORARILY FLOODED DWAusually. Delete all fields after SaOpt6. Also delete unused non-ICEC records.Delete all fields except ProvCode and ProvNameDelete all fields after AssocStatus and before Archive_dateDelete all fields after RoundedGrank, plus Level, System, SubformationName, Acronym, UsCrosswalked, and GcrosswalkedDelete all fields after AllianceStatus and before Archive_dateDelete FormationKey, AllianceDesc, System, Edition, AllianceOrigin, and Updateuj]G A.1106CWestIII.A.5.N.aARTEMISIA PYGMAEA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEPygmy Sagebrush Shrubland Alliance@nYD. SARRunma?   A.1105CWestIII.A.4.N.aARTEMISIA NOVA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBlack Sagebrush Shrubland AlliancemYD. SARRrkj^<   A.1104CWestIV.A.2.N.aKRASCHENINNIKOVIA LANATA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWinter-fat Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@lYK. SCHULZ{znK   A.1103CWestIII.A.5.N.aARTEMISIA BIGELOVII SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBigelow Sagebrush Shrubland AlliancejYK.A. SCHULZ}rqeA   A.1102CWestIV.A.2.N.aAMBROSIA DUMOSA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWhite Burrobush Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@iYK. SCHULZwvjB   A.1101CSoutheastIV.A.2.N.aTIQUILIA HISPIDISSIMA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCERough Tiquilia Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@iYD. DIAMOND, MOD. K. SCHULtM   A.1100CWestIV.A.2.N.aHELIOTROPIUM ANOMALUM DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEHinahina Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSmjiiH   A.110CWestI.A.8.N.aSEQUOIA SEMPERVIRENS FOREST ALLIANCERedwood Forest AllianceF@hYM. SCHINDELk`_S<   jA.11CLatin AmericaI.A.1.N.bTHESPESIA GRANDIFLORA FOREST ALLIANCEMaga Forest Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYrfeYE    A.1099CWestIV.A.2.N.aCHENOPODIUM OAHUENSE DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE'Aweoweo Dwarf-Shrubland AllianceYWCSlihhG   A.1098CWestIII.A.5.N.aARTEMISIA ROTHROCKII SHRUBLAND ALLIANCERothrock's Sagebrush Shrubland Alliance@gYM. SCHINDELvuiB   A.1097CWestIV.A.2.N.aARGYROXIPHIUM SANDWICENSE DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIATNCCsReg tblMetaDatesalways SUBSECTDelete Update field'StatusSOURCESO@SECTDelete Update field$PROV.@PatternETC_Historic;@ ETC_ConsecoregETCt@Distribution Alliance_Historic>@ALLIANCEN@ ;@ @  `mmj`pbf`mmj`pbf,ijvwrujbdjvwujaxwjrpfwbfwb,brpvfbrufhfwb,ijvwrujbs`wwfupsurzvfbwvrxubfv vw`wxv vxavfbw wamofw`d`wfv wpbbvufh tInfoShort RmtInfoLongLvLvPropLvModuleLvExtrasetni   Id ParentIdName        j qƽm@Im@Status2%0e5@ ;;;///////% @: 1m@ԁm@Pattern2%0e5@ <<<0000000& @dm@m@ETC_CONSECOREG2%0e5>@ CCC7777777- @m@um@@Tables to Refresh after each exchange2%0e5p@ [[[OOOOOOOE @ 9Ym@9Ym@AccessLayout2%0e5*@ @ MAA5555555+ @v m@v m@Forms2%0e5..........$  v˽m@v˽m@{F1103EC6-DDC9-4082-B422-44D671CEAC1F}2%0e5OOOOOOOOOOE nVCUSN SZSSS                   AllianceKeyAllianceStatusLeadresp FormationCode AllianceNum AllianceNameAllianceNameTrans AllianceDescAssocDefEdauthor  AllianceNum FormationCode PrimaryKeyENTA - LYONIA LUCIDA - ILEX (CORIACEA, GLABRA) SATURATED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEHoneycups - Shining Fetterbush - (Big Gallberry, Little Gallberry) Saturated Shrubland Alliance@KYA.S. WEAKLEY/M.P. SCHAFAL{    A.1053CSoutheastIII.C.2.N.cJUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA - LEPTOPUS PHYLLANTHOIDES INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEEastern Red-cedar - Maidenbush Intermittently Flooded Shrubland AllianceT@KYJ. CAMPBELL/D. ZOLLNERx    em@em@Copyright(((((((((((  em@em@UserDefined***********  em@em@SummaryInfo***********  em@em@AccessLayout+++++++++++ em@em@SysRel%%%%%%%%%%% em@em@Scripts&&&&&&&&&&& em@em@Reports&&&&&&&&&&& em@em@Modules&&&&&&&&&&& em@em@Forms$$$$$$$$$$$ em@em@MSysRelationships22222222220 em@em@MSysQueries,,,,,,,,,,* em@em@MSysACEs))))))))))' em@em@MSysObjects,,,,,,,,,,* em@em@MSysDb2%0e5//////////% em@em@Relationships.........., em@em@Databases**********( em@em@Tables''''''''''% [1E#mb A.1131CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.bANDROPOGON BICORNIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBarbas de Indio Herbaceous AllianceNLACDqmllI"   A.1130CSoutheastV.A.1.N.aPENNISETUM PURPUREUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEElephantgrass Herbaceous Alliance'@YA.S. WEAKLEYtsgF   A.113CWestI.A.8.N.aTSUGA MERTENSIANA - ABIES AMABILIS GIANT FOREST ALLIANCEMountain Hemlock - Pacific Silver Fir Giant Forest AllianceYD. SARR/K. SCHULZP   A.1129CWestIV.B.3.N.aSALVIA DORRII DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEGray Ball Sage Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@YM.S. REID}tsg@   A.1128CWestIII.B.3.N.aPICROTHAMNUS DESERTORUM SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBud Sagebrush Shrubland Alliance@YM.S. REID, MOD. J. KAGAN,rqeE   A.1127CWestIII.B.3.N.aARTEMISIA PEDATIFIDA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBirdfoot Sagebrush Shrubland AllianceYK. SCHULZ}tsgB   A.1126CWestIV.B.3.N.aERIOGONUM CORYMBOSUM?@< Gg<0)2 A.1192CMidwestV.A.5.N.aANDROPOGON GERARDII - (SORGHASTRUM NUTANS) HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBig Bluestem - (Yellow Indiangrass) Herbaceous Alliance YMCRiverside thickets dominated by dense stands of ~Gynerium sagittatum$.Human-altered grasslands dominated by ~Cyperus heterophyllus$, along gravelly montane and submontane creeks and rivers in Cuba.Montane wet meadows in Martinique.Herbaceous vegetation dominated by the exotic grass ~Urochloa maxima (= Panicum maximum)$. This vegetation now covers large parts of Puerto Rico, particularly in southwestern Puerto Rico.Tall bunch grasslands dominated by ~Leptochloopsis virgata$.Maritime grasslands dominated by ~Cenchrus myosuroides$, occurring in southwestern Puerto Rico.Alpine tundra community of exposed wind-blown areas where snow cover is slight or absent.Forests on hill slopes, dominated by ~Thespesia grandiflora (= Montezuma speciosissima)$. These forests are often nearly monospecific, and are particularly prevalent following disturbance.Mixed deciduous-evergreen shrublands of the central Appalachian Mountains, ranging south into the Cumberlands of Kentucky, dominated by various mixtures of shrubs, especially ~Kalmia latifolia$ and ~Gaylussacia baccata$.This alliance includes planted stands of ~Pinus virginiana$ with little understory, but they may have admixtures of other native or off-site pines (e.g., ~Pinus echinata, Pinus strobus, Pinus taeda$). These are cultivated forests and are not considered natural or near-natural vegetation. They are maintained as plantations for the harvest of forest products. Stands have suffered some damage from the Southern Pine Beetle (~Dendroctonus frontalis$). Stands are planted in the Inner Coastal Plain for Christmas tree production.Disturbed areas, especially in lowland coastal zones, dominated by the exotic ~Terminalia catappa$.These are disturbed successional forests, with ~Cecropia schreberiana$ and ~Ochroma pyramidale$ as major components.LVAL"jMonodominant community dominated by ~Paspalidium geminatum var. paludivagum$, of semipermanently flooded zones of freshwater lakes.This alliance consists of calcareous wetlands characterized by, and dominated or codominated by, ~Schoenus nigricans$.Tropical marshes dominated by ~Phragmites australis$.These communities are located in the moderate to high-elevation (1200-3000 m) seep habitats of the Cascade Range where deep snow accumulations are common. They usually occur in shallow but deeply sloping ravines that receive moisture from snowmelt or groundwater discharge throughout the growing season. Often the ravines where these communities occur are also avalanche tracts. The wet soils and/or avalanche disturbance act to discourage colonization by coniferous trees and allow full sunlight to reach the ground at these sites. Soils are often composed of unstable talus, but may also be similar in structure to adjacent forest soils. A dense tall-shrub cover of ~Alnus viridis ssp. sinuata$ characterizes these communities. ~Acer circinatum$ and/or ~Alnus incana$ may be codominant in the tall-shrub layer in some stands. ~Acer glabrum, Spiraea douglasii$, and ~Sorbus scopulina$ may also be present. Low cold-deciduous or ericaceous shrubs may be abundant, including ~Rubus spectabilis, Rubus parviflorus, Oplopanax horridus, Paxistima myrsinites$, and ~Vaccinium$ spp., particularly west of the Cascade crest. A lush herbaceous layer is usually present, including forbs such as ~Aconitum columbianum, Veratrum viride, Senecio triangularis, Urtica dioica, Osmorhiza berteroi (= Osmorhiza chilensis), Achillea millefolium$, and large ferns, including ~Athyrium filix-femina$ and ~Polystichum munitum$. Adjacent vegetation is usually montane or subalpine coniferous forest dominated by ~Abies amabilis, Tsuga mertensiana, Pinus contorta, Picea engelmannii$, or other forest species.LVAL1.sa9= A.1215CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cIMPERATA CYLINDRICA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECogongrass Herbaceous Allianceg@This alliance includes tropical and subtropical freshwater marshes dominated by ~Schoenoplectus californicus (= Scirpus californicus)$.This widespread alliance occurs throughout much of the western U.S. at elevations from 1320-2800 m. Sites include valley bottoms on swales, banks, and occasionally terraces of stream channels which receive surface water for extended periods of time, especially during the early part of the growing season. Stands adjacent to the stream channel receive moisture from overland and lateral stream flows, and are often associated with beaver ponds. Stands occur on terraces that have a continually high water table. Vegetation in the alliance is also located adjacent to seeps on gently sloping toeslopes, and occasionally in bogs or fens. Soils generally have a deep organic layer with some minerals, fine sands, loams, and clays and gravel or cobbles below. Communities within this shrubland alliance are characterized by a moderately dense to dense ~Salix boothii$-dominated tall-shrub layer. Other shrubs may codominate, including ~Salix geyeriana, Salix planifolia$ or ~Salix drummondiana$. ~Salix wolfii$ may occasionally form a relatively sparse, low-shrub layer. Other shrubs may include ~Lonicera involucrata, Betula nana (= Betula glandulosa)$, and~Ribes$ spp. The moderately dense to dense herbaceous layer is dominated by graminoids and includes ~Carex aquatilis, Carex utriculata, Carex nebrascensis, Deschampsia caespitosa, Juncus balticus$, and ~Trisetum wolfii$. Forb cover is sparse to moderately dense. Common forbs are ~Symphyotrichum foliaceum (= Aster foliaceus), Hedysarum sulphurescens, Geum macrophyllum, Mertensia ciliata, Trollius laxus$, and ~Urtica dioica$. Diagnostic of this wetland alliance is a ~Salix boothii$-dominated or -codominated tall shrubland that is flooded for extended periods during the growing season.nLVAL\\ GY A.1231CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cSPOROBOLUS SIThis alliance consists of seminatural vegetation dominated by the introduced grass ~Pennisetum ciliare (= Cenchrus ciliaris)$. It is abundant in the South Texas Plains (Tamaulipan Mezquital) region of southern Texas.Tidally flooded grasslands dominated by ~Sporobolus virginicus$. Stands may also contain ~Paspalum vaginatum$.Littoral grasslands dominated by ~Bothriochloa pertusa$, with scattered shrubs of ~Capparis flexuosa, Lantana involucrata, Rauvolfia nitida, Coccoloba uvifera$, and ~Sesuvium portulacastrum$.This alliance includes subtropical marsh vegetation dominated (usually essentially monospecific) by ~Zizaniopsis miliacea$. Its overall distribution, associates, and abundance are poorly understood at this time.This alliance includes tropical marshes dominated by ~Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (= Scirpus tabernaemontani)$.Communities within this uncommon alliance occur in cold bogs, fens, or wet meadows, often where alkaline or marl soils are present. Stands are restricted to anchored organic mats along pond and lake margins. They range in elevation from 1475-2805 m. Soils are characterized by organic horizons greater than 1 m. Water tables normally remain at or near the soil surface throughout the growing season. Communities within this alliance are defined as seasonally flooded cold-deciduous shrublands. They are dominated by ~Salix candida$, a short shrub that can reach heights of 3 m, but usually is less than 1 m. The short-shrub layer is characterized by scattered clumps of ~Salix candida$ over a dense (25-60%) stand of ~Carex utriculata, Carex simulata, Schoenoplectus acutus (= Scirpus acutus)$, and ~Carex aquatilis$. The forb layer is sparse and consists of ~Triglochin maritima, Menyanthes trifoliata$, and ~Polygonum amphibium$. Adjacent upslope communities are typically ~Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda (= Pentaphylloides floribunda)$ with ~Deschampsia caespitosa$.LVAL<n\D?: A.1246CWestV.A.5.N.dPLEURAPHIS RIGIDA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBig Galleta Herbaceous Alliance@YM. SCHINDELuji]>   A.1245CWestV.A.5.N.dFESTUCA ARIZONICA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEArizoBamboo thickets dominated by the naturalized ~Bambusa vulgaris$, generally very dense and nearly monospecific in the 10- to 25-meter tall canopy.This alliance includes shortgrass grasslands of rocky slopes and flats in western Texas, Mexico, and possibly southern New Mexico, strongly dominated by ~Bouteloua ramosa$.Vegetation dominated by ~Schizachyrium cirratum$ on rocky, mountain slopes and in canyons of the Trans-Pecos of western Texas.Communities found within the ~~Salix commutata$ Seasonally Flooded Shrubland Alliance (A.1003)$$ are found in the subalpine zone. Stands are confined to narrow riparian zones along upper reaches of streams and to elongated openings in higher elevation forests. Stands are typically found at moderate to high elevations between 2065 and 2220 m. Microtopography is usually hummocky to undulating. Slopes range from 2-4%. Soils in the Idaho stands are wet to saturated at the surface by flowing groundwater for most or all of the growing season. Soils are poorly to very poorly drained due to accumulation of organic material. Vegetation stands within this alliance are classified as seasonally flooded cold-deciduous shrublands. ~Salix commutata$ dominates the shrub canopy with cover of >25%. ~Salix planifolia$ and ~Lonicera caerulea$ may also be present. ~Carex scopulorum$ dominates the herbaceous layer with ~Calamagrostis canadensis$. ~Galium trifidum$ has high constancy, and some stands contain a complement of wet site forbs such as ~Aconitum columbianum$ and ~Caltha leptosepala ssp. howellii (= Caltha biflora)$. Adjacent communities may be herbaceous bogs dominated by ~Eleocharis quinqueflora (= Eleocharis pauciflora)$. In some stands, a fringe of ~Vaccinium uliginosum (= Vaccinium occidentale)$ separates the bog from the willow stands.bLVAL\%thX;3d A.1271CWestThis alliance consists of seasonally flooded (non-tidal) wetlands dominated by ~Spartina patens$, occurring from northeastern United States south and west to Tamaulipas, Mexico.This alliance is reported from the Upper Midwest region of the United States. Stands are dominated by tall sedges. ~Carex lacustris$ is the characteristic sedge. ^This alliance includes temporarily flooded riverbanks, as along the Rio Grande in Texas and adjacent Mexico, dominated by the exotic ~Arundo donax$.Communities within the ~~Salix drummondiana$ Seasonally Flooded Shrubland Alliance (A.1004)$$ occur on alluvial terraces adjacent to mountain rivers and streams. Occurrences occupy gentle undulating surfaces with slopes ranging from 5-30%. They range in elevation from 2135-3300 m. These communities are often associated with beaver activity. They are typically located adjacent to beaver ponds, lakes, seeps and springs, and on alluvial terraces adjacent to mountain rivers and streams. Soils are usually peaty with organic matter accumulation. Soil textures range from silt to clay loam. Water tables are usually at or near the surface. Gleyed soil is common at any depth. Soil texture is fine-loamy, loamy-skeletal, and sandy. The soils classify as Cryaquolls and Cryaquepts. Vegetation types within this alliance are classified as seasonally flooded, cold-deciduous shrublands. ~Salix drummondiana$ dominates the tall-shrub layer with open, corridor-like canopies with a dense graminoid layer in the understory. ~Salix monticola, Salix planifolia$, and ~Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda (= Pentaphylloides floribunda)$ are often present in the shrub layer. The graminoid layer is typically dominated by ~Carex utriculata$ with cover of 50-75%. Forb cover is relatively low. Species can include ~Geum macrophyllum$ and ~Epilobium ciliatum$ with 1-10% cover. ~Pinus contorta$ and ~Populus tremuloides$ forests occur on adjacent hillslopes.LVALq/%7} A.1298CWestV.A.5.N.gCAREX SICCATA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEDry-spike Sedge Herbaceous Alliance;@Short forests and thickets composed of the exotic ~Syzygium jambos$.This alliance is provided to accommodate inland salt flats, known only from Virginia, which are dominated by ~Juncus gerardii$ and ~Schoenoplectus robustus (= Scirpus robustus)$.Short graminoid vegetation of semipermanently flooded zones of coastal plain pondshores.Forests dominated or codominated by the exotic ~Mangifera indica$.Communities within the ~~Salix eastwoodiae$ Seasonally Flooded Shrubland Alliance (A.1005)$$ are scattered throughout the high-elevation, late snowmelt areas. They are found within glacial valley bottoms (e.g., seeps, toeslopes, benches, and stream benches), wet mountain meadows, and streambanks with gentle slopes (3%). Elevations range from 2300-3200 m. Sites that support these communities contain surface waters that collect in rivulets or are fed by seeps with water flowing at or near the surface. Soils are characterized by organic surface horizons. Textures of the underlying mineral horizons range from silty clay loam to loam sand. Vegetation types within this alliance are characterized as cold-deciduous seasonally flooded shrublands. They are dominated by ~Salix eastwoodiae$. ~Salix planifolia, Salix boothii$, and ~Betula nana (= Betula glandulosa)$ also occur in the shrub layer. Total shrub cover varies from 30 to over 75%. ~Carex scopulorum, Carex aquatilis$, and ~Carex utriculata$ are usually dominant in the understory with at least 40% cover. ~Carex cusickii (= Carex obovoidea)$ and ~Carex luzulina$ are frequent and abundant. ~Calamagrostis canadensis$ is a dominant graminoid in their Idaho stands. Forb cover is low with ~Mertensia ciliata, Saxifraga odontoloma$, and ~Thalictrum occidentale$. Adjacent upland communities are dominated by ~Pinus monticola, Pinus contorta$, and ~Abies concolor$.LVAL8@' A.1324CWestV.A.5.N.hJUNCUS DRUMMONDII HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEFern thickets on high elevation landslides and other disturbances, dominated or codominated by ~Sticherus bifidus$.Rocky shores of limestone or sandstone, with moderately dense to very sparse pockets of shrubby and herbaceous plants. ~Chamaesyce mesembrianthemifolia$ and ~Fimbristylis thermalis$ are characteristic and frequently dominant in stands of this type.Communities within this temporarily flooded, cold-deciduous shrubland alliance occur from the foothills to high elevations in the mountains of the western United States. Elevation ranges from 1320-2900 m. Landforms include broad benches and alluvial terraces of streams, springs, and seeps. Stands often develop on abandoned and sediment-filled beaver ponds. Soils are composed of deep, fine-textured alluvium over subsurface soils of various textures and origin. Surface textures are silt to silty clay loam with mottling near the surface. Soils have a high water-holding capacity. Organic matter may accumulate on the surface. The communities are characterized by a tall-shrub layer dominated by ~Salix geyeriana$. Occasional codominants include ~Salix monticola, Salix boothii, Salix lemmonii$, or ~Salix eriocephala$. Some stands have shorter willows in the understory, including ~Salix wolfii$ and ~Salix planifolia$. Other shrub species include ~Lonicera utahensis, Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda (= Pentaphylloides fruticosa)$, and ~Ribes$ spp. ~Calamagrostis canadensis, Calamagrostis stricta, Poa palustris, Deschampsia caespitosa, Carex aquatilis$, and ~Carex utriculata$ are the dominant graminoid species with 10-60% cover. The forb layer is minor with 10-20% cover and includes ~Geum macrophyllum, Pyrola asarifolia, Galium trifidum$, and ~Epilobium ciliatum$. ~Populus tremuloides, Pinus contorta$, and ~Pinus ponderosa$ forests occur on surrounding hillslopes.LVAL@vG1 A.1345CSoutheastV.A.5.N.jPHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECommon Reed Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@4YA.S. WEAKLEYZ   A.1344CSoutheastVLow intertidal marshes, characterized by sparse to more dense vegetation of ~Sagittaria subulata$ and ~Limosella australis$.Forests dominated by ~Clusia minor, Henriettea squamulosum$, and ~Ocotea leucoxylon$.Vegetation in this alliance occurs on flats in upper reaches of artificial impoundments and is dominated by monospecific stands of ~Ludwigia grandiflora$ ~sensu lato$ (= ~Ludwigia uruguayensis$ includes ~Ludwigia hexapetala$), an apparently exotic species.This vegetation occurs in disturbed wetland areas. Stands are dominated by ~Colocasia esculenta$, with ~Cyperus$ spp.This alliance consists of marshes dominated by ~Sagittaria lancifolia$. These marshes occur in shallow freshwater with little variation in water level.Communities within this cold-deciduous, seasonally flooded shrubland alliance occur on alluvial terraces adjacent to mountain rivers and streams. They occupy broad floodplains (0-6% slope), stream and river edges, ditches, seeps, and moist alluvial terraces. Stands are associated with beaver ponds or lakes. Elevations range from 1100-3600 m. The soils are typically peaty Histosols. Soils texture ranges from sandy clay loam to silt. These soils are saturated early in spring and often remain moist throughout the growing season. The tall-shrub canopy is continuous and dominated by ~Salix lutea$ with varying amounts of ~Salix exigua, Salix bebbiana$, and ~Salix boothii$. The short-shrub layer cover is typically 25% or greater and consists of ~Ribes aureum, Ribes inerme$, and ~Rosa woodsii$. The graminoid layer ranges from sparse to dense canopy cover. Major herbaceous species include ~Calamagrostis canadensis, Carex utriculata, Calamagrostis stricta$, and ~Carex microptera$. Adjacent upland communities include ~Pinus contorta$ and ~Populus tremuloides$.LVALg0]qT5 A.1388CSoutheastV.A.5.N.kSPARGANIUM AMERICANUM SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAmerican Bur-reed Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@XYA.S. WEAKLEYZ   A.1387CMidwesBroad, flat, seasonally flooded basins within maritime dunes, vegetation dominated by ~Bacopa monnieri$.Communities within the ~~Salix planifolia$ Seasonally Flooded Shrubland Alliance (A.1008)$$ are common and abundant in the upper montane and subalpine zones (above 1525 m) throughout the western United States. They occur in wide, wet valleys on snowmelt-fed swales. They also occur in narrow valleys with sinuous streams and wet floodplains associated with beaver ponds. Snowmelt is the primary source of moisture during the growing season. Soils have an organic peat top layer over mineral silty clays, heavy silty clay loams, silty loams, sandy loams, or loamy sands. Mottling is often evident. The water table at several stands is usually near the surface throughout the growing season and may be perched by a clay horizon. Still other stands occur on deep, dark clay loams with high organic content or a fibric or hemic layer on top. Soil pH levels are acidic, ranging from 4.8-7.8. ~Salix planifolia$ dominates the shrub layer with at least 70% cover. Other willows can include ~Salix monticola, Salix wolfii, Salix boothii, Salix geyeriana$, and ~Salix drummondiana$. The undergrowth is dominated by graminoids and can include ~Carex aquatilis, Carex utriculata, Calamagrostis canadensis$, and ~Deschampsia caespitosa$. Forb cover is typically less than 20% of the total undergrowth cover and may include ~Caltha leptosepala, Cardamine cordifolia$, and ~Pedicularis groenlandica$. Adjacent riparian and wetland vegetation includes ~Carex aquatilis, Carex utriculata$, or ~Calamagrostis canadensis$ wet meadows. ~Salix brachycarpa$ shrublands occur on higher ground. At higher elevations, ~Abies lasiocarpa - Picea engelmannii$ or ~Pinus contorta$ forests occur on adjacent hillsides.]LVAL4kEq j? &A.1399CMidwestV.A.5.N.kLEERSIA ORYZOIDESubmerged aquatic vegetation of white-sand wetlands of western Cuba, essentially monodominant with ~Cabomba piauhyensis$. Vegetation dominated by the submerged ~Cabomba piauhyensis$ in lakes and ponds.Communities within this cold-deciduous shrubland alliance occur in moderately narrow to wide valleys and glacial basins in saturated peat wetlands and on floodplains with lateral seepage of groundwater. Valley slopes range from 3-7%, and stream channels that run through the valleys vary from deep, narrow, and sinuous to shallow, broad, and gently meandering. Beavers are often active within the stands. Some stands occur on seeps, which remain wet throughout the growing season. Elevation ranges from 1950-3350 m. Soils vary from highly organic or peat to mineral based. Soil textures include silty clay loams, silty loams, and sandy clay loams with mottling. Some stands occur on deep sandy clays, often with a high organic content, while other stands occur on shallow silty clays over gravels and rocks. The shrub layer is typically dominated by at least 70% cover of ~Salix wolfii$. Other willow species may include ~Salix planifolia, Salix boothii, Salix monticola$, and ~Salix brachycarpa$. ~Betula nana (= Betula glandulosa)$ also occurs on wetter sites. The graminoid undergrowth is generally dense and rich, dominated by ~Carex aquatilis, Carex utriculata, Deschampsia caespitosa, Carex nebrascensis$, and ~Carex microptera$. Forb cover varies from sparse (<10%) to moderately dense (60%) and is generally diverse. Forb species include ~Caltha leptosepala, Ligusticum tenuifolium, Swertia perennis, Pedicularis groenlandica$, and ~Thalictrum alpinum$. At higher elevations, adjacent hillsides are often covered with ~Abies lasiocarpa - Picea engelmannii$ or ~Pinus contorta$ forests, ~Festuca thurberi$ subalpine meadows, or alpine tundra. At lower elevations, ~Artemisia tridentata$ scrub is often present on adjacent hillslopes.f _+bVri /A.1408CWestV.A.5.N.kDE A.1017CMidwestIII.B.2.N.gDASIPHORA FRUTICOSA SSP. FLORIBUNDA - MYRICA GALE - (CAREX LASIOCARPA) SATURATED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEShrubby-cinquefoil - Sweet Gale - (Wiregrass Sedge) Saturated Shrubland Alliance,@,YMCSс   A.1016CMidwestIII.B.2.N.gCORNUS SERICEA - PHOTINIA MELANOCARPA - TOXICODENDRON VERNIX SATURATED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCERed-osier Dogwood - Black Chokeberry - Poison-sumac Saturated Shrubland Alliance.@,YMCSw   A.1015CSoutheastIII.B.2.N.gBACCHARIS HALIMIFOLIA SATURATED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEGroundsel-tree Saturated Shrubland Alliance@+YA.S. WEAKLEY 12-95, MOD. }R    A.1014CSoutheastIII.B.2.N.gALNUS SERRULATA SATURATED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESmooth Alder Saturated Shrubland AllianceG@*YD.J. ALLARD 8-94, MOD. A.uL    A.1013CEastIII.B.2.N.fDECODON VERTICILLATUS SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESwamp-loosestrife Semipermanently Flooded Shrubland Alliance@(YECS[   A.1012CSoutheastIII.B.2.N.fFORESTIERA ACUMINATA SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESwamp Privet Semipermanently Flooded Shrubland Alliances@(YL.M. SMITH/A.S. WEAKLEY/J_    A.1011CMidwestIII.B.2.N.fCEPHALANTHUS OCCIDENTALIS SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEButtonbush Semipermanently Flooded Shrubland Alliance+)YD.J. ALLARDb   A.1010CEastIII.B.2.N.eMORELLA (CERIFERA, PENSYLVANICA) - VACCINIUM FORMOSUM SEASONALLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE(Wax-myrtle, Northern Bayberry) - Southern Highbush Blueberry Seasonally Flooded Shrubland Alliance@(YECSv   A.101CWestI.A.8.N.aSEQUOIADENDRON GIGANTEUM FOREST ALLIANCEGiant Sequoia Forest Alliance'YM. SCHINDELuji]@   A.1009CWestIII.B.2.N.eSALIX WOLFII SEASONALLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWolf Willow Seasonally Flooded Shrubland Alliance@%YD. CULVER~M  cLVALomrThis forest alliance occurs along the western slope of California's Sierra Nevada. Giant sequoias are limited by temperature in the upper elevations, and by deficient soil moisture at lower elevations. Elevations typically range from 1370-2130 m. Groves in the northern portion of the range tend to occur on southern aspects; those in the southern portion tend to occur on northern aspects. Most groves occur on granitic-based residual soils, alluvium or glacial outwash. Sequoias grow best in deep, well-drained, sandy loams with perennial soil moisture. Vigorous individuals can thrive in shallow, rocky soils if underground water is available. Soil moisture seems to be the limiting factor in the extent of a grove or stand of sequoias. Vegetation included in this forest alliance is characterized by the presence of ~Sequoiadendron giganteum$. This alliance intergrades with the typical mixed conifer forest of the region, and the subcanopy beneath the sequoias is composed of those species. Groves are often dominated by ~Abies concolor$, with emergent individuals of ~Sequoiadendron giganteum$, though at lower elevations ~Calocedrus decurrens (= Libocedrus decurrens)$ may dominate, and at higher elevations ~Abies magnifica$ may dominate. Other tree species from the mixed conifer forest include ~Quercus kelloggii, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus jeffreyi, Pinus contorta var. murrayana, Pinus ponderosa$, and ~Pinus lambertiana$. Shrubs may be infrequent to common and include ~Chrysolepis sempervirens (= Castanopsis sempervirens), Chamaebatia foliolosa, Ceanothus$ spp., ~Arctostaphylos patula, Rhododendron occidentale, Ribes$ spp., ~Rosa$ spp., and ~Rubus$ spp. Stand structure and composition vary considerably with elevation, latitude, exposure, soil moisture, and time since most recent fire or disturbance. Diagnostic of this forest alliance is the presence of large ~Sequoiadendron giganteum$ in the upper tree canopyLVAL@Dk A.145CWestI.A.8.N.cTSUGA HETEROPHYLLA FOREST ALLIANCEWestern Hemlock Forest AllianceYM.S. REID/D. SARRwfeY:   A.14Communities dominated by ~Decodon verticillatus$ are known from several New England states. These communities occur in association with the wettest portions of ~Sphagnum$ bog mats in southern New England, and on the shores of ponds and rivers. The status of these communities as an alliance remains in question. Further research is needed to determine the floristic relationship with similar vegetation. Communities of this alliance occur throughout the Eastern Region.This alliance contains swamp shrublands dominated by ~Forestiera acuminata$, often with ~Planera aquatica$ and ~Cephalanthus occidentalis$. These shrublands most commonly occur in bottomland sloughs as regeneration following cutting or natural blowdowns. There is very little to no herbaceous layer because standing water is present throughout much of the growing season.This alliance includes shrub wetlands of mid-Atlantic barrier islands. The two most characteristic shrubs are ~Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera)$ and ~Vaccinium corymbosum$. ~Rosa palustris$ and ~Morella pensylvanica (= Myrica pensylvanica)$ are two other common shrub associates. Unlike the ~Morella cerifera$ wetland alliance, this alliance is of generally shorter stature and total shrub cover; and, although quite variable, is usually considerably more open. Herbaceous composition is variable, but ~Panicum virgatum, Andropogon virginicus, Schizachyrium scoparium$, and other grasses are common. Other herbs include ~Juncus$ spp., ~Pluchea foetida, Triadenum virginicum, Drosera intermedia$, and ~Osmunda regalis$. Standing water is commonly found in the spring, but water levels may drop substantially toward the end of the summer. The southern range limit of this alliance is not well known, but it is confined to barrier islands from Delaware south.LVAL.VG A.1470CWestV.A.5.N.mCAREX MICROGLOThis alliance, which occurs throughout the eastern half of the United States and southern Ontario, Canada, contains semipermanently flooded stands dominated by ~Cephalanthus occidentalis$. Stands vary from dense, tall-shrub thickets to open shrublands. Tree canopy cover may reach 25% in some stands, with tree associates including ~Acer saccharinum$ and ~Quercus palustris$ in the North to ~Taxodium distichum$ in the South. Standing water may cover the ground layer. ~Cephalanthus occidentalis$ is often the sole dominant in stands of this alliance, particularly in deeper (>0.5 m depth) zones of groundwater basins or lake borders on deep organic soils. Occasional shrub associates in the northern parts of its range include any number of ~Salix$ spp. or ~Cornus$ spp., ~Viburnum dentatum, Rosa palustris, Ilex verticillata$, and ~Vaccinium corymbosum$. Floating aquatics, such as ~Lemna$ spp., can be common in deepwater habitats, whereas a variety of forbs and graminoids are associates under less flooded conditions. These include ~Boehmeria cylindrica, Scutellaria lateriflora, Sium suave$, and ~Bidens tripartita, Glyceria$ spp., ~Leersia oryzoides, Polygonum$ spp., and a wide variety of ~Carex$ spp. ^This shrubland vegetation occupies shallow water depressions, oxbow ponds, sinkhole ponds, and backwater sloughs of stream and river floodplains throughout swampy forested areas in the eastern United States. Inundation is usually continuous throughout the year, but these sites can become dry in mid or late summer or during periods of prolonged drought. ~Cephalanthus$ appears to be very tolerant of extended periods of inundation which, by slowing canopy closure of trees and maintaining higher light levels, may favor this shrub. Soils can vary in texture from clays to sands, with organic horizons overlying these soils.LVALdw?y A.1496CMidwestV.A.6.N.fPINUS STROBUS - QUERCUS (ALBA, RUBRA) WOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEEastern White Pine - (White Oak, Northern Red Oak) Wooded HerThis alliance consists of tropical and subtropical ~Nymphaea odorata$ communities.This alliance consists of tropical and subtropical ~Nuphar lutea$ communities.American lotus mat, characterized by the dominance of the emergent, large-leaved ~Nelumbo lutea$, and the presence of other emerged and submersed aquatic plants in both eutrophic and oligotrophic freshwater lakes.Characteristic communities of the centers of small white-sand lakes in western Cuba, dominated by ~Myriophyllum sparsiflorum$.Floating or rooted (by stranding) aquatic vegetation of tropical areas, occurring in more oligotrophic situations than ~~Eichhornia crassipes$ Herbaceous Vegetation (CEGL007671)$$.This alliance includes non-alluvial, palustrine vegetation strongly dominated by ~Alnus serrulata$, and often, but not always, with substantial ~Sphagnum$ cover. Occurrences of this alliance can have small to moderately large herbaceous openings, as well, but where open herbaceous patches are large and well-developed, communities in V.A.5.N.m should be considered. Communities in this alliance are saturated shrublands with ~Alnus serrulata$ as a strong dominant component, but other shrub species may be present. This alliance is found throughout the Southeast, but is currently defined only for the Cumberland Plateau, Ridge and Valley, and the Piedmont. Associations in this alliance lack the montane floristics of associations in the III.C.2.N.e ~~Alnus serrulata - Salix sericea - Rhododendron (catawbiense, maximum)$ Saturated Shrubland Alliance (A.1880)$$. Vegetation at Fort Benning, Georgia (East Gulf Coastal Plain - Upper East Gulf Coastal Plain transition region), on the upper ends of beaver ponds which are inclusions in a ~Nyssa biflora$ saturated forest apparently belong here.LVALM^Z A.1530CSubmerged or partially submerged plant community in deep water of dystrophic or eutrophic lakes with neutral to alkaline fresh water, with ~Utricularia foliosa$ as the dominant.This alliance, found in the eastern Midwest and northeastern United States and probably many of the eastern Canadian provinces, contains tall-shrub swamps dominated by ~Vaccinium corymbosum$. Further work is needed to characterize this alliance. ^These tall shrublands can occur at margins of kettles in glaciated regions, and in basins or at the heads of streams throughout the range. Soils are usually deep peats or mucks, and the water is often acidic.This alliance, ranging from Arkansas, Louisiana and Texas, includes natural and successional saturated wetlands dominated by ~Baccharis halimifolia$. It includes associations in both coastal and interior settings on saline/calcareous soils with a saturated hydrology. Interior settings include saline/calcareous natural areas, as well as weedy saline old fields. Coastal settings include shrublands dominated by ~Baccharis halimifolia$ that invade old fields and saline and non-saline prairies in the absence of fire. In these settings, ~Spartina spartinae, Andropogon virginicus, Andropogon glomeratus, Setaria parviflora (= Setaria geniculata)$, and ~Solidago sempervirens$ are often present in the herb stratum. A natural saline prairie association, found on outcrops of saline material from inland salt domes, has a shrub stratum dominated by ~Baccharis halimifolia$ with ~Crataegus berberifolia$ and ~Sideroxylon lanuginosum$. The herb stratum includes ~Eleocharis$ sp., ~Tridens strictus, Euthamia leptocephala, Ptilimnium$ sp., ~Tradescantia occidentalis, Nothoscordum bivalve, Eupatorium serotinum, Polygonum aviculare, Atriplex cristata (= Atriplex pentandra)$, and ~Heliotropium curassavicum$.LVAL /qPThis shrub fen alliance is found in the western Great Lakes region. It is dominated by low shrubs, sometimes with greater than 60% cover. Graminoids less than 1 m tall and mosses make up the remainder of the vegetation. The most abundant shrubs are ~Chamaedaphne calyculata, Myrica gale, Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda (= Pentaphylloides floribunda)$, and sometimes ~Salix$ spp. Typical herbaceous species include ~Calamagrostis canadensis, Carex aquatilis, Carex lasiocarpa$, and ~Carex rostrata$. ~Sphagnum$ spp. are common but not as abundant as in poorer shrub fens. ^This alliance is found on lakeshores and streamsides where wave action is limited. It occurs on peat. The ground is saturated for at least part of the growing season, although this alliance is somewhat drier than most other shrub fens.This shrub fen alliance occurs between the Ohio River and the southern Great Lakes. The vegetation is dense and dominated by shrubs, although herbaceous species are also abundant. Dominant shrubs are ~Alnus incana, Photinia melanocarpa (= Aronia melanocarpa), Cornus$ spp. (e.g., ~Cornus amomum, Cornus obliqua$, and ~Cornus sericea), Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda (= Pentaphylloides floribunda), Rhamnus lanceolata, Salix discolor$, and ~Viburnum lentago$. Common herbaceous species include ~Carex$ spp., ~Cypripedium reginae, Filipendula rubra, Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (= Scirpus tabernaemontani), Solidago patula$, and ~Thelypteris palustris$. Stands that are more prairie-like also contain ~Andropogon gerardii, Silphium terebinthinaceum$, and ~Sorghastrum nutans$. Peat forms in some stands. ^Stands of this alliance occur where calcareous groundwater seeps to the surface, often at the base of gravelly moraines or other glacial features. These sites are gently to moderately sloping. The minerals that are in the groundwater often form areas of marl.  hM%Z_Q0 A.1032CWestIII.B.3.N.aGLOSSOPETALON SPINESCENS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESpiny Greasebush Shrubland Alliance]@6YK. SCHULZvuiF   A.1031CWestIII.B.3.N.aPROSOPIS GLANDULOSA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEHoney Mesquite Shrubland Alliance@2YGREAT PLAINS PROGRAM 1-95onbA   A.103CWestI.A.8.N.aABIES CONCOLOR GIANT FOREST ALLIANCEWhite Fir Giant Forest Alliance5YD. SARRohg[<   A.1029CSoutheastIII.B.3.N.aACACIA FARNESIANA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEHuisache Shrubland Alliance@4YA.S. WEAKLEY/L.M. SMITH 4lk_D    A.1026CSoutheastIII.B.2.N.hBORRICHIA FRUTESCENS TIDAL SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESeaside Oxeye Tidal Shrubland Alliance@4YA.S. WEAKLEYsM    A.1025CSoutheastIII.B.2.N.hBORRICHIA ARBORESCENS TIDAL SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWest Indian Seaside Oxeye Tidal Shrubland Alliance@2YA.S. WEAKLEYN    A.1024CSoutheastIII.B.2.N.hALNUS (INCANA, SERRULATA) TIDAL SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE(Speckled Alder, Smooth Alder) Tidal Shrubland Alliance3YA.S. WEAKLEY, MOD. L.A. SR    A.1023CEastIII.B.2.N.hBACCHARIS HALIMIFOLIA - IVA FRUTESCENS TIDAL SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEGroundsel-tree - Maritime Marsh-elder Tidal Shrubland Alliance@2YD.J. ALLARD, MOD. A.S. WEZ   A.1022CEastIII.B.2.N.gMYRICA GALE SATURATED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESweet Gale Saturated Shrubland AllianceYECSnkjjC   A.1021CMidwestIII.B.2.N.gBETULA PUMILA - (SALIX SPP.) SATURATED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBog Birch - (Willow species) Saturated Shrubland Alliance^@1YMCSW   A.1020CEastIII.B.2.N.gALNUS INCANA SATURATED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESpeckled Alder Saturated Shrubland AllianceR@0YECS|{oD   A.102CWestI.A.8.N.aABIES AMABILIS GIANT FOREST ALLIANCEPacific Silver Fir Giant Forest Alliance9.YM.S. REID/D. SARRqpd<   A.1018CEastIII.B.2.N.gVACCINIUM CORYMBOSUM SATURATED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEHighbush Blueberry Saturated Shrubland Alliance@+YECS{L  LVAL /This giant conifer forest alliance occurs in montane habitats of the Pacific mountain ranges. These forests occupy a broad elevational band in the Cascades, extending from approximately 800-1500 m. In the Olympic Mountains and northward through British Columbia, elevations range from sea level to 1200 m. The climate is cool and wet with annual precipitation totals generally exceeding 200 cm, and deep (1-3 m) snow accumulations. A consistent winter snowpack of moderate duration along with frequent winter rains (rain on snow events) is one of the driving factors in occurrence of these forests. Podzolization is the dominant soil development process, and organic soil layers are generally well-developed. Stands typically occupy moderate to steep middle and upper mountain slopes and are often contiguous with the low-elevation ~Tsuga heterophylla$ and/or ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ forests and higher subalpine forests of ~Tsuga mertensiana$ and ~Chamaecyparis nootkatensis$. In this typically mixed conifer forest, ~Tsuga heterophylla$ is usually codominant with ~Abies amabilis$ in the overstory; however, ~Pseudotsuga menziesii, Abies procera$, or ~Tsuga mertensiana$ may all be present in the canopy, depending upon elevation, moisture, geographic location, and site history. ~Abies amabilis$ is the most shade-tolerant conifer and is dominant in all age classes. ~Chamaecyparis nootkatensis$ may be frequent in the upper elevations of the alliance and is occasionally codominant. Associated shrubs are primarily ericaceous. ~Oplopanax horridus, Vaccinium$ spp. are particularly widespread with ~Rhododendron albiflorum$ and ~Menziesia ferruginea$ common in higher elevation stands and ~Mahonia nervosa, Acer circinatum$, or ~Gaultheria shallon$ in low-elevation stands. The herbaceous layer is generally dominated by shade-tolerant species with northern affinities, including ~Linnaea borealis, Cornus canadensis, Clintonia uniflora$, and many others. Diagnostic of this forest alliance is the presence of a giant upper tree LVAL dN A.1739CSoutheastV.C.1.N.bTHALASSIA TESTUDINUM PERMANENTLY FLOODED - TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETurtle-grass Permanently Flooded - Tidal Herbaceous Alliance@=YA.S. WEAKLEY, MOD. J. TEAīb   A.1737CSoutheastV.C.1.N.bRUPPIA MARITIMA PERMANENTLY FLOODED - TIDAL TROPICAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBeaked Ditch-grass Permanently Flooded - Tidal Tropical Herbaceous Alliance"@=YSCSf   A.1736CSoutheastV.C.1.N.bHALOPHILA ENGELMANNII PERMANENTLY FLOODED - TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETufted Sea-grass Permanently Flooded - Tidal Herbaceous Alliancem@=YA.S. WEAKLEY, MOD. J. TEAɰc   A.1734CSoutheastV.C.1.N.bHALODULE BEAUDETTEI PERMANENTLY FLOODED - TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEShoal-grass Permanently Flooded - Tidal Herbaceous Alliance0@<YA.S. WEAKLEY, MOD. J. TEA©a   A.1732CSoutheastV.C.1.N.bCYMODOCEA FILIFORMIS PERMANENTLY FLOODED - TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEManatee-grass Permanently Flooded - Tidal Herbaceous Alliance(@<YA.S. WEAKLEY, MOD. J. TEAŬb   A.1731CSoutheastV.C.1.N.aVALLISNERIA AMERICANA PERMANENTLY FLOODED TROPICAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETape-grass Permanently Flooded Tropical Herbaceous Alliancel@0YSCSd   A.173CWestI.A.8.N.eCHAMAECYPARIS LAWSONIANA TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEPort Orford-cedar Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance.;YM.S. REID/D. SARRT   A.1728CLatin AmericaV.C.1.N.aUTRICULARIA FOLIOSA PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELeafy Bladderwort Permanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@+YLACD]"   A.1727CSoutheastV.C.1.N.aPISTIA STRATIOTES PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWater-lettuce Permanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@/YA.S. WEAKLEYW   A.1725CSoutheastV.C.1.N.aNYMPHAEA ODORATA PERMANENTLY FLOODED TROPICAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWhite Water-lily Permanentcanopy (>50 m tall) that is dominated or codominated by ~Abies amabilis$.@LVALB$ZEThis is technically not an alliance. It is a placeholder for a group of sparsely vegetated associations that do not have adequate vegetation descriptions, but do share certain substrate characteristics.This is technically not an alliance. It is a placeholder for a group of sparsely vegetated associations that do not have adequate vegetation descriptions, but do share certain substrate characteristics.This is technically not an alliance. It is a placeholder for a group of sparsely vegetated associations that do not have adequate vegetation descriptions, but do share certain substrate characteristics.This is technically not an alliance. It is a placeholder for a group of sparsely vegetated associations that may or may not have adequate vegetation descriptions, but do share certain substrate characteristics.This alliance consists of mats of the succulent ~Salicornia bigelovii$.Disturbed areas, dominated by ~Cleome spinosa$, found in Puerto Rico and possibly other areas in the West Indies.Submerged aquatic freshwater communities dominated by ~Vallisneria americana (= Vallisneria neotropicalis$).This alliance includes shrub swamps in which ~Alnus incana$ is dominant or characteristically present. These alder shrub swamps occur in numerous settings such as in upland marsh borders, at the edges of red maple swamps, or in acidic colluvium at bases of slopes. Typically they occur in saturated mineral soil with no significant peat deposits, although a few types do occur on shallow peat. Typical shrub associates include ~Salix$ spp., ~Myrica gale$, or ~Rosa palustris$. Saplings of ~Acer rubrum$ may be present. Typical herbaceous associates include ~Decodon verticillatus, Osmunda regalis, Thelypteris palustris, Galium$ spp., ~Typha latifolia, Peltandra virginica, Rhododendron viscosum$, and ~Carex stricta$. Communities of this alliance occur throughout the Eastern Region, and range into the Midwestern Region and the Southeastern Region.LVAL"rQ A.1820CSoutheastV.D.2.N.iSEDUM PULCHELLUM SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWidow's-cross Saturated Herbaceous Alliancev@PYK.D. PATTERSOIgneous talus at moderate to high elevations in mountain ranges of Trans-Pecos Texas. ~Pericome caudata$ is the primary species present, sometimes joined by 'strays' from adjacent communities.This alliance, found in the northeastern and midwestern United States and south-central Canada, is composed of poor and moderately rich shrub fens. Shrubs less than 2 m tall and graminoids comprise the majority of the vegetation. Short trees are found in some stands. ~Betula pumila, Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda (= Pentaphylloides floribunda), Salix discolor, Salix petiolaris$, and other ~Salix$ spp. are found throughout this alliance's range. In the northern part of its range, ~Andromeda polifolia, Chamaedaphne calyculata$, and ~Vaccinium oxycoccos$ can be common in poor fen examples. Typical graminoids include ~Calamagrostis canadensis, Carex$ spp. (including ~Carex pellita (= Carex lanuginosa), Carex lasiocarpa, Carex interior, Carex nebrascensis$, and ~Carex oligosperma$), and ~Eriophorum$ spp. Some of the forbs of this alliance include ~Doellingeria umbellata (= Aster umbellatus), Euthamia graminifolia, Eleocharis$ spp., ~Menyanthes trifoliata$ (in the North), ~Sarracenia purpurea$, and ~Thelypteris palustris$. ~Sphagnum$ spp. are ubiquitous in this alliance. When trees do occur, they are almost always ~Larix laricina$ and ~Picea mariana$ in the North and ~Fraxinus pennsylvanica$ in the Great Plains. Other tree species may be found in stands further east. ^This alliance is found where surface waters are slightly acidic to slightly alkaline with moderate nutrient levels. It is usually on peat but can be on mineral soils. The soil is saturated for much of the year and may flood periodically. In Nebraska, Tolstead found the water table to be within 15-30 cm and flooding to be less than 2 m deep.LVAL#>M1|This is technically not an alliance. It is a placeholder for a group of sparsely vegetated associations that do not have adequate vegetation descriptions, but do share certain substrate characteristics.This alliance includes shrublands dominated by ~Prosopis glandulosa$. Shrublands in this alliance can cover extensive areas, invading open grasslands and often forming thickets. The shrublands extend up to 4500 feet elevation. Associated species can include ~Atriplex canescens, Bouteloua curtipendula, Bouteloua gracilis, Muhlenbergia porteri, Sporobolus airoides, Sporobolus flexuosus$, and ~Buchloe dactyloides$.Tidal areas dominated by ~Borrichia arborescens$ that are part of zoned vegetation that grades up from mangrove swamps. The vegetation in this alliance occurs above the mean high water level. Other species that may be present include ~Batis maritima, Salicornia$ spp., ~Distichlis spicata$, and others. Seaward this vegetation grades into ~Juncus roemerianus$ marsh. In North America, this vegetation is restricted to Florida, and reaches its best development in Dade County and south.This alliance includes maritime scrub communities typically dominated by ~Iva frutescens$ or ~Baccharis halimifolia$ or both, growing in association with salt marshes. These communities occur primarily in estuarine margin situations, especially on the sound sides of barrier islands. Characteristically, these communities form an ecotone between salt marsh and upland vegetation or in areas within the salt marsh having slightly higher elevations and lower salinity levels than the surrounding marsh. Storm-induced disturbance causes periodic die-back of the shrubs restricting the extent of their spread. Characteristic species include ~Baccharis halimifolia, Iva frutescens, Rosa carolina, Spartina patens$, and ~Panicum virgatum$.?LVALKpD5$E ATidal freshwater, or perhaps also oligohaline, shrublands dominated by ~Alnus serrulata$ and/or ~Alnus incana$. In some examples one or both of these may be characteristically dominant or nearly so. Other examples may be more semi-open with a mixed canopy of ~Alnus$ with other shrubs such as ~Cornus amomum, Rosa palustris$, and ~Ilex verticillata$. Other woody plants which may be present include ~Sambucus canadensis, Salix$ spp., ~Amorpha fruticosa, Cephalanthus occidentalis$, and ~Toxicodendron radicans$. More northern examples may contain ~Viburnum recognitum$ and ~Spiraea alba var. latifolia (= Spiraea latifolia)$. This alliance occurs along tidal freshwater reaches of rivers. One association is recognized along the south Atlantic Coast to South Carolina and possibly elsewhere. This can occur as a fringing shrubland, zonal between ~Zizania aquatica$ tidal marshes and tidal cypress - gum forests. Less commonly it occupies large patches in freshwater marshes. Other species characteristic of tidal situations often occur, including ~Rosa palustris$ and ~Zizania aquatica$. Another association is recognized in coastal areas with tidally influenced river systems from Maine to Virginia. Flood waters are typically slightly acid (pH less than 5) and soils are usually mineral without significant peat deposits. In these examples, ~Carex stricta$ may also be present and there is a great deal of micro-relief (tussocks and furrows) leading to high species diversity. Some shrub associates include ~Decodon verticillatus$ and ~Toxicodendron vernix$; some herbaceous associates are ~Osmunda regalis, Thelypteris palustris, Galium$ spp., ~Typha latifolia, Peltandra virginica, Mikania scandens, Symphyotrichum novi-belgii (= Aster novi-belgii), Boehmeria cylindrica, Impatiens capensis, Triadenum walteri, Asclepias incarnata, Carex emoryi, Carex atlantica ssp. atlantica (= Carex incomperta), Eriophorum virginicum, Platanthera clavellata$, and ~Xyris torta$.LVAL9]qA A.1859CWestVII.C.1.N.bPINUS PONDEROSA SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCEPonderosa Pine Sparsely Vegetated Alliance@WYM.S. REID}|pF   A.1858CSoutheastVII.C.1.N.bVITIS ROTUNDIFOLIAThis alliance includes sparse to dense shrub thickets on coastal dunes and shell ridges along the western Louisiana and upper Texas coasts. It is dominated by thorny shrubs, including ~Acacia farnesiana (= Acacia minuta ssp. minuta), Opuntia stricta var. dillenii, Lycium carolinianum var. quadrifidum, Zanthoxylum clava-herculis$, and ~Yucca aloifolia$. ~Celtis laevigata$ is often present as a small tree. The herb layer contains various dune herbs, but is usually dominated by ~Spartina patens$, with ~Astragalus leptocarpus$ being common. It grades through widely scattered shrubs to herb-dominated dune vegetation. This alliance is commonly grazed, and the abundance of thorny and spiny species may be partly the result of grazing pressure.This alliance includes tidal areas in upper marsh edges and flats dominated by ~Borrichia frutescens$. It occurs at spatial scales ranging from narrow bands to flats in excess of 500 ha; it often occurs either just below ~Iva frutescens$ or ~Baccharis halimifolia$, or just above ~Juncus roemerianus$ or ~Spartina alterniflora$. Other characteristic species include ~Spartina patens, Iva frutescens ssp. frutescens, Iva frutescens ssp. oraria$, and ~Limonium carolinianum$. In Texas, the composition of this low-diversity, irregularly tidally flooded shrubland is variable and can include ~Spartina spartinae, Sporobolus virginicus, Monanthochloe littoralis, Sarcocornia perennis, Limonium carolinianum, Lycium carolinianum var. quadrifidum, Rayjacksonia phyllocephala$, and ~Batis maritima$. Here, these communities often occur just above the lower tidal flat communities ~~Batis maritima - Sarcocornia perennis$ Dwarf-shrubland (CEGL003956)$$ or ~~Sarcocornia perennis - Batis maritima - Distichlis spicata$ Dwarf-shrubland (CEGL002278)$$.)LVAL5;$Xh$This giant conifer forest alliance occurs in the lower montane zone of southwestern Oregon at elevations of 1000-1800 m. The climate is cool and wet with moderate to deep snow accumulations. Summers are usually dry, and soil moisture is dependent upon winter snowpacks. Stands are generally associated with somewhat moist, topographically protected microhabitats, which are less fire-prone than surrounding areas. Soils are usually deep and comprised of deep ash deposits and organic layers in the Cascades, and fractured granitics in the south. These forests are often mixed with several codominant conifers in the overstory. ~Abies concolor$ is usually dominant and is always present in the regeneration layer. Depending upon elevation, moisture, geographic location, and site history, one to many other conifers may be present or codominant, including ~Pseudotsuga menziesii, Abies procera, Abies grandis, Abies amabilis, Abies magnifica, Tsuga heterophylla, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Calocedrus decurrens, Picea breweriana, Pinus contorta, Pinus monticola$, or ~Pinus ponderosa$. Hardwoods, including ~Lithocarpus densiflorus, Arbutus menziesii, Quercus kelloggii$, and ~Chrysolepis chrysophylla$, may form an open subcanopy. ~Lithocarpus densiflorus$ trees may also occur as small stands or scattered individuals throughout these forests. Associated tall shrubs are typically ericaceous, but may include cold-deciduous species. Common shrubs may include ~Quercus sadleriana, Mahonia nervosa, Acer circinatum, Arctostaphylos$ spp., ~Mahonia nervosa, Gaultheria shallon, Holodiscus discolor, Rhododendron macrophyllum, Rosa gymnocarpa, Symphoricarpos mollis$, and ~Ribes$ spp. The herbaceous layer is variable and includes a diverse mixture of forbs, ferns and graminoids. Diagnostic of this forest alliance is the presence of a giant upper tree canopy (>50 m tall) that is dominated or codominated by ~Abies concolor$ typically with an ~Abies concolor$-dominated tree regeneration layer.LVAL?* dA.1881CSoutheastV.B.2.N.hPOLYGONUM SPP. (SECTION PERSICARIA) SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESmartweed species Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous AlliancehYSCThis is technically not an alliance. It is a placeholder for a group of sparsely vegetated associations that do not have adequate vegetation descriptions, but do share certain substrate characteristics.These sparse shrublands occur along the rims of the Snake River and Imnaha River canyons in Idaho and eastern Oregon. Elevations range from 550-900 m, and the climate is temperate, continental. Mean annual precipitation is approximately 25-30 cm. Precipitation primarily occurs in the winter as snow or rain. This moisture is stored in the soil and in fractures in the highly weathered bedrock, and utilized during the usually dry summers. Stands are typically found on steep upper canyon slopes, but may occur on the lower canyon slopes. Sites are predominantly on hot, dry southwestern aspects although the alliance may occur on all aspects. Soils are shallow, well-drained loams or sandy loams with a high percentage of rock fragments (greater than 35% by volume and 40% ground cover), and derived from loess and various bedrock types. Vegetation included in this minor alliance has a sparse woody layer (usually less than 1 m tall) that is dominated by the xeromorphic shrub ~Glossopetalon spinescens$ (15-23% cover). The herbaceous layer is also relatively sparse (typically 10-20% cover). It is dominated by the perennial bunchgrass ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$. Other characteristic species include the annual grass ~Vulpia myuros$ and forbs such as ~Achillea millefolium, Cerastium arvense, Erigeron pumilus, Opuntia polyacantha$, and ~Phacelia heterophylla$. Moss and lichen cover is moderate and averages 22% cover. Exotic species, namely ~Bromus tectorum, Bromus japonicus$, and ~Bromus briziformis$, are often present. Adjacent stands include grasslands dominated by ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$ on sites with deeper soils.mLVAL3Jb:This is technically not an alliance. It is a place-holder for a group of sparsely vegetated associations that do not have adequate vegetation descriptions, but do share certain substrate characteristics.Inland dune characterized by large expanses of exposed sand. Exposure of sand in the primarily forested landscape is a result of anthropogenic activity (poor farming practices), or in some cases as a result of past alluvial flooding.This is technically not an alliance. It is a placeholder for a group of sparsely vegetated associations that do not have adequate vegetation descriptions, but do share certain substrate characteristics.This alliance occurs on alluvial terraces along the drainages that dissect the upper bajadas and lower canyons in central and south-central Arizona and in southwestern New Mexico. Stands are restricted to the corridors of intermittent streams by the arid upland environment. Sites are typically flat to gently sloping with northern and eastern aspects. Substrates are generally well-drained, coarse-textured soils. This relatively mesic shrubland alliance utilizes moisture from the water table and is dependent on intermittent flows or occasional flooding of washes to supplement soil moisture and maintain groundwater levels. Vegetation included in this alliance has a sparse to dense upper canopy of deciduous shrubs that is dominated by ~Celtis laevigata var. reticulata$. Other tall shrubs may include~Prosopis velutina$ or~Quercus grisea$. A sparse to moderately dense understory of short and dwarf-shrubs is usually present, including~Celtis pallida, Lycium$ spp.,~Rhus trilobata, Mimosa$ spp., and many others. The herbaceous component is usually a sparse layer of mixed perennial graminoids and forbs, but seasonally may have dense cover of annual species. Diagnostic of this riparian shrubland alliance is the dominance of the tall shrub ~Celtis laevigata var. reticulata$. kXTA13 dA.1914 A.1045CWestIII.B.3.N.bGRAYIA SPINOSA INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESpiny Hop-sage Intermittently Flooded Shrubland Alliance@EYM.S. REID/D. SARRS   A.1044CWestIII.B.3.N.bCHILOPSIS LINEARIS INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEDesert-willow Intermittently Flooded Shrubland Alliance@DYK. SCHULZW   A.1043CWestIII.B.3.N.aPROSOPIS VELUTINA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEVelvet Mesquite Shrubland Alliance@CYK. SCHULZwnma?   A.1042CWestIII.B.3.N.aPROSOPIS PUBESCENS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEAmerican Screwbean Shrubland Allianceb@BYK. SCHULZ{rqe@   A.1041CWestIII.B.3.N.aSARCOBATUS VERMICULATUS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBlack Greasewood Shrubland AllianceOAYK. SCHULZ~uthE   A.1040CWestIII.B.3.N.aRHUS MICROPHYLLA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCELittleleaf Sumac Shrubland AllianceR@YK. SCHULZwnma>   A.104CWestI.A.8.N.aCHAMAECYPARIS LAWSONIANA FOREST ALLIANCEPort Orford-cedar Forest Alliance >YM.S. REID/D. SARRnma@   A.1039CWestIII.B.3.N.aPSOROTHAMNUS POLYDENIUS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCENevada Smokebush Shrubland Alliance#@=YK. SCHULZ~uthE   A.1038CWestIII.B.3.N.aGRAYIA SPINOSA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESpiny Hop-sage Shrubland Alliance@<YM.S. REID/D. SARR{ji]<   A.1037CWestIII.B.3.N.aACACIA NEOVERNICOSA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEViscid Acacia Shrubland Alliance@;YK. SCHULZwnmaA   A.1036CWestIII.B.3.N.aACACIA GREGGII SHRUBLAND ALLIANCECatclaw Acacia Shrubland Alliance@:YK. SCHULZsji]<   A.1035CWestIII.B.3.N.aALOYSIA WRIGHTII SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWright's Beebrush Shrubland AllianceL@9YK. SCHULZxonb>   A.1034CWestIII.B.3.N.aHYMENOCLEA MONOGYRA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESingle-whorl Cheesebush Shrubland Alliance@9YK. SCHULZxwkA   A.1033CWestIII.B.3.N.aCELTIS LAEVIGATA VAR. RETICULATA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCENetleaf Hackberry Shrubland Alliance@7YK. SCHULZ~rN  LVAL^OJf= dA.1934CLatin AmericaI.A.1.N.cALCHORNEA LATIFOLIA - SOLANUM ACROPTERUM FOREST ALBeach vegetation, with scattered ~Cakile lanceolata$.Shrublands in this Chihuahuan Desert alliance occur on lower foothills of mountains and piedmont hills and ridges in southern New Mexico, western Texas, and southeastern Arizona. Elevation ranges from 1280-1930 m. Soils on the footslopes of hills are coarse, loamy, and shallow. On hills and ridges, the soils are clayey and shallow, covered by rocky colluvium. Stands have a sparse to dense cover of shrubs 1-2 m tall, dominated by ~Aloysia wrightii$ with the understory dominated by ~Perityle staurophylla$. No other information is available on the species composition of this alliance.Shrublands in this southwestern alliance occur along drainages that dissect bajadas and mesas in the Chihuahuan and Sonoran deserts. Elevations range from 640-1030 m. Stands are restricted by the arid climate to arroyo riparian zones and adjacent floodplains. The alluvial soils are generally sandy often with cobbles and boulders. These shrublands utilize moisture from the water table and are dependent on the intermittent flows and flooding of the channel to supplement soil moisture and maintain the groundwater levels. The sparse to moderately dense shrub layer is dominated by ~Hymenoclea monogyra$ usually with significant densities of ~Baccharis sarothroides$. ~Ambrosia ambrosioides$ is also typically present in lesser amounts. Less frequent or abundant shrubs include ~Acacia greggii, Parkinsonia microphylla, Celtis pallida, Eriogonum fasciculatum, Olneya tesota$, and ~Prosopis velutina$. The herbaceous layer is typically sparse. Two common herbs are ~Mentzelia pumila$ and ~Polanisia dodecandra ssp. trachysperma (= Polanisia trachysperma)$. Adjacent vegetation includes stands of ~Prosopis$ spp. bosques or desertscrub dominated by ~Larrea tridentata$ or ~Prosopis$ spp.KLVAL0+am=nThis is technically not an alliance. It is a placeholder for a group of sparsely vegetated associations that do not have adequate vegetation descriptions, but do share certain substrate characteristics.This is technically not an alliance. It is a placeholder for a group of sparsely vegetated associations that do not have adequate vegetation descriptions, but do share certain substrate characteristics.This is technically not an alliance. It is a placeholder for a group of sparsely vegetated associations that do not have adequate vegetation descriptions, but do share certain substrate characteristics.Hypersaline salt pannes dominated by ~Sesuvium verrucosum$, occurring in the Trans-Pecos region of western Texas.This is technically not an alliance. It is a placeholder for a group of sparsely vegetated associations that do not have adequate vegetation descriptions, but do share certain substrate characteristics.Shrublands included in this Sonoran Desert alliance occur on upland flats above bajada and arroyo shrublands. Elevation ranges from 480-760 m. Climate is arid and hot with half to two-thirds of the 18-32 cm of annual precipitation falling during the summer monsoon season. Substrates are alluvium derived from granite and schist. Soils are shallow, gravelly clay and clay loams. The dominant shrub is ~Acacia greggii$. Other characteristic species are ~Parkinsonia microphylla, Opuntia acanthocarpa, Larrea tridentata, Ericameria laricifolia, Krameria grayi, Acacia constricta$, and ~Prosopis velutina$. The dominance of ~Acacia greggii$ and the lack of ~Lycium exsertum$ and ~Ambrosia deltoidea$ are key characteristics that separate these shrublands from the more common ~Ambrosia deltoidea$-dominated bajada shrublands. The herbaceous layer is typically sparse and includes seasonally present annual forbs such as ~Lasthenia californica$. Adjacent vegetation is composed of shrublands usually dominated by ~Ambrosia deltoidea$.LVAL.C= gA.1977CLatin AmericaI.A.7.N.dPINUS TROPICALIS - ILEX MICROWRIGHTIOIDES FOREST ALLIANCETropical Pine - Ilex Forest Alliance4@YWEST INThorn-scrub on rocky hillsides, following disturbance. May vary structurally towards woodland or savanna structure.This shrubland, dominated by ~Lantana camara$, is a disturbance type, following fire.Pine woodland with canopy dominated by ~Pinus caribaea var. caribaea$ on the ferritic soils and serpentine outcrops of western Cuba (Cajlbana hills).This is technically not an alliance. It is a placeholder for a group of sparsely vegetated associations that do not have adequate vegetation descriptions, but do share certain substrate characteristics.Shrublands in this Chihuahuan Desert alliance occur on hills and alluvial slopes from Trans-Pecos Texas and New Mexico to southeastern Arizona and adjacent Mexico. Stands have sparse to dense cover of shrubs 1-2 m tall, dominated by ~Acacia neovernicosa$. It may occur in nearly pure stands of ~Acacia$ at middle elevations, but generally the shrub layer is very diverse. Other characteristics shrubs include ~Aloysia wrightii, Atriplex canescens, Dasylirion wheeleri, Ericameria laricifolia, Flourensia cernua, Parthenium incanum, Prosopis glandulosa$, and ~Yucca baccata$. Grasses are generally sparse, but ~Bouteloua curtipendula, Muhlenbergia porteri, Stipa$ spp., and a few shortgrass species may grow abundantly, especially at higher elevation sites. At middle elevations, grasses are more patchy, often found growing under shrubs. At lower elevations, ~Larrea tridentata$ and other Chihuahuan desertscrub species intermix. Cacti, such as ~Opuntia imbricata, Opuntia phaeacantha$, and ~Mammillaria$ spp. are also common. This alliance occurs on lower foothills of mountains and piedmont hills and ridges at elevations from 1280-1930 m. Soils on the footslopes of hills are coarse loamy and shallow, while those on hills and ridges are clayey and shallow, covered by rocky colluvium.;LVAL2Ih+kTBRainforest community usually occurring below 400 m altitude, on yellowish-red mountain soils, with essentially monospecific 30- to 35-m tall upper canopy layer of ~Carapa guianensis$, with second and third species-rich canopy layers.Vegetation in this alliance occurs throughout the lower to middle elevations (600-1600 m) of the Great Basin and the eastern Mojave Desert, usually on mountain slopes or alluvial fans bordering intermountain basins. The climate is arid to semi-arid with precipitation ranging from 15-30 cm annually. Winter precipitation dominates in the western area, with summer rain becoming more important eastward. Soils are highly variable, but are generally coarse-textured and well-drained, and often alkaline. The vegetation is more drought-tolerant than ~Artemisia tridentata$-dominated communities and typically occurs where local climate or salty soils create high moisture stress. This alliance is characterized by a sparse to moderately dense shrub layer of ~Grayia spinosa$. Other shrub species are species of Mojavean or Great Basin affinities. Species found in southern stands include ~Menodora spinescens, Picrothamnus desertorum (= Artemisia spinescens), Ephedra nevadensis, Atriplex confertifolia, Atriplex canescens, Coleogyne ramosissima$, and ~Larrea tridentata$. Occasionally, scattered individuals of ~Yucca brevifolia$ may be emergent through the shrub layer. The herbaceous layer in these xeric southern stands is typically sparse with ~Achnatherum speciosum (= Stipa speciosa), Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii), Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Navarretia$ spp., and ~Eriogonum$ spp. being common associates. Northward, and at higher elevations, the Mojavean element drops out, and common shrub associates include ~Artemisia nova, Artemisia tridentata, Ephedra viridis, Chrysothamnus$ spp., and ~Prunus andersonii$. Herbaceous associates include ~Elymus elymoides, Poa secunda, Stipa$ spp., and ~Festuca$ spp.LVALgwE@.$zQF<epQEUEEe%%u$zQGepQResaca bottoms and other intermittently or temporarily flooded areas dominated by ~Acacia farnesiana (= Acacia minuta ssp. minuta), Parkinsonia aculeata, Mimosa pigra$, and ~Sesbania drummondii$.Tall evergreen forests of Hispaniola dominated by ~Mora abbotti$, occurring below 800 m altitude in areas with an average yearly rainfall of more than 2400 mm.Submontane forest community codominated by ~Laplacea haematoxylon$, occurring (at present) slightly above 600 m elevation in Jamaica, on dark-brown soils derived from shales or volcanic bedrocks.Tropical submontane rainforests dominated by ~Hyeronima nipensis$, on acid ferralitic soils derived from serpentine bedrocks, in eastern Cuba.Tree-fern forests of Puerto Rico, dominated by ~Cyathea arborea$ and other tree ferns, including ~Cnemidaria horrida$.This shrubland alliance is found in drainage bottoms in the Great Basin. Elevation ranges from 670-2250 m. Sites include sandy alluvial flats, plains and washes, typically are flat to undulating, and occur on all aspects. The soils are well-drained, moderately deep and coarse-textured with a sandy surface over sandy loams. Soils are derived from sandy/gravelly alluvium. Stands have a sparse woody layer dominated by the xeromorphic, deciduous, subdesert shrub ~Psorothamnus polydenius$. Other common shrubs and dwarf-shrubs present may include ~Atriplex canescens, Krascheninnikovia lanata, Tetradymia glabrata$, and occasional ~Artemisia tridentata$. The herbaceous layer ranges from sparse to possibly moderately dense, but no cover values are available. Frequent graminoids are ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Elymus elymoides$, and the exotic annual ~Bromus tectorum$. Common forbs consist of ~Phacelia$ spp., ~Abronia fragrans, Gayophytum ramosissimum, Mentzelia multiflora, Cleome lutea, Navarretia$ sp., and ~Sphaeralcea coccinea$.LVAL ?This coniferous forest alliance occurs in a very restricted range in the Klamath/Siskiyou mountain region of northern California and southern Oregon, but shows wide ecological amplitude within that range. Winters are cool and wet; summers are warm and dry. Coastal stands are usually associated with penetration of ocean fog events, and are particularly well-developed on moist toeslopes and valley bottoms of coastal river drainages. Disjunct inland stands occur at up to 2000 m elevation in the southern Cascades and inner Klamath Mountains where stands occur in moist microhabitats, often in association with streams or springs. Soils are often moist, coarse-textured, ultra-mafic soils with perched water tables derived from alluvium or colluvium. These mixed conifer forests are characterized by ~Chamaecyparis lawsoniana$ codominant in the tree canopy. ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ is codominant or common in most stands. Additional codominants include ~Tsuga heterophylla$ in northern stands and ~Picea sitchensis$ in coastal stands. Other conifers present may include ~Abies concolor, Abies magnifica, Taxus brevifolia, Picea breweriana$, and ~Chamaecyparis nootkatensis$. Northern stands often have a broad-leaved tree subcanopy of ~Acer macrophyllum, Chrysolepis chrysophylla (= Castanopsis chrysophylla), Lithocarpus densiflorus$, or ~Alnus rubra$, and a tall-shrub stratum of ~Acer circinatum, Rhododendron macrophyllum, Vaccinium parvifolium$, or ~Gaultheria shallon$. Shorter shrubs may include ~Leucothoe davisiae, Mahonia nervosa, Paxistima myrsinites, Chimaphila umbellata, Rubus ursinus, Vaccinium membranaceum$, or ~Rosa gymnocarpa$. Herbaceous layers commonly have shade-tolerant species such as ~Polystichum munitum, Clintonia uniflora, Goodyera oblongifolia, Linnaea borealis$, and ~Oxalis oregana$. The tree canopies of southern interior stands may include ~Lithocarpus densiflorus, Arbutus menziesii, Calocedrus decurrens$, and ~Umbellularia californica$. Ericaceous and other shrubs such as ~Quercus sadleriana, LVALIp jf A.2564CWestV.A.5.N.dELYMUS GLAUCUS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBlue Wild Rye Herbaceous AllianceY]]\\;   A.2563CWestIII.B.2.N.eSALIX ORESTERA SEASONALLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEGrayleaf Sierran Willow Seasonally Flooded Shrubland AllianceYO   A.2562CWestIII.B.2.N.eSALIX MELANOPSIS SEASONALLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEDusky Willow Seasonally Flooded Shrubland AllianceYQ   A.2561CWestI.A.8.N.cABIES MAGNIFICA - ABIES CONCOLOR FOREST ALLIANCECalifornia Red Fir - White Fir Forest AllianceYxxwwI   A.2560CWestI.A.8.N.bABIES CONCOLOR - PINUS LAMBERTIANA FOREST ALLIANCEWhite Fir - Sugar Pine Forest AllianceYrrqqK   ,A.256CSoutheastI.B.2.N.aROBINIA PSEUDOACACIA FOREST ALLIANCEBlack Locust Forest AllianceO@YD.J. ALLARDuji]A   A.2559CWestI.A.8.N.bPINUS PONDEROSA - CALOCEDRUS DECURRENS FOREST ALLIANCEPonderosa Pine - Incense-cedar Forest AllianceY~~}}O   A.2558CWestI.B.2.N.bQUERCUS KELLOGGII FOREST ALLIANCEBlack Oak Forest AllianceYWCSWTSS:   A.2557CWestIII.A.4.N.aARTEMISIA CANA (SSP. BOLANDERI, SSP. VISCIDULA) SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE(Bolander Silver Sagebrush, Mountain Silver Sagebrush) Shrubland Alliance~@YS. RUST, D. TART, D. SARR̳]   A.2556CWestV.A.7.N.eARTEMISIA TRIPARTITA SSP. RUPICOLA SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWyoming Threetip Sagebrush Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YG. JONESU   A.2555CWestV.A.7.N.eARTEMISIA TRIDENTATA SSP. SPICIFORMIS SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESpiked Big Sagebrush Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@ND. TART, M.S. REIDX   A.2554CWestV.A.7.N.eARTEMISIA CANA SSP. CANA SHRUB HERBACEOUQuercus vacciniifolia$, and ~Morella californica (= Myrica californica)$ dominate the shrub layer. Important herbs may include ~Xerophyllum tenax$, in addition to the species above. Diagnostic of this forest alliance is ~Chamaecyparis lawsoniana$ codominant in the tree canopy.LVALo> A.2579CWestIII.B.2.N.gSALIX FARRIAE SATURATED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEFarr's Willow Saturated Shrubland AlliaShrublands in this Chihuahuan alliance occur on upland and basin sites in southern New Mexico. Elevation ranges from 1250-1500 m. The climate is semi-arid with approximately two-thirds of the highly variable annual precipitation falling July through October. These shrublands are found on several landforms and substrates including gullied ancient river terraces. These 'badlands' were composed of decomposed rhyolite tuff and alluvium. Ground cover was 30% bare ground, 15% gravel, 5% rock, 45% litter, 2% basal vegetation, and 3% moss. This stand grades into ~Larrea tridentata$-dominated plains below and semi-desert grasslands at higher elevations. Communities in this alliance are described from sandy sites in the Tularosa Basin and Sacramento foothills, and on silty soils on upland piedmont swales. Sites are flat to moderately sloping, often with a cooler northwest aspect. There is a sparse to moderately dense short-shrub layer, dominated by the xeromorphic deciduous shrub ~Rhus microphylla$. The herbaceous layer is very sparse in some stands to luxuriant in others, and is typically dominated by perennial bunch grasses. One stand contained shrub canopy covers of 15%, 5%, and 1% for ~Rhus microphylla, Fallugia paradoxa$, and ~Parthenium incanum$, respectively, with scattered ~Nolina microcarpa, Yucca baccata$, and ~Yucca elata$. Graminoid canopy cover was sparse with 2% ~Bouteloua curtipendula$, and lesser cover of ~Aristida purpurea var. longiseta, Bouteloua eriopoda$, and ~Bouteloua hirsuta$. Forbs were also sparse with 1% canopy cover each of ~Pectis filipes$ and ~Croton$ spp., and <1% total canopy cover of 10 other forb species. Stands of ~Rhus microphylla$ have been reported with dense graminoid understories of ~Sporobolus wrightii$ or ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$, along with other sand-adapted and sand-tolerant species.LVALok-vs@ A.2590CWestI.A.8.N.fPINUS MONTICOLA SEASONALLY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEWestern White Pine Seasonally FlooThis widespread shrubland alliance has been described from badlands in the northern Great Plains, silt dunes around pluvial lakes in the Great Basin, and alluvial plains in north-central New Mexico. Sites are nearly flat to steep and are located on contouring microbenches on middle or lower slopes with generally southern aspects. The microbenches are the result of differential erosion of shale layers. Lowland sites may receive overland flow during intense summer thunderstorms, but drain and are not considered flooded. However, some sites have high water tables. Soils are generally fine-textured, poorly drained, calcareous, alkaline and saline. Soils from some sites have large amounts of rock. The soil surface is mostly bare ground often with white salt crust. Shrublands included in this alliance are dominated by ~Sarcobatus vermiculatus$. Other characteristic shrubs and dwarf-shrubs may include ~Artemisia tridentata, Atriplex canescens, Atriplex confertifolia, Chrysothamnus$ spp., ~Grayia spinosa, Gutierrezia sarothrae$, or ~Suaeda moquinii$. The herbaceous layer is absent to moderately sparse (<25%) and composed of scattered perennial grasses, such as ~Pseudoroegneria spicata, Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii), Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Sporobolus cryptandrus$, and ~Bouteloua gracilis$. Annual grasses, especially the exotics ~Bromus tectorum$ and ~Bromus japonicus$, may be present. Forbs are sparse except on disturbed, weedy sites. Forb species may include ~Eriogonum pauciflorum, Suaeda calceoliformis, Thelypodium sagittatum, Halogeton glomeratus$, and ~Lepidium perfoliatum$. Occasionally cacti, small trees or yucca may be present in New Mexican stands. Diagnostic of this alliance is the ~Sarcobatus vermiculatus$-dominated shrub layer in a shrubland that has a relatively shallow water table, but is not flooded.LVAL:L j\u A.2603CWESTV.A.5.N.gCAREX HELLERI HERBACEOUSThis alliance includes pastures and other disturbed areas, including many roadsides, dominated by ~Dichanthium annulatum$, either as the result of seeding (pasture improvement) or exotic invasion.This woodland alliance occurs in a blackland prairie landscape and occurs in deep mesic soils on level terrain, typically as relatively narrow communities adjacent to ephemeral streams.Inland saline and gypseous shrub communities characterized by ~Varilla texana$ and ~Castela erecta$.This shrubland alliance occurs in floodplains of a large river basin in the Chihuahuan Desert. It possibly occurs in sites along the lower Colorado River in California and Arizona, but more survey is need. Sites are typically upper terraces along perennial streams. Slope is level to gentle. ~Prosopis pubescens$ is able to reach deep groundwater; however, the presence of ~Distichlis spicata$ usually indicates a relatively shallow water table of less than 1.5 m. Spring floods may or may not reach individual stands every year. Soils are derived from alluvium. Some sites have moderate to high soil salinity. Vegetation included in this desert riparian alliance is characterized by a tall-shrub canopy dominated by the broad-leaved deciduous thorny shrub ~Prosopis pubescens$, which may reach heights of 10 m. Canopy cover of this species is highly variable, but typically between 30-60%. There is a sparse short-shrub layer, also composed of broad-leaved deciduous species, including ~Baccharis salicifolia, Lycium andersonii, Rhus trilobata, Suaeda suffrutescens$, and ~Pluchea sericea$. The most common species in the herbaceous layer are the perennial grasses ~Distichlis spicata$ and ~Sporobolus airoides$. There is also a component of weedy, annual forbs, many of them introduced. Diagnostic of this alliance is the dominance of ~Prosopis pubescens$ in the shrub canopy.LVALX]_LB A.2616CWESTVII.A.2.N.aPENSTEMON NEWBERRYI SPARSELCommunities dominated by a 4- to 5-m tall ~Conocarpus erectus$ tree layer, at the inner side of the mangrove belt, mostly in lagoons with concentrated saltwater.This shrubland alliance occurs in the Chihuahuan and Sonoran deserts. Sites include sandy plains, mesas, bajadas, drainage terraces and channels, floodplains and rocky slopes. Although ~Prosopis velutina$ is deep rooted, it typically occurs on sites with shallow water tables, especially along arroyos. Sites are generally flat or on gentle to moderate south-facing slopes. Substrates are generally coarse-textured, but may include gravelly clay loams. Some sites are moderately saline. Shrublands included in this alliance are dominated by the shrub/small tree ~Prosopis velutina$. ~Acacia greggii$ and~Celtis laevigata var. reticulata$ are frequent riparian scrub codominants. These shrublands often have high shrub diversity and may include ~Acacia constricta, Chilopsis linearis, Ericameria laricifolia, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Hymenoclea salsola, Isocoma tenuisecta, Juniperus monosperma, Larrea tridentata, Mimosa aculeaticarpa var. biuncifera (= Mimosa biuncifera)$, and ~Rhus$ spp. The herbaceous layer has sparse to moderate cover of medium-tall and short perennial grasses. Characteristic perennial grasses include ~Aristida$ spp., ~Bouteloua curtipendula, Bouteloua eriopoda, Dasyochloa pulchella (= Erioneuron pulchellum), Elymus elymoides, Hilaria belangeri, Muhlenbergia porteri$, and ~Sporobolus$ spp. Annual grasses are present, but have sparse cover. Forbs are also sparse, but may include species of ~Datura, Mentzelia, Polanisia$, and ~Rumex$. Succulents are often present and may include ~Agave$ spp., ~Ferocactus wislizeni, Opuntia$ spp., ~Yucca baccata$, or ~Yucca elata$ depending on geography. Diagnostic of this alliance is the dominance of ~Prosopis velutina$ in the shrub layer.LVAL`XYk D& gA.271CSoutheastI.B.2.N.aQUERCUS ALBA MONTANE FOREST ALLIANCEWhite Oak Montane Forest AllianceYD.J. ALLARD, MOD.onbA   A.27CLatin AmericaI.A.1.N.dCLUSIA PLUKENETII FOREST AThis alliance consists of sparsely vegetated saline flats in interior situations of the southeastern coastal plain.This alliance includes shrublands occurring along ephemeral, intermittently flooded streams in the southwestern United States, dominated by ~Chilopsis linearis$. Shrublands within this southwestern desert alliance occur within and along drainages that dissect bajadas, mesas and plains in the Chihuahuan, Sonoran, Colorado, Mojave and southern Great Basin deserts usually below 1600 m in elevation. Specific sites are known from western Texas, southern Nevada, southern California, and the Mexican state of Coahuila. They also occur in southern New Mexico and Arizona, and Sonora, Mexico. They are restricted by the arid climate to arroyo riparian zones and adjacent floodplains. The best examples of this community are in the lower portions of the arroyo where the streambed widens. This community is dependent on the intermittent flows/flooding of the channel to supplement soil moisture. In western Texas, these shrublands occur on cobble beds of intermittently flooded streams. These communities have a 2- to 5-m tall woody layer that is dominated by the xeromorphic, cold-deciduous shrub ~Chilopsis linearis$. Other characteristic shrubs may include ~Acacia greggii, Baccharis salicifolia (= Baccharis glutinosa), Baccharis pteronioides, Brickellia laciniata, Fallugia paradoxa, Hymenoclea monogyra, Indigofera lindheimeriana, Platanus occidentalis$, or ~Salix nigra$. The usually sparse herbaceous layer is dominated by annual grasses such as ~Bouteloua barbata$. In southern Nevada, stands are surrounded by Mojavean desertscrub dominated by ~Larrea tridentata$ or ~Coleogyne ramosissima$. In western Texas, stands are surrounded by Chihuahuan desertscrub dominated by ~Larrea tridentata$.LVAL :u A.286CMidwestI.B.2.N.dFRAXINUS PENNSYLVANICA - ULMUS AMERICANA - CELTIS (OCCIDENTALIS, LAEVIGATA) TEMPORARILY FLOODED FORETropical montane rainforests of Jamaica on limestone-derived soils, over 900 m elevation, with ~Alchornea latifolia, Solanum acropterum, Calyptronoma occidentalis, Piper discolor$, and other species.Herbaceous communities dominated by ~Carex barrattii$.This alliance is found in the transition zone between the Mojave Desert and the Great Basin in eastern California and southern Nevada at elevations from 1000-1800 m. Stands occur in areas with low topographic relief, such as ephemeral drainages and playa margins. Some sites may experience short-term flooding following precipitation or snowmelt. The affinity of this vegetation for basins and drainages may have more to do with winter cold-air drainage than soil moisture or other edaphic characteristics. Soils are generally medium-textured and often somewhat alkaline. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by a sparse to moderately dense shrub layer of ~Grayia spinosa$, usually in association with ~Lycium andersonii$ or ~Lycium pallidum$. Other shrub species include ~Atriplex canescens, Ephedra nevadensis, Krascheninnikovia lanata, Picrothamnus desertorum (= Artemisia spinescens)$, and ~Tetradymia axillaris$. The herbaceous layer is usually very sparse and is composed of perennial bunch grasses, including ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$ and ~Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii)$, with scattered forbs. Frequent perennial forbs include ~Calochortus kennedyi, Castilleja applegatei ssp. martinii (= Castilleja chromosa), Lomatium mohavense$, and ~Astragalus$ spp. Annual grasses and forbs include ~Bromus rubens, Oxytheca perfoliata, Eriogonum deflexum, Mentzelia$ spp., and ~Camissonia$ spp. Diagnostic of this desert alliance is the dominance of ~Grayia spinosa$ in the shrub layer with over 25% cover.LVAL=X- ,A.3006CEastVI.A.1.N.cSPHAGNUM CUSPIDATUM - CLADOPODIELLA FLUITANS SATURATED NONVASCULAR ALLIANCEToothed Peatmoss - Cladopodiella Moss Saturated Nonvascular AllianceZ@YL. SNEDDONe   ,A.3005CEThis widespread shrubland alliance occurs on lowland sites in plains, mountain valleys and intermountain basins throughout the arid and semi-arid western United States. Sites are generally flat, poorly drained and intermittently flooded with a shallow or perched water table often within 1 m depth such as alkali flats around playas and floodplains along stream channels. Substrates are generally shallow, calcareous, fine-textured soils derived from alluvium. Soils are alkaline and typically moderately saline. Shrublands included in this alliance are dominated or codominated by ~Sarcobatus vermiculatus$. Other shrubby codominants include ~Picrothamnus desertorum (= Artemisia spinescens), Artemisia tridentata, Atriplex confertifolia, Atriplex gardneri, Chrysothamnus$ spp., or ~Grayia spinosa$. In more saline environments, ~Nitrophila occidentalis$ and ~Suaeda moquinii$ may be present. If present, the sparse to moderate herbaceous layer is dominated by perennial grasses, such as ~Distichlis spicata$ and ~Pascopyrum smithii$, or the perennial bunch grasses ~Elymus elymoides, Hordeum jubatum, Leymus cinereus$, and ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$ will dominate. Perennial forbs are typically sparse and often include ~Grindelia squarrosa, Iva axillaris$, and ~Sphaeralcea coccinea$. Annual grasses, especially the exotic ~Bromus$ spp., may be present to abundant. Forbs are common on disturbed sites. Weedy annual forbs may include the exotics ~Descurainia$ spp., ~Helianthus annuus, Halogeton glomeratus, Lactuca serriola$, and ~Lepidium perfoliatum$. Diagnostic of this alliance is the ~Sarcobatus vermiculatus$-dominated shrub layer in a shrubland that has a relatively shallow water table and may be flooded intermittently during the growing season. G +;-XH ,A.3018CEastV.A.5.N.nACORUS CALAMUS TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESweetflag Tidal Herbaceous Alliance@!YS.L. NEIDzqp A.1057CWestIII.C.3.N.bGRAYIA SPINOSA - EPHEDRA VIRIDIS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESpiny Hop-sage - Mormon-tea Shrubland AllianceYM.S. REID}||N   A.1055CSoutheastIII.C.2.N.fZENOBIA PULVERULENTA - CYRILLA RACEMIFLORA SATURATED WOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEHoneycups - Titi Saturated Wooded Shrubland Alliance@KYM.P. SCHAFALE/A.S. WEAKLEȯn    A.1054CSoutheastIII.C.2.N.eZENOBIA PULVERULENTA - LYONIA LUCIDA - ILEX (CORIACEA, GLABRA) SATURATED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEHoneycups - Shining Fetterbush - (Big Gallberry, Little Gallberry) Saturated Shrubland Alliance@KYA.S. WEAKLEY/M.P. SCHAFAL{    A.1053CSoutheastIII.C.2.N.cJUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA - LEPTOPUS PHYLLANTHOIDES INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEEastern Red-cedar - Maidenbush Intermittently Flooded Shrubland AllianceT@KYJ. CAMPBELL/D. ZOLLNERx    A.1052CWestIII.C.2.N.aABIES LASIOCARPA - ACER GLABRUM SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESubalpine Fir - Rocky Mountain Maple Shrubland Alliance@JYK. SCHULZM   A.1050CEastIII.C.2.N.aKALMIA LATIFOLIA - GAYLUSSACIA BACCATA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEMountain Laurel - Black Huckleberry Shrubland Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYT   A.105CWestI.A.8.N.aPICEA SITCHENSIS GIANT FOREST ALLIANCESitka Spruce Giant Forest Alliance~IYM.S. REID/D. SARR~ml`>   A.1049CSoutheastIII.C.2.N.aJUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA - RHUS AROMATICA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEEastern Red-cedar - Fragrant Sumac Shrubland Alliance @HYJ.R. ALLISON/A.R. SCHOTZ/X    eA.1047CLatin AmericaIII.C.1.N.bCOLUBRINA ELLIPTICA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESoldierwood Shrubland AllianceYLACDmihhJ$   A.1046CWestIII.B.3.N.bSARCOBATUS VERMICULATUS INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBlack Greasewood Intermittently Flooded Shrubland AllianceFYK. SCHULZ\  LVAL7ERainforest vegetation dominated or codominated by ~Magnolia pallescens$, on the exposed summits and ridges of the Cordillera Central (Hispaniola), between 1100 and 1600 m elevation, on reddish or yellowish acidic montane soils.Montane rainforests dominated or codominated by ~Magnolia hamorii$ on the exposed summits of Sierra de Bahoruco Oriental (Hispaniola), between 950 and 1500 m elevation.Tropical montane rainforests dominated or codominated by ~Bonnetia cubensis$, on rather poor acid ferralitic soils, in the serpentine plateaus of eastern Cuba between 800 and 900 m elevation.This alliance, encompassing shrubland zones of calcareous glades and rocky cliffs, is a zonal component of these systems; it occupies deeper soil zones around herbaceous-dominated flatrock glades or exposed areas at the tops of cliffs. It may occur as islands in herbaceous-dominated areas or as a marginal zone varying from 5-30 m in width. Examples are known from the limestone glades of the Central Basin of Tennessee, limestone outcrops of the Alabama Cumberland Plateau, dolostone glades associated with the Cahaba River in Bibb County, Alabama, the Moulton Valley glade systems of northern Alabama, or rocky limestone cliffs in central Kentucky. Characteristic shrubs include ~Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana, Rhus aromatica var. aromatica, Frangula caroliniana, Forestiera ligustrina, Berchemia scandens, Hypericum frondosum, Sideroxylon lycioides$, and stunted individuals of ~Acer saccharum, Quercus muehlenbergii, Quercus shumardii$ (in Tennessee examples), ~Quercus austrina$ (in Bibb County, Alabama, examples), ~Fraxinus americana$, and ~Ulmus alata$. Typically grades into open, herbaceous-dominated glades or into woodlands or forests commonly dominated by ~Quercus muehlenbergii, Quercus stellata, Fraxinus americana, Fraxinus quadrangulata$, and/or ~Celtis laevigata$.rLVAL~KQo A.341CWestThis giant conifer forest alliance is found within the maritime climate-influenced region of the Pacific Northwest, from northern California to southern Alaska, usually within 50 km of tidewater and below 1000 m in elevation. Stands typically occur on coastal terraces, but extend up river valleys and seaward slopes of coastal mountains. Stands occur on moderate to steep slopes with shallow to moderately deep soils and on stabilized coastal dunes with sandy soils. Forests included of this alliance are dominated by ~Picea sitchensis$, but ~Tsuga heterophylla$ and ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ may codominate the canopy, especially at the most inland sites. Other common trees include ~Thuja plicata, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis$ in northern stands, ~Abies grandis, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana$, or ~Sequoia sempervirens$ in southern stands, and ~Pinus contorta$ on semi-stabilized dunes along the coast of Oregon and northern California. Broad-leaved trees include the shade-tolerant ~Acer macrophyllum$, which may form a sparse subcanopy in older stands, and the seral species ~Alnus rubra$ and ~Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa$ in disturbed stands. An ericaceous tall-shrub layer is common, with ~Vaccinium parvifolium$ or ~Menziesia ferruginea$ abundant at moist sites, and ~Rhododendron macrophyllum, Vaccinium ovatum$, or ~Gaultheria shallon$ more important at drier sites. ~Rubus spectabilis$ is common and persistent following disturbance, and the low-shrub ~Oplopanax horridus$ is common at very wet sites. The herbaceous layer is dominated by mesic, shade-tolerant ferns and forbs such as ~Polystichum munitum, Oxalis oregana, Maianthemum dilatatum, Blechnum spicant$, and ~Athyrium filix-femina$. Mosses and lichens are abundant on logs, snags, trees, or the ground surface. Diagnostic of this forest alliance is the presence of a giant upper tree canopy (>50 m tall) that is dominated by ~Picea sitchensis$.OLVAL7]\\6ijHumid montane rainforests of eastern Cuba forming a vegetation belt between 800 and 1600 m on mountain yellow tropical soils. Prevalent trees in these forests are ~Ocotea ekmanii$ and ~Magnolia cubensis ssp. cubensis$.These shrublands have been described from subalpine avalanche paths in mountains of Glacier National Park in northwestern Montana, but are likely throughout the northern Rocky Mountains. Elevations in northwestern Montana range from 950-2200 m. Stands are located on the lower portions of avalanche tracks and in the runout zones. Slopes range from 15-60%. These communities can occur on any aspect, but are more common where unstable snowpack conditions frequently occur, such as southeastern aspects where snow cornices develop because of prevailing northwesterly winds, and south- to southwest-facing slopes because of suncrust formation. Stands may be more common west of the Continental Divide where snowpack is heavier. Sites are often mesic because avalanche paths are often in stream gullies. Substrate is variable depending on parent materials, but is typically shallow and rocky. Vegetation is characterized by a moderately dense, woody canopy of dwarfed and damaged conifers and small, deciduous trees/shrubs. This canopy is codominated by ~Abies lasiocarpa$ and ~Acer glabrum$. Other common woody plants include ~Paxistima myrsinites, Alnus viridis ssp. sinuata, Alnus incana, Sorbus scopulina$, and on drier sites ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$. Where avalanches occur annually or more often, conifers are rare and brushy deciduous trees and shrubs are common. Where avalanches are less frequent, stands dominated by conifers less than 4 m tall develop. The herbaceous layer is moderately dense to dense and composed of a mixture of graminoids, forbs, mosses and ferns. Diagnostic of this alliance is the avalanched-disturbed, tall-shrub layer composed of dwarfed and damaged ~Abies lasiocarpa$ and ~Acer glabrum$ trees and shrubs.LVAL!1b A.3542CMidwestV.C.2.N.aMYRIOPHYLLUM SPP. PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWater-milfoil species Permanently Flooded Herbaceous AllianceYMCSThese are deciduous (actually mixed) high pocosins of the Coastal Plain of the Carolinas. This alliance is characterized by scattered ~Pinus serotina$ over dense deciduous and evergreen shrubs. Dominant shrubs include ~Zenobia pulverulenta, Cyrilla racemiflora, Lyonia lucida$, and ~Kalmia cuneata$. The deciduous component is typically the major portion of the shrub cover. It is placed in a mixed evergreen-deciduous formation because the shrubs are both deciduous and evergreen.Low pocosins of Outer Coastal Plain peat domes. ~Zenobia pulverulenta, Lyonia lucida, Ilex glabra, Ilex coriacea$, and sometimes ~Cyrilla racemiflora$ are characteristic species and usually codominant in various combinations. This alliance includes mixed evergreen-deciduous low pocosins of peat domes (ombrotrophic blanket bogs) of the Outer Coastal Plain of North Carolina. In these examples, the shrub height (0.5-2 m) is maintained primarily by extremely poor nutrient status, and secondarily by occasional fire. These typically have very scattered, stunted (less than 5 m tall) ~Pinus serotina$ (less than 10% cover). Other characteristic species include ~Ilex coriacea, Lyonia lucida$, and ~Woodwardia virginica$.This alliance includes mixed evergreen-deciduous shrublands on exposed bedrock in the highest portions of riverine scour zones. Species present include ~Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana, Leptopus phyllanthoides (= Andrachne phyllanthoides), Quercus nigra$, and ~Ilex vomitoria$. The shrub vegetation is maintained by flash flooding events. These areas are scoured by floods that reach 5 m or more above normal summer pools. This vegetation is currently defined only from the Ouachita Mountain region of eastern Oklahoma. More information is needed to better define the range of this alliance.LVALN=i(~ A.375CSoutheastI.C.2.N.aQUERCUS VIRGINIANA - QUERCUS PAGODA FOREST ALLIANCELive Oak - Cherrybark Oak Forest AllianMontane cloud forests of Hispaniola, with ~Magnolia pallescens$ and other tree species dominating the canopy, on the exposed summits and ridges of Cordillera Central, over 1700 m elevation.Montane cloud forests codominated by ~Didymopanax tremulus$ and ~Podocarpus aristulatus$, on the highlands of Hispaniola, between 1600 and 2200 m elevation.A shrubland in this alliance was described from the east-facing slope of Bishop's Cap Peak (elevation 1465 m) in southwestern New Mexico. It occurred on ledges below limestone cliffs in a habitat common in other limestone areas in the northern Chihuahuan Desert, and may occur elsewhere. Climate is arid to semi-arid with hot summers. Freezing temperatures may occur during the winter. Mean annual precipitation is approximately 28 cm. Precipitation can vary greatly from year to year with drought not uncommon. Annual precipitation has bimodal distribution with about a third of the annual precipitation occurring in late winter and two-thirds in July through October. The summer rain often occurs as high-intensity convective storms. The most arid season is late spring and early summer. The rocky, calcareous, alkaline soils are derived from limestone. The vegetation is moderately dense (50% cover), and is dominated by xeromorphic deciduous and microphyllous evergreen shrubs to 2 m tall. Stands are codominated by ~Lycium berlandieri$ and ~Larrea tridentata$ with 15% and 11% canopy cover, respectively. Other common shrubs include ~Atriplex canescens, Aloysia wrightii, Ephedra aspera, Flourensia cernua$, and ~Menodora scabra$ with 5.7%, 5.4%, 2%, 2% and 0.6% canopy cover, respectively. The herbaceous layer is usually sparse. The grass ~Muhlenbergia porteri$ and the forb ~Bahia absinthifolia$ are common perennials. Annuals are seasonally present. T;"`DJ1 A.1070CWestIV.A.1.N.aWIKSTROEMIA SPP. DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEAkia species Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSlihhC   A.107CWestI.A.8.N.aPSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII - TSUGA HETEROPHYLLA FOREST ALLIANCEDouglas-fir - Western Hemlock Forest AllianceSYD. SARRR   A.1069CWestIV.A.1.N.aVITEX ROTUNDIFOLIA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEKolokolo Kahakai Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSronnE   A.1068CWestIV.A.1.N.aSCAEVOLA CORIACEA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEDwarf Naupaka Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSnkjjD   A.1067CWestIV.A.1.N.aSADLERIA CYATHEOIDES - METROSIDEROS POLYMORPHA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEAmaumau Fern - 'Ohi'a Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSa   A.1066CWestIV.A.1.N.aOSTEOMELES ANTHYLLIDIFOLIA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE'Ulei Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSolkkM   A.1065CWestIV.A.1.N.aMETROSIDEROS POLYMORPHA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE'Ohi'a Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSmjiiJ   A.1063CSoutheastIV.A.1.N.aLEIOPHYLLUM BUXIFOLIUM DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESand-myrtle Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@RYA.S. WEAKLEY/K.D. PATTERS~rN   A.1062CEastIV.A.1.N.aHUDSONIA TOMENTOSA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWoolly Beach-heather Dwarf-shrubland Alliance\@QYA.S. WEAKLEY/L.E. MORSE~rE   A.1061CSoutheastIV.A.1.N.aCHRYSOMA PAUCIFLOSCULOSA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWoody-goldenrod Dwarf-shrubland Alliancey@PYA.S. WEAKLEYxP   A.1060CWestIV.A.1.N.aBIDENS SPP. DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBeggarticks species Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSnkjj>   A.106CWestI.A.8.N.aPSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII - LITHOCARPUS DENSIFLORUS FOREST ALLIANCEDouglas-fir - Tanoak Forest AllianceNYD. SARR{W   A.1059CWestIV.A.1.N.aARTEMISIA AUSTRALIS DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEOahu Wormwood Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSpmllF   A.1058CWestIII.C.3.N.bLYCIUM BERLANDIERI - LARREA TRIDENTATA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESilver Desert-thorn - Creosotebush Shrubland Alliance@LYK. SCHULZT  LVAL OThis forest alliance occurs in the maritime-influenced mountains of northern California and southern Oregon. This region has mild winter temperatures, hot summers, and receives winter rain followed by summer drought. Drought stress is ameliorated somewhat by fogs in coastal stands. These forests occur along low- to moderate-elevation (0-1300 m) mountain slopes and valley margins, with an increasing affinity for moist topographic positions away from the coast and southward. These forests are characterized by a tall (50 m), open canopy of ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$. Other coniferous trees that may be present in the upper tree layer include ~Sequoia sempervirens, Pinus lambertiana, Pinus ponderosa$, and ~Chamaecyparis lawsoniana$, depending upon location and stand history. The hardwood subcanopy is dominated by ~Lithocarpus densiflorus$. Other sclerophyllous or broad-leaved cold-deciduous trees. such as ~Umbellularia californica, Chrysolepis chrysophylla (= Castanopsis chrysophylla), Cornus nuttallii, Arbutus menziesii, Quercus chrysolepis$. and ~Acer macrophyllum$. may be present. The needle-leaved evergreen ~Taxus brevifolia$ may also be part of the subcanopy, particularly in moist ravines. The tall-shrub layer is usually species-rich, well-developed, and includes species such as ~Gaultheria shallon, Rhododendron occidentale, Quercus sadleriana, Vaccinium uliginosum, Vaccinium ovatum, Acer circinatum, Symphoricarpos albus, Lonicera hispidula, Toxicodendron diversilobum$, and ~Corylus cornuta var. californica$. The herbaceous layer is usually sparse and dominated by shade-tolerant forbs such as ~Achlys triphylla, Trientalis borealis ssp. latifolia (= Trientalis latifolia), Asarum caudatum, Trillium ovatum, Oxalis oregana$, and ~Maianthemum stellatum$. Common graminoids include ~Festuca occidentalis, Elymus glaucus, Bromus vulgaris, Luzula parviflora$, and ~Xerophyllum tenax$. Diagnostic of this forest alliance is an open upper tree canopy dominated by ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ with a sclerophyllous subcaLVAL ZWlP[e A.554CWestII.A.4.N.bCHAMAECYPARIS NOOTKATENSIS WOODLAND ALLIANCEAlaska Yellow-cedar Woodland AllianceYK. SCHULZtkjjE   A.553CWestII.A.4.N.bABIES CONCOLOR WOODLAND ALLIANCEWhite Fir Woodland AllianceYYD. SARRha`T9   A.552CWestII.A.4.N.bPSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII WOODLAND ALLIANCEDouglas-fir Woodland AllianceYK. SCHULZsji]@   A.551CMidwestII.A.4.N.bPICEA GLAUCA WOODLAND ALLIANCEWhite Spruce Woodland AllianceJ@YMCShedX:   A.550CWestII.A.4.N.bTSUGA MERTENSIANA WOODLAND ALLIANCEMountain Hemlock Woodland AllianceYWCSb_^^<   A.55CSoutheastI.A.4.N.aQUERCUS VIRGINIANA - (SABAL PALMETTO) FOREST ALLIANCELive Oak - (Cabbage Palmetto) Forest Alliance,YD.J. ALLARD, MOD. SCS~Q   A.549CWestII.A.4.N.bTSUGA HETEROPHYLLA WOODLAND ALLIANCEWestern Hemlock Woodland AllianceL@YK. SCHULZtkj^=   A.547CWestII.A.4.N.bPICEA SITCHENSIS WOODLAND ALLIANCESitka Spruce Woodland AllianceYWCS]ZYY;   A.546CEastII.A.4.N.bPICEA RUBENS WOODLAND ALLIANCERed Spruce Woodland Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYl`_S7   A.545CMidwestII.A.4.N.bJUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA WOODLAND ALLIANCEEastern Red-cedar Woodland Alliance@YD.J. ALLARD}rqeB   A.544CEastII.A.4.N.bTHUJA OCCIDENTALIS WOODLAND ALLIANCENorthern White-cedar Woodland Alliance@YD.J. ALLARD{poc=   -A.543CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS MONOPHYLLA - (JUNIPERUS OSTEOSPERMA) WOODLAND ALLIANCESingleleaf Pinyon - (Utah Juniper) Woodland AllianceF@YD. SARRU   ,A.542CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS LEIOPHYLLA WOODLAND ALLIANCEChihuahuan Pine Woodland AllianceYK. SCHULZrih\;   +A.541CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS JEFFREYI WOODLAND ALLIANCEJeffrey Pine Woodland Alliance,@YM. SCHINDELodcW9   *A.540CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS FLEXILIS WOODLAND ALLIANCELimber Pine Woodland Allianopy of ~Lithocarpus densiflorus$.LVALH92D A.567CWestII.A.4.N.dPICEA PUNGENS TEMPORARILY FLOODED WOODLAND ALLIANCEBlue Spruce Temporarily Flooded Woodland Alliance Pine forest with canopy dominated by ~Pinus caribaea var. caribaea$, on the ferritic soils of western Cuba (Cajlbana hills).Oak forests of west Cuba on deep, brownish-yellow soils derived from the "San Cayetano" slatey sandstone, rarely on white-sand areas.Seasonal evergreen forests of the regularly flooded alluvial plains and low, temporarily flooded basins at the edge of swamps in Cuba. This community depends upon the existence of a seasonal tropical climate with 2-4 dry months.Submontane forest community with ~Calophyllum antillanum (= Calophyllum calaba)$ and ~Calyptronoma occidentalis$, occurring between 500 and 800 m elevation in Jamaica, on yellowish-brown soils derived from limestone bedrocks.Lowland seasonal evergreen forest community dominated or codominated by ~Manilkara bidentata ssp. surinamensis$, occurring below 400 m altitude in areas of high rainfall in Puerto Rico. ~Dacryodes excelsa$ is not present in this vegetation type.Evergreen shrublands of sugar sands from southern Mississippi to Panhandle Florida, north to Georgia, and possibly to South Carolina. Most typically, this alliance occurs in coastal dune sands of the East Gulf Coastal Plain. It occupies stabilized dunes, usually strongly dominated by ~Chrysoma pauciflosculosa$, usually with a mixture of ~Conradina canescens$. Other characteristic species include ~Ceratiola ericoides, Galactia microphylla, Polygonella gracilis, Polygonella polygama (= var. polygama), Paronychia erecta$, and ~Schizachyrium maritimum$. ~Cladonia leporina$ is a typical lichen component. The ideal long-term natural successional pathway is from grasslands dominated by ~Schizachyrium maritimum$, to dwarf-shrublands dominated by ~Chrysoma pauciflosculosa$, to shrublands dominated by ~Ceratiola ericoides$; this pathway is often interrupted by hurricane events, however.LVAL.6\ j A.58CSoutheastI.A.4.N.gCLIFTONIA MONOPHYLLA SATURATELowland pine vegetation very rich in endemics, with a closed canopy strongly dominated by ~Pinus cubensis$, on deep, acidic ferritic soils.Submontane pine forests with canopy dominated by ~Pinus caribaea var. caribaea$, on slatey sandstone, in western Cuba.This alliance consists of sandy or rocky areas dominated by ~Hudsonia tomentosa$. This alliance is largely confined to maritime interdunes. This alliance occurs on well-drained sands of back dunes and interdunes, and is documented from Assateague Island; it is a maritime dwarf-shrubland characterized by ~Hudsonia tomentosa$, a species adapted to sand burial. ~Hudsonia tomentosa$ is dominant, occurring as discrete patches that may coalesce into a dense mat on older, more stabilized dunes. A number of other shrubs, such as ~Morella pensylvanica (= Myrica pensylvanica), Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Pinus taeda$ saplings, and ~Prunus maritima$, may occur but are low in abundance and cover. ~Morella pensylvanica$ shrubs and ~Pinus taeda$ saplings are almost non-existent but can occur as scattered individuals. Herbaceous vegetation is also quite sparse (less than 5% cover) but may include scattered individuals of ~Panicum amarum var. amarulum, Panicum amarum var. amarum, Solidago sempervirens, Nuttallanthus canadensis, Lechea maritima, Ammophila breviligulata, Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (= Gnaphalium obtusifolium), Schizachyrium littorale (= Schizachyrium scoparium ssp. littorale), Dichanthelium acuminatum, Oenothera humifusa, Cyperus grayi, Artemisia stelleriana, Chamaesyce polygonifolia$, and ~Diodia teres$. ~Toxicodendron radicans$ is a common vine. Scattered vines of ~Smilax rotundifolia$ and canes of ~Rubus argutus$ are occasional. The unstable substrate is influenced by wind-deposited sand and supports no soil development; large patches of sparsely vegetated or unvegetated sand are common.LVALV zT0 A.591CWestIIPlant associations in this alliance are typically located just above treeline in high mountains of the Pacific Northwest. The climate is cold with deep snow accumulations, a short growing season, and annual precipitation exceeding 150 (500) cm. Elevations typically range from 1700-2400 m in the Cascades. This alliance occurs on well-drained, moderately steep slopes. Aspects are typically southern or western in the northern Cascades, but tend to be northerly on Mount Rainier. Soils are composed of varied parent materials, but are usually young and poorly developed. Plant associations in this alliance form distinctive fell-field communities above treeline. These dwarf-shrub communities are dominated by ~Empetrum nigrum$ with a mixture of forbs and graminoids interspersed. ~Phyllodoce glanduliflora$ and ~Vaccinium scoparium$ may also occur in the shrub layer, but are usually not abundant. ~Lupinus arcticus ssp. subalpinus$ is the most characteristic forb species, and ~Carex spectabilis$ is the most abundant graminoid species. Other common herbaceous associates include ~Erigeron aureus, Pedicularis contorta, Oreostemma alpigenum (= Aster alpigenus), Solidago simplex var. spathulata (= Solidago spathulata), Festuca brachyphylla$, and ~Luzula spicata$. Adjacent vegetation is usually ~Tsuga mertensiana$- or ~Abies lasiocarpa$-dominated parklands, dry montane grasslands, wet sedge meadows, or rock and ice on higher elevation alpine slopes.Associations in this alliance occur as fairly sparse to essentially continuous mats in thin soils around high-elevation rock outcrops in the Southern Blue Ridge (largest occurrences to 1-2 hectares). This shrubland has a matted krummholz structure and occurs in northern parts of North Carolina. Dense ~Leiophyllum$ occurs also in New Jersey and North Carolina Coastal Plain, but probably only as part of woodland communities.LVAL TThis coniferous forest alliance occurs at low elevations (0-1500 m) within the maritime-influenced region of the Pacific Northwest, generally west of the Cascade Mountains. Stands are best represented on lower mountain slopes of the coastal ranges with high precipitation, long frost-free periods, and low fire frequencies. Sites include upper slope and ridgetop positions, moist, rich sites such as ravines or north-facing slopes, or in depressions, swales and east- or west-facing slopes. Slopes are gentle to moderately steep. Soil types are variable, but growth is decreased on heavy soils or soils with poor drainage. These forests are characterized by a mixed canopy of ~Tsuga heterophylla$ and ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$, often with trees exceeding 50 m in height and a complex, multi-tiered structure of multiple age classes. ~Thuja plicata$ may codominate on valley bottom sites with poorly drained soils, and ~Tsuga heterophylla$ is generally the dominant regenerating tree species. However, young stands may lack ~Tsuga heterophylla$ or ~Thuja plicata$. Other common tree associates include ~Abies grandis, Picea sitchensis, Pinus monticola$, and in southwestern Oregon ~Pinus lambertiana, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Calocedrus decurrens$, and occasionally ~Pinus ponderosa$. A subcanopy of ~Acer macrophyllum, Chrysolepis chrysophylla (= Castanopsis chrysophylla), Lithocarpus densiflorus, Umbellularia californica$, and/or ~Taxus brevifolia$ may also be present. The moderately dense shrub layer is commonly composed of ~Acer circinatum, Mahonia nervosa, Rhododendron macrophyllum, Gaultheria shallon, Holodiscus discolor, Vaccinium ovatum$, and ~Oplopanax horridus$. The herbaceous layer is dominated by shade-tolerant forbs and ferns, including ~Pteridium aquilinum, Polystichum munitum, Trientalis borealis ssp. latifolia (= Trientalis latifolia), Oxalis oregana, Achlys triphylla, Chimaphila umbellata, Linnaea borealis$, and many others. Diagnostic of this alliance is an upper tree canopy dominated by ~Tsuga heterophLVAL}UCW? A.702CWestIII.A.1.N.aMETROSIDEROS POLYMORPHA / DICRANOPTERIS LINEARIS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE'Ohi'a / Uluhe Shrubland AllianceYWCS~~]   A.700CLatin AmericaIII.A.1.N.aEUGENIA BORINQUENSIS - TABEBUIA RIGIDA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEGuayabota de Sierra - Roble de Sierra Shrubland Alliance@2YA.S. WEAKLEY\#   A.70CWestI.A.5.N.aPRITCHARDIA HILLEBRANDII FOREST ALLIANCELo'ulu Lelo Shrubland AllianceYWCSa^]]?   dA.7CLatin AmericaI.A.3.N.aCEIBA PENTANDRA - ROYSTONEA SPP. FOREST ALLIANCEKapoktree - Royal Palm species Forest Alliance@3YK. LINDSAY/B. HORWITH}O   A.699CWestIII.A.1.N.aDICRANOPTERIS LINEARIS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEUluhe Shrubland AllianceYWCS_\[[C   A.698CLatin AmericaIII.A.1.N.aDALBERGIA ECASTAPHYLLUM SHRUBLAND ALLIANCECoin-vine Shrubland AllianceNLACDnjiiM#   A.697CLatin AmericaIII.A.1.N.aCROTON LUCIDUS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEFirebush Shrubland AllianceNLACDd`__D#   A.696CLatin AmericaIII.A.1.N.aCOLUBRINA SPP. SHRUBLAND ALLIANCENakedwood species Shrubland Alliance@xNLACDyuthD#   A.695CSoutheastIII.A.1.N.aCOLUBRINA ASIATICA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEAsian Snakebark Shrubland Allianceo@3YA.S. WEAKLEYsrfD   A.694CLatin AmericaIII.A.1.N.aCLUSIA MINOR - CLUSIA CLUSIOIDES SHRUBLAND ALLIANCECupey Trepador - Cupeillo Shrubland AllianceYLACDV#   A.693CSoutheastIII.A.1.N.aCAESALPINIA BONDUC VINE-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEYellow Nicker Vine-Shrubland Alliance@wYA.S. WEAKLEY{znI   A.692CSoutheastII.C.3.N.cPINUS ELLIOTTII - TAXODIUM ASCENDENS SATURATED WOODLAND ALLIANCESlash Pine - Pond-cypress Saturated Woodland AllianceD4YA.S. WEAKLEY^   A.690CWestII.C.3.N.bPICEA SITCHENSIS - POPULUS BALSAMIFERA SSP. TRICHOCARPA SEASONALLY FLOODED WOODLAND ALLIANCESitka Spruce - Black Cottonwood Seasonally Flooylla$ and ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$.U,6V{ A.730CSoutheastIII.A.1.N.fSCHINUS TEREBINTHIFOLIUS SEASONALLY FLOODE A.1084CWestIV.A.1.N.bPHYLLODOCE GLANDULIFLORA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEYellow Mountain-heath Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@^YK. SCHULZyK   A.1083CWestIV.A.1.N.bPHYLLODOCE EMPETRIFORMIS DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEPink Mountain-heath Dwarf-shrubland Alliance2]YD. SARRwK   A.1082CWestIV.A.1.N.bERIOGONUM OVALIFOLIUM VAR. DEPRESSUM DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCECushion Wild Buckwheat Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@\YD. SARRW   A.1081CWestIV.A.1.N.bCASSIOPE MERTENSIANA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWestern Moss Heather Dwarf-shrubland Alliancek@[YD. SARRtG   A.1080CMidwestIV.A.1.N.bJUNIPERUS HORIZONTALIS DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCECreeping Juniper Dwarf-shrubland Alliance YYMCS, MOD. M.S. REIDuL   A.108CWestI.A.8.N.aPSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII GIANT FOREST ALLIANCEDouglas-fir Giant Forest AllianceWYM.S. REID/D. SARRqpdC   A.1079CWestIV.A.1.N.bARCTOSTAPHYLOS UVA-URSI DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEKinikinnick Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@VYD. SARR{znJ   A.1078CWestIV.A.1.N.bEMPETRUM NIGRUM DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBlack Crowberry Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@RYD. SARR~wvjB   A.1077CWestIV.A.1.N.bTRIBULUS CISTOIDES DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCENohu Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSfcbbE   A.1076CWestIV.A.1.N.bTETRAMOLOPIUM ROCKII DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEDune Tetramolopium Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSvsrrG   A.1075CWestIV.A.1.N.bSIDA FALLAX DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE'Ilima Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSa^]]>   A.1074CWestIV.A.1.N.bSESBANIA TOMENTOSA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE'Ohai Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSgdccE   A.1073CWestIV.A.1.N.bLIPOCHAETA SPP. DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCENehe species Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSkhggB   A.1072CWestIV.A.1.N.bCHAMAESYCE CELASTROIDES DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE`Ekoko Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSmjiiJ  LVAL7( e0. A.759CWestIII.A.2.N.cARCTOSTAPHYLOS GLAUCA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBPalm-dominated community with ~Acoelorraphe wrightii$, in the white-sand areas of Cuba.High-altitude montane pine forests with monospecific canopy of ~Pinus occidentalis$, in the central range of Hispaniola.Low-altitude pine forests of the hillsides of Isle of Pines (Cuba), dominated by ~Pinus tropicalis$ with substantial participation of ~Pinus caribaea$.These communities are typically located in the subalpine and lower alpine zones of mountains in the Pacific Northwest. The climate is cold and snowy with severe winds, snow abrasion, and a short growing season. Annual precipitation is often over 200 cm in the Cascades. These communities typically occur on droughty, exposed south-facing mountain slopes where snow blows off or melts relatively early. Elevations typically range from 1700-2400 m in the Cascades and up to 2600 m in the Rocky Mountains. Soils are composed of varied parent materials, including granitics, limestone, and basalt, but are usually skeletal and well-drained. These are dense dwarf-shrub communities strongly dominated by ~Arctostaphylos uva-ursi$, with a sparse mixture of forb and graminoid associates. In the Cascades, ~Empetrum nigrum$, another ericaceous shrub, may codominate stands. ~Minuartia obtusiloba$ is a characteristic forb associate in both Cascade and Rocky Mountain stands. Other common herbaceous associates across the range include ~Sedum lanceolatum, Achillea millefolium, Carex rupestris, Polygonum bistortoides, Festuca brachyphylla$, and ~Carex scirpoidea ssp. pseudoscirpoidea$. ~Carex spectabilis$ becomes a conspicuous graminoid associate in stands west of the Cascade crest. Adjacent vegetation is usually parkland or krummholz composed of ~Tsuga mertensiana, Pinus albicaulis, Larix lyallii$, or ~Abies lasiocarpa$, dry alpine grasslands, sedge wetlands, or bare rock and ice.LVAL XThis giant conifer forest alliance occurs in maritime climate-influenced mountains from northern California to southern British Columbia. This region has mild winter temperatures, hot summers, and receives winter rain followed by summer drought. Drought stress is ameliorated somewhat by fog events in coastal stands and by summer rains in the north. Sites include mountain slopes and valley margins, with an increasing affinity for moist topographic positions away from the coast and southward. Elevations range from 0-1300 m. These forests are characterized by a multi-tiered canopy of ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$, which is typically over 50 m in height. Other coniferous trees, such as ~Sequoia sempervirens, Abies concolor, Tsuga heterophylla, Thuja plicata, Pinus lambertiana, Pinus ponderosa$, and ~Chamaecyparis lawsoniana$, may be present in the upper tree layer, depending upon location and stand history. Common associates in the subcanopy are broad-leaved deciduous and evergreen trees, such as ~Umbellularia californica, Lithocarpus densiflorus, Chrysolepis chrysophylla (= Castanopsis chrysophylla), Cornus nuttallii, Betula papyrifera, Quercus garryana, Quercus kelloggii, Acer macrophyllum$, and ~Taxus brevifolia$. The forest understory is usually well-developed and species-rich, and can be dominated by either shrubs or a mixture of ferns and forbs. Common shrubs include ~Gaultheria shallon, Toxicodendron diversilobum, Rhododendron macrophyllum, Quercus sadleriana, Holodiscus discolor, Mahonia nervosa, Acer circinatum, Symphoricarpos albus, Lonicera hispidula$, and ~Corylus cornuta var. californica$. The herbaceous layer is usually dominated by shade-tolerant forbs and ferns, including ~Achlys triphylla, Trientalis borealis ssp. latifolia (= Trientalis latifolia), Asarum caudatum, Trillium ovatum, Oxalis oregana, Polystichum munitum, Adiantum pedatum, Maianthemum stellatum$, and many others. Common graminoid species include ~Festuca occidentalis, Elymus glaucus, Bromus vulgaris, Luzula parviflora$, and ~XLVAL+nYT.5 A.887CLatin AmericaIII.B.1.N.aLEUCAENA LEUCOCEPHALA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWhite Leadtree Shrubland AllianceNLACDqmllK#   A.886CWestIII.B.1.N.aGOSSYPIUM TOMENTOSUM SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEMa'o Shrubland AllianceYWCS\YXXA   A.885CWestIII.A.5.N.eCARNEGIA GIGANTEA WOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESaguaro Cactus Wooded Shrubland Alliance@YK. SCHULZzymE   A.884CWestIII.A.5.N.eYUCCA BREVIFOLIA WOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEJoshua Tree Wooded Shrubland AllianceG@YM. SCHINDEL, MOD. K. SCHUvuiD   A.883CWestIII.A.5.N.cPARKINSONIA MICROPHYLLA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEYellow Paloverde Shrubland Alliance@YK. SCHULZ}tsgD   A.882CWestIII.A.5.N.cPARKINSONIA FLORIDA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBlue Paloverde Shrubland Alliance@YK. SCHULZwnma@   A.881CWestIII.A.5.N.cYUCCA SCHIDIGERA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEMojave Yucca Shrubland Alliance@YM. SCHINDELtih\=   A.880CSoutheastIII.A.5.N.cOPUNTIA STRICTA - ACANTHOCEREUS TETRAGONUS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEFlorida Prickly-pear - Barbed-wire Cactus Shrubland Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEY\   A.88CSoutheastI.A.7.N.aCASUARINA (EQUISETIFOLIA, CUNNINGHAMIANA, GLAUCA) FOREST ALLIANCE(Australian-pine, Cunningham Beefwood, Brazilian Beefwood) Forest Alliance@YD.J. ALLARD]   A.879CWestIII.A.5.N.cOPUNTIA LITTORALIS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCECoastal Prickly-pear Shrubland AllianceO@YM. SCHINDEL~srf?   A.878CSoutheastIII.A.5.N.cOPUNTIA IMBRICATA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCECane Cholla Shrubland Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYznmaC   A.877CWestIII.A.5.N.cOPUNTIA BIGELOVII SHRUBLAND erophyllum tenax$. Mosses and lichens can be abundant, covering trees, logs, or the forest floor. Diagnostic of this forest alliance is a tree canopy over 50 m tall that is dominated by~Pseudotsuga menziesii$.LVAL ZThis alliance is found in the northern Great Plains and in the Great Lakes region. The dominant vegetation is dwarf-shrubs and graminoids and these often provide 80-100% canopy. Few of the plants in communities of this alliance grow taller than 1 m; many are 0.5 m or less. In the northern Great Plains, the most abundant species is the creeping shrub ~Juniperus horizontalis$. This species can cover 80% of the ground. ~Schizachyrium scoparium$ and ~Carex inops ssp. heliophila$ are typically the most abundant graminoids. In most stands these three species provide the great majority of the canopy. Other shrubs that may be present are ~Symphoricarpos occidentalis, Rosa arkansana, Rhus aromatica$, and ~Artemisia frigida$. Associated graminoids include ~Calamovilfa longifolia, Carex duriuscula (= Carex eleocharis), Carex filifolia, Elymus lanceolatus, Koeleria macrantha, Muhlenbergia cuspidata$, and ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$. Forbs are present but do not usually contribute greatly to the canopy. Common forbs are ~Pulsatilla patens ssp. multifida (= Anemone patens), Campanula rotundifolia, Dalea purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia, Galium boreale, Linum perenne, Packera plattensis (= Senecio plattensis)$, and ~Thermopsis rhombifolia$. ^This alliance is found on moderate to steep, rarely gentle, slopes. These are usually north-facing in the United States but south-facing in southern Canada. The soils are clay loams, silty loams, and sandy loams. Parent materials are siltstone, claystone, sandstone, and glacial till. ^In the Great Lakes region, on sand dunes the dwarf-shrubs form an open to closed mat layer. Dominant shrubs include ~Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Juniperus communis$, and ~Juniperus horizontalis$. ~Hudsonia tomentosa$ may also be present, along with a variety of other deciduous shrubs. On alvars the dominant shrubs are ~Juniperus horizontalis$, and/or ~Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda (= Pentaphylloides floribunda)$. Other characteristic species include ~Schizachyrium scoparium, CarexLVALX]TJ@* A.918CWestIII.B.2.N.aELAEAGNUS COMMUTATA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEAmerican Silverberry Shrubland Alliance@YMCS, MOD. M.S. REIDtsg@   A.917CWestIII.B.2.N.aCRATAEGUS DOUGLASII SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBlack Hawthorn Shrubland Alliance@YD. SARRunma@   A.916CWestIII.B.2.N.aAMELANCHIER UTAHENSIS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEUtah Serviceberry Shrubland Alliance@YD. SARRzsrfB   A.915CWestIII.B.2.N.aACER GLABRUM SHRUBLAND ALLIANCERocky Mountain Maple Shrubland Alliance@YK. SCHULZvml`9   A.914CMidwestIII.B.2.N.aBETULA OCCIDENTALIS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWater Birch Shrubland Alliance@YMCSqnmaC   A.913CWestIII.B.2.N.aAMELANCHIER ALNIFOLIA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESaskatoon Serviceberry Shrubland Alliance\@YD. SARRxwkB   A.912CMidwestIII.B.2.N.aPRUNUS PUMILA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESand Cherry Shrubland Alliance@YMCSkhg[=   A.911CSoutheastIII.B.2.N.aVITIS AESTIVALIS VINE-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESummer Grape Vine-Shrubland Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYxwkG   A.91CSoutheastI.A.8.C.xPICEA ABIES PLANTED FOREST ALLIANCENorway Spruce Planted Forest Alliance@~YM.P. SCHAFALE/A.S. WEAKLEqpd?   A.909CEastIII.B.2.N.aSMILAX SPP. - TOXICODENDRON RADICANS VINE-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEGreenbrier species - Poison-ivy Vine-Shrubland Alliance@YECSV   A.908CSoutheastIII.B.2.N.aRUBUS (ARGUTUS, TRIVIALIS) SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE(Southern Blackberry, Southern Dewberry) Shrubland Alliance@YM.J. RUSSO 2-97, MOD. M. L   A.907CSoutheastIII.B.2.N.aQUERCUS SINUATA VAR. BREVILOBA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWhite Shin Oak Shrubland AllianceI@YB. HOAGLAND~}qP richardsonii, Carex scirpoidea, Pinus banksiana, Thuja occidentalis, Danthonia spicata, Oligoneuron album (= Solidago ptarmicoides), Packera paupercula (= Senecio pauperculus), Clinopodium arkansanum (= Calamintha arkansana)$, and ~Tetraneuris herbacea (= Hymenoxys herbacea)$.LVAL>MD>  C A.930CSoutheastIII.B.2.N.bRUBUS ALLEGHENIENSIS - RUBUS CANADENSIS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEAllegheny Blackberry - Smooth BlackbeOpen pine woodlands of western Cuba, on white-sand soils and hard slate rocks, with a canopy dominated by ~Pinus tropicalis$.Palm-dominated community with ~Colpothrinax wrightii$, in the white-sand areas of Cuba.These communities are typically located in subalpine or low alpine habitats on high mountains of the Pacific Northwest, often in association with subalpine parkland. The climate is cold and snowy with annual precipitation exceeding 150 cm and a snow-free period of only 3-4 months. Elevations typically range from 1400-2500 m. These communities occur in areas of level or concave glacial topography, with late-lying snow, and subirrigation from surrounding slopes. In exceptionally wet areas, they may occur on convex slopes with better drainage. Soils are moist, but well-drained, strongly acid, and often with substantial peat layers. Some stands are found on deep deposits of volcanic ash. Within these communities ~Cassiope mertensiana$ is the dominant shrub, but ~Phyllodoce empetriformis$ is often common. ~Vaccinium deliciosum, Ledum glandulosum, Phyllodoce glanduliflora$, and ~Kalmia microphylla$ may also be shrub associates. The herbaceous layer is usually a lush mixture of forbs and graminoids, especially sedges, including, ~Erigeron$ spp., ~Luetkea pectinata, Antennaria lanata, Oreostemma alpigenum (= Aster alpigenus), Pedicularis ornithorhyncha, Castilleja parviflora, Deschampsia caespitosa, Erythronium$ spp., ~Juncus parryi, Luzula piperi, Carex spectabilis, Carex nigricans$, and ~Polygonum bistortoides$. These communities usually grade into herbaceous meadows dominated by ~Carex$ spp. at their wetter margin, and, in stands below treeline, into woodlands of ~Tsuga mertensiana, Abies lasiocarpa$, and/or ~Pinus albicaulis$ at their drier margins, and alpine fell-fields, rock, or ice on higher elevation alpine slopes.YLVALNkP QThis community occurs in hard-packed sand areas behind dunes. Characteristic species are ~Chamaesyce blodgettii (= Euphorbia blodgettii), Cassia lineata, Ambrosia hispida, Heliotropium nanum, Erithalis$, and ~Ipomoea imperati$.Monotypic stands dominated by ~Rhachicallis americana$. Occurs in extensive tidal flat areas.Mid-altitude pine woodland with essentially monospecific canopy of ~Pinus occidentalis$.This alliance occurs in southern Idaho in a semi-arid, continental region of relatively recent 'plains' volcanic activity. The area receives an average annual precipitation of 43 cm, with a peak in winter, during which most precipitation falls as snow. Temperatures are typically hot in summer and cold in winter. Communities in this alliance are early seral 'pioneer' types on barren volcanic cinders. The cinders are excessively drained and extremely hot in summer, presenting a very harsh microclimate for vascular plants. The volcanic activity necessary to generate substrate for this alliance is very limited and suitable habitat is rare. This is a very sparsely vegetated, dwarf-shrubland alliance. Total cover of all plant layers is typically less than 5% in midsummer, though cover may be higher in the spring due to the presence of annuals. The most important species is ~Eriogonum ovalifolium var. depressum$, a cespitose, evergreen dwarf-shrub, which forms mats 3-4 dm across. This species rapidly develops a deep root system (up to 1.2 m deep), allowing it to colonize the light, porous cinders. Several perennial forbs are common into July, including ~Phacelia hastata, Cryptantha interrupta, Machaeranthera canescens, Chaenactis douglasii, Stephanomeria spinosa$, and ~Stephanomeria minor (= Stephanomeria tenuifolia)$. The annuals ~Mimulus nanus$ and ~Mimulus suksdorfii$ are present during the spring and early summer before soil moisture is depleted, as are the perennials ~Allium simillimum$ and ~Lewisia rediviva$.LVAL+k,a A.951CEastIII.B.2.N.dBETULA NIGRA TEMPORARILY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCERiver Birch Temporarily FlooThis dwarf-shrubland alliance is found in alpine and subalpine parklands in high mountains of the Pacific Northwest and northern Rocky Mountains. The climate is cold and snowy with a snow-free period of only 3-4 months. Elevations typically range from 1400 m in the Olympic Mountains to over 3200 m in the mountains of southwestern Montana. These snowbed communities occur in protected, lee slope areas of level or concave glacial topography where late-lying snow and subirrigation from surrounding slopes saturates the sites. In exceptionally wet areas, sites include convex slopes with better drainage. Soils are always strongly acid, usually with substantial peat layers. These dwarf-shrublands often form part of a subalpine parkland mosaic just below the upper treeline. ~Phyllodoce empetriformis$ is the dominant shrub, but ~Cassiope mertensiana$ is usually present and often abundant. Shrub associates may include ~Vaccinium deliciosum, Vaccinium scoparium$, or ~Kalmia microphylla$. The herbaceous layer is usually a lush mixture of forbs and graminoids, especially sedges, and often includes ~Erigeron$ spp., ~Luetkea pectinata, Antennaria lanata, Sibbaldia procumbens, Pedicularis ornithorhyncha, Castilleja parviflora, Deschampsia caespitosa, Erythronium$ spp., ~Carex spectabilis, Carex nigricans, Juncus drummondii$, and ~Polygonum bistortoides$. These communities usually grade into herbaceous meadows dominated by ~Carex$ spp. at their wetter margin and into woodlands of ~Tsuga mertensiana, Abies lasiocarpa$, and/or ~Pinus albicaulis$ at their drier margins. Such changes are generally related to only minor changes in microelevation, and woodland, dwarf-shrubland, and herbaceous meadow communities may be strongly intermingled. Diagnostic of this alliance is a dwarf-shrubland layer dominated by ~Phyllodoce empetriformis$.LVAL!@? A.962CWestIII.B.2.N.dRHAMNUS ALNIFOLIA TEMPORARILY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEAlderleaf Buckthorn Temporarily Flooded ShrubA vicariant unit of the ~~Nymphoides aurea$ Permanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance (A.1969)$$, in the eutrophic water of the limestone pits of western Cuba. The differential dominant species is ~Nymphoides grayana$.Submerged or slightly emerged rooted vegetation dominated by ~Potamogeton$ spp., often forming dense communities in slow-moving eutrophic freshwaters.Free-floating freshwater vegetation formed by Lemnaceae and small water ferns, covering the surface of lakes, ponds, and slow streams.Communities dominated by species of ~Utricularia$, free-floating or partly rooted in shallow water of dystrophic or oligotrophic white-sand lakes with neutral to acidic freshwater.Permanently or semipermanently saturated herbaceous community, usually in standing or slow-moving water.Stands included in this alliance occur in alpine areas in the Washington Cascade Mountains. Elevations range from 1920-2135 m. This vegetation is found on depressions to gentle slopes with any aspect. Sites are moist areas that receive moisture from surrounding higher ground from melting snowdrifts or small streams. Some stands were found on the base of a lobe of soil formed by solifluction. Soils are poorly drained and derived from thick accumulations of pumice parent material. Mean bare ground was about 13%. Stands typically have a dense evergreen dwarf-shrub layer that is dominated by ~Phyllodoce glanduliflora$. The herbaceous layer is moderately dense to dense, and is codominated by the perennial forbs ~Oreostemma alpigenum (= Aster alpigenus), Lupinus sellulus var. lobbii$, and the perennial graminoid ~Carex spectabilis$. Other consistent species include ~Cassiope mertensiana, Potentilla flabellifolia$, and ~Antennaria lanata$. This is a relatively species-poor community.LVALA] {/A A.986CWestIII.B.2.N.eALNUS INCANA SEASONALLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESpeckled Alder Seasonally Flooded Shrubland Alliance~@YM. DAMMLMarine seagrass beds dominated by ~Limnobium laevigatum$, in shallow sublittoral zone of sandy beaches.Emergent aquatic vegetation dominated by the yellow swamp lily ~Limnocharis flava$, in the shallow eutrophic waters of slow-running rivers.Vegetation in this alliance occurs in the alpine tundra in the Rocky Mountains. The climate regime is continental, with long, cold winters and short summers with frequent afternoon thunderstorms. Strong westerly winds are common in the winter and spring. Stands are found between 3350 and 3750 m elevation. Stands are usually located on the eastern side of the Continental Divide on flat to gently sloping ridges and summits. The ridgetops are subject to extremely high winds and are blown free of snow in winter. The ground is covered with rocks that have been stabilized for a long period of time. The sites are called fell-fields and differ from talus or scree which are located on steeper slopes and are unstable and often moving. The soils are poorly developed, have little organic matter, and are classified as Inceptisols (Cryochrepts). The majority of the species are cushion- or mat-forming and spread horizontally over the ground surface to form a dense cover of foliage. ~Paronychia pulvinata, Silene acaulis, Minuartia obtusiloba$, and ~Trifolium nanum$ are the dominant species. ~Festuca brachyphylla, Geum rossii, Luzula spicata, Polygonum bistortoides$, and ~Selaginella densa$ are common vascular plant associates. The cryptogam layer has a high diversity of mainly lichen species. ~Candelariella aurella, Cornicularia aculeata$, and ~Allocetraria madreporiformis (= Dactylina madreporiformis)$ are the most common lichens, and ~Polytrichum piliferum$ is the most common moss species. Adjacent communities are often dominated by ~Carex rupestris$ or ~Polemonium viscosum$.3 h;~%S @ @ @ @ @ A.1094CEastIV.A.1.N.gVACCINIUM MACROCARPON SATURATED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCELarge Cranberry Saturated Dwarf-shrubland Alliance8@dYECSR   A.1093CWestIV.A.1.N.gMETROSIDEROS POLYMORPHA SATURATED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE'Ohi'a Saturated Dwarf-Shrubland AllianceYWCS~}}T   A.1092CEastIV.A.1.N.gCHAMAEDAPHNE CALYCULATA SATURATED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCELeatherleaf Saturated Dwarf-shrubland Alliance-eYECS/MCST   A.1091CMidwestIV.A.1.N.fCHAMAEDAPHNE CALYCULATA - (KALMIA ANGUSTIFOLIA) SEASONALLY FLOODED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCELeatherleaf - (Sheep Laurel) Seasonally Flooded Dwarf-shrubland Alliance0@dYMCSx   A.1090CSoutheastIV.A.1.N.fHYPERICUM BRACHYPHYLLUM SEASONALLY FLOODED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCECoastal Plain St. John's-wort Seasonally Flooded Dwarf-shrubland AllianceV@dYA.S. WEAKLEYĸb   A.109CWestI.A.8.N.aSEQUOIA SEMPERVIRENS - PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII FOREST ALLIANCERedwood - Douglas-fir Forest Alliance@cYJ. KAGAN, MOD. K. SCHULZyT   A.1089CWestIV.A.1.N.eCASSIOPE MERTENSIANA TEMPORARILY FLOODED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWestern Moss Heather Temporarily Flooded Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@bYM. DAMM[   A.1088CSoutheastIV.A.1.N.eHYPERICUM REDUCTUM TEMPORARILY FLOODED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEPineland St. John's-wort Temporarily Flooded Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@bYA.S. WEAKLEY^   A.1087CEastIV.A.1.N.eHUDSONIA TOMENTOSA TEMPORARILY FLOODED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWoolly Beach-heather Temporarily Flooded Dwarf-shrubland Alliance=@aYECSY   A.1086CEastIV.A.1.N.dKALMIA ANGUSTIFOLIA - LEDUM GROENLANDICUM DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESheep Laurel - Labrador-tea Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@aYECS\   A.1085CWestIV.A.1.N.cPARONYCHIA PULVINATA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCERocky Mountain Nailwort Dwarf-shrubland Alliance4@_YM. DAMMwG  LVAL 'B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!Subalpine microphyllous shrublands of Cuba.High-altitude mixed pine forests with canopy codominated by ~Pinus tropicalis, Magnolia pallescens$, and other broad-leaved tree species, on the exposed summits and ridges of Cordillera Central (Hispaniola), over 1700 m elevation.Submontane pine - oak mixed forests with canopy codominated by ~Pinus caribaea var. caribaea$ and ~Quercus oleoides ssp. sagraeana$, on the slatey sandstones of western Cuba.This alliance contains a single community of sandy beaches on the Saco River in Maine and New Hampshire. Annual early spring floods of short duration, rather than aeolian processes, maintain this community. ~Hudsonia tomentosa var. intermedia$ dominates this vegetation occurring on sandy river beaches of point bars.This alliance contains alpine and boreal dwarf-shrublands and other communities known as "boreal heathlands," characterized by a very open canopy of black spruce, generally at high elevations and on acidic bedrock. The canopy is characterized by stunted and widely spaced ~Picea mariana$, sometimes in association with ~Picea rubens, Betula papyrifera var. cordifolia (= Betula cordifolia), Sorbus americana$, and ~Abies balsamea$. The shrub layer, characterized by ericaceous species such as ~Ledum groenlandicum, Kalmia angustifolia, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Vaccinium uliginosum, Rhododendron canadense$, as well as ~Empetrum nigrum$, is generally quite dense, but may be patchy and interspersed with expanses of bare or lichen-covered bedrock. Herbaceous species, such as ~Paronychia argyrocoma (= var. albimontana)$ and ~Juncus trifidus$, are usually confined to crevices. This alliance occurs at high elevations, usually just above tree line, in Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York. It is also likely to occur in Canada.qLVALB!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!The vegetation in this alliance is found in the alpine tundra in mountain ranges of southwestern Montana. The alliance occurs in a narrow elevation band between 2800 and 2900 m on north- and east-facing slopes in snowbed habitats, or areas that accumulate snow in the winter and release snow slowly during the growing season. The vegetation is often located on solifluction lobes, which receive moisture from upslope, subsurface drainage. Consequently, soils are cold and nearly saturated for most of the growing season. Soils are derived from metamorphic and igneous rock types and are slightly acidic. Soil texture tends to be sandy clay. ~Cassiope mertensiana$ stands usually form a mosaic with ~Carex nigricans$ and ~Juncus drummondii$ snowbed communities. ~Salix arctica$ and ~Carex scirpoidea$ communities occur on adjacent unsaturated sites. ~Cassiope mertensiana$, a low-spreading, evergreen shrub, and ~Salix arctica$, a deciduous shrub, dominate the dwarf-shrub canopy. ~Carex paysonis, Carex scirpoidea, Geum rossii$, and ~Potentilla diversifolia$ are common herbaceous species that grow beneath the shrubs and in openings in the shrub canopy.Moist depressions (such as interdune swales and upland depressions in xeric sandhills) dominated by ~Hypericum reductum$. In southeastern North Carolina, examples of this alliance are found in upland depressions of extremely xeric sandhills. In these examples, ~Hypericum reductum$ dominates the shrub layer, while other scattered shrubs such as ~Lyonia mariana$ and ~Gaylussacia dumosa (= var. dumosa)$ may be present. ~Aristida stricta$ and ~Andropogon$ spp. are the dominant herbs. In this landscape, ~Aristida stricta$ is restricted to this community, apparently because of the extremely xeric conditions of the surrounding sandhills. Examples are also known from interdune swales in the Panhandle of Florida, and from limesink or karst ponds in southern Alabama.LVAL5^B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!BThis alliance currently represents seasonally flooded ponds and wet swales in the Gulf Coast Prairie and Marshes region of Texas, although this type could occur elsewhere.Forests (varying to woodland structure) of the exotic ~Casuarina equisetifolia$, generally in maritime situations, on beach sands.Pine forest plantations with ~Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis$ dominating the canopy.These giant mixed-conifer forests are restricted to the coastal fog belt in the extreme southwestern part of Oregon and northern California, with scattered sites south to the central coast. Elevations are below 500 m in elevation in Oregon and 900 m in California. Stands occupy steep slopes and ridges of coastal mountains on any aspect. In southwestern Oregon they also occur on moist toeslopes and valleys. These stands generally occur in the upper part of the coastal fog belt, inland of the very wet coastal stands of nearly pure ~Sequoia sempervirens$. Soils are shallow and well-drained. These giant conifer forests are found in the coastal fog zone of southwestern Oregon and northwestern California. The canopy of these forests is dominated by ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ and ~Sequoia sempervirens$ trees that often exceed 60 m in height. There is almost always a subcanopy of ~Lithocarpus densiflorus$, usually between 10-30 m tall, occasionally codominant with ~Umbellularia californica$. ~Lithocarpus densiflorus$ (1-70%) also dominates the shrub layer with both ~Rhododendron macrophyllum$ (2-60%) and ~Vaccinium ovatum$ (10-70%). ~Gaultheria shallon$ and ~Mahonia nervosa$ are common, and in moist pockets ~Polystichum munitum$ and ~Oxalis oregana$ can be found. In wetter northern stands, ~Polystichum munitum, Oxalis oregana$, and ~Clintonia andrewsiana$ dominate the herbaceous layer. Other forbs include ~Lotus crassifolius, Arnica cordifolia$, and ~Xerophyllum tenax$.sLVALzBB!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!This alliance consists of shrublands and low forests dominated by ~Prosopis tamaulipana$, with lesser amounts of ~Ebenopsis ebano (= Pithecellobium ebano)$. It occurs in Tamaulipas, Mexico.This alliance, found in parts of the northeastern United States, contains vegetation found in maritime dune-swale communities and mountain bogs of Central Appalachians (beyond the range of ~Chamaedaphne calyculata$), as well as cranberry bogs in Ohio. Further information is needed to characterize this alliance.This alliance, found in the Great Lakes area, is a wetland dominated by herbs and shrubs. ~Chamaedaphne calyculata$ is typically the dominant short shrub. Herbaceous species present include ~Carex oligosperma, Calamagrostis canadensis, Calamagrostis stricta, Eleocharis$ spp., ~Phalaris arundinacea, Scirpus$ spp., ~Eriocaulon aquaticum$, and ~Juncus$ spp. ~Sphagnum$ spp. are common nonvascular species. Often species with Coastal Plain affinities are present in stands of this alliance, especially south of the tension zone. ^This alliance is located along lakeshores or in depressions. It always occurs on sandy glacial lakeplains and outwash plains. Soils range from loamy sand and peaty sand to peaty muck and are strongly acid to very strongly acid. The water level fluctuates seasonally and from year to year.This alliance consists of seasonally flooded flats (characteristically interspersed with cypress domes) in central and southern peninsular Florida, and possibly southern Georgia and the Panhandle of Florida. ~Hypericum brachyphyllum$ is the dominant dwarf-shrub. The herb stratum is typically very well-developed and diverse, and includes abundant graminoid species, especially ~Rhynchospora$ spp., ~Scleria$ spp., and ~Fuirena$ spp. Additional associates include ~Andropogon capillipes, Amphicarpum muehlenbergianum, Panicum hemitomon, Panicum verrucosum, Eupatorium leptophyllum$, and ~Xyris$ sp.LVAL                                                           This alliance is found in the northern regions of the midwestern and northeastern United States as well as many regions of Canada in what are typically referred to as 'bogs.' In the peatlands of North Carolina, some elements are part of the pocosin landscape. The ground layer is dominated by ericaceous dwarf-shrubs (>25%). In the north, scattered and stunted (less than 10 m tall) ~Picea mariana$ and ~Larix laricina$ may be present, but tree cover is less than 25%. The ground layer is dominated by ~Chamaedaphne calyculata$, with ~Kalmia polifolia$ and ~Andromeda polifolia var. glaucophylla (= Andromeda glaucophylla)$ typical associates in sub-boreal and boreal regions. Other characteristic species in these regions are ~Drosera rotundifolia$ and ~Sarracenia purpurea$. The ground layer has a continuous mat of sphagnum mosses, usually dominated by ~Sphagnum magellanicum, Sphagnum fuscum$, or ~Sphagnum angustifolium$. In the southern portion of the range, vegetation of this alliance is found in mucky peat-burns or other openings which form a mosaic with various shrublands (e.g., ~Cyrilla racemiflora - Zenobia pulverulenta$ Shrubland) in low, medium, or high pocosins (including ombrotrophic blanket bogs) of the outer Coastal Plain of North Carolina. Other characteristic species include ~Eriophorum virginicum, Calamovilfa brevipilis, Carex striata var. striata, Utricularia subulata, Lysimachia asperulifolia, Peltandra virginica, Vaccinium macrocarpon, Rhynchospora alba, Polygala brevifolia$, and ~Nymphaea odorata$. Stands of this alliance occur both in areas that are truly ombrotrophic (receiving nutrients from rainfall only), with pH <4.2, and areas that are somewhat influenced by groundwater. In the north, this alliance often develops in areas on ~Picea mariana$ bogs that become too wet to support black spruce.wLVAL,This alliance includes stands of ~Phyllostachys aurea$ which have either been planted or naturalized. These stands occur in upland settings on a variety of soil types.Vegetation within this alliance is associated with moist subalpine and alpine meadows, snowbeds, lake margins, and other low-gradient depressions of the northern Rockies and Pacific mountain ranges from 1600-4000 m in elevation. These habitats are cold and snowy, with snowfields lingering into June or later. Soils are frigid, derived from bedrock or aggraded alluvium, usually high in organic matter, and strongly acid. These communities are often associated with hummocky topography, which provides a juxtaposition of saturated and somewhat drained microhabitats. Water tables are often at or near the surface for much of the growing season and organic decomposition is slow. A dominant dwarf-shrub layer of ~Kalmia microphylla$ typifies these communities. Other ericaceous shrubs, including ~Phyllodoce empetriformis, Phyllodoce breweri, Ledum glandulosum$, and ~Vaccinium$ spp., are common associates. Dwarf ~Salix$ spp. may also be present. The herbaceous layer is typically dominated by graminoids, of which Carices usually predominate. ~Carex scopulorum, Carex aquatilis, Carex canescens$, and ~Carex pellita (= Carex lanuginosa)$ are especially common. Grasses, such as ~Deschampsia caespitosa, Danthonia intermedia$, and ~Phleum alpinum$, may also be locally abundant. Mesic forbs are usually scattered through the graminoid matrix, including ~Symphyotrichum spathulatum (= Aster occidentalis), Pedicularis groenlandica, Caltha leptosepala, Gentiana$ spp., ~Dodecatheon$ spp., and ~Epilobium$ spp. Adjacent vegetation types are typically subalpine coniferous forests dominated by ~Abies, Tsuga$, or ~Picea$ spp., wet ~Carex$ meadows, wet heaths dominated by ~Cassiope mertensiana$ and/or ~Phyllodoce empetriformis$, or alpine fell-fields.LVAL 0?k jaXp`aXpForests on montane slopes dominated by ~Prestoea acuminata var. montana (= Prestoea montana)$.Laurel forests of montane situations in the Lesser Antilles. The concept and name may need some modification with additional information from more islands.Old fields and waste areas colonized by ~Albizia julibrissin$ with dense to rather sparse cover. Stands are mostly 3-7 m tall.Plantations of ~Taxodium distichum$, grown for timber.Plantations of ~Populus deltoides$, grown for hardwood pulp for the manufacture of paper products.Plantations of ~Platanus occidentalis$, grown for hardwood pulp for the manufacture of paper products.Stands of this alliance are dominated by ~Cyrilla racemiflora$ and ~Micropholis$ spp.Plantations of ~Liquidambar styraciflua$, grown for hardwood pulp for the manufacture of paper products.Vegetation in this alliance occurs in the upper reaches of artificial impoundments, as well as in slow-moving water of streams in the Coastal Plain, and is dominated by monospecific stands of ~Alternanthera philoxeroides$, an exotic species.This dwarf-shrubland occurs on slopes and ridges in the subalpine regions of California. It is generally present in the zone between meadow and forest, growing on gravelly, carbonate-rich soils. Elevations range from 2000-3100 m. The nominal species' growth occurs mainly early to mid summer, with flowering in late summer. The species is dormant in the fall, winter, and early spring due to cold. ~Artemisia rothrockii$ is the sole or dominant shrub in the canopy. Other shrubs present may include ~Ericameria discoidea, Ericameria suffruticosa, Penstemon heterodoxus$, and ~Monardella odoratissima$. Emergent conifers, such as ~Pinus balfouriana, Pinus contorta var. murrayana$, and ~Pinus albicaulis$, may be present.JLVALy\^ @ @ @ @ @ Saturated wetland of the New Jersey pine barrens. ~Calamovilfa brevipilis$ dominates this vegetation; scattered shrubs are most commonly ~Gaylussacia dumosa$, but other associated shrubs include ~Gaylussacia baccata, Lyonia mariana, Kalmia angustifolia$.Mixed hemlock - hardwood forest occurring along stream drainages and in wetland / upland ecotonal areas.Forests at low elevations in the north-central and northwestern limestone karst hills of Puerto Rico. Forest dominated by ~Clusia rosea$ and ~Manilkara bidentata ssp. surinamensis$.Palm forests of the Lesser Antilles dominated by ~Syagrus amara$.This alliance includes both upland sites and alluvial, streamside stands. Stands are found on all aspects and slopes as well as raised stream terraces and benches. Stands usually occur on soils derived from sandstone or schist. Stands are found between 10 and 600 m, and grow in areas which are inundated during the summers with coastal fog. Winters are quite wet, with precipitation averaging more than 150 cm/year. Nearly all the rain falls between November and May, though fog drip continues to provide moisture through the otherwise dry summer months. Stands of this alliance are characterized by ~Sequoia sempervirens$, which is an important or dominant species in the canopy. Other trees present may include ~Acer macrophyllum, Arbutus menziesii, Umbellularia californica, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Abies grandis, Lithocarpus densiflorus$, and ~Tsuga heterophylla$. On deeper, moister soils, redwood is the only canopy tree; on steeper slopes with shallower soils, redwood shares the canopy with other trees. Shrubs and forbs may be infrequent or common, and can include ~Vaccinium ovatum, Pteridium aquilinum, Polypodium californicum, Woodwardia fimbriata, Vicia sativa ssp. nigra, Blechnum spicant, Iris douglasiana, Mahonia nervosa, Marah fabaceus, Oxalis oregana, Carex globosa, Gaultheria shallon, Polystichum munitum$, and ~Trillium ovatum$.LVALx{                                                              This community type occurs as a distinct zone along fresh reaches of tidal rivers in the Coastal Plain. ~Nelumbo lutea$ forms a thin band of vegetation along the river in water that is 2-3 m deep at low tide.This alliance accommodates tidally flooded ~Taxodium distichum$ forests.This alliance includes forests dominated by naturalized ~Pinus thunbergiana$ and occurring in the northeastern coastal region and likely beyond.Floodplain forest of smaller rivers and headwaters.This sparse, desert sand dune alliance occurs on active to partially stabilized desert sand dunes in the northern Sonoran Desert, between 88 and 305 m (290-1000 feet) elevation. ~Ambrosia dumosa$ and ~Pleuraphis rigida (= Hilaria rigida)$ codominate, though a number of other dune-adapted, shrubby perennial plants may occur. Occasionally common are ~Ephedra trifurca, Croton californicus, Croton wigginsii, Eriogonum deserticola$, and ~Psorothamnus emoryi$.A semi-evergreen dwarf desert shrubland on gypsum-influenced soils of the Trans-Pecos in western Texas, with ~Tiquilia hispidissima (= Coldenia hispidissima)$ as a constant component. ~Anulocaulis gypsogenus, Artemisia filifolia, Bouteloua breviseta, Bouteloua trifida, Ephedra torreyana, Gaillardia multiceps, Krameria lanceolata, Mentzelia humilis, Mentzelia humilis, Nama carnosum, Nerisyrenia linearifolia, Sartwellia flaveriae, Selinocarpus$ spp., ~Sporobolus airoides, Sporobolus nealleyi, Thelesperma megapotamicum, Yucca elata, Yucca torreyi$, along with several cactus species, are typical associates. Substrate ranges from wind-blown gypsum dunes to nearly bare gyp deposits, and plant species composition varies accordingly. These shrublands occur within a matrix of xeromorphic shrubland and may form landscape mosaics with other gyp-tolerant associations in alternately wet and dry habitats.LVAL kStands included in this dwarf-shrubland alliance are found on the Colorado Plateau and in southeastern Colorado. Sites include gentle to moderately steep shale hillslopes and mesas in Arizona and breaks and shale plains in the shortgrass steppe west to the foothills near the Colorado Front Range. Soils are typically shallow, well-drained, calcareous loams, clay loams, and clays derived from limestone, sandstone, shale and alluvium. The soil surface has high cover of bare soil and rock. The vegetation is characterized by a sparse to moderately dense dwarf-shrub layer that is dominated or codominated by ~Artemisia bigelovii$. Dwarf-shrub associates from the shortgrass steppe include ~Yucca glauca, Krascheninnikovia lanata, Frankenia jamesii$, and ~Glossopetalon spinescens var. meionandrum$, which may be present to codominant. On the Colorado Plateau, stands may be codominated by ~Ephedra$ spp., ~Eriogonum corymbosum, Parryella filifolia$, or ~Purshia stansburiana$. ~Gutierrezia sarothrae$ and species of ~Atriplex$ and ~Yucca$ are common in most stands. Scattered ~Juniperus$ spp. trees are occasionally present. A sparse to moderate graminoid layer is usually present. Dominant grasses include ~Aristida purpurea, Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Bouteloua gracilis, Hesperostipa neomexicana (= Stipa neomexicana), Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii), Sporobolus cryptandrus$, or less commonly ~Pascopyrum smithii$. On the Colorado Plateau forbs are generally sparse. However, cushion plants are common on shortgrass steppe slopes. Other forbs, such as ~Astragalus missouriensis, Heterotheca villosa, Melampodium cinereum, Picradeniopsis oppositifolia, Stanleya pinnata$, and ~Zinnia grandiflora$, are usually present. Exotic annuals, such as ~Bromus japonicus, Bromus tectorum, Salsola kali$, and ~Descurainia sophia$, may be present to common depending on disturbance, and amount and season of precipitation. Diagnostic of this alliance is the ~Artemisia bigelovii$-dominated or codominated dwarf-LVAL @@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@@@@ `WZXW{ZXX{ZXY{ZXZ{ZX[{ZX\{ZX]{ ZX^|ZX_|ZY|ZYV|ZYW|ZYX|ZYY|ZYZ|ZY[|ZY\| ZY]}ZY_}ZZ}ZZW}ZZY}ZZZ}ZZ[}ZZ\}ZZ]}Z[} Z[V~Z[W~Z[X~Z[Y~Z[[~Z[\~Z[]~Z[^~Z[_~Z\~ Z\VZ\WZ\YZ\[Z\\Z\]Z\^Z\_Z]Z]V Z]WZ]XZ]YZ]ZZ][Z]\Z]]Z]^Z]_Z^ Z^V Z^WZ^YZ^ZZ^[Z^]Z^^Z^_Z_Z_WZ_X Z_Y Z_\ Z__[[V[VV[VW[VX[V[[V\[W[W] [W_ [X [XV [XW[XX[XY[XZ[X[[X\[X][X^[X_[Y [YV [YW[YX[YY[YZ[Y[[Y\[Y][Y^[Y_[Z [ZV [ZW [ZX [ZY[Z[[Z\[Z^[Z_[[[[V[[W[[X[[Y [[Z [[][\[\W[\X[\Y[\[[\\[\][\^[] []V []W[]Y[]Z[][[]\[]][]^[]_[^[^V [^W [^X [^Y [^Z[^[[^\[^][^^[^_[_[_V[_W[_X [_Y [_^ [__ \ \V \VV \VW \VX \VY \VZ \V[ \V\ \V] \V^ \V_ \W \WV \WW \WY \WZ \W[ \W] \W_ \X \XV \XW \XY \XZ \X[ \X\ \X] \X^ \X_ \Y \YV \YW \YX \YY \YZ \Y[ \Y\ \Y] \Y^ \Y_ \Z \ZV \ZW \ZX \ZY \ZZ \Z[ \Z\ \Z] \Z^ \Z_ \[ \[V \[W \[X \[Y \[Z \[[ \[] \[_ \\ \\V \\W \\X \\Y\\Z\\[\\\\\]\\^shrub layer.LVAL" @ @ @ @@ @ @ @@  @ @ @ @@ @ @ @ Freshwater swamps associated with rivers, dominated by ~Pterocarpus officinalis$.This minor alliance includes dwarf-shrublands scattered across the interior western U.S. Stands occur on plateaus, plains, mesas, hillslopes, alkaline flats around playas and along drainages. Some habitats are intermittently flooded wetlands. Sites are typically flat to gently sloping occurring on any aspect, but stands have also been reported from moderately steep slopes. Soils are calcareous, moderately alkaline and sometimes saline. Soil texture is typically stony, sandy loam, but may be coarser textured. The ground cover is mostly bare soil. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by a sparse to moderately dense dwarf-shrub layer dominated by ~Krascheninnikovia lanata$. Other woody species may include scattered ~Artemisia frigida, Artemisia nova, Artemisia tridentata, Chrysothamnus$ spp., ~Gutierrezia sarothrae, Opuntia polyacantha, Rhus trilobata$, and ~Yucca glauca$. In the Mojave Desert ~Larrea tridentata, Lycium andersonii, Ambrosia dumosa$, and ~Atriplex polycarpa$ may also be present. The herbaceous layer has sparse to moderately dense cover dominated by graminoids with scattered perennial forbs. Graminoids, such as ~Poa secunda, Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata), Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii), Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$, and ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$, are most abundant. Perennial forbs may include ~Phlox hoodii, Sphaeralcea coccinea, Sphaeralcea munroana, Achillea millefolium, Astragalus purshii, Calochortus macrocarpus$, and ~Erigeron$ spp. Annuals may be seasonally present to abundant depending on precipitation and disturbance. Exotic annuals can be abundant. Diagnostic of this alliance is the ~Krascheninnikovia lanata$-dominated dwarf-shrub canopy with over 25% cover.bLVALn @@@@@@@@@  Associations within this alliance occur at intermediate elevations (1500-2500 m) in the Intermountain and Rocky Mountain West, a region of semi-arid, continental climate regime. Soils are typically young, shallow, coarse-textured, and often derived from calcareous parent materials. ~Artemisia nova$ associations occur on well-drained slopes and ridges and often grow with other ~Artemisia$ associations on deeper soils. In the Columbia River Basin, the vegetation in this alliance occupies the driest habitats of all the ~Artemisia$-dominated alliances. This alliance is characterized by the dominance of the dwarf-shrub ~Artemisia nova$, which must contribute at least 40% of the total shrub cover in any stand, and by cover of perennial graminoids that is typically less than 20%. Associated shrub species that occur in stands of this alliance include ~Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus, Atriplex confertifolia, Artemisia tridentata, Artemisia arbuscula, Artemisia cana, Symphoricarpos oreophilus, Grayia spinosa, Purshia tridentata$, and ~Gutierrezia sarothrae$. The ground layer is dominated by perennial bunch grasses which may exceed the height of the shrubs, but typically have <20% total cover. Recurrent species include ~Pseudoroegneria spicata, Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Achnatherum speciosum (= Stipa speciosa), Achnatherum thurberianum (= Stipa thurberiana), Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata), Elymus elymoides, Poa secunda$, and ~Koeleria macrantha$. In southern stands, ~Bouteloua gracilis$ and ~Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii)$ may also be important. Common forbs include ~Balsamorhiza sagittata, Senecio integerrimus, Packera multilobata (= Senecio multilobatus), Stenotus armerioides, Heterotheca villosa, Phlox hoodii, Sphaeralcea coccinea$, and ~Castilleja angustifolia$. At the edges of intermountain basins, this alliance is usually contiguous with ~Atriplex confertifolia$ shrublands.mLVALk'@  @ @@ @@ @@ @@ @@Semi-deciduous forests of Martinique (and possibly of wider occurrence in the Lesser Antilles), with a mixture of drought-deciduous and evergreen species in the canopy.Seasonal forests of Martinique, at elevations of 10-500 m, formerly occupying large portions of the island.Wetland short forests (generally 3-8 m tall), dominated by ~Thespesia populnea$, typically associated with mangroves, often adjoining them on the inland side, and generally not tidally flooded, except by storm floods.These communities occur in relatively dry areas of the sagebrush desert of Nevada (and probably Utah), from 1200-1800 m in elevation. Precipitation averages 15-20 cm annually, with a significant proportion arriving as snow. Growing-season drought is characteristic. Soils are usually shallow and often unique, including Green River Shale, heavy clays, or calcareous outcrops or gravels. These communities often harbor regionally rare plant species. This alliance is characterized by a sparse dwarf-shrub layer of ~Artemisia pygmaea$, with other shrubs scattered through the stands. Only one association is presently described for this alliance, from central Nevada. In addition to ~Artemisia pygmaea$, that association included ~Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus, Atriplex confertifolia, Ephedra nevadensis$, and ~Artemisia nova$ in the shrub layer. According to the authors, none of these associated shrubs are constant or characteristic of these communities. A sparse graminoid layer was usually present, including ~Elymus elymoides$ and ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$. Forbs include ~Sphaeralcea coccinea, Eriogonum caespitosum$, and ~Astragalus$ spp. Adjacent vegetation types are most often dominated by ~Artemisia nova$, which often forms the vegetation matrix surrounding these unique communities. Other contiguous vegetation types include ~Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus$ or ~Atriplex confertifolia$ shrublands.LVALoTC}l[J9(~m\K:)p_N#R!b0WA.20H19This alliance is dominated by ~Magnolia virginiana$ and ~Nyssa$ spp. Known vegetation in this alliance is dominated by ~Magnolia virginiana$ and tall, straight ~Nyssa ogeche$.This minor dwarf-shrubland alliance occurs in portions of the Snake and Imnaha river canyons in Idaho and eastern Oregon and Washington. Precipitation primarily occurs in the winter as snow or rain. This moisture is stored in the soil profile and utilized during the typically dry summers. Stands are typically found on highly weathered basalt outcrops in the canyons. Sites are very hot and dry, occurring on moderate to steep slopes with southern or western aspects. Soils are very shallow, coarse-textured, and well-drained with a high percentage of rock fragments. The soil surface has a high cover of pea-sized gravel and sand with cobbles. Parent material is colluvium and residuum derived from a unique, highly fractured, hydrothermally altered basalt lava. Chemically, this substrate is alkaline with low organic matter and high cation-exchange capacity of calcium and soluble sodium. Vegetation included in this alliance has a sparse woody layer that is dominated by the dwarf-shrub ~Eriogonum microthecum$. Some stands may have ~Eriogonum strictum$ instead of, or in addition to, ~Eriogonum microthecum$. The herbaceous layer is also sparse and composed of a relatively even mixture of forbs and grasses. Other characteristic species include forbs, such as ~Physaria oregona, Achillea millefolium, Chaenactis douglasii, Erysimum capitatum (= Erysimum asperum), Oenothera caespitosa, Phacelia heterophylla, Polygonum douglasii$, and the grass ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$. Moss and lichen are nearly absent, likely because of the instability of the slopes. Exotic species, namely ~Bromus tectorum$, often make up a significant portion of the vegetation cover in these stands.LVAL@k2wE[K;+P^#T `A.3552H1999-03-22A.1855duplicate recordM.J. Russo>4?A.3549H1999-02-01ATropical forests dominated by ~Dacryodes excelsa$ and ~Sloanea berteriana$, in Puerto Rico.This alliance occurs in the northern Chihuahuan Desert and Colorado Plateau from western Texas, south-central and northwestern New Mexico, and northeastern Arizona. Climate is semi-arid to arid. Elevation ranges from 1530-1830 m. Stands are known from valley bottoms, alluvial flats, lower to upper hillslopes, often in a 'badlands' landscape. Soils are generally shallow, poorly developed, and alkaline. Textures range from fine sandy loam to silty clay loam and clay in New Mexico and Arizona. In western Texas, substrates are silt loams and clay soils that may be saline or gypseous. Parent materials include alluvium and colluvium derived from igneous or sedimentary materials such as basalt, shale, and clay. There is high cover of bare soil. Typically, areas have been severely degraded by erosion. The vegetation is characterized by a sparse to locally moderately dense dwarf-shrub layer (10-60% cover) that is dominated or codominated by ~Atriplex obovata$. Shrub associates may include scattered ~Atriplex confertifolia, Ericameria nauseosa, Isocoma drummondii, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana, Opuntia$ spp., or ~Suaeda$ spp. The herbaceous layer ranges from moderately dense to absent, and is usually dominated by perennial grasses such as ~Sporobolus airoides$. Other associated species may include ~Achnatherum hymenoides, Sporobolus cryptandrus, Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii), Bouteloua gracilis, Elymus elymoides$, and the scattered cacti ~Opuntia polyacantha$ and ~Opuntia imbricata$. Where this alliance is known to occur in Texas, ~Suaeda mexicana$ and ~Coryphantha ramillosa$ are often present, and after rains, annuals such as ~Tidestromia carnosa$ may be locally abundant.lLVALN'~sc2ZJPa0nrbRB2"xhA.476HA.475Tropical submontane forests dominated by ~Dacryodes excelsa, Sloanea massonii, Talauma dodecapetala, Licania ternatensis$, and other few species, in the Lesser Antilles.Seasonally saturated "pineyards" of the Bahamas, on limestone rocks, with essentially monospecific canopy of ~Pinus caribaea var. bahamensis$.Plantation forests (generally with a rather open canopy) of the exotic ~Cocos nucifera$, generally occurring in maritime situations, such as beach sands.Shrublands in this alliance are found on lower hillslopes and alkaline flats on Colorado Plateau portions of northwestern New Mexico, western Colorado and Utah. Climate is semi-arid with most of the highly variable precipitation falling in July and August as high-intensity thunderstorms. Mean annual precipitation is approximately 23 cm. Elevation ranges from 1300-1820 m. Sites are nearly flat to moderately steep, and have soils typically derived from Mancos Shale. Soils are moderately deep, strongly saline, moderately alkaline, fine-textured (clayey), poorly developed and typically have high erosion rates. Stands have very sparse to moderate cover (5-30%) of woody vegetation that is dominated by the halophytic, evergreen dwarf-shrub ~Atriplex corrugata$. Sparse stands are often completely dominated by this plant. Stands typically have very low species diversity. Depending on soil salinity and moisture, other plants may be present, including the shrubs ~Tetradymia spinosa, Picrothamnus desertorum (= Artemisia spinescens)$, and ~Krascheninnikovia lanata$. The herbaceous layer is very sparse. Scattered perennial forbs, such as ~Xylorhiza glabriuscula$ and ~Sphaeralcea grossulariifolia$, and the perennial grass ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$ have been reported. Annuals are seasonally present and may include ~Eriogonum inflatum, Plantago tweedyi$, and the exotics ~Bromus tectorum, Malcolmia africana$, and ~Salsola kali$.LVAL sThis giant forest alliance occurs within the maritime-influenced region of the Pacific Northwest from Oregon to British Columbia, Canada, primarily west of the crest of the Cascades and outside major coastal fog influence. Climate is moderate with only mild drought and frost, generally on sites which are moist to very wet. Elevation ranges from sea level to approximately 1000 m. Soil types are variable across its range, but most commonly with fine-textured, bottomland soils, usually with low nutrient concentrations. ~Thuja plicata$ trees appear to be quite tolerant of stagnant winter water tables. These forests are characterized by a multi-tiered tree canopy of ~Thuja plicata$ that is typically codominated by ~Tsuga heterophylla$ and over 50 m in height. ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ and ~Abies grandis$ may also be present. With increasing stand age, ~Thuja plicata$ becomes more prominent in the canopy. Most commonly the canopy includes other tree species, but can become monotypic on swampy sites. Broad-leaved cold-deciduous trees, such ~Acer macrophyllum, Alnus rubra, Cornus nuttallii$, and ~Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa$, often form a sparse subcanopy, particularly in gaps in the upper canopy. In southern Oregon stands, additional subcanopy tree species may include ~Chrysolepis chrysophylla (= Castanopsis chrysophylla), Arbutus menziesii$, and ~Lithocarpus densiflorus$. The shrub layer is commonly composed of ~Linnaea borealis, Gaultheria shallon, Rhododendron macrophyllum$, and ~Mahonia nervosa$. The herbaceous layer is usually dominated by shade-tolerant / moisture-loving forbs and ferns such as ~Achlys triphylla, Oxalis oregana, Viola sempervirens, Trillium ovatum, Trientalis borealis ssp. latifolia (= Trientalis latifolia), Polystichum munitum, Blechnum spicant$, and ~Athyrium filix-femina$. Late successional stands typically have very large trees, huge amounts of woody debris, and better developed understories. Diagnostic of this forest alliance is a tree canopy over 50 m tall that is codoLVAL@ f9m9s9x9{9ated (usually essentially monospecific) by ~Caesalpinia bonduc$, occurring in subtropical and tropical areas. This vegetation is generally the result of natural or human disturbance.Stands are dominated by ~Bucida buceras$, with ~Savia sessiliflora, Krugiodendron ferreum$.This alliance consists of mesquite woodlands (usually with open canopy, but sometimes with an essentially closed canopy), dominated by ~Prosopis glandulosa$.These heath dwarf-shrublands are found in the subalpine meadows in the Cascade Mountains in northwestern Washington. Elevations range from 1460-1920 m. Climate is maritime-influenced with deep snowpacks. Stands occur in nearly level basins to very steep slopes (over 100%) on hills and ridges. Sites are moist to mesic, and are typically near where snow accumulates or on poorly drained substrates. Aspects are generally cool, and stands do not occur on south- or west-facing slopes. Soils are variable. Stands have a dense dwarf-shrub layer that is dominated or codominated by the cold-deciduous dwarf-shrub ~Vaccinium deliciosum$. ~Vaccinium membranaceum$ or ~Phyllodoce empetriformis$ codominates some of these stands. Other common woody plants include ~Cassiope mertensiana$ and ~Luetkea pectinata$. The relatively sparse herbaceous layer is dominated by perennial forbs, including ~Antennaria lanata, Castilleja parviflora, Erythronium montanum, Ligusticum grayi, Lupinus latifolius, Pedicularis$ spp., ~Polygonum bistortoides, Potentilla flabellifolia, Valeriana sitchensis$, and ~Veronica cusickii$. Sparse graminoid cover of ~Carex nigricans, Carex spectabilis$ or ~Festuca viridula$ is often present. Nonvascular plants, such as mosses and lichens, are common and may have high cover. Total vegeminated by ~Thuja plicata$.kLVALdy@AThis alliance consists of small to large tidal flats dominated by ~Batis maritima$, typically with saltwater-tidal irregularly flooded hydrology. Other species can include ~Sarcocornia perennis, Sporobolus virginicus, Borrichia frutescens, Suaeda linearis, Lycium carolinianum, Spartina spartinae, Monanthochloe littoralis, Sesuvium portulacastrum$, and ~Blutaparon vermiculare$. This alliance occurs especially in salt panne situations, where tidal saltwater evaporates, augmenting salinity. This is a subtropical alliance, which ranges northwards into the warmest portions of the temperate southeastern United States. Its occurrence in the South Atlantic Coastal Plain is uncertain. This community may occur in areas up to at least 100 hectares.This dwarf-shrubland alliance occurs in western Colorado and eastern Utah, Wyoming and Montana on mesas, plateaus, plains, low hills and eroded 'badlands.' Sites are nearly flat to moderately steep with moderately deep to deep, usually saline, alkaline soils. Soils are typically fine-textured and often have high erosion rates because of poor infiltration and high runoff. The soil surface is often mostly barren. Stands have a very sparse to moderately dense cover of dwarf-shrubs that is dominated by ~Atriplex gardneri$. ~Picrothamnus desertorum (= Artemisia spinescens)$ and ~Artemisia tridentata$ are codominants in some stands. Other shrubs and dwarf-shrubs may include ~Atriplex$ spp., ~Krascheninnikovia lanata, Sarcobatus vermiculatus, Suaeda$ spp., and ~Tetradymia spinosa$. The herbaceous layer, if present, may be dominated by graminoids or forbs. Common species include ~Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii), Leymus salinus, Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Pascopyrum smithii, Eriogonum pauciflorum, Xylorhiza venusta$, or ~Monolepis nuttalliana$. Diagnostic of this dwarf-shrubland alliance is the dominance or codominance of ~Atriplex gardneri$.LVALK fpdfojStands are dominated by ~Prosopis pallida$; ~Bucida buceras$ may be present.Stands are dominated by ~Bursera simaruba$. Common shrubs include ~Pilosocereus royenii, Thouinia striata var. portoricensis, Plumeria alba, Croton lucidus, Pictetia aculeata, Comocladia dodonaea$.These forests are characterized by ~Picea engelmannii$ as the dominant tree species in the upper forest canopy, and by riparian situations.This alliance includes communities dominated by heaths or heathlike shrubs (typically blueberries, ~Vaccinium angustifolium, Vaccinium myrtilloides, Vaccinium pallidum (= Vaccinium vacillans))$ and commonly referred to as 'heath barrens.' In general, these communities are small and patchy and restricted to two broad habitat types: (a) bedrock outcrops, ledges, summits of igneous or metamorphic rock, or (b) depressions on level outwash plain or valley floor frost pockets. Soils are shallow accumulations of organic material on bedrock habitats, or rapidly drained and nutrient-poor sands on outwash plains. In addition to ~Vaccinium$, the communities typically contain other shrubs such as ~Gaylussacia baccata$ and ~Arctostaphylos uva-ursi$ along with scattered herbaceous plants such as ~Deschampsia flexuosa, Schizachyrium scoparium, Carex pensylvanica, Piptatherum pungens (= Oryzopsis pungens), Rubus hispidus, Euthamia graminifolia, Solidago canadensis, Lycopodium dendroideum$, and ~Lycopodium digitatum$. Mosses and lichens usually are present. Scattered individuals of ~Picea mariana, Pinus strobus, Prunus serotina, Larix laricina, Abies balsamea, Picea rubens, Betula papyrifera var. cordifolia$, and/or ~Sorbus americana$ may occur where soil has accumulated. This alliance includes communities which are known locally as 'heath barrens' and 'acidic rocky summits.'sLVAL+Y@AThis alliance includes patchy woodlands often consisting of scattered clonal mottes of ~Sapindus saponaria$. These woodlands occur on rocky limestone uplands, on moist soils along streams, and in disturbed areas.Lowland rainforests dominated by ~Diospyros revoluta, Mammea americana$, and ~Manilkara bidentata ssp. surinamensis$, occurring at low elevations in Puerto Rico (rare).Planted orchards of ~Carya illinoinensis$.Vegetation in this alliance occurs in the alpine tundra in Colorado. The climate regime is continental, with long, cold winters and short summers with frequent afternoon thunderstorms. Strong westerly winds are common in the winter and spring and distribute snow on the leeward side of the mountains. Large areas of late-lying snowpatches are located on the eastern slope. Stands are found between 3220 and 3580 m elevation on gentle- to moderate-gradient slopes. Stands are located in the lower alpine just above treeline in areas where snow accumulates in the winter and melts relatively late in the summer. The soils are poorly developed, may have a high organic matter content, and are classified as Inceptisols (Cryumbrepts or Cryochrepts). The soil profile has A and B horizons; the B horizon is moderately thick. The average surface pH is 5.0, indicating leached soils. The vegetation in the alliance is found in snowbed habitats, areas where snow accumulates in the winter and melts relatively late in the summer. ~Vaccinium caespitosum$ and ~Vaccinium scoparium$ dominate the dwarf-shrub canopy. A number of herbaceous species occur in the understory. ~Carex rossii (= Carex brevipes), Danthonia intermedia, Gentiana calycosa, Geum rossii, Hieracium gracile, Penstemon whippleanus, Poa reflexa$, and ~Viola adunca$ are the most common species. The cryptogam layer is dominated by lichens; ~Cladonia pyxidata$ and ~Catapyrenium cinereum (= Dermatocarpon cinereum)$ are the most common.LVAL,qgThis alliance consists of vine thickets dominated (usually essentially monospecific) by ~Caesalpinia bonduc$, occurring in subtropical and tropical areas. This vegetation is generally the result of natural or human disturbance.Stands are dominated by ~Bucida buceras$, with ~Savia sessiliflora, Krugiodendron ferreum$.This alliance consists of mesquite woodlands (usually with open canopy, but sometimes with an essentially closed canopy), dominated by ~Prosopis glandulosa$.These heath dwarf-shrublands are found in the subalpine meadows in the Cascade Mountains in northwestern Washington. Elevations range from 1460-1920 m. Climate is maritime-influenced with deep snowpacks. Stands occur in nearly level basins to very steep slopes (over 100%) on hills and ridges. Sites are moist to mesic, and are typically near where snow accumulates or on poorly drained substrates. Aspects are generally cool, and stands do not occur on south- or west-facing slopes. Soils are variable. Stands have a dense dwarf-shrub layer that is dominated or codominated by the cold-deciduous dwarf-shrub ~Vaccinium deliciosum$. ~Vaccinium membranaceum$ or ~Phyllodoce empetriformis$ codominates some of these stands. Other common woody plants include ~Cassiope mertensiana$ and ~Luetkea pectinata$. The relatively sparse herbaceous layer is dominated by perennial forbs, including ~Antennaria lanata, Castilleja parviflora, Erythronium montanum, Ligusticum grayi, Lupinus latifolius, Pedicularis$ spp., ~Polygonum bistortoides, Potentilla flabellifolia, Valeriana sitchensis$, and ~Veronica cusickii$. Sparse graminoid cover of ~Carex nigricans, Carex spectabilis$ or ~Festuca viridula$ is often present. Nonvascular plants, such as mosses and lichens, are common and may have high cover. Total vegetation cover is generally 100%.LVALI_ @ @CECX005705CMCSCOMPLEXNorthern Prairie Pothole WetlanShrublands dominated by ~Gymnanthes lucida$, 2-5 m in height. In Puerto Rico these are developed in thin soils over limestone, in hills in north-central and northwestern Puerto Rico. ~Eugenia monticola$ is often codominant.Wind-sculpted scrub on summits of higher peaks in Martinique, dominated by the Martinique endemics ~Rondeletia martinicensis, Miconia martinicensis$, and others. These shrublands are associated with cloud forests.Dry shrublands in near-coastal areas of Martinique.Abandoned pastures and fields dominated by the shrub ~Piper aduncum$.Shrublands dominated by ~Colubrina$ spp. Other characteristic species include ~Oplonia spinosa, Comocladia dodonaea, Reynosia uncinata, Bromelia pinguin$.This alliance includes alpine dwarf-shrublands generally characterized by ~Vaccinium uliginosum$. Typically they occur above timberline on exposed, windswept mountain summits, ridges, and bedrock-dominated tablelands. They are usually part of a mosaic of communities associated with these alpine areas and remain saturated for much of the growing season by atmospheric moisture. Other species associated with this alliance include ~Ledum groenlandicum, Betula nana (= Betula glandulosa), Empetrum nigrum, Rhododendron lapponicum, Salix uva-ursi$, and the herbs ~Juncus trifidus, Carex bigelowii, Sibbaldiopsis tridentata (= Potentilla tridentata)$, and ~Minuartia groenlandica$. The communities are variously referred to as `alpine ridge community' or `alpine shrublands.' Bliss (1963) provides descriptions of vegetation of this alliance occurring in the White Mountains of New Hampshire. These communities are restricted to alpine areas in Maine, New York, Vermont and New Hampshire. This alliance likely occurs in Canada, and may share floristic affinities with alpine alliances of Europe [see Bliss (1963) for discussion].LVALYjThis alliance consists of seasonally flooded, non-tidal mangrove communities dominated by shrub-sized ~Conocarpus erectus$. The geographic extent of this alliance, its relationships, and its environmental parameters are poorly understood at this time.This alliance consists of shrublands dominated by ~Savia bahamensis$. This alliance occurs in limestone rockland areas and apparently results from clearing (as for farming) in former rockland hammock sites.Communities within this alliance occur in alpine meadows or on high mountain peaks. They range in elevation from 2900-4000 m. Landforms that support these communities are typically of gentle topography, with northerly aspects. They occur where snow lingers into the spring and summer, in places such as lees of cliffs and boulders, secondary slopes, and shallow depressions. Some stands also occur on moist gravel slopes and terraces or along stony margins of streams or lakes, thriving among coarse rock margins with almost no soil. Communities within this alliance are defined as cold-deciduous dwarf-shrublands. They are dominated by ~Salix arctica$, which forms a thick canopy with a mat-forming growth form seldom rising more than 5 cm above the ground. ~Salix reticulata$ occasionally is found as a codominant in the dwarf-shrub layer. These shrubs occur with a mix of forbs and graminoids, including ~Carex pyrenaica, Geum rossii, Polygonum bistortoides, Sibbaldia procumbens, Erigeron melanocephalus, Agrostis rossiae$, and ~Juncus drummondii$. Several bryophyte and lichen species have been reported from Longs Peak, Colorado. On James Peak, Colorado, ~Salix arctica$ did not receive any competition and dominated with a mat-forming growth form. In the Sangre de Cristo Mountains in New Mexico there was a conspicuous absence of cushion plants associated with ~Salix arctica$ communities.LVAL}<Communities within the ~~Salix reticulata$ Dwarf-shrubland Alliance (A.1119)$$ are found on rocky slopes in alpine areas on level to moderately steep, exposed, southern slopes. Elevation ranges from 1950 m to 2400 m. The soils are extremely rocky and often show indications of frost action (i.e., unsorted nets, frost-boils). Snowmelt is relatively early, generally occurring between mid-May and early June. This alliance is a cold-deciduous dwarf-shrubland. The dwarf-shrub layer is dominated by ~Salix reticulata$, a mat-forming, creeping alpine shrub that forms continuous cover (>75%). The herbaceous layer forms a sparse to moderately dense cover (10-25%). Species include ~Festuca brachyphylla, Carex scirpoidea, Oxytropis campestris, Erigeron aureus$, and ~Lupinus lepidus$. Total cover of the shrub and herbaceous layers is often over 75%. ~Selaginella densa$ is a constant associate in stands in the North Cascades, as are a variety of lichens and mosses. Information on adjacent plant communities is unavailable.Plant associations within the ~~Salix cascadensis$ Dwarf-shrubland Alliance (A.1118)$$ occur in alpine areas. Landforms supporting these associations are alpine meadows and talus slopes of all aspects ranging from 1900-3630 m in elevation. The soils are dry due to rocky content and subsequent good drainage. Plant associations that occur within this alpine alliance are classified as cold-deciduous, dwarf-shrubland dominated by ~Salix cascadensis$. ~Salix cascadensis$ is a mat-forming plant (<0.5 m) that forms a closed canopy with few forbs and graminoids. The forb layer includes ~Erigeron aureus$ and ~Minuartia obtusiloba (= Arenaria obtusiloba)$ in the North Cascades. The prominent graminoids are ~Festuca brachyphylla ssp. brachyphylla (= Festuca ovina var. brevifolia)$ and ~Carex phaeocephala$. Information on adjacent vegetation was not available.YLVALeg!This giant forest alliance occurs within the maritime climate-influenced region of the Pacific Northwest from northern California to southern Alaska, primarily west of the Cascade Crest. Stands of this alliance are best represented in areas of the coastal ranges with high precipitation, frequent fog, long frost-free periods, low fire frequencies, with only moderate drought and the majority of the annual precipitation arriving as rain. Annual precipitation is among the highest in temperate North America. Soils can vary widely, but growth is decreased on heavy soils or soils with poor drainage. These forests are characterized by a multi-tiered, mixed-species canopy over 50 m in height that is dominated by ~Tsuga heterophylla$. ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ is usually present and may approach 1000 years or more in age. ~Thuja plicata$ is commonly present in these forests and can be common on valley bottom sites with poorly drained soils. A secondary forest stratum of ~Acer macrophyllum$ or ~Taxus brevifolia$ may be present, especially at moist sites. In southern Oregon stands, ~Lithocarpus densiflorus$ or ~Chrysolepis chrysophylla (= Castanopsis chrysophylla)$ often occur. The tall-shrub layer may be dominated by ~Acer circinatum, Acer glabrum, Mahonia nervosa, Rhododendron macrophyllum, Rhododendron albiflorum, Vaccinium ovalifolium, Vaccinium membranaceum, Vaccinium ovatum, Gaultheria shallon, Holodiscus discolor, Rubus spectabilis$, or ~Oplopanax horridus$. The herbaceous layer is highly variable, often dominated with a rich mix of shade-tolerant, mesic forbs or ferns species such as ~Polystichum munitum, Oxalis oregana, Trientalis borealis ssp. latifolia (= Trientalis latifolia), Achlys triphylla, Gymnocarpium dryopteris$, and ~Linnaea borealis$. However, young stands are often understory depauperate. Diagnostic of this forest alliance is an upper tree canopy over 50 m tall that is dominated by~Tsuga heterophylla$.pLVAL|iAv!This vegetation occurs in saturated sites in coastal and montane areas in the Pacific Northwest. Elevations range from sea level to 1770 m. The climate is maritime-influenced. Stands are never extensive where it occurs, and it was probably always a rare component of the vegetation. Sites include saturated depressions in deflation plains in coastal dune complexes, on the margins of lakes and streams, in swales, near seeps, and in basins underlain by hardpan (often iron cemented), which cause a perched water table. These sites are flooded during the winter, then dry out by midsummer, but still have a shallow water table. Winter flooding and summer droughts are critical for this community. Soils are shallow to deep, relatively cold and poorly drained. Soil texture ranges from sand in the dune stands to finer-textured, organic muck. Vegetation included in this alliance occurs in saturated areas in coastal and montane areas in Oregon, California, and likely in Washington. Stands have a moderately dense to dense woody layer dominated by the cold-deciduous dwarf-shrub ~Vaccinium uliginosum$. Other shrubs and dwarf-shrubs include ~Salix geyeriana, Salix hookeriana, Salix lemmonii, Spiraea splendens (= Spiraea densiflora)$, and ~Spiraea douglasii$. The herbaceous layer is also moderately dense to dense and is dominated by the perennial graminoids ~Carex aquatilis var. dives$ or ~Deschampsia caespitosa$. Other common graminoids are ~Carex obnupta$ and ~Agrostis$ spp. Forb cover is sparse and may include ~Sanguisorba menziesii, Argentina egedii$ or ~Veronica scutellata$. Ferns such as ~Pteridium aquilinum$ may be present. Moss species such as ~Sphagnum mendocinum$ may be present to moderately dense. Scattered ~Pinus contorta$ or ~Picea sitchensis$ trees (<10% cover) may also be present. Adjacent vegetation includes montane conifer forests and wetlands dominated by other shrub or herbaceous species.LVAL-`CEGL000058CWCSA.105I.A.8.N.aPicea sitchensis / Oxalis oregana ForestSiThis is a limited alliance found in the northwestern Great Plains. It is dominated by dense colonies of ~Ceanothus velutinus$. Stands are not extensive. ^Stands of this alliance occur on dry hillsides, often with thin soil.This alliance consists of disturbance vegetation dominated by shrubs including ~Sophora secundiflora$ and ~Diospyros texana$.Tidal shrublands dominated by ~Suriana maritima$. Other characteristic species include ~Gundlachia corymbosa, Borrichia arborescens$, and ~Conocarpus erectus$.Natural salinas on the southwest (dry) coast of Puerto Rico, with high salt concentrations, dominated by shrubby ~Conocarpus erectus$.This alliance includes forests of the West Indies and southern Florida dominated by ~Avicennia germinans$ and occurring in non-tidal, inland basin situations.Communities within the ~~Salix arctica$ Saturated Dwarf-shrubland Alliance (A.1124)$$ occur on subalpine meadows or on high mountain peaks in Nevada. They range in elevation from 2800 to over 3500 m. Landforms that support these associations are typically gentle to moderate in slope and have northerly aspects. They occur where snow lingers into the spring and summer in places such as lees of cliffs and boulders, secondary slopes, and shallow depressions. Soils are probably wet throughout the growing season, as ~Caltha leptosepala$ is always associated with wet soils. Communities within this alliance are defined as cold-deciduous dwarf-shrublands. They are dominated by ~Salix arctica$, which forms a thick canopy with a mat-forming growth form seldom rising more than 1 dm above the ground. ~Salix reticulata$ occasionally is found as a codominant in the dwarf-shrub layer. The herbaceous layer commonly includes ~Caltha leptosepala, Erigeron peregrinus, Polygonum bistortoides$, and ~Pedicularis groenlandica$. No other information on species composition is available.nLVAL<ii0CEGL000145CWCSA.118I.A.8.N.bPinus contorta / Ceanothus velutinus ForestLodgepole Pine / Tobacco-brush Forest1997-11-26GCUSG496-02-01G4~|rrM"CEGL000144CWCSA.118I.A.8.N.bPinus contorta / Carex rossii ForestLodgepole Pine / Ross' Sedge Forest1997-11-26GCUSG594-02-23G5ywwwusiiF"CEGL000143CWCSA.118I.A.Plantation stands of ~Pinus resinosa$, with monospecific and even-aged canopy.Pine plantations dominated by ~Pinus clausa$ (usually monospecific).Planted forests dominated by monospecific and even-aged stands of ~Picea rubens$.Forests dominated by the exotic species ~Picea abies$. In the southeastern United States, this occurs as experimental plantations.This alliance includes forests of the West Indies and southern Florida dominated by ~Laguncularia racemosa$ and occurring in non-tidal, inland basin situations.Wetlands, mostly in bottomlands, dominated by the exotic ~Ligustrum sinense$ with little or no canopy. Shrub density often is such that there is no herbaceous layer development.The ~~Salix reticulata$ Saturated Dwarf-shrubland Alliance (A.1125)$$ is found in the alpine of mountains of western Montana on mesic, level to moderately steep, northern slopes. Elevations where the alliance is found are typically over 2500 m. Stands typically carpet active solifluction slopes, and are subirrigated from late-persisting snow fields lying above the stands. The soils are saturated much of the growing season, and appear to be low in coarse fragment content, with clay textures. The dwarf-shrub layer is dominated by ~Salix reticulata$, a mat-forming, creeping alpine shrub that may form continuous cover. Other shrubs that may be present to common include ~Salix rotundifolia$ or ~Salix arctica$. The herbaceous layer forms a sparse to moderately dense cover. Forbs are dominated by ~Caltha leptosepala$, with up to 25% cover. Graminoid species include ~Carex haydenii, Carex nova, Carex scirpoidea, Deschampsia caespitosa$, and ~Luzula spicata$. LVALtMK=YThis alliance consists of ruderal vegetation dominated and characterized by ~Melinis repens (= Rhynchelytrum repens)$. This alliance occupies a wide range of disturbed areas, such as old fields, vacant lots, roadsides. This alliance is widespread in the Neotropics, and may occur as well in the Paleotropics.This alliance consists of areas dominated by ~Pennisetum purpureum$ (native of Africa), extensive in southern Florida and elsewhere in the tropics, where ~Pennisetum purpureum$ invades abandoned farmland and other disturbed areas. Once established, this can be a long-persistent vegetation type.This semi-arid dwarf-shrubland alliance has been described from shale breaks in Utah, and is likely to occur elsewhere on the Colorado Plateau and in southwestern Wyoming. Stands are located on eroded shale outcrops on gentle to moderately steep slopes typically with southwesterly aspects. Substrate is a shallow, sandy clay loam to clay soil. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by a sparse to moderately sparse dwarf-shrub layer that is dominated or codominated by the dwarf-shrub ~Eriogonum corymbosum$. Codominant dwarf-shrubs may include ~Eriogonum effusum$ and ~Krascheninnikovia lanata$. Occasional shrubs and small trees to 3 m tall, such as ~Atriplex canescens, Atriplex confertifolia, Amelanchier utahensis, Artemisia tridentata$, and ~Juniperus osteosperma$, may be present. The herbaceous layer has typically sparse cover of perennial, cool-season bunch grasses such as ~Leymus salinus (= Elymus salinus), Elymus elymoides, Elymus lanceolatus, Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Pascopyrum smithii, Poa secunda, Pseudoroegneria spicata$, or ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$. Annual forbs, such as ~Chenopodium leptophyllum, Gilia leptomeria$, and grasses may be present seasonally. The exotic annual grass ~Bromus tectorum$ was present in some stands. Diagnostic of this shrubland alliance is total vegetation cover over 25% that is dominated by ~Eriogonum corymbosum$.dqRKT3 @ @ @ @ @ @ @  A.1106CWestIII.A.5.N.aARTEMISIA PYGMAEA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEPygmy Sagebrush Shrubland Alliance@nYD. SARRunma?   A.1105CWestIII.A.4.N.aARTEMISIA NOVA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBlack Sagebrush Shrubland AlliancemYD. SARRrkj^<   A.1104CWestIV.A.2.N.aKRASCHENINNIKOVIA LANATA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWinter-fat Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@lYK. SCHULZ{znK   A.1103CWestIII.A.5.N.aARTEMISIA BIGELOVII SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBigelow Sagebrush Shrubland AlliancejYK.A. SCHULZ}rqeA   A.1102CWestIV.A.2.N.aAMBROSIA DUMOSA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWhite Burrobush Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@iYK. SCHULZwvjB   A.1101CSoutheastIV.A.2.N.aTIQUILIA HISPIDISSIMA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCERough Tiquilia Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@iYD. DIAMOND, MOD. K. SCHULtM   A.1100CWestIV.A.2.N.aHELIOTROPIUM ANOMALUM DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEHinahina Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSmjiiH   A.110CWestI.A.8.N.aSEQUOIA SEMPERVIRENS FOREST ALLIANCERedwood Forest AllianceF@hYM. SCHINDELk`_S<   jA.11CLatin AmericaI.A.1.N.bTHESPESIA GRANDIFLORA FOREST ALLIANCEMaga Forest Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYrfeYE    A.1099CWestIV.A.2.N.aCHENOPODIUM OAHUENSE DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE'Aweoweo Dwarf-Shrubland AllianceYWCSlihhG   A.1098CWestIII.A.5.N.aARTEMISIA ROTHROCKII SHRUBLAND ALLIANCERothrock's Sagebrush Shrubland Alliance@gYM. SCHINDELvuiB   A.1097CWestIV.A.2.N.aARGYROXIPHIUM SANDWICENSE DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEAhinahina Dwarf-Shrubland AllianceYWCSronnL   A.1096CWestIV.A.1.N.gKALMIA MICROPHYLLA SATURATED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEAlpine Laurel Saturated Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@fYD. SARRO   A.1095CEastIV.A.1.N.gEMPETRUM NIGRUM SATURATED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBlack Crowberry Saturated Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYECS~~L  t fE&Xx7$KhWF5$xBm9 r?_A.1385H1998-05-01A.1386O@$$A.1380H19 A.1118CWestIV.B.2.N.bSALIX CASCADENSIS DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCECascade Willow Dwarf-shrubland Alliance\@zYD. CULVERxwkD   A.1117CWestIV.B.2.N.bSALIX ARCTICA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEArctic Willow Dwarf-shrubland Allianceu@yYD. CULVER|srf@   A.1116CEastIV.B.2.N.bVACCINIUM ULIGINOSUM DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBog Blueberry Dwarf-shrubland Alliancef@xYECS}zymG   A.1115CWestIV.B.2.N.aVACCINIUM DELICIOSUM DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCERainier Blueberry Dwarf-shrubland Alliance7@wYK. SCHULZ~}qG   A.1114CWestIV.B.2.N.aVACCINIUM (CAESPITOSUM, SCOPARIUM) DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE(Dwarf Blueberry, Grouseberry) Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@vYM. DAMMU   A.1113CEastIV.B.2.N.aVACCINIUM (ANGUSTIFOLIUM, MYRTILLOIDES, PALLIDUM) DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE(Northern Lowbush Blueberry, Velvetleaf Blueberry, Hillside Blueberry) Dwarf-shrubland Alliancee@uYECSd   A.1111CSoutheastIV.A.2.N.cBATIS MARITIMA TIDAL DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESaltwort Tidal Dwarf-shrubland Alliance; Planta de Sal Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@tYA.S. WEAKLEY/K.D. PATTERSL   A.1110CWestIV.A.2.N.bATRIPLEX GARDNERI DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEGardner's Saltbush Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@tYK. SCHULZ|{oD   A.111CWestI.A.8.N.aTHUJA PLICATA GIANT FOREST ALLIANCEWestern Red-cedar Giant Forest Alliance rYM.S. REID/D. SARRonb;   A.1109CWestIV.A.2.N.bATRIPLEX CORRUGATA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEMat Saltbush Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@qYK. SCHULZwvjE   A.1108CWestIV.A.2.N.bATRIPLEX OBOVATA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCENew Mexico Saltbush Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@pYK.A. SCHULZ|{oC   A.1107CWestIV.A.2.N.aERIOGONUM MICROTHECUM DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESlender Wild Buckwheat Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@oYK. SCHULZwH  > rM jE#mbCEGL0000 A.1131CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.bANDROPOGON BICORNIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBarbas de Indio Herbaceous AllianceNLACDqmllI"   A.1130CSoutheastV.A.1.N.aPENNISETUM PURPUREUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEElephantgrass Herbaceous Alliance'@YA.S. WEAKLEYtsgF   A.113CWestI.A.8.N.aTSUGA MERTENSIANA - ABIES AMABILIS GIANT FOREST ALLIANCEMountain Hemlock - Pacific Silver Fir Giant Forest AllianceYD. SARR/K. SCHULZP   A.1129CWestIV.B.3.N.aSALVIA DORRII DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEGray Ball Sage Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@YM.S. REID}tsg@   A.1128CWestIII.B.3.N.aPICROTHAMNUS DESERTORUM SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBud Sagebrush Shrubland Alliance@YM.S. REID, MOD. J. KAGAN,rqeE   A.1127CWestIII.B.3.N.aARTEMISIA PEDATIFIDA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBirdfoot Sagebrush Shrubland AllianceYK. SCHULZ}tsgB   A.1126CWestIV.B.3.N.aERIOGONUM CORYMBOSUM DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCECrispleaf Wild Buckwheat Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@YK. SCHULZxG   A.1125CWestIV.B.2.N.dSALIX RETICULATA SATURATED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCENet-vein Willow Saturated Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@~YD. CULVERM   A.1124CWestIV.B.2.N.dSALIX ARCTICA SATURATED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEArctic Willow Saturated Dwarf-shrubland Alliance5@}YD. CULVERzJ   A.1123CWestIV.B.2.N.dVACCINIUM ULIGINOSUM SATURATED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBog Blueberry Saturated Dwarf-shrubland Alliance|YK. SCHULZQ   A.1120CEastIV.B.2.N.cDIAPENSIA LAPPONICA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCENorthern Diapensia Dwarf-shrubland AllianceY@YL. SNEDDON~}qF   A.112CWestI.A.8.N.aTSUGA HETEROPHYLLA GIANT FOREST ALLIANCEWestern Hemlock Giant Forest Alliance{YM.S. REID/D. SARRrqe@   A.1119CWestIV.B.2.N.bSALIX RETICULATA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCENet-vein Willow Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@zYD. CULVERxwkC  GEIH<Qsm A.1145CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.cLEPTOCHLOOPSIS VIRGATA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELimestone Grass Herbaceous Alliance<@YA.S. WEAKLEY|{oL"   A.1144CWestV.A.1.N.cHETEROPOGON CONTORTUS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETanglehead Herbaceous AllianceYWCSda``B   A.1143CWestV.A.1.N.cFIMBRISTYLIS SPP. HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEFimbry species Herbaceous AllianceYWCSda``>   A.1142CWestV.A.1.N.cERAGROSTIS VARIABILIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEKawelu Herbaceous AllianceYWCS`]\\B   A.1141CWestV.A.1.N.cERAGROSTIS ATROPIOIDES HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMountain Pili Herbaceous AllianceYWCSheddC   A.1140CWestV.A.1.N.cDESCHAMPSIA NUBIGENA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAlpine Hairgrass Herbaceous AllianceYWCSifeeA   A.114CWestI.A.8.N.aABIES GRANDIS GIANT FOREST ALLIANCEGrand Fir Giant Forest AllianceYK. SCHULZ/J. KAGANygfZ;   A.1139CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.bSTENOTAPHRUM SECUNDATUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESt. Augustine Grass Herbaceous AllianceNLACDyuttM"   A.1137CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.bSPARTINA PATENS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESaltmeadow Cordgrass Herbaceous Alliance; Yerba-de-Sal Herbaceous AllianceNLACDE"   A.1136CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.bDICHANTHIUM ANNULATUM TROPICAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEKleberg's Bluestem Tropical Herbaceous Alliance; Pajon Herbaceous AllianceNLACDT"   A.1135CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.bCENCHRUS MYOSUROIDES HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESpike Burgrass Herbaceous Alliance; Abrojo de Espiga Herbaceous Alliance_@YLACDJ"   A.1134CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.bBOUTELOUA REPENS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESlender Grama Herbaceous AllianceNLACDlhggF"   A.1133CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.bAXONOPUS COMPRESSUS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESouthern Carpetgrass Herbaceous AllianceNLACDvrqqI"   A.1132CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.bARUNDINELLA CONFINIS - SCHIZACHYRIUM SANGUINEUM VAR. SANGUINEUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCERabo-de-Gato - Tropical Bluestem Herbaceous AllianceNLACDu"   [ zm!= A.1156CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.fCYPERUS HETEROPHYLLUS TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE@ YLACDplk__"   dA.1155CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.jKYLLINGA SQUAMULATA - ISACHNE RIGIDIFOLIA - ELEOCHARIS SPP. SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAsian Spikerush - Isachne - Spikerush species Saturated Herbaceous Alliance"@ YLACD{"   A.1154CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.dISACHNE ANGUSTIFOLIA - SCLERIA SCINDENS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEYerba-de-Alambre - Hairy Nutrush Herbaceous Alliance @YLACD]"   A.1153CSoutheastV.A.1.N.cUNIOLA PANICULATA SUBTROPICAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESea-oats Subtropical Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYwO   A.1152CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.cSPOROBOLUS INDICUS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESmut Grass Herbaceous AllianceYLACDkgffH"   A.1151CSoutheastV.A.1.N.cSCHIZACHYRIUM SANGUINEUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETropical Bluestem Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEY|{oJ   A.1150CSoutheastV.A.1.N.cSCHIZACHYRIUM RHIZOMATUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCERockland Bluestem Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEY|{oJ   A.115CWestI.A.8.N.bCUPRESSUS MACNABIANA FOREST ALLIANCEMcNab Cypress Forest Alliance@YM. SCHINDELqfeY<   A.1149CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.cANDROPOGON GRACILIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWire Bluestem Herbaceous AllianceNLACDokjjI"   A.1148CSoutheastV.A.1.N.cMELINIS REPENS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCENatal Grass Herbaceous Alliance; Arrocillo Colorado Herbaceous Alliance4@YA.S. WEAKLEY@   A.1147CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.cUROCHLOA MAXIMA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGuinea Grass Herbaceous Alliance; Yerba Guinea Herbaceous Alliance@YLACDE"   A.1146CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.cLEPTOCORYPHIUM LANATUM - ARISTIDA PORTORICENSIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELanilla - Pelos del Diablo Herbaceous AllianceNLACDe"  N 5@Z@vl A.1165CSoutheastV.A.1.N.gSCHOENUS NIGRICANS SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBlacksedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliancev@YA.S. WEAKLEYW   A.1164CSoutheastV.A.1.N.gRHYNCHOSPORA MICROCARPA SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESouthern Beaksedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEY\   A.1163CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.gPHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS SEASONALLY FLOODED TROPICAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECommon Reed Seasonally Flooded Tropical Herbaceous Alliance; Cana de Indio Herbaceous Alliance5@YLACDf"   A.1162CSoutheastV.A.1.N.gPANICUM HEMITOMON SEASONALLY FLOODED TROPICAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMaidencane Seasonally Flooded Tropical Herbaceous Alliancev@YA.S. WEAKLEY_   A.1161CSoutheastV.A.1.N.gMUHLENBERGIA FILIPES SEASONALLY FLOODED TROPICAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESouthern Hairgrass Seasonally Flooded Tropical Herbaceous AllianceZ@YA.S. WEAKLEYb   A.1160CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.gGYNERIUM SAGITTATUM SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCERivercane Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous AllianceF@ YLACD\"   A.116CMidwestI.A.8.N.bPINUS BANKSIANA FOREST ALLIANCEJack Pine Forest AllianceYMCSc`_S:   A.1159CSoutheastV.A.1.N.gELEOCHARIS INTERSTINCTA - SAGITTARIA LANCIFOLIA SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGiant Spikerush - Lanceleaf Arrowhead Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance,@YA.S. WEAKLEYt   A.1158CSoutheastV.A.1.N.gELEOCHARIS CELLULOSA - (RHYNCHOSPORA TRACYI) SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGulf Coast Spikerush - (Tracy's Beaksedge) Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEY/K.D. PATTERSq   A.1157CSoutheastV.A.1.N.gCLADIUM MARISCUS SSP. JAMAICENSE SEASONALLY FLOODED TROPICAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESawgrass Seasonally Flooded Tropical Herbaceous Alliance@YD.J. ALLARDn  Q ,>o CEGL000507CWCSA.207I.A A.1175CSoutheastV.A.1.N.hTYPHA DOMINGENSIS SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED TROPICAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESouthern Cattail Semipermanently Flooded Tropical Herbaceous Alliance`@YA.S. WEAKLEY¶d   A.1173CSoutheastV.A.1.N.hSCHOENOPLECTUS TABERNAEMONTANI SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED TROPICAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESoftstem Bulrush Semipermanently Flooded Tropical Herbaceous Alliancer@YA.S. WEAKLEY¶q   A.1172CWestV.A.1.N.hSCHOENOPLECTUS SPP. - CYPERUS LAEVIGATUS SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEClubrush species - Smooth Flatsedge Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous AllianceYWCSm   A.1171CSoutheastV.A.1.N.hSCHOENOPLECTUS CALIFORNICUS SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGiant Bulrush Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEY, MOD. J. TEAīe   A.1170CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.hPASPALIDIUM GEMINATUM VAR. PALUDIVAGUM SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAlligator Grass Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@YLACDt"   A.117CSoutheastI.A.8.N.bPINUS CLAUSA FOREST ALLIANCESand Pine Forest Alliance@YD.J. ALLARDj_^R9   A.1169CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.hHYMENACHNE AMPLEXICAULIS - SACCIOLEPIS STRIATA SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETrompetilla - American Cupscale Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous AllianceYLACD|"   A.1168CWestV.A.1.N.hCAREX ECHINATA - DESCHAMPSIA NUBIGENA SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEStar Sedge - Alpine Hairgrass Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous AllianceYWCSj   A.1167CWestV.A.1.N.hCAREX ALLIGATA SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEUki Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous AllianceYWCSS   A.1166CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.hUROCHLOA MUTICA - ERIOCHLOA POLYSTACHYA SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPara Liverseed Grass - Caribgrass Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous AllianceNLACDu"  * &VA L A.1192CMidwestV.A.5.N.aANDROPOGON GERARDII - (SORGHASTRUM NUTANS) HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBig Bluestem - (Yellow Indiangrass) Herbaceous Alliance YMCS, MOD. K. SCHULZZ   A.1191CMidwestV.A.5.N.aANDROPOGON GERARDII - (CALAMAGROSTIS CANADENSIS, PANICUM VIRGATUM) HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBig Bluestem - (Bluejoint, Switchgrass) Herbaceous Alliance@YMCS, MOD. M.S. REIDͺr   gA.1190CEastV.A.5.N.cDACTYLIS GLOMERATA - RUMEX ACETOSELLA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEOrchard Grass - Sheep-sorrel Herbaceous Alliance@YECSR   A.119CSoutheastI.A.8.N.bPINUS ECHINATA FOREST ALLIANCEShortleaf Pine Forest AllianceYD.J. ALLARDqfeY;   A.1185CWestV.A.3.N.fSPOROBOLUS VIRGINICUS SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESaltmarsh Dropseed Shrub Herbaceous AllianceYWCSxuttH   A.1184CSoutheastV.A.3.N.cSPOROBOLUS SPP. - PANICUM SPP. SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEDropseed species - Panicgrass species Shrub Herbaceous Alliance$@YA.S. WEAKLEYV   A.1182CSoutheastV.A.1.N.iSPOROBOLUS VIRGINICUS TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESaltmarsh Dropseed Tidal Herbaceous Alliancen@YSCSyM   A.118CWestI.A.8.N.bPINUS CONTORTA FOREST ALLIANCELodgepole Pine Forest AllianceYM.S. REID/D. SARRra`T6   A.1179CSoutheastV.A.1.N.iMONANTHOCHLOE LITTORALIS TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEShoregrass Tidal Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEY/K.D. PATTERStP   A.1178CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.iFIMBRISTYLIS THERMALIS TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEHot Springs Fimbry Tidal Herbaceous AllianceNLACD~~R"   A.1177CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.iBOTHRIOCHLOA PERTUSA TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPitted Beardgrass Tidal Herbaceous Alliance@NLACD{P"   A.1176CSoutheastV.A.1.N.hZIZANIOPSIS MILIACEA SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED SUBTROPICAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESouthern Wild Rice Semipermanently Flooded Subtropical Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYj  LVAL3q lCEGL000176CWCSA.133I.A.8.N.bPinus monticola / Clintonia uniflora ForestWestern White Pine / Bride's-bonnet Forest1997-11-This dwarf-shrub alliance is reported from the Pryor Mountains in the northern portion of the Bighorn Basin of south-central Montana and dissected uplands of the Cheyenne River Basin in northeastern Wyoming. Stands typically occur in slight depressions on alluvial fans and terraces, dissected outwash or rolling plains, lower foothills, and badlands. Sites are flat to moderately steep often highly eroded slopes with southern or western aspects. Soils are deep, poorly drained, and typically alkaline and saline with silt-loam to clay texture. The soil surface is mostly bare ground. Substrate is derived from shale or sandstone interbedded with shale, claystone or clay. The vegetation is characterized by a moderately dense dwarf-shrub layer that is dominated by ~Artemisia pedatifida$. ~Atriplex gardneri$ may codominate in some stands. Other woody species may include scattered ~Artemisia tridentata, Atriplex confertifolia, Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus), Eriogonum pauciflorum, Krascheninnikovia lanata, Gutierrezia sarothrae$, or ~Suaeda moquinii (= Suaeda nigra)$. The moderately sparse herbaceous layer is often dominated by cool-season graminoids such as ~Pascopyrum smithii$ or ~Elymus elymoides$ with lesser amounts of ~Bouteloua gracilis, Carex filifolia, Elymus lanceolatus ssp. lanceolatus, Poa secunda (= Poa juncifolia)$, or ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$. Forbs are generally sparse and may include scattered ~Allium textile, Astragalus$ spp., ~Comandra umbellata, Machaeranthera tanacetifolia, Musineon divaricatum, Phlox hoodii, Platyschkuhria integrifolia, Vicia americana, Xylorhiza glabriuscula$, or the cactus ~Opuntia polyacantha$. Annual grasses and forbs are seasonally present. Diagnostic of this alliance is the dwarf-shrub layer dominated by ~Artemisia pedatifida$.yLVAL4Q#CEGL000212CWCSA.533II.A.4.N.aPinus ponderosa - PIn Oregon, this is a somewhat common scabland alliance found from roughly 300-1670 m in elevation. It occurs on barren, fairly young basalts or shallow loams over basalt. Sites include ridgetops and steeper sites with rock outcrops. Extreme topo-edaphic drought is the major process influencing these communities. The alliance is often in a mosaic with ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$ canyon grassland or shrub steppe communities, but occasionally is found in ~Juniperus$ woodlands or ~Pinus ponderosa$ forests. ~Salvia dorrii$ is the dominant shrub, but cover or abundance information is not available. ~Poa secunda$ and ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$ are the dominant grasses, making up most of the herbaceous cover. ~Danthonia unispicata$ and ~Achnatherum hendersonii (= Stipa hendersonii)$ are occasionally important. Forb species can include ~Physaria oregona, Lewisia rediviva, Trifolium macrocephalum, Viola trinervata$, and species of ~Lomatium, Collomia, Erigeron$, and ~Arenaria$, all early blooming species. Many forb species are largely restricted to these environments. Information from California must be reviewed for inclusion in this description.Little information is available for the ~~Picrothamnus desertorum$ Shrubland Alliance (A.1128)$$. It is one of the least common salt desert shrub communities. It occurs on alkaline, lacustrine ash deposits of the Owyhee Uplands, along the margins of the large playas, and on alluvial gravel deposits of Pleistocene lake basins. These latter habitats are the most prevalent in Nevada, and thus the alliance may prove to be more common than presently documented. ~Picrothamnus desertorum (= Artemisia spinescens)$ is the indicator woody species, with ~Elymus elymoides$ the dominant graminoid species. Some valley margins sites with deep ash or alkaline sands support only open understories of ~Elymus elymoides, Achnatherum hymenoides$, and ~Hesperostipa comata$.ZLVALf/OtThis giant forest alliance occurs in cold, snowy subalpine environments of high coastal mountains from Washington and British Columbia, but probably also occurs northward. Stands occur from 1000-1500 m in elevation, primarily west of the Cascade crest where maritime climate influence is strong and deep winter snowpacks are typical. Precipitation ranges from 150-400 cm annually, falling largely as snow, and snowpacks usually linger into June or later. These forests typically occur in protected habitats in upper montane or subalpine areas and have attained great age due to low fire and windthrow frequency. Sites are cold and moist, and found on mid to lower slopes, benches and bottoms with typically western and northern aspects. Substrates are moderately deep soils derived from colluvium, glacial outwash and volcanic ash, which overlie gneiss or schist. Soils are acidic, coarse-textured and often subirrigated, with a substantial organic component. These forests have a closed tree canopy over 50 m tall that is dominated by ~Tsuga mertensiana$ and ~Abies amabilis$. Stands are typically old-growth with multi-layered canopies and copious woody debris. Other common trees include ~Tsuga heterophylla, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis$ and ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$. The undergrowth is often somewhat depauperate because of poor light penetration at the forest floor, but may include a moderately sparse shrub layer composed of ~Rubus$ spp., ~Menziesia ferruginea, Vaccinium membranaceum$, and ~Vaccinium ovalifolium$. Shade-tolerant forbs and ferns, including ~Tiarella trifoliata var. unifoliata, Clintonia uniflora, Streptopus lanceolatus var. curvipes (= Streptopus roseus), Valeriana sitchensis, Gymnocarpium dryopteris$, and ~Athyrium filix-femina$, dominate the moderately sparse herbaceous layer. Diagnostic of this forest alliance is an upper tree canopy over 50 m tall that is dominated by~Tsuga mertensiana$ and ~Abies amabilis$.LVAL$zQ50 m tall), old-growth ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ trees, which dominate the closed canopy overstory. ~Abies grandis, Tsuga heterophylla$, and ~Thuja plicata$ are the dominant understory trees, usually with a few individuals in the upper canopy. The small trees ~Corylus cornuta, Oemleria cerasiformis, Taxus brevifolia$, and ~Acer macrophyllum$ may form a subcanopy in moist alluvial soils or rocky areas. The moderately dense undergrowth is dominated by the fern ~Polystichum munitum$ and grows up to 2 m tall. ~Vaccinium parvifolium, Mahonia nervosa (= Berberis nervosa)$, and ~Gaultheria shallon$ are occasional low shrubs, while the forbs ~Oxalis oregana, Trillium ovatum, Maianthemum dilatatum, Rubus ursinus$, and ~Prosartes smithii (= Disporum smithii)$ can be locally important. In seeps and wet areas along streams, ~Adiantum pedatum$ is found.LVALHh+CEGL000134CWCSA.118I.A.8.N.bPinus contorta / Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ForestLodgepole Pine / Kinikinnick Forest1997-11-26GCUSG596-02-01G5~ttQ"CEGL000133CWCSA.118I.A.8.N.bPinus contorta / Arctostaphylos nevadensis ForestLodgepole Pine / Pinemat Manzanita Forest1997-11-26GCUSG396-02-01G3||S"CEGL000132CWCSA.159I.A.8.N.cArbutus menziesii - Pinus contorta / Gaultheria shallon ForestPacific Madrone - Lodgepole Pine / Salal Forest1997-11-26GCUSG?Q96-02-01G?`"Stands of the ~~Cupressus macnabiana$ Forest Alliance (A.115)$$ occur from 300-800 m elevation in the northern Sierra Nevada and southern Cascade Mountains, and in the eastern portion of the Siskiyous. The climate of this region is Mediterranean, with a distinct summer dry season and with most precipitation falling as rain in the fall and winter. The yearly precipitation varies widely from 30-80 cm. Sites supporting this alliance are usually on upper slopes and are underlain by a variety of substrates, including basalt, conglomerates, gabbro, greenstone, and ultramafic serpentine. The soils are rocky, and range from deep, clay loams to shallow, silty loams only a few cm deep. All these soils are infertile. This alliance is characterized by ~Cupressus macnabiana$ as the sole or dominant shrub or tree in the canopy. Several other conifers may occur including ~Pinus attenuata, Pinus sabiniana$, and ~Cupressus sargentii$. Broad-leaved trees, such as ~Quercus douglasii$ or ~Quercus wislizeni$, may also be present. Shrubs may be present and could include ~Ceanothus cuneatus, Arctostaphylos viscida, Eriodictyon californicum$, and, on serpentine outcrops, ~Quercus durata, Ceanothus jepsonii$, and ~Garrya congdonii (= Garrya flavescens ssp. congdonii)$. The herbaceous layer is sparse.LVALt .r6bCEGL000232CWCSA.102I.A.8.N.aAbies amabilis / Vaccinium ovalifolium / Mahonia nervosa ForestPacific SilvThis alliance consists of coastal grasslands dominated and characterized by ~Schizachyrium sanguineum var. sanguineum$, and often with ~Muhlenbergia filipes$ as a codominant. Other characteristic species of the recognized association include ~Randia aculeata, Agave decipiens, Bidens pilosa, Cirsium horridulum, Trichostema [sp. nov. ined.], Dalbergia ecastaphyllum, Alternanthera flavescens (= Alternanthera ramosissima), Croton glandulosus var. floridanus, Flaveria floridana, Flaveria linearis, Euphorbia heterophylla (= Poinsettia heterophylla), Pentalinon luteum (= Urechites lutea), Baccharis halimifolia, Andropogon glomeratus var. pumilus$, and ~Fimbristylis castanea$.This alliance consists of marl prairies of the southern Florida Everglades region, dominated and characterized by ~Schizachyrium rhizomatum$. Stands occur on elevated surfaces of oolite with very shallow (less than 5 cm) or no soil present. The only association recognized in this alliance occurs in small areas in a matrix dominated by wet prairie ~~Muhlenbergia filipes - Rhynchospora microcarpa - Centella erecta$ Herbaceous Vegetation (CEGL003978)$$. ~Schizachyrium rhizomatum, Aristida purpurascens var. tenuispica, Eragrostis spectabilis, Andropogon gyrans, Andropogon glomeratus var. pumilus, Panicum tenerum$, and ~Paspalum setaceum$ are the principal graminoids present, and are indicative of this community in combination. Woody species present include ~Baccharis halimifolia, Chamaecrista deeringiana, Chiococca parvifolia, Funastrum clausum (= Sarcostemma clausum), Senna ligustrina$, and ~Vitis rotundifolia var. munsoniana$. Other herbaceous species present include ~Anemia wrightii, Buchnera longifolia, Eupatorium leptophyllum, Hyptis alata, Linum carteri, Polygala grandiflora, Solidago stricta$, and ~Odontosoria clavata (= Sphenomeris clavata)$.LVAL]i)CEGL000253CWCSA.152I.A.8.N.cAbies concolor / OThis alliance consists of freshwater pond vegetation in southern Florida and the West Indies, dominated and characterized by ~Eleocharis interstincta$. Other species present in the southeastern United States include ~Pontederia cordata (= Pontederia cordata var. lancifolia)$ and ~Crinum americanum$.Montane meadows and landslide scars at upper elevations of the Luquillo Mountains of eastern Puerto Rico. Dominant graminoids are ~Isachne angustifolia$ and ~Scleria scindens (= Scleria canescens)$. Other species include ~Clibadium erosum$ and ~Phytolacca rivinoides$.This alliance consists of tropical and subtropical coastal grasslands (sometimes with scattered shrubs) dominated or codominated by ~Uniola paniculata$. This alliance is separated from the temperate alliance (V.A.5.N.a) by the presence of a substantial tropical floristic component. Vegetation described in this alliance is dominated by ~Uniola paniculata$, with other herbs including ~Hymenocallis latifolia, Sesuvium portulacastrum, Panicum$ spp., ~Sporobolus virginicus, Sporobolus$ spp., ~Chamaesyce mesembrianthemifolia, Suaeda linearis, Flaveria linearis, Melanthera$ sp., ~Alternanthera maritima, Chamaesyce bombensis, Croton punctatus, Helianthus debilis ssp. debilis, Heliotropium polyphyllum, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Oenothera humifusa, Sesuvium portulacastrum$, and ~Spartina patens$. Woody plants can have slight to (often substantial) cover, of species such as ~Argusia gnaphalodes, Coccoloba uvifera, Ernodea littoralis, Iva imbricata, Opuntia stricta, Phyllanthus abnormis, Sabal palmetto, Suriana maritima, Pithecellobium keyense, Lantana involucrata, Cynanchum northropiae$, and ~Caesalpinia bonduc$. In the southeastern United States, this alliance is represented in only a limited number of sites in southern Florida. Many examples have substantial cover of woody vines and shrubs.`LVAL?n Hg%d5CEGL000285CWCSA.153I.A.8.N.cAbies grandis / TrautveThis alliance consists of vegetation of freshwater lakes dominated and characterized by ~Eleocharis cellulosa$. Overall cover of vascular plants is sometimes sparse. ~Eleocharis cellulosa$ may be nearly monospecific, or may be codominated by ~Rhynchospora tracyi$ or ~Eleocharis elongata$, and intermixed with other species, including ~Rhynchospora inundata, Hymenocallis latifolia, Crinum americanum, Bacopa caroliniana$, and ~Utricularia gibba (= Utricularia biflora)$. Algal periphyton consisting of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and green algae is often dense and well-developed, especially in sparser associations in the alliance. The algal periphyton breaks down the oolitic substrate and deposits biogenic marl.This alliance consists of marshes dominated by ~Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense (= Cladium jamaicense)$. Occurrences of this alliance are sometimes very extensive, such as the Everglades of southern Florida and areas in the Bahamian Archipelago, though they can also occur in smaller patches. ~Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense$ is usually strongly dominant. Other species may include ~Pontederia cordata (= Pontederia cordata var. lancifolia), Sagittaria lancifolia, Eleocharis cellulosa, Proserpinaca palustris, Bacopa caroliniana, Bacopa monnieri, Ludwigia repens, Leptochloa fusca ssp. fascicularis (= Leptochloa fascicularis var. fascicularis)$, and ~Utricularia gibba (= Utricularia biflora)$. Algal periphyton consisting of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and green algae is often dense and well-developed, especially in sparser associations in the alliance. The algal periphyton breaks down the oolitic substrate and deposits biogenic marl. This alliance occurs in areas where the alkaline chemistry necessary for sawgrass is provided by underlying calcareous rock (oolite) rather than by brackish tidal influence [contrast ~~Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense$ Tidal Temperate Herbaceous Alliance (A.1473)$$].LVAL This alliance, found from lower Michigan and northwestern Indiana northwest to southern Manitoba, with occasional outliers eastward, is a dry forest. It is characterized by moderately dense to dense stands of trees. The morphology and density of the dominant trees often allows enough light through the canopy to support abundant shrubs. The vegetation is dominated by coniferous trees, often almost entirely ~Pinus banksiana$. Other conifers that may be present include ~Abies balsamea, Pinus resinosa, Picea glauca$, and ~Picea mariana$. Deciduous trees, such as ~Acer rubrum, Betula papyrifera, Populus balsamifera, Populus grandidentata, Populus tremuloides, Quercus ellipsoidalis$, and ~Quercus rubra$, may be scattered throughout stands of this alliance. All of these associated trees, except ~Betula papyrifera, Pinus resinosa$, and ~Populus tremuloides$, are minor canopy components. The latter three species may be codominant in some stands. The associated trees often make up the bulk of the saplings and seedlings. Shrubs may be absent to abundant. Both tall and short shrubs occur in stands of this alliance. These include ~Alnus viridis$ (especially in northwest Ontario), ~Amelanchier$ spp., ~Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Corylus cornuta, Diervilla lonicera, Gaultheria procumbens, Linnaea borealis$, and ~Viburnum rafinesquianum$. ~Vaccinium$ spp. are very common throughout this alliance. The herbaceous layer is often not well represented. It may include ~Aralia nudicaulis, Eurybia macrophylla (= Aster macrophyllus), Maianthemum canadense$, and ~Melampyrum lineare$. Mosses and lichens, especially ~Pleurozium schreberi$ and ~Cladonia$ spp., are abundant in some communities of this alliance. ^Stands may be found on rocky ridgetops and slopes, outwash plains, and lake dunes. These sites are most often dry to dry-mesic with sand, sandy loam, and less commonly, clay soils. The soils are of lacustrine, glaciofluvial, or eolian origin. They may be shallow to deep and are typically somewhat infertile. Bedrock is expLVALo"RCEGL000427CWCSA.157I.A.8.N.cPseudotsuga menziesii / Arnica cordifolia ForestDouglas-fir / Heartleaf Leopardbane ForestDouglas-fir / Heartleaf Arnica Forest1997-11-26GCUSG496-02-01G4|R"CEGL000426CWCSA.157I.A.8.N.cPseudotsuga menziesii / Arctostaphylos uva-ursi - Purshia tridentata ForestDouglas-fir / Kinikinnick - Bitterbrush Forest1997-11-26GCUSG3?96-02-01G3m"CEGL000425CWCSA.157I.A.8.N.cPseudotsuga menziesii / Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Cascadian ForestDouglas-fir / Kinikinnick Cascadian Forest1997-11-26GCUSG3G496-02-01G3b"CEGL000424CWCSA.157I.A.8.N.cPseudotsuga menziesii / Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ForestDouglas-fir / Kinikinnick ForestDouglas-fir / Bearberry Forest1997-11-26GCUSG496-02-01G4xX"CEGL000423CWCSA.157I.A.8.N.cPseudotsuga menziesii / Arctostaphylos patula ForestDouglas-fir / Greenleaf Manzanita Forest1997-11-26GCUSG494-02-23G4~~V"CEGL000422CWCSA.159I.A.8.N.cPseudotsuga menziesii - Arbutus menziesii / Vicia americana ForestDouglas-fir - Pacific Madrone / American Purple Vetch Forest1997-11-26GCUSC.B. ChappellG1G2Q97-11-14G1d"CEGL000421CWCSA.157I.A.8.N.cPseudotsuga menziesii - Arbutus menziesii / Gaultheria shallon ForestDouglas-fir - Pacific Madrone / Salal Forest1997-11-26GCUSC.B. ChappellG300-12-06G3g"CEGL000420CWCSA.157I.A.8.N.cPseudotsuga menziesii / Amelanchier alnifolia ForestDouglas-fir / Saskatoon Serviceberry ForestDouglas-fir / Serviceberry Forest1997-11-26GCUSP. Lesica and S.V. CooperG297-11-14G2ɰV"CEGL000419CWCSA.157I.A.8.N.cPseudotsuga menziesii / Acer grandidentatum Foresosed in some stands. Stands in this alliance require fire or other disturbance to regenerate because ~Pinus banksiana$ does not reproduce well in established forests. In the absence of disturbance these stands will succeed to other forest types.LVAL)`ICEGL000447CWCSA.157I.A.8.N.cPseudotsuga menziesii / Physocarpus malvaceus ForestDouglas-fir / Mallow-leaf Ninebark Forest1997-11-26GCUSG596-02-01G5V"CEGL00044This alliance consists of tropical wet prairies of southern Florida, dominated and characterized by ~Muhlenbergia filipes$. Other characteristic graminoids are local codominants, including ~Rhynchospora microcarpa, Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense, Schoenus nigricans, Schizachyrium rhizomatum, Panicum tenerum$, and ~Andropogon gyrans$. Other species present include ~Agalinis filifolia, Symphyotrichum adnatum (= Aster adnatus), Cassytha filiformis, Chamaesyce porteriana, Crinum americanum, Dyschoriste angusta, Elytraria caroliniensis var. angustifolia, Eupatorium mikanioides, Euphorbia polyphylla, Flaveria linearis, Hedyotis nigricans var. floridana, Helenium vernale, Hymenocallis palmeri, Justicia angusta, Liatris garberi, Linum carteri, Lobelia glandulosa, Melanthera angustifolia, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Panicum virgatum var. virgatum (= Panicum virgatum var. cubense), Pluchea rosea, Rhynchospora colorata, Rhynchospora divergens, Rhynchospora inundata, Ruellia caroliniensis, Stenandrium dulce (var. floridanum), Vernonia blodgettii$. Communities of this alliance are predominant on seasonally flooded Perrine marl soils. The hydroperiod is from 3-7 months, and the marl soil is generally deeper than 5 cm. Following drainage and reduction of hydroperiod to 1-4 months, this community experiences succession, with the addition or increase of weedy species such as ~Andropogon glomeratus var. pumilus, Saccharum giganteum, Morella cerifera, Metopium toxiferum, Ilex cassine, Persea palustris, Baccharis halimifolia, Melaleuca quinquenervia, Schinus terebinthifolius$, and ~Casuarina equisetifolia$.lLVALzCEGL000486CWCSA.166I.A.8.N.cThuja plicata - Tsuga heterophylla / Whipplea modesta ForestWestern Red-cedar - Western Hemlock / Modesty Forest1997-11-26GCUSJ. TitusG2G398-11-30G2^" CEGL000485CWCSA.111I.A.8.N.aThuja plicata - Tsuga heterophylla / Rhododendron macrophyllum / Linnaea borealis ForestWestern Red-cedar - Western Hemlock / California Rhododendron / American Twinflower Forest1997-11-26GCUSG396-02-01G3z"CEGL000484CWCSA.2586IV.B.2.N.dVaccinium caespitosum - (Salix farriae) / Danthonia intermedia Dwarf-shrublandDwarf Blueberry - (Farr's Willow) / Timber Oatgrass Dwarf-shrubland2002-10-17GCUSRCC 10-02R.C. CrawfordG1G202-10-17G1r$ CEGL000483CWCSA.111I.A.8.N.aThuja plicata - Tsuga heterophylla / Oxalis oregana ForestWestern Red-cedar - Western Hemlock / Redwood Sorrel ForestWestern Red-cedar - Western Hemlock / Oregon Oxalis1997-11-26GCUSM.S. ReidG297This alliance consists of tropical wet prairies dominated by ~Rhynchospora microcarpa$. It has been reported from the Big Cypress area. This alliance is poorly defined and needs additional assessment and comparison to other vegetation types to confirm its distinctiveness.This alliance consists of tropical wet prairies (marshes) dominated by ~Panicum hemitomon$. Other species present in small amounts are ~Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense, Sagittaria lancifolia, Salix caroliniana, Nuphar lutea ssp. advena, Nymphaea odorata, Paspalidium geminatum var. paludivagum$, and ~Typha domingensis$. This tropical wet prairie community of southern Florida occurs on peat and marl-peat soils, with 6- to 11-month hydroperiod (generally greater than that of associated ~Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense$ and ~Eleocharis cellulosa - Rhynchospora tracyi$ communities). The alliance occurs as well in the Bahamas.?LVALK>>dE*CEGL000527CWCSA.422I.C.3.N.aPopulus tremuloides - Abies lasiocarpa / Juniperus communis ForestQuaking Aspen - Subalpine Fir / Common Juniper Forest1997-11-26GCUSG3G494-02-23G3d"*CEGL000526CWCSA.422I.C.3.N.aPopulus tremuloides - Abies lasiocarpa / Carex rossii ForestQuaking Aspen - Subalpine Fir / Ross' Sedge Forest1997-11-26GCUSG594-02-23G5^"*CEGL000525CWCSA.422I.C.3.N.aPopulus tremuloides - Abies lasiocarpa / Carex geyeri ForestQuaking Aspen - Subalpine Fir / Geyer's Sedge Forest1997-11-26GCUSG3?96-02-01G3^"*CEGL000524CWCSA.422I.C.3.N.aPopulus tremuloides - Abies lasiocarpa / Amelanchier alnifolia ForestQuaking Aspen - Subalpine Fir / Saskatoon Serviceberry Forest1997-11-26GCUSG3?96-02-Forests, usually monospecific, dominated by ~Pinus clausa$. This alliance occurs on mainland areas near the coast in the Florida Panhandle. The closed canopy (10-20 m high) is composed of ~Pinus clausa$. The subcanopy includes ~Quercus geminata, Quercus laevis, Quercus virginiana, Quercus hemisphaerica$, and ~Magnolia grandiflora$. The open shrub layer includes ~Chrysoma pauciflosculosa, Clinopodium coccineum (= Calamintha coccinea), Licania michauxii, Quercus arkansana, Quercus margarettiae, Quercus myrtifolia, Osmanthus americanus var. americanus, Castanea pumila, Vaccinium arboreum, Vaccinium stamineum, Yucca filamentosa (= Yucca flaccida), Serenoa repens, Ilex opaca var. opaca$, and ~Ilex vomitoria$. Woody vines are also frequent, and include ~Smilax auriculata, Vitis rotundifolia$, and ~Bignonia capreolata$. The sparse herb layer includes ~Rhynchospora megalocarpa, Rhynchosia cytisoides, Croton argyranthemus, Silphium compositum, Euphorbia floridana, Eriogonum tomentosum, Smilax pumila, Dichanthelium commutatum, Pityopsis graminifolia$, and ~Polygonella macrophylla$. Ground lichens are abundant, primarily ~Cladina evansii$. More research is needed on the dynamics of this community.ULVALeM.CEGL000545CWCSA.426I.C.3.N.aPopulus tremuloides - Pseudotsuga menziesii / Juniperus communis ForestQuaking Aspen - Douglas-fir / Common Juniper Forest1997-11-26GCUSG3G494-02-23G3i".CEGL000544CWCSA.426I.C.3.N.aPopulus tremuloides - Pseudotsuga menziesii / Calamagrostis rubescens ForestQuaking Aspen - Douglas-fir / Pinegrass Forest1997-11-26GCUSG3?96-02-01G3n".CEGL000543CWCSA.426I.C.3.N.aPopulus tremuloides - Pseudotsuga menziesiThis alliance consists of sparse shrublands of the Florida Keys with the shrub layer codominated by ~Croton linearis, Morinda umbellata (= Morinda royoc), Senna mexicana var. chapmanii, Ximenia americana$, and other shrubs, over various grasses, including ~Sporobolus$ spp. and ~Panicum$ spp.This alliance includes upper tidal areas strongly dominated by ~Monanthochloe littoralis$, a slightly woody short grass. Scattered patches of other halophytic species are present, including ~Sarcocornia perennis, Sporobolus virginicus, Batis maritima$, and ~Lycium carolinianum$.This alliance consists of tropical, non-tidal marshes dominated by ~Typha domingensis$. In the southeastern United States, other characteristic species of associations in this alliance include ~Annona glabra, Bacopa caroliniana, Blechnum serrulatum, Boehmeria cylindrica, Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense, Eupatorium leptophyllum, Ficus aurea, Fuirena squarrosa, Juncus polycephalus, Justicia ovata, Ludwigia repens, Mikania scandens, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Panicum hemitomon, Panicum rigidulum, Panicum virgatum, Pluchea rosea, Polygonum punctatum, Pontederia cordata (= Pontederia cordata var. lancifolia), Rhynchospora inundata, Rhynchospora microcarpa, Rhynchospora tracyi, Saccharum giganteum, Sagittaria graminea, Thelypteris kunthii, Utricularia foliosa$, and ~Xyris elliottii$. Associations in the West Indies will have different associates.LVAL This alliance is found in the upper montane and subalpine zone of most major mountain ranges of the western U.S., as well as forested dunes of the Oregon and northern California coast. ~Pinus contorta$ occupies the broadest array of habitats of any coniferous species in the western United States. Forests included in this alliance are characterized by a closed to moderately open tree canopy that is dominated by the conifer ~Pinus contorta$. Stands may be even-aged or multi-aged depending on geographic location, edaphic characteristics, and how the stands were established following wildfire. Shrub and herbaceous layers may be present or absent depending on tree canopy. Other tree species, such as ~Abies grandis, Abies lasiocarpa, Picea engelmannii, Tsuga heterophylla, Tsuga mertensiana$, or ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$, may be present to abundant as seedlings and saplings. Associated shrub and herbaceous species vary across the range of this alliance. In the coastal dunes stands important species include ~Gaultheria shallon, Vaccinium ovatum, Rhododendron macrophyllum$, and ~Morella californica (= Myrica californica)$. Herbaceous cover is very sparse. Common subalpine and montane shrub species include ~Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Arctostaphylos patula, Arctostaphylos nevadensis, Ceanothus velutinus, Linnaea borealis, Mahonia repens, Purshia tridentata, Spiraea betulifolia, Spiraea douglasii, Shepherdia canadensis, Vaccinium caespitosum, Vaccinium scoparium, Vaccinium membranaceum, Symphoricarpos albus$, and ~Ribes$ spp. The cover of the herbaceous stratum can be dominated by either graminoids or perennial forbs and tends to vary inversely with shrub cover. Important graminoids include ~Carex pensylvanica, Carex geyeri, Carex rossii, Calamagrostis rubescens, Danthonia californica, Elymus glaucus$, or ~Achnatherum occidentale (= Stipa occidentalis)$. Important forbs are ~Arnica cordifolia, Chimaphila umbellata, Orthilia secunda, Osmorhiza berteroi (= Osmorhiza chilensis), Pedicularis racemosa, Xerophyllum tenLVAL&YHJ CEGL000605CWCSA.274I.B.2.N.bPopulus tremuloides / Sambucus racemosa ForestQuaking Aspen / European Red Elder Forest1997-11-26GCUSG2G394-02-23G2yyP" CEGL000604CWCSA.274I.B.2.N.bPopulus tremuloides / Salix scouleriana ForestQuaking Aspen / Scouler's Willow Forest1997-11-26GCUSG496-02-01G4wwP" CEGL000603CWCSA.274I.B.2.N.bPopulus tremuloides / Rudbeckia occidentalis ForestQuaking Aspen / Western Coneflower Forest1997-11-26GCUSG?Q96-02-01G?~~U" CEGL000602CWCSA.274I.B.2.N.bPopulus tremuloides / Rubus parviflorus ForestQuaking Aspen / Thimbleberry ForestAspen / Thimbleberry Forest1997-11-26GCUSG.P. JonesG298-11-30G2sP"CEGL000600CWCSA.300I.B.2.N.dPopulus tremuloides / Ribes montigenum ForestQuaking Aspen / Western Prickly Gooseberry ForestQuaking Aspen / Gooseberry Currant1997-11-26GCUSM.S. ReidG297-11-07G2ûO"CEGL000599CWCSA.340I.B.2.N.ePopulus tremuloides / Ranunculus alismifolius ForestQuaking Aspen / Water-plantain Buttercup Forest1997-11-26GCUSG.P. JonesG2?98-11-30G2V"CEGL000598CWCSA.300I.B.2.N.dPopulus tremuloides / Quercus gambelii / Symphoricarpos oreophilus ForestQuaking Aspen / Gambel Oak / Mountain Snowberry Forest1997-11-26GCUSK.A. SchulzG?96-02-01G?ļk" CEGL000597CWCSA.274I.B.2.N.bPopulus tremuloides / Pteridium aquilinum ForestQuaking Aspen / Northern Bracken ForestAspen / Bracken Fern Forest1997-11-26GCUSD. Faber-LangendoenG494-02-23G4yR" CEGL000596CMCSA.274I.B.2.N.bPopulus tremuloides / Prunus virginiana ForestQuaking Aspen / Choke Cherry ForestAspen / Choke Cherry Forest1997-11-26GCUSDFLJ. DrakeG3G402-10-24G3sP" ax$, and ~Thalictrum$ spp. Diagnostic of this upland forest alliance is the dominance of ~Pinus contorta$ in the tree canopy without significant regeneration of ~Abies lasiocarpa$ or similar shade-tolerant species.LVAL This alliance includes forests dominated by ~Pinus echinata$, which on very dry sites may be virtually the only tree species present. This is a wide-ranging alliance; it is currently known from wide areas of the eastern United States from the central Appalachians south, through the Southern Blue Ridge and Cumberland Plateau and Mountains, possibly extending into the Piedmont, and in the central United States in the Ouachita Mountains and Ozarks, extending south into the Gulf Coastal Plain. Other pine species may be present in small amounts; these vary with geography and include ~Pinus taeda, Pinus virginiana, Pinus pungens$, and ~Pinus rigida$. Typical hardwood associates include ~Quercus alba, Quercus falcata, Quercus velutina, Quercus coccinea, Quercus marilandica, Nyssa sylvatica, Liquidambar styraciflua, Carya alba$, and ~Carya glabra$. Understory species vary across the range of the alliance, but some common components are ~Vaccinium arboreum, Vaccinium pallidum, Vaccinium stamineum, Symplocos tinctoria, Ulmus alata, Diospyros virginiana, Acer rubrum, Cornus florida$, and ~Oxydendrum arboreum$. One association in the West Gulf Coastal Plain of Arkansas has ~Vaccinium elliottii, Aesculus pavia var. pavia$, and ~Chasmanthium laxum$. Common herbaceous species in this Coastal Plain association include ~Smilax glauca, Silphium compositum, Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum, Scleria oligantha, Piptochaetium avenaceum$, and ~Tephrosia virginiana$. Some associations can result from natural or anthropogenic disturbances such as fire or windstorms, while others occur naturally on the landscape, are maintained by edaphic situations, and may even be 'climax' on these sites. Soils of these forests are acidic and are derived from sandstone, chert or granitic rock situated on ravines, ridges, and steep, often south-facing, slopes; the surface is often rocky. In the Coastal Plain, this alliance is particularly typical of clay soils, on hillsides, ridges, flats, and low hills. In the Ouachita Mountains and LVAL*MF-CEGL000687CWCSA.483II.A.2.N.aQuercus emoryi / Schizachyrium cirratum WoodlandEmory Oak / Texas Bluestem Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG?94-02-23G?vvS#CEGL000686CWCSA.483II.A.2.N.aQuercus emoryi / Piptochaetium fimbriatum WoodlandEmory Oak / Pinyon Speargrass Woodland1997-11-26GCUSK.A. SchulzG297-10-21G2{{U#CEGL000685CWCSA.483II.A.2.N.aQuercus emoryi / Muhlenbergia emersleyi WoodlandEmory Oak / Bull Muhly Woodland1997-11-26GCUSWCSWestern Ecology GroupG496-02-01G4~|rrS#CEGL000684CWCSA.483II.A.2.N.aQuercus emoryi / Dasylirion wheeleri WoodlandEmory Oak / Common Sotol Woodland1997-11-26GCUSE. MuldavinG300-12-01G3}{qqP#CEGL000683CWCSA.483II.A.2.N.aQuercus emoryi / Bouteloua curtipendula WoodlandEmory Oak / Sideoats Grama Woodland1997-11-26GCUSWCSE. MuldavinG300-12-01G3vvS#CEGL000682CWCSA.483II.A.2.N.aQuercus emoryi / Arctostaphylos pungens WoodlandEmory Oak / Mexican Manzanita Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG?94-02-23G?yyS#CEGL000681CWCSA.482II.A.2.N.aQuercus arizonica / Muhlenbergia emersleyi WoodlandArizona White Oak / Bull Muhly Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG496-02-01G4}}V#CEGL000680CWCSA.482II.A.2.N.aQuercus arizonica / Bouteloua curtipendula WoodlandArizona White Oak / Sideoats Grama Woodland1997-11-26GCUSE. MuldavinG300-12-01G3V#'CEGL000679CWCSA.314I.B.2.N.dSalix bonplandiana ForestRed Willow Forest1997-11-26GCUSG?94-02-23G?fd\ZZZXVLL;"%CEGL000678CWCSA.312I.B.2.N.dPopulus deltoides / Muhlenbergia asperifolia ForestEastern Cottonwood / Alkali Muhly Forest1997-11-26GCUSE. MuldavinG300-12-01G3Ozarks, forests of this alliance typically occur on south-facing slopes and saddles, and rocky outcrops and bluffs, but may also occur on lower, north-facing slopes and flat uplands, especially in the Piedmont.FLVALRI L$CEGL000697CWCSA.534II.A.4.N.aJuniperus deppeana / Muhlenbergia emersleyi WoodlandAlligator Juniper / Bull Muhly Woodland1997-11-26GCUSWCSWestern Ecology GroupG494-02-23G4~~W#$CEGL000696CWCSA.534II.A.4.N.aJuniperus deppeana - Juniperus monosperma - Quercus grisea / Rhus trilobata WoodlandAlligator Juniper - One-seed Juniper - Gray Oak / Squawbush Woodland1997-11-26GCUSWCSWestern Ecology GroupG594-02-23G5Żw#$CEGL000695CWCSA.534II.A.4.N.aJuniperus deppeana - JunipeThis broadly defined alliance includes pasture and post-agricultural fields, and is largely composed of non-native grasses and herbs (generally of European origin). Physiognomically, these grasslands are generally comprised of mid-height (1-3 feet tall) grasses and forbs, with occasional scattered shrubs. Species composition varies from site to site, depending on land-use history, and perhaps soil type, but in general, this vegetation is quite wide-ranging in northeastern and midwestern states, and possibly at higher elevations in the southeastern states. In addition to ~Dactylis glomerata$ and ~Rumex acetosella$ these grassy fields are characterized by ~Symphyotrichum$ spp. (including ~Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (= Aster lateriflorus)$ and ~Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (= Aster novae-angliae)), Rudbeckia hirta, Pteridium aquilinum, Chenopodium album, Asclepias syriaca, Andropogon virginicus, Schizachyrium scoparium, Phytolacca americana, Phleum pratense, Poa pratensis, Poa compressa, Elymus repens (= Agropyron repens), Bromus inermis, Solidago$ spp. (including ~Solidago rugosa, Solidago nemoralis, Solidago juncea, Solidago canadensis, Solidago altissima), Euthamia graminifolia, Oenothera biennis, Potentilla simplex, Daucus carota, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Hieracium$ spp., ~Taraxacum officinale, Vicia cracca, Trifolium$ spp., and many others. Communities of this alliance occur throughout the northeastern United States and beyond.LVAL+;n 0{CEGL000707CWCSA.504II.A.4.N.aJuniperus monosperma / Atriplex confertifolia / Achnatherum hymenoides WoodlandOne-seed Juniper / ShadscThis alliance, found in central North America, is made up of mesic to wet-mesic tall grasslands. The dominant lifeforms in stands of this alliance are tall grasses, although forbs can be abundant as well. Trees and shrubs can occur as scattered individuals or clumps. Vegetation tends to be dense and between 1.5 and 2 m tall. The dominant species across the range of this alliance is ~Andropogon gerardii$. Other species that are common to abundant throughout the alliance's range are ~Calamagrostis canadensis, Carex$ spp., ~Panicum virgatum, Sorghastrum nutans$, and ~Spartina pectinata$. ~Muhlenbergia richardsonis$ may be diagnostic of this alliance in the northeastern Great Plains, and ~Pascopyrum smithii$ is common in the western portion of this alliance's range. ~Elymus canadensis$ is abundant in Wisconsin. ~Schizachyrium scoparium$ can be found on sites subject to seasonal drought. Forbs are abundant, especially farther east in this alliance's range. Among these forbs are Asteraceae spp., ~Helianthus grosseserratus, Lysimachia quadrifolia, Pycnanthemum virginianum, Ratibida columnifera, Ratibida pinnata, Thalictrum dasycarpum$, and ~Zizia aurea$. ^Stands of this widespread alliance occur most frequently on sand to silt loam soils. Some are found on clay loams or silty clays. The sites are typically level to gently sloping, and those with heavier soils often have standing water present in the spring or after heavy rains. Most stands are in the glaciated Midwest and occur on glacial till, outwash, or drift, or on glacial lakeplains. Fires were a common occurrence in stands of this alliance before effective fire suppression activities. In the prolonged absence of fire, woody species usually invade and can become abundant.LVAL This alliance is a very widespread mesic tallgrass prairie, which occurs in central North America. Most communities have moderately dense to dense vegetation dominated by graminoids 1-2 m tall. ~Andropogon gerardii$ is dominant across this alliance's range. Other abundant species include ~Bouteloua curtipendula, Pascopyrum smithii$ (in the western portions of this alliance's range), ~Schizachyrium scoparium, Sorghastrum nutans$ (in the center and east), ~Sporobolus heterolepis$ (in the Great Plains), and ~Hesperostipa spartea (= Stipa spartea)$ (in the northern Great Plains). In Montana, ~Festuca idahoensis$ (at its eastern range limits) is codominant in an association in this alliance. Forbs are abundant in stands of this alliance, especially in the more humid East. Among these are ~Aletris farinosa$ (in the East), Asteraceae spp., ~Echinacea pallida, Helianthus grosseserratus, Liatris pycnostachya, Phlox pilosa, Ratibida pinnata, Silphium laciniatum$ (in the center), and ~Solidago$ spp. ~Galium boreale$ and ~Oxalis$ sp. are more common in northern tallgrass prairies than in southern. Trees and tall shrubs are infrequent in high-quality stands, especially in the Great Plains. Among those that may be found are scattered ~Symphoricarpos occidentalis$ (in the northern Great Plains), ~Rhus$ spp., and ~Quercus macrocarpa$ (in the central and eastern portions of this alliance's range). ^Stands of this alliance occur on flat to rolling topography. In the West and South, stands are found on lower slopes and valleys that receive extra moisture. On the western plains, the alliance can be found in areas with gravelly soil where water infiltrates below the surface but is held by an impermeable subsurface layer. Floodplain and toe-slope soils are deep and fine-textured, whereas the foothills soils are coarse-textured, often with cobble-sized rocks. In the northwestern plains, this alliance in found on lower slopes of hills, creeks and creek terraces. Soils are generally finer-textured (clay loams). In other pQLVAL]{Cn~hCEGL000724CWCSA.1500V.A.6.N.fJuniperus occidentalis / Cercocarpus ledifolius / Carex geyeri Wooded Herbaceous VegetationWestern Juniper / Curl-leaf Mountain-mahogany / Geyer's Sedge Wooded Herbaceous VegetationWestern Juniper / Mountain-mahogany / Elk Sedge1997-11-26GCUSM.S. Reid, mod. J. TitusG298-11-30G297/-~#%CEGL000723CWCSA.535II.A.4.N.aJuniperus occidentalis / Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana WoodlandWestern Juniper / Mountain Big Sagebrush Woodland1997-11-26GCUSarts of this alliance's range, stands can be found on many topographic positions. Soils are generally fertile, deep, slightly acidic, and moderately to well-drained. In glacial lakeplains near the Great Lakes, soils tend to be more poorly drained. Soils moisture is generally mesic, although it can vary from dry-mesic to wet-mesic. Soil texture can range from clay loams to sands. ^In the far western extent, vegetation in this alliance is a relict true prairie found along the eastern foothills and floodplains of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. ~Andropogon gerardii$ is the major diagnostic species, as well as ~Sorghastrum nutans, Panicum virgatum, Schizachyrium scoparium, Sporobolus heterolepis$, the other common tallgrass prairie species. ~Bouteloua curtipendula$ and ~Pascopyrum smithii$ are also common grasses. The alliance is found in mesic areas along the Colorado Front Range. Landform position and soil texture dictate potential sites, as precipitation is generally not adequate to support stands of this alliance. In localized areas, hydrological processes of the site enhance the soil moisture. Along the Front Range, 'relict' true prairie is found along the foothills in parks and on slopes below ~Pinus ponderosa$ woodlands. Soils are coarse-textured, and runoff and seeps enhance soil moisture. The alliance is also found in floodplains adjacent to streams where the water table is within reach for plant roots.LVAL This alliance includes herbaceous vegetation with ~Andropogon hallii$, occurring in the Great Plains from the United States-Canada border south to Texas. It is dominated by tall and midgrass species, with shortgrass species becoming important in the western portion of its range. ~Andropogon hallii$ is usually dominant or codominant. ~Calamovilfa longifolia$ is present to codominant in most stands south of the South Dakota-Nebraska border. ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata), Koeleria macrantha, Schizachyrium scoparium, Bouteloua gracilis, Bouteloua hirsuta, Eragrostis trichodes, Pascopyrum smithii$, and ~Sporobolus cryptandrus$ are typical grasses in stands of this alliance. Upland sedges are also very common, especially ~Carex filifolia, Carex inops ssp. heliophila$, and ~Carex duriuscula (= Carex eleocharis)$. Although graminoids are overwhelmingly dominant, several species of forbs can be found in many stands of this alliance. Some of the more common forbs are ~Ambrosia psilostachya, Psoralidium$ spp., ~Ipomoea leptophylla, Liatris punctata$, and ~Tradescantia occidentalis$. There may be widely scattered low shrubs, including ~Rosa woodsii, Prunus pumila var. besseyi$, and ~Yucca glauca$. In west Texas common associates on deep sands include ~Panicum havardii, Sporobolus giganteus$, and ~Calamovilfa gigantea$. Stands of this alliance occur on sand deposits, usually on gentle to steep slopes but sometimes on flat ground. The soils are sand, loamy sand, or sandy loam. They can be poorly to moderately well-developed. There is little runoff or evaporation because moisture quickly sinks into the coarse soil. Soil near the surface is consequently dry throughout much of the year, but moisture is present further down, favoring deep-rooting species such as ~Andropogon hallii$ and ~Calamovilfa longifolia$. Wind sometimes scours sand and vegetation from small areas, creating blowouts. These bare spots are initially colonized by species that are uncommon in this alliance, such as ~Muhlenbergia pungens$ aLVALCR!CEGL000753CWCSA.531II.A.4.N.aPinus albicaulis / Calamagrostis rubescens WoodlandWhitebark Pine / Pinegrass Woodland1997-11-26GCUSR.C. CrawfordG298-11-30G2yyV#CEGL000752CWCSA.560II.A.4.N.cAbies lasiocarpa - Pinus albicaulis / Vaccinium scoparium WoodlandSubalpine Fir - Whitebark Pine / Grouseberry WoodlandSubalpine Fir - Whitebark Pine Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG5?96-02-01G5e#CEGL000751CWCSA.560II.A.4.N.cAbies lasiocarpa - Pinus albicaulis / Arctostaphylos uva-ursi WoodlandSubalpine Fir - Whitebark Pine / Kinikinnick Woodland1997-11-26GCUSR.C. CrawfordG2Q00-12-11G2ļi#CEGL000750CWCSA.506II.A.4.N.aJuniperus scopulorum / Schizachyrium scoparium WoodlandRocky Mountain Juniper / Little Bluestem WoodlandRocky Mountain Juniper / Little Bluestem Woodland1997-11-26GCUSR.J. RondeauG200-12-29G2ƼZ#CEGL000749CWCSA.506II.A.4.N.aJuniperus scopulorum / Purshia tridentata WoodlandRocky Mountain Juniper / Bitterbrush Woodland1997-11-26GCUSL. TaskerG298-11-30G2U#CEGL000748CWCSA.506II.A.4.N.aJuniperus scopulorum / Pseudoroegneria spicata WoodlandRocky Mountain Juniper / Bluebunch Wheatgrass WoodlandRocky Mountain Juniper / Bluebunch Wheatgrass Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG496-02-01G4nd ~Redfieldia flexuosa$. Eventually, these blowouts succeed to one of the communities in the V.A.5.N.a ~~Andropogon hallii$ Herbaceous Alliance (A.1193)$$. These grasslands occur on semi-stabilized quartz sand dunes in eastern Trans-Pecos Texas, where they form landscape mosaics with ~Quercus havardii$ shrublands, wetland dune swales, and sparsely vegetated dunes. The rare plant, ~Penstemon haydenii$, an endemic to dune blowouts in the sandhills of Nebraska, may be endangered by the decline in habitat because of fire suppression and low to moderate stocking rates (Harrison 1980).LVAL+bj.mCEGL000774CWCSA.516II.A.4.N.aPinus edulis / Andropogon hallii WoodlandTwo-needle Pinyon / Sand Bluestem WoodlandPinyon Pine / Sand Bluestem Woodland1997-11-26GCUSY. ChauvinG298-12-15G2vL#(CEGL000773CWCSA.538II.A.4.N.aPinus discolor / Quercus toumeyi WoodlandBorder Pinyon / Toumey Oak WoodlandMadrean Conifer Woodland1997-11-26GCUSK.A. SchulzG297-10-20G2oL#(CEGL000772CWCSA.538II.A.4.N.aPinus discolor / Quercus rugosa WoodlandBorder Pinyon / Netleaf Oak Woodland1997-11-26GCUSE. Milford, E. MuldavinG197-10-21G1}}{yooK#(CEGL000771CWCSA.538II.A.4.N.aPinus discolor / Quercus hypoleucoides WoodlandBorder Pinyon / Silverleaf Oak Woodland1997-11-26GCUSK.A. SchulzG297-10-21G2yyR#This alliance includes wet-mesic grasslands of the southeastern United States that are dominated by ~Panicum virgatum$ and/or ~Tripsacum dactyloides$. The nominal species may occur with ~Andropogon gerardii, Carex microdonta, Fimbristylis puberula, Paspalum floridanum, Sorghastrum nutans$, and ~Sporobolus compositus var. compositus$. Important forbs may include ~Acacia angustissima var. hirta, Symphyotrichum ericoides (= Aster ericoides), Bifora americana, Hedyotis nigricans, Helianthus maximiliani, Ratibida columnifera (= Ratibida columnaris), Rudbeckia hirta$, and ~Ruellia humilis$. There are wetter and drier variants; the former occurs on poorly drained or subirrigated soils (Vertisols) and flat topography on the northeastern Blackland, Fayette, and Upper Coastal Prairies of eastern Texas, and may manifest as patches of sparse vegetation interspersed with dense stands. Similar communities may exist as small patches in Oklahoma and Kansas. Remnants of this vegetation in Kentucky are on poorly drained flats in the Big Barrens. There is a reported ~Panicum virgatum$-dominated type in the Grand Prairie of Arkansas.LVALZ!OCEGL000783CWCSA.516II.A.4.N.aPinus edulis / Festuca arizonica WoodlandTwo-needle Pinyon / Arizona Fescue Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG300-09-19G3wwL#CEGL000782CWCSA.516II.A.4.N.aPinus edulis - Juniperus osteosperma / Purshia stansburiana WoodlandTwo-needle Pinyon - Utah Juniper / Stansbury Cliff-rose Woodland1997-11-26GCUSK.A. SchulzG4?96-02-01G4g#CEGL000781CWCSA.516II.A.4.N.aPinus edulis - Juniperus osteosperma / Coleogyne ramosissima WoodlandTwo-needle Pinyon - Utah Juniper / Blackbrush Woodland1997-11-26GCUSK.A. SchulzG300-09-19G3h#CEGL000780CWCSA.516II.A.4.N.aPinus edulis - Juniperus spp. / Cercocarpus montanus WoodlandTwo-needle Pinyon These communities occur in disturbed upland situations, most notably on dredge spoil such as occurs along the Intracoastal Waterway, and cover many thousands of hectares. Essentially monospecific stands of ~Phragmites australis$, which is rapidly spreading in disturbed coastal areas, excluding native vegetation.This alliance includes grasslands primarily dominated by alien species not native to North America, presumably originally planted or introduced by grazing animals. Vegetation of this alliance is widely distributed in the northeastern United States, as well as in montane and higher-elevation areas of the southeastern United States. ~Phleum pratense$, a native of Europe, is characteristic. Occurrences are variable and patchy, often with local dominance of tall forbs. Other characteristic species include ~Hieracium caespitosum (= Hieracium pratense)$ (alien), ~Potentilla canadensis$, and ~Ranunculus acris$ (alien). These grasslands are maintained by periodic mowing or, in some instances, prescribed burning. This alliance is currently known throughout the northeastern United States and from high elevation pastures or grass balds in the southern Appalachians. It is possible throughout the United States and in southern Canada.\LVALh<PyCEGL000793CWCSA.516II.A.4.N.aPinus edulis / Quercus X pauciloba WoodlandTwo-needle Pinyon / Wavyleaf Oak WoodlandPinyon Pine / Wavyleaf Oak Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG594-02-23G5wN# CEGL000792CWCSA.632II.B.2.N.aCeltis laevigata var. reticulata / Philadelphus lewisii WoodlandNetleaf Hackberry / Lewis' Mock-orange Woodland2002-10-17GCUSRCC 10-02R.C. CrawfordG102-10-17G1c#CEGL000791CWCSA.516II.A.4.N.aPinus edulis - Juniperus spp. / Quercus gambelii WoodlandTwo-needle Pinyon - Juniper species / Gambel Oak Woodland1997-11-26GCUSK.A. SchulzG594-02-23G5\#CEGL000790CWCSA.516II.A.4.N.aPinus edulis - Quercus arizonica / RhuThis alliance includes tallgrass grasslands known from the Coastal Prairie and the northern Fayette Prairie in southern and southeastern Texas dominated by ~Schizachyrium scoparium var. scoparium$ and ~Paspalum plicatulum$, occurring with ~Sorghastrum nutans, Sporobolus compositus, Setaria$ spp., ~Andropogon gerardii$, and ~Muhlenbergia capillaris$. On wetter sites, ~Fimbristylis puberula, Carex$ spp., and ~Rhynchospora$ spp. become important. Typical forbs include ~Symphyotrichum ericoides (= Aster ericoides), Mimosa microphylla (= Mimosa quadrivalvis var. angustata), Neptunia lutea$, and ~Liatris$ spp. Overgrazing and fire supression of this grassland have led to the invasion of a wide variety of woody species such as ~Rosa bracteata, Acacia farnesiana, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera)$, and ~Triadica sebifera (= Sapium sebiferum)$. Some of these grasslands occur on upland acidic Vertisols and Alfisols of the Coastal Prairie and on acidic Alfisols of the more inland portion of the Fayette Prairie. These areas are characterized by the occurrence of low, circular mounds called mima or pimple mounds, which add local relief to an otherwise flat topography.LVAL This alliance, comprising dry-mesic tallgrass vegetation and blackland prairies, is found in the central United States and southern Canada. The vegetation of stands of this alliance is characterized by moderate to dense cover of medium and tall grasses and a diverse mixture of forbs. Woody species are absent to rare but can be uncommon in some communities. The most abundant species across the range of this alliance are ~Bouteloua curtipendula, Schizachyrium scoparium$, and ~Sorghastrum nutans$. Other graminoids species common in parts of this alliance are ~Andropogon gerardii, Bouteloua hirsuta, Carex$ spp., ~Danthonia spicata, Hesperostipa spartea (= Stipa spartea)$, and ~Sporobolus heterolepis$. In the far southern part of the alliance's range, associations can contain ~Andropogon glomeratus, Panicum virgatum$, and ~Sporobolus clandestinus$. Some of the many forbs which can be found in this alliance include ~Symphyotrichum ericoides (= Aster ericoides), Echinacea pallida, Helianthus$ spp., ~Hedyotis nigricans var. nigricans$ (in Illinois and Missouri), ~Lespedeza capitata$ (especially on sand), ~Lithospermum canescens, Clinopodium arkansanum (= Calamintha arkansana)$ (in Illinois), and ~Solidago nemoralis$. In the Southeast, ~Ratibida pinnata$ or ~Baptisia australis var. minor$ may be found, as well as a variety of forbs with Coastal Plain affinities. Woody species that are found in stands of this alliance are those that can adapt to the dry to dry-mesic conditions, such as ~Acer rubrum$ and ~Juniperus virginiana$. In the Southeast, this alliance includes a variety of relatively restricted communities which are rare and/or have been greatly reduced through land-use change. Many of these occur on distinctive soils or geologic formations, such as calcareous clays. This includes the Jackson Formation of Mississippi and Louisiana; the Cook Mountain Formation, Fleming Formation, and Morse Clays of Louisiana; the Demopolis and related formations of the Alabama Black Belt; as well as blackland prairies:LVALF>NCEGL000884CWCSA.689II.C.3.N.aPinus ponderosa - Quercus garryana / Symphoricarpos albus WoodlandPonderosa Pine - Oregon White Oak / Common Snowberry Woodland1997-11-26GCUSM.P. Murray and R.C. CrawfordG2G300-01-27G2Ͱe#CEGL000883CWCSA.689II.C.3.N.aPinus ponderosa - Quercus garryana / Purshia tridentata WoodlandPonderosa Pine - Oregon White Oak / Bitterbrush Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG396-02-01G3c#CEGL000882CWCSA.689II.C.3.N.aPinus ponderosa - Quercus garryana / Carex geyeri WoodlandPonderosa Pine - Oregon White Oak / Geyer's Sedge Woodland1997-11-26GCUSR.C. CrawfordG2G398-11-30G2]#CEGL000881CWCSA.689II.C.3.N.aPinus ponderosa - Quercus garryana / Balsamorhiza sagittata WoodlandPo on Alfisols, Mollisols, and Vertisols in Texas, and isolated occurrences on the Catahoula Formation in eastern Texas. This alliance also occurs in the Arbuckle Mountains of Oklahoma. This alliance includes remnant prairie-like vegetation occupying small areas (<1 acre) of mafic substrates in the Southern Blue Ridge plateau underlain by magnesium-rich bedrock; this vegetation is disjunct from the principal distribution of this alliance. Fire presumably played an important ecological role in maintaining natural stands of this vegetation in the presettlement landscape. Threats to these communities include fire suppression, livestock grazing, and damage by feral hogs and by vehicles. ^Most stands of this alliance are found on gentle to moderately steep slopes, although stands on flat plains can occur (Curtis 1959, Nelson 1985). The most prevalent slope aspects are south or west. Soils range from shallow to deep and are well-drained to excessively well-drained (White and Madany 1978, Chapman 1984). Most are loams or sands, but some can be gravel or clay. These soils are formed from eolian or alluvial sand, limestone, dolomite, sandstone, glacial till, glacial outwash, chert, loess, or shale.TLVAL`IIu ! CEGL000896CWCSA.552II.A.4.N.bPseudotsuga menziesii / AspiThis alliance includes dune grasslands, typically with scattered shrubs and forbs, of the southeastern Coastal Plain, with ~Uniola$ dominant or codominant. The cover varies from sparse on foredunes and on actively moving sand areas to fairly dense on more stable dunes. In the northern portion of the distribution of this alliance (northern North Carolina and Virginia), ~Ammophila breviligulata$ may be present, indicating a transition towards the V.A.5.N.c ~~Ammophila breviligulata$ Herbaceous Alliance (A.1207)$$. On the Chandeleurs and related islands of coastal Louisiana, ~Spartina patens$ replaces ~Uniola paniculata$ (which is present in small amounts) as the dominant grass. Other typical species of this alliance include ~Andropogon$ spp., ~Cakile$ spp., ~Cenchrus$ spp., ~Chamaesyce$ spp., ~Croton punctatus, Hydrocotyle bonariensis, Iva imbricata, Physalis walteri, Spartina patens$, and ~Strophostyles helvula$. In the southern part of the range, additional forbs and vines include ~Helianthus debilis, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Ipomoea imperati (= Ipomoea stolonifera)$, and ~Sesuvium$ spp. Oceanwards are the annual-dominated, unstable, upper beach communities, often with trailing vines. Landwards are shrub-dominated communities or grasslands dominated by species other than ~Uniola$, such as ~Spartina patens$ or ~Muhlenbergia filipes (= Muhlenbergia capillaris var. filipes)$. This dune grassland community occurs almost exclusively on sandy, unstable, droughty substrates (Typic Quartzipsamments) with no soil profile development. Eolian processes cause active sand deposition and erosion. The sand substrate is usually visible, and litter accumulation from plant debris is nearly absent. This community generally occurs on foredunes that receive the force of wind and salt spray but is beyond the influence of most storm tides. The effects of nearly continuous salt spray exclude most other species and maintain the vegetation type.eLVALq[,aCEGL000915CWCSA.558II.A.4.N.bAbies grandis / Arctostaphylos nevadensis WoodlandGrand Fir / Pinemat Manzanita WoodlandGrand Fir / Pinemat Manzanita1997-11-26GCUSM.S. Reid, mod. R.C. CrawfThis alliance includes the predominant grasslands of the South Texas Sand Sheet, the Ingleside barrier-strandplain in the Coastal Bend of Texas, as well as barrier islands and coastal situations of Texas and adjacent western Louisiana. These grasslands also occur on stabilized secondary dunes on barrier islands (Texas) or on beach dunes and relatively elevated backshore ridges above intertidal beaches on barrier islands and mainland areas (Louisiana). Common salt-spray-tolerant components may include ~Panicum amarum, Paspalum monostachyum, Schizachyrium littorale (= Schizachyrium scoparium ssp. littorale), Heteropogon contortus, Paspalum plicatulum, Paspalum vaginatum, Spartina patens$, and ~Dichanthelium$ spp. Louisiana examples contain ~Oenothera drummondii, Strophostyles helvula, Solidago sempervirens, Croton punctatus, Hydrocotyle bonariensis, Sabatia arenicola, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Ipomoea imperati (= Ipomoea stolonifera), Gaillardia pulchella, Phyla nodiflora, Eleocharis albida, Juncus bufonius, Sisyrinchium biforme, Heterotheca subaxillaris, Astragalus nuttallianus, Pediomelum rhombifolium, Dalea emarginata$, and others. ~Trichoneura elegans$ and ~Elionurus tripsacoides$ are present within their ranges in Texas. Minor changes in drainage can cause differences in species composition. Poorly drained areas may support inclusions of ~Spartina spartinae$. On Texas barrier islands, these wetter inclusional grasslands contain ~Sporobolus$ spp., ~Eragrostis$ spp., ~Carex$ spp., ~Scirpus$ spp., ~Fuirena$ spp., and ~Fimbristylis$ spp. as important components and grade into grasslands of ~Uniola paniculata$ and ~Panicum amarum$ on drier, less stable dunes.YLVALe0}O? CEGL000926CWCSA.552II.A.4.N.bPseThis alliance, found in the northwestern Great Plains, occurs on sandy dry-mesic sites. There are two prominent vegetation layers in stands of this alliance and a moderate amount of bare ground (Looman 1980). The tallest layer, about 0.6-1.5 m, is dominated by mid grasses, particularly ~Calamovilfa longifolia$. Other species present include ~Andropogon hallii, Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata), Schizachyrium scoparium, Koeleria macrantha$, and ~Sporobolus cryptandrus$. The shorter layer includes several short graminoid species, forbs, and some small shrubs. Graminoids make up the majority of this layer, especially upland Carices. Among the most frequent are ~Carex duriuscula (= Carex eleocharis), Carex inops ssp. heliophila, Carex filifolia$, and ~Carex duriuscula$. ~Bouteloua gracilis$ is prominent in some stands, especially in the western portion of this alliance's range. Forbs and shrubs do not usually contribute greatly to the vegetation cover, although forb species diversity can be moderately high. The forbs that are present typically include ~Lathyrus$ spp., ~Lygodesmia juncea, Phlox hoodii, Chenopodium leptophyllum$, and ~Liatris punctata$. ~Psoralidium lanceolatum$ and ~Rumex venosus$ are most common on the least stabilized locations. Shrubs are uncommon, but when they are present, short shrubs such as ~Yucca glauca, Rosa$ spp., and ~Artemisia frigida$ are the most likely to be found. ^Stands of this alliance are almost exclusively found on sand deposits (Looman 1980, Johnston 1987). A few are on coarse loams (USFS 1992). Stands are usually on gentle slopes but can be on flat ground or steep slopes. The soil is sand, loamy sand, or sandy loam, and there is little horizon development (USFS 1992). Water penetrates the coarse soil quickly. This results in the upper soil having little available moisture for most of the growing season. Water and wind erosion can be frequent disturbances in this alliance. njCEGL000764CWCSA.512II.A.4.N.aPinus contorta / Juniperus communis WoodlandLodgepole Pine / Common Juniper WoodlandLodgepole Pine / Common Juniper Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG596-02- A.1202CWestV.A.5.N.aCALAMAGROSTIS NUTKAENSIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPacific Reedgrass Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZwvjE   A.1201CWestV.A.5.N.aCALAMOVILFA LONGIFOLIA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPrairie Sandreed Herbaceous AllianceYK. SCHULZ}tsgC   A.1200CSoutheastV.A.5.N.aPASPALUM MONOSTACHYUM - (PANICUM AMARUM, SCHIZACHYRIUM LITTORALE) HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGulfdune Crowngrass - (Bitter Panicgrass, Seaside Bluestem) Herbaceous Alliance@YD. DIAMOND 1-95, MOD. M. s   A.12CWestI.A.1.N.bACACIA KOA / METROSIDEROS POLYMORPHA - DICRANOPTERIS LINEARIS FOREST ALLIANCEKoa / 'Ohi'a - Uluhe Forest AllianceYWCSd   A.1199CSoutheastV.A.5.N.aUNIOLA PANICULATA TEMPERATE HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESea-oats Temperate Herbaceous AllianceYA.S. WEAKLEYsM   A.1198CMidwestV.A.5.N.aSCHIZACHYRIUM SCOPARIUM - SORGHASTRUM NUTANS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELittle Bluestem - Yellow Indiangrass Herbaceous Alliance YMCS\   A.1197CSoutheastV.A.5.N.aSCHIZACHYRIUM SCOPARIUM - PASPALUM PLICATULUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELittle Bluestem - Brownseed Crowngrass Herbaceous Alliance@YGREAT PLAINS PROGRAM_   A.1196CSoutheastV.A.5.N.aPHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECommon Reed Herbaceous Alliance9@YA.S. WEAKLEY~rqeF   hA.1195CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cPHLEUM PRATENSE HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETimothy Herbaceous Alliance@YK.D. PATTERSON/A.S. WEAKLih\A   A.1194CSoutheastV.A.5.N.aPANICUM VIRGATUM - TRIPSACUM DACTYLOIDES HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESwitchgrass - Eastern Gammagrass Herbaceous Alliancek@YD.J. ALLARD 94, MOD. K.D.Z   A.1193CWestV.A.5.N.aANDROPOGON HALLII HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESand Bluestem Herbaceous Alliance; YGREAT PLAINS PROGRAM 1-95lk_>   @.sa9= A.1215CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cIMPERATA CYLINDRICA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECogongrass Herbaceous Allianceg@YA.S. WEAKLEY|pocE   A.1214CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cHILARIA BELANGERI - BOUTELOUA CURTIPENDULA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECurly-mesquite - Sideoats Grama Herbaceous Alliance@YB. HOAGLAND/D. DIAMOND\   A.1213CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cLOLIUM (ARUNDINACEUM, PRATENSE) HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Tall Fescue, Meadow Fescue) Herbaceous AllianceU@YA.S. WEAKLEY 95-05, MOD. Q   A.1211CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cPENNISETUM CILIARE HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBuffelgrass Herbaceous Alliance@YJ. POOLE/A.S. WEAKLEYpocD   A.1210CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cBOTHRIOCHLOA ISCHAEMUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEKing Ranch Beardgrass Herbaceous Alliance@YB. HOAGLAND~}qH   A.121CWestI.A.8.N.bPINUS MURICATA FOREST ALLIANCEBishop Pine Forest Alliance@YM. SCHINDELi^]Q6   A.1209CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cBOTHRIOCHLOA BARBINODIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECane Beardgrass Herbaceous Alliances@YB. HOAGLAND/D. DIAMONDyxlI   A.1208CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cANDROPOGON VIRGINICUS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECommon Broomsedge Herbaceous AllianceA@YA.S. WEAKLEYyxlG   A.1207CEastV.A.5.N.cAMMOPHILA BREVILIGULATA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAmerican Beachgrass Herbaceous Allianceu@YECS{xwkD   A.1206CWestV.A.5.N.cAMMOPHILA ARENARIA SEMI-NATURAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEEuropean Beachgrass Semi-natural Herbaceous Alliance@YD. SARRL   A.1205CWestV.A.5.N.bSPOROBOLUS WRIGHTII HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBig Alkali Sacaton Herbaceous Alliance: YK. SCHULZ|srf@   A.1204CWestV.A.5.N.bLEYMUS CINEREUS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGreat Basin Lyme Grass Herbaceous Alliance @YK. SCHULZ|srf<   A.1203CWestV.A.5.N.bCORTADERIA (SELLOANA, JUBATA) SEMI-NATURAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Selloa Pampas Grass, Pampas Grass) Semi-natural Herbaceous Alliance@YM. SCHINDELW  7 oGP GYCEGL001132CWCSA.962III.B.2.N.dRhamnus alni A.1231CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cSPOROBOLUS SILVEANUS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESilveus Dropseed Herbaceous Alliance@YK.D. PATTERSONwvjF   fA.1230CSoutheastV.A.5.N.mSPARTINA SPARTINAE SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGulf Cordgrass Saturated Herbaceous AllianceK@YA.S. WEAKLEY, MOD. A.S. WzN   A.123CSoutheastI.A.8.N.bPINUS PALUSTRIS - (PINUS ELLIOTTII) FOREST ALLIANCELongleaf Pine - (Slash Pine) Forest AlliancelYM.P. SCHAFALE/A.S. WEAKLE|P   A.1225CMidwestV.A.5.N.cSCHIZACHYRIUM SCOPARIUM - BOUTELOUA CURTIPENDULA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELittle Bluestem - Sideoats Grama Herbaceous Alliance YMCS/SCS, MOD. M.S. REID`   A.1224CMidwestV.A.5.N.cSCHIZACHYRIUM SCOPARIUM - (SPOROBOLUS CRYPTANDRUS) HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELittle Bluestem - (Sand Dropseed) Herbaceous Alliancel@YMCSb   A.1222CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cSCHIZACHYRIUM MARITIMUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGulf Bluestem Herbaceous AllianceA@YA.S. WEAKLEYwvjI   A.1221CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cSCHIZACHYRIUM CIRRATUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETexas Bluestem Herbaceous Alliance~@YB. HOAGLAND/D. DIAMONDwvjH   A.1220CMidwestV.A.5.N.cPOA (FENDLERIANA, NEMORALIS SSP. INTERIOR) - SPOROBOLUS HETEROLEPIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Muttongrass, Inland Bluegrass) - Prairie Dropseed Herbaceous Alliance @YMCSŹs   A.1219CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cPASPALUM NOTATUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBahia Grass Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYznmaB   A.1218CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cMUHLENBERGIA REVERCHONII HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESeep Muhly Herbaceous Allianceh@YB. CARR/A.S. WEAKLEYuthJ   A.1217CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cMUHLENBERGIA FILIPES HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESouthern Hairgrass Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYyxlF   A.1216CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cMUHLENBERGIA CAPILLARIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEHair-awn Muhly Herbaceous Alliancek@YA.S. WEAKLEYxwkI  e3n\D?: A.1246CWestV.A.5.N.dPLEURAPHIS RIGIDA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBig Galleta Herbaceous Alliance@YM. SCHINDELuji]>   A.1245CWestV.A.5.N.dFESTUCA ARIZONICA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEArizona Fescue Herbaceous Alliance(@YK. SCHULZvml`>   A.1244CWestV.A.5.N.dBOUTELOUA CURTIPENDULA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESideoats Grama Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZ{rqeC   &A.1243CWestV.A.5.N.cLEYMUS MOLLIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESea Lyme Grass Herbaceous Alliance]@YD. SARRpih\:   %A.1242CWestV.A.5.N.cELYMUS LANCEOLATUS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEStreamside Wild Rye Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZ|srf?   $A.1241CWestV.A.5.N.cSPOROBOLUS AIROIDES SOD HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAlkali Sacaton Sod Herbaceous Alliancej@YK.A. SCHULZwvjD   #A.1240CWestV.A.5.N.cSCHIZACHYRIUM SCOPARIUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELittle Bluestem Herbaceous Alliance~@YK. SCHULZ}tsgD   A.124CWestI.A.8.N.bPINUS PONDEROSA FOREST ALLIANCEPonderosa Pine Forest Alliance3YD.J. ALLARD, MOD. M.S. RE{baU7   "A.1239CWestV.A.5.N.cPSEUDOROEGNERIA SPICATA - BOUTELOUA GRACILIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBluebunch Wheatgrass - Blue Grama Herbaceous AllianceC@YK. SCHULZY   !A.1238CWestV.A.5.N.cPANICUM OBTUSUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEVine-mesquite Herbaceous Alliance@YGREAT PLAINS PROGRAM 1-95ji]<   A.1237CWestV.A.5.N.cLEYMUS FLAVESCENS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESand Lyme Grass Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZwnma>   A.1236CWestV.A.5.N.cFESTUCA RUBRA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCERed Fescue Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZnedX:   A.1234CMidwestV.A.5.N.cHESPEROSTIPA COMATA - BOUTELOUA GRACILIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCENeedle-and-Thread - Blue Grama Herbaceous AlliancezYMCS, MOD. M.S. REIDX   A.1232CMidwestV.A.5.N.cPASCOPYRUM SMITHII HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWestern Wheatgrass Herbaceous AllianceYMCS, MOD. M.S. REID, MOD.uthB  x^kb\T/ CEGL001564CWCSA.1202V.A.5.N.aCalamagrostis nutk A.1259CWestV.A.5.N.dMUHLENBERGIA EMERSLEYI HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBull Muhly Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZwnmaC   A.1258CWestVII.C.3.N.bLEYMUS SALINUS SSP. SALMONIS SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCESalmon Lyme Grass Sparsely Vegetated Alliance@YM.S. REIDS   A.1257CWestV.A.5.N.dFESTUCA VIRIDULA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGreenleaf Fescue Herbaceous Alliancet@YD. SARRunma=   A.1256CWestV.A.5.N.dFESTUCA THURBERI HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEThurber's Fescue Herbaceous Alliancej@YK. SCHULZwnma=   A.1255CWestV.A.5.N.dFESTUCA CAMPESTRIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPrairie Fescue Herbaceous AllianceYK. SCHULZwnma?   A.1254CWestV.A.5.N.dDANTHONIA CALIFORNICA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECalifornia Oatgrass Herbaceous Alliance@YD. SARR}vuiB   A.1253CWestV.A.5.N.dCAREX HOODII HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEHood's Sedge Herbaceous Allianceh@YD. CULVERofeY9   A.1252CWestV.A.5.N.dSPOROBOLUS CRYPTANDRUS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESand Dropseed Herbaceous Alliancex@YK. SCHULZzqpdC   A.1251CWestV.A.5.N.dFESTUCA IDAHOENSIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEIdaho Fescue Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZulk_?   A.1250CMidwestV.A.5.N.dFESTUCA ALTAICA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCERough Fescue Herbaceous Alliance@@YMCSolk_?   A.125CWestI.A.8.N.bPINUS RADIATA FOREST ALLIANCEMonterey Pine Forest Alliance0@YM. SCHINDELj_^R5   A.1249CWestV.A.5.N.dPLEURAPHIS MUTICA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETobosa Grass Herbaceous Alliance@YB. HOAGLAND/D. DIAMOND 11kj^>   A.1248CWestV.A.5.N.dNASSELLA LEPIDA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEFoothill Needlegrass Herbaceous Alliance@YM. SCHINDEL|qpd<   A.1247CWestV.A.5.N.dNASSELLA CERNUA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCENodding Needlegrass Herbaceous Alliancef@YM. SCHINDEL{poc<  >|phX;3dCEGL001936CWCSA.1638V.B.2.N.bTrifolium parryi Her A.1271CWestV.A.5.N.dACHNATHERUM NELSONII HERBACEOUS ALLIANCENelson's Needlegrass Herbaceous Alliance*@YK. SCHULZvuiA   A.1270CWestV.A.5.N.dHESPEROSTIPA COMATA BUNCH HERBACEOUS ALLIANCENeedle-and-Thread Bunch Herbaceous AllianceYK. SCHULZ~}qF   A.127CEastI.A.8.N.bPINUS STROBUS - TSUGA CANADENSIS FOREST ALLIANCEEastern White Pine - Eastern Hemlock Forest Alliance$YM.P. SCHAFALE/A.S. WEAKLE|H   A.1269CWestV.A.5.N.dSPOROBOLUS NEALLEYI HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGyp Dropseed Herbaceous Alliance$@YK. SCHULZvml`@   A.1268CWestV.A.5.N.dSPOROBOLUS FLEXUOSUS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMesa Dropseed Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZxonbA   A.1267CWestV.A.5.N.dSPOROBOLUS AIROIDES HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAlkali Sacaton Herbaceous Alliance YK.A. SCHULZzonb@   A.1266CWestV.A.5.N.dSCHIZACHYRIUM SCOPARIUM BUNCH HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELittle Bluestem Bunch Herbaceous Alliance|@YK. SCHULZsJ   A.1265CWestV.A.5.N.dPSEUDOROEGNERIA SPICATA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBluebunch Wheatgrass Herbaceous AllianceYK. SCHULZyxlD   A.1264CWestV.A.5.N.dPOA NERVOSA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEHooker's Bluegrass Herbaceous Alliance|@YK. SCHULZtkj^8   A.1263CWestV.A.5.N.dPOA FENDLERIANA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMuttongrass Herbaceous Alliance7@YK. SCHULZqhg[<   A.1262CWestV.A.5.N.dACHNATHERUM HYMENOIDES HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEIndian Ricegrass Herbaceous Alliance[@YK. SCHULZ}tsgC   A.1261CWestV.A.5.N.dNASSELLA VIRIDULA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGreen Needlegrass Herbaceous AllianceF@YK. SCHULZypoc>   A.1260CWestV.A.5.N.dMUHLENBERGIA MONTANA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMountain Muhly Herbaceous AllianceuYK. SCHULZypocA   A.126CMidwestI.A.8.N.bPINUS RESINOSA FOREST ALLIANCERed Pine Forest Alliance YR. BARTGIS/A.S. WEAKLEY/Kw^]Q9  n;% fRA A.1285CWestV.A.5.N.eBOUTELOUA HIRSUTA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEHairy Grama Herbaceous Alliance@YGREAT PLAINS PROGRAM 1-95ji]>   A.1284CWestV.A.5.N.eBOUTELOUA ERIOPODA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBlack Grama Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZtkj^?   A.1283CWestV.A.5.N.eCAREX DURIUSCULA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCENeedleleaf Sedge Herbaceous Alliancek@YD. CULVERwnma=   A.1282CWestV.A.5.N.eBOUTELOUA GRACILIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBlue Grama Herbaceous AllianceH YB. HOAGLAND/D. DIAMOND 11ji]?   A.1281CEastV.A.5.N.eDANTHONIA SPICATA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPoverty Oatgrass Herbaceous Alliance@YG.P. FLEMING/A.S. WEAKLEYonb>   A.1280CSoutheastV.A.5.N.eDANTHONIA COMPRESSA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMountain Oatgrass Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYwvjE   A.128CMidwestI.A.8.N.bPINUS STROBUS FOREST ALLIANCEEastern White Pine Forest AllianceYD.J. ALLARDrgfZ8   A.1279CSoutheastV.A.5.N.eCYNODON DACTYLON HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBermuda Grass Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEY|pocB   A.1278CSoutheastV.A.5.N.eCAREX PENSYLVANICA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPennsylvania Sedge Herbaceous Alliance@YK.D. PATTERSONwvjD   A.1277CSoutheastV.A.5.N.eCAREX BILTMOREANA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBiltmore Sedge Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEY~rqeC   A.1276CSoutheastV.A.5.N.eBUCHLOE DACTYLOIDES HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBuffalo Grass Herbaceous Alliance @YB. HOAGLAND~srfE   A.1275CSoutheastV.A.5.N.eBOUTELOUA RAMOSA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEChino Grama Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYznmaB   A.1274CEastV.A.5.N.eSPARTINA PATENS - (SCHOENOPLECTUS PUNGENS) HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESaltmeadow Cordgrass - (Threesquare) Herbaceous AllianceYECSW   A.1272CWestV.A.5.N.dHESPEROSTIPA NEOMEXICANA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCENew Mexico Needlegrass Herbaceous Alliance2YK. SCHULZ|{oE  YqB7}CEGL002434CMCSA.949III.B.2.N.dSalix petiolaris - (Betula pumila) / Spartina A.1298CWestV.A.5.N.gCAREX SICCATA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEDry-spike Sedge Herbaceous Alliance;@YD. CULVERsji]:   A.1297CWestV.A.5.N.gCAREX CAPITATA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECapitate Sedge Herbaceous AllianceR@YD. SARRqji];   A.1296CWestV.A.5.N.gCAREX BREWERI HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBrewer's Sedge Herbaceous Alliance}@YD. SARRpih\:   A.1295CEastV.A.5.N.gCAREX BIGELOWII - JUNCUS TRIFIDUS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBigelow's Sedge - Highland Rush Herbaceous Alliance1@YECSN   A.1294CWestV.A.5.N.gCAREX FILIFOLIA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEThreadleaf Sedge Herbaceous Alliance@YM. SCHINDELxml`<   A.1293CWestV.A.5.N.gCALAMAGROSTIS BREWERI HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEShorthair Reedgrass Herbaceous Alliance @YM. SCHINDELvuiB   A.1292CWestV.A.5.N.fACHNATHERUM LEMMONII HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELemmon's Needlegrass Herbaceous Alliance@YM.S. REIDvuiA   A.1291CWestV.A.5.N.fPOA SECUNDA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECurly Bluegrass Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZqhg[8   A.1290CWestV.A.5.N.fACHNATHERUM SPECIOSUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEDesert Needlegrass Herbaceous AllianceG@YM. SCHINDELuthB   A.129CSoutheastI.A.8.N.bPINUS TAEDA - PINUS ECHINATA FOREST ALLIANCELoblolly Pine - Shortleaf Pine Forest AllianceZ@YD.J. ALLARD/S. LANDAALwI   A.1289CWestV.A.5.N.fNASSELLA PULCHRA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPurple Needlegrass Herbaceous Alliance`@YM. SCHINDEL{poc=   A.1288CWestV.A.5.N.eMUHLENBERGIA FILICULMIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESlim-stem Muhly Herbaceous AllianceYK. SCHULZ}tsgD   A.1287CWestV.A.5.N.ePLEURAPHIS JAMESII HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEJames' Galleta Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZwnma?   A.1286CWestV.A.5.N.eCAREX DOUGLASII HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEDouglas' Sedge Herbaceous Alliance@YD. CULVERtkj^<   LVAL=,A`we CEGL000934CWCSA.641II.B.2.N.bPopulus angustifolia - Picea pungens / Alnus incana WoodlandNarrowleaf Cottonwood - Blue Spruce / Speckled Alder WoodlandNarrowleaf Cottonwood These grasslands occur on valley bottoms, lower alluvial slopes, coastal bluffs and terraces along the central coast of California north to Washington. Elevations range from 0-300 m. Climate is maritime with most of the annual precipitation occurring as rain during the winter. Stands require seasonally or permanently saturated soils with a shallow water table within the cool, moist band within 10 km of the coast. Soils are moderately deep (120 cm), with a high organic component (23%) and a thick litter layer (8 cm). Soil texture is loam with a pH of 6. Stands form a mosaic with forest and scrub in the coastal prairies and generally occur on moderate slopes (24% slope) with southern aspects. Stands on open bluffs tolerate the high winds and salt spray well. This vegetation has a moderately dense (50-60% cover) herbaceous layer (<1.5 m tall) that is dominated by the cool-season sod-grass ~Calamagrostis nutkaensis$. ~Elymus glaucus$ and ~Festuca rubra$ are common graminoid associates. Perennial forbs may be diverse, but rarely contribute much cover. Associates may include ~Symphyotrichum chilense (= Aster chilensis), Carex obnupta, Lolium arundinaceum (= Festuca arundinacea), Pteridium aquilinum, Iris tenax, Maianthemum dilatatum, Marah oreganus, Achillea millefolium, Rubus ursinus, Artemisia suksdorfii, Heracleum maximum (= Heracleum lanatum), Holcus lanatus$, or ~Anthoxanthum odoratum$. Occasional emergent shrubs, such as ~Vaccinium ovatum$, and trees, such as ~Picea sitchensis$, may be present. Exotic species, such as ~Poa pratensis$ and ~Dactylis glomerata$, may be abundant. Adjacent vegetation may include ~Holcus lanatus / Anthoxanthum odoratum$ and ~Fragaria chiloensis / Armeria maritima$ communities, and various scrub and forest types.LVAL5,|3zCEGL000954CWCSA.1102IV.A.2.N.aAmbrosia dumosa - Ephedra nevadensis Dwarf-shrublandWhite Burrobush - Nevada Joint-fir Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG?94-02-23G?X$CEGL000953CWCSA.852III.A.5.N.aAmbrosia deltoidea / Simmondsia chinensis ShrublandTriangle Bursage / Jojoba Shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG494-02-23G4zzW$CEGL000952CWCSA.631II.B.2.N.aLarix lyallii / Vaccinium deliciosum WoodlandSubalpine Larch / Rainier Blueberry Woodland1997-11-26GCUSR.C. CrawfordG300-12-11G3||P#CEGL000951CWCSA.631II.B.2.N.aLarix lyallii / Vaccinium scoparium / Luzula glabrata var. hitchcockii WoodlandSubalpine Larch / Grouseberry / Smooth Woodrush Woodland1997-11-26GCUSR.C. CrawfordG2G398-11-30G2Ÿr#CEGL000950CWCSA.646II.B.2.N.bSalix laevigata - Fraxinus velutina WoodlandPolished Willow - Velvet Ash Woodland1997-11-26GCUSK.A. SchulzG1G297-10-28G1~ttO#CEGL000949CWCSA.647II.B.2.N.bSalix lucida ssp. lasiandra / Salix fluviatilis WoodlandPacific Willow / River Willow Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG3Q96-02-01G3[# CEGL000948CWCSA.645II.B.2.N.bSalix aThis grassland alliance occurs in temperate regions of California and invades several shrubland and disturbed forest vegetation types. Stands are found on all topographic positions; from sea level to 800 m. Areas where this alliance thrives receive between 100 and 200 cm per year of rain. The vegetation is characterized by the dominance of the perennial grasses ~Cortaderia jubata$ or ~Cortaderia selloana$. Shrub species present may include ~Artemisia californica, Eriogonum fasciculatum$, and ~Baccharis pilularis$. In disturbed forest areas, emergent trees may be present including ~Pseudotsuga menziesii, Sequoia sempervirens$, and ~Picea sitchensis$. Diagnostic of this grassland alliance is the dominance of ~Cortaderia jubata$ or ~Cortaderia selloana$.LVAL)h/`CEGL000971CWCSA.1078IV.A.1.N.bEmpetrum nigrum - Gaultheria shallon Dwarf-shrublandBlack Crowberry - Salal Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSJ.S. KaganG299-11-17G2X$CEGL000970CWCSA.586II.A.5.N.aCercocarpus ledifolius / Symphoricarpos oreophilus WoodlandCurl-leaf Mountain-mahogany / Mountain Snowberry WoodlandThis grassland alliance occurs in the Intermountain West of the U.S. Sites are often gentle to moderate slopes on any aspect. Stands are found on relatively mesic, non-flooded sites such as terraces above the seasonal floodplain, uplands from toeslopes to the shoulder of the slope, broad valleys, mesic patches in semi-arid shrublands and seepage sites. Sites are relatively mesic; some have soils saturated with snowmelt, while others are subirrigated. Soils are typically deep, fine-textured, alkaline, and sometimes saline, derived from alluvium and colluvium. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by a sparse to dense herbaceous layer that is dominated by the tall bunchgrass ~Leymus cinereus$. Other plants are found mainly between the clumps of ~Leymus cinereus$ or on the edges of the stand. Characteristic graminoids include ~Festuca idahoensis, Pascopyrum smithii, Carex praegracilis, Poa secunda (= Poa juncifolia)$, and ~Puccinellia distans$. The forb layer is sparse to moderately dense with perennial species such as ~Achillea millefolium, Antennaria microphylla, Aquilegia$ spp., ~Astragalus$ spp., ~Cirsium$ spp., ~Frasera speciosa, Pyrrocoma uniflora (= Haplopappus uniflorus)$, or ~Castilleja$ spp. Scattered shrubs may also be present. Sparse annual forbs and grasses are seasonally present. ~Leymus cinereus$ is salt-tolerant, and saline sites include the more salt-tolerant species like ~Pascopyrum smithii$ or ~Puccinellia distans$. Diagnostic of this alliance is the ~Leymus cinereus$-dominated grassland.LVAL Vegetation in this alliance has a moderately dense tall-graminoid layer dominated by tall bunch grasses. A sparse layer of medium-tall grasses may be also be present. Stands of this grassland alliance occur in swales and various lowland sites. Elevation ranges from 1220-1600 m. Slopes are typically flat to gentle with any aspect. Climate is semi-arid with most of the 25-43 cm of annual precipitation falling during the late summer and early fall monsoon period. Precipitation may concentrate in these lowland sites from upland runoff during the typically high-intensity convection storms common during the monsoon season. In four stands of this alliance ground cover ranged from 20-80% bare soil, 20-80% litter, and 3-35% basal vegetation. These soils were derived from clay alluvium and ranged in texture from silty clay loams to clays. This grassland occurs in a variety of sites, from riverbanks, sandy washes and floodplains to upland areas where microtopography or edaphic conditions allowed for accumulation of water. It may also be found in lower salinity sites within depressional wetlands such as bolsons and playas. Typically soils are derived from alluvium and are fine-textured, non-alkaline, and deep with high moisture-holding capacity. The sandy wash sites presumably have coarser substrates. These grasslands often occur on sites that have a high water table or are subject to periodic flooding. Stands of this semi-desert grassland alliance occur in swales and lowlands including riparian zones. These grasslands have a moderate to dense tall-graminoid layer typically dominated by the tall bunchgrass ~Sporobolus wrightii$, with small amounts of mid grasses. The other characteristic grasses may include ~Panicum obtusum, Panicum hallii, Digitaria californica (= Trichachne californica), Pleuraphis mutica (= Hilaria mutica), Sporobolus airoides$, and ~Bouteloua gracilis$. While some stands have moderately high cover of ~Ambrosia psilostachya$, forb cover is generally sparse, but it may be diverse. ScatteredLVAL-nJ<5 CEGL001083CWCSA.996III.B.2.N.eBetula occidentalis - Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda ShrublandWater Birch - Shrubby-cinquefoil ShrublandWater Birch - Shrubby-cinquefoil Shrubland1997-11-26GCUSM.S. Reid, mod. S.V. CooperG2Q97-11-14G2Żg$CEGL001082CWCSA.300I.B.2.N.dPopulus tremuloides / Alnus incana - Salix spp. ForestQuaking Aspen / Speckled Alder - Willow species Forest1997-11-26GCUSG400-09-20G4X"CEGL001081CWCSA.936III.B.2.N.cBetula occidentalis / Crataegus douglasii ShrublandWater Birch / Black Hawthorn Shrubland1997-11-26GCUSJ.S. KaganG100-04-26G1}}W$ CEGL001080CWCSA.996III.B.2.N.eBetula occidentalis ShrublandWater Birch ShrublandWater Birch Shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG3Q96-02-01G3|yyywukVA$ CEGL001079CWCSA.995III.B.2.N.eBetula nana / Carex utriculata ShrublandSwamp Birch / Beaked Sedge S shrubs such as ~Prosopis$ spp. are not uncommon. Near riparian woodlands, occasionally trees such as ~Populus fremontii, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Celtis laevigata var. reticulata (= Celtis reticulata)$, and ~Juglans$ spp. may be present. In several stands of this alliance, the canopy cover of graminoids ranged from 30-70%. ~Sporobolus wrightii$ canopy cover ranged from 30-65%. Other common grasses include ~Panicum obtusum, Muhlenbergia richardsonis$, and ~Eragrostis$ spp. Common forbs may include ~Portulaca pilosa, Datura quercifolia (= Datura ferox), Mentzelia pumila, Solanum elaeagnifolium, Amaranthus palmeri, Sphaeralcea hastulata$. Occasionally, scattered shrubs, such as ~Artemisia dracunculus, Chilopsis linearis$, or ~Mimosa aculeaticarpa var. biuncifera$, were present. Enhanced soil moisture from the slope position and the high water-holding capacity of the fine-textured soil promotes abundant grass growth. The high grass cover further enhances soil moisture by reducing evaporation from the soil and increasing water infiltration. These conditions promote well-developed soils.eLVALqQlpQUpt$zQ\lpQueee%eee`g$zQlpQee%ueeee`f$zQlpQuu%%uuue`o$zQXlpQe%uee%eu` $zQlpQ%eeeeeee` $zQlpQeEeuueEuph$zQTlpQ%The dominant species in the ~~Ammophila arenaria$ Semi-natural Herbaceous Alliance (A.1206)$$ is native to Europe and has been widely planted on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America. It has become naturalized and forms a dominant vegetation type along the Pacific Coast from San Francisco Bay to southwestern Washington. This alliance occurs on shifting sands of outer coastal dunes at sea level. Soils are entirely aeolian sands without horizon development or accumulated organic material. Colonization by ~Ammophila arenaria$, a rhizomatous grass, enhances capture and stabilization of sand, leading to the development of steep dune faces perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction. This alliance is dominated by medium-tall graminoids, which range in cover from dense to very open (down to 10% cover). The sand substrate is usually visible, and litter accumulation from plant debris is insignificant. ~Ammophila arenaria$ usually dominates the stands. Associated herbaceous species (all of them native) characteristic of this alliance include ~Leymus mollis (= Elymus mollis), Poa macrantha, Abronia latifolia, Lathyrus littoralis$, and ~Cakile$ spp. Sparsely scattered shrubs and trees may also occur, particularly near the landward edge, including ~Gaultheria shallon, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Arctostaphylos columbiana, Salix hookeriana, Ledum glandulosum, Lonicera involucrata$, and ~Pinus contorta$.<LVALJUU@.$zQ CEGL001398CWCSA.1081IV.A.1.N.bCassiope mertensiana - Phyllodoce empetriformis Dwarf-shrublandWestern Moss Heather - Pink Mountain-heath Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG596-02-01G5c$ CEGL001397CWCSA.1081IV.A.1.N.bCassiope mertensiana / Luetkea pectinata Dwarf-shrublandWestern Moss Heather / Partridgefoot Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG3G496-02-01G3\$CEGL001396CWCSA.1089IV.A.1.N.eCassiope mertensiana / Carex paysonis Dwarf-shrublandWestern Moss Heather / Payson's Sedge Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSS.V. CooperG3?00-01-03G3Y$ CEGL001395CWCSA.1081IV.A.1.This alliance occurs in near-coastal areas along the Gulf Coast of Texas and possibly Louisiana and the Mexican state of Tamaulipas. These saline coastal prairies are dominated by ~Spartina spartinae$ and occur in poorly drained areas in the vicinity of the coast, but they are isolated from tidal influence, except during extreme storm events. This alliance occurs on "upland" flats often forming a band, a mile or more in width, between tidal marshes and the more upland nonsaline coastal prairie. It also occurs in microtopographic depressions within the nonsaline coastal prairie matrix. ~Spartina spartinae$ may be the sole dominant, or it may share dominance with other grasses, such as ~Schizachyrium littorale (= Schizachyrium scoparium ssp. littorale), Schizachyrium scoparium var. scoparium$. ~Schizachyrium scoparium$ may be locally abundant. Other species include ~Andropogon glomeratus var. pumilus, Paspalum vaginatum, Spartina patens, Cyperus$ spp., ~Palafoxia texana var. ambigua$, and ~Eupatorium serotinum$. This alliance has been previously placed in upland, but predominant soils are Natraqualfs, and these soils are saturated to the surface for periods of the growing season. ~Spartina patens$ is sometimes locally codominant. The hydrology of this alliance is ambiguous, exhibiting qualities of both seasonally flooded and saturated.LVALJ9q CEGL001408CWCSA.1084IV.A.1.N.bPhyllodoce glanduliflora / Oreostemma alpigenum Dwarf-shrublandYellow Mountain-heath / Tundra Aster Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG3G496-02-01G3c$ CEGL001407CWCSA.1083IV.A.1.N.bPhyllodoce empetriformis / Vaccinium deliciosum Dwarf-shrublandPink Mountain-heath / Rainier Blueberry Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG496-02-01G4c$ CEGL001406CWCSA.1083IV.A.1.N.bPhyllodoce empetriformis / Lupinus latifolius Dwarf-shrublandPink Mountain-heath / Broadleaf Lupine Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG4?96-02-01G4a$ CEGL001405CWCSA.1083IV.A.1.N.bPhyllodoce empetriformis / Antennaria lThis tallgrass alliance is known from Alfisols in the northeastern portion of the Blackland Prairie of Texas. The dominant species include ~Sporobolus silveanus, Tridens strictus, Paspalum floridanum, Carex meadii$, and ~Fimbristylis puberula$; other typical species (some in a lower stratum) include ~Dichanthelium oligosanthes, Dichanthelium linearifolium, Dichanthelium aciculare, Panicum virgatum, Paspalum floridanum, Coelorachis cylindrica, Aira elegans, Eragrostis hirsuta, Eragrostis capillaris, Neptunia lutea, Linum medium, Symphyotrichum ericoides (= Aster ericoides)$, and ~Symphyotrichum pratense (= Aster sericeus var. microphyllus)$. Areas which have been mowed or overgrazed may have ~Andropogon ternarius, Rudbeckia maxima, Marshallia caespitosa$, or scattered woody species such as ~Maclura pomifera$ or ~Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana$. One association occurs on loamy, low pH upland soils classified as Alfisols. This alliance is rare and has a very limited distribution. Remaining examples have been impacted by overgrazing and lack of prescribed burning. Much of the original acreage has been converted to row crops or tame pasture, or has succeeded to woodland. The exact species composition varies with changes in microtopography.LVAL This alliance is common and widespread in the Great Plains, especially the northern portions, and parts of the intermountain western U.S. and possibly Canada. The communities in it range from dry or dry-mesic to wet-mesic. Mid grasses are the dominant vegetation in most communities, although short grasses and sedges can be codominant. The vegetation tends to be denser where the mid grasses are predominant and more open where shorter graminoids are abundant. The mid grasses grow to 0.5-1.0 m on favorable sites, while the short grasses and sedges are less than 0.5 m tall. The most abundant midgrass is ~Pascopyrum smithii$. Common associates include ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata), Nassella viridula, Koeleria macrantha, Schizachyrium scoparium, Hesperostipa spartea (= Stipa spartea)$, and ~Poa$ spp. In the drier communities of this alliance ~Bouteloua gracilis$ is the most common shortgrass. Other short graminoids typically found in the drier communities include ~Carex inops ssp. heliophila, Carex duriuscula (= Carex eleocharis), Carex filifolia$, and ~Bouteloua curtipendula$ (in the northern portion of this alliance's range), ~Aristida purpurea$, and ~Buchloe dactyloides$ (in the southern half of this alliance's range). In the wetter communities within this alliance, ~Distichlis spicata, Hordeum jubatum, Elymus trachycaulus$, and ~Iva annua$ are common. Forbs and shrubs are generally minor components of communities within this alliance. If shrubs are present they are rarely taller than 1 m. Some forbs that are usually scattered about are ~Gaura coccinea, Sphaeralcea coccinea, Amorpha canescens, Astragalus$ spp., and ~Tragopogon dubius$. Shrubs include ~Symphoricarpos occidentalis, Artemisia cana, Artemisia frigida$, and ~Opuntia$ spp. ^Communities within this alliance occur on several different soil types. The soil is most often clay or clay loam, however. it can be loam or sandy loam. In the east and central part of this alliance's range, these communities can be found on flat or rolling uplaLVAL%^=tCEGL001436CWCSA.1106III.A.5.N.aArtemisia pygmaea / Elymus elymoides - Achnatherum hymenoides ShrublandPygmy Sagebrush / Bottlebrush - Indian Ricegrass Shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG3G494-02-23G3l%CEGL001435CWCSA.1125IV.B.2.N.dSalix reticulata / Caltha leptosepala Dwarf-shrublandNet-vein Willow / White Marsh-marigold Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSS.V. CooperG397-11-14G3Y$CEGL001434CWCSA.1119IV.B.2.N.bSalix nivalis / Festuca brachyphylla Dwarf-shrublandSnow Willow / Shortleaf Fescue Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG3G496-02-01G3X$CEGL001433CWCSA.1118IV.B.2.N.bSalix cascadensis / Festuca brachyphylla Dwarf-shrublandCascade Willow / Shortleaf Fescue Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG3G496-02-01G3\$CEGL001432CWCSA.1117IV.B.2.N.bSalix arctica - Salix nivalis Dwarf-shrublandArctic Willow - Snow Willow Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG2Q94-02-23G2||Q$CEGL001431CWCSA.1117IV.B.2.N.bSalix arctica / Polygonum bistortoides Dwarf-shrublandArctic Willow / American Bistort Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSS.V. CooperG2G3Q00-01-04G2Z$CEGL001430CWCSA.1117IV.B.2.N.bSalix arctica / Geum rossii Dwarf-shrublandArctic Willow / Ross' Avens Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG494-02-23G4zzO$CEGL001429CWCSA.1124IV.B.2.N.dSalix arctica / Caltha leptosepala Dwarf-shrublandArctic Willow / White Marsh-marigold Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG2G394-02-23G2V$CEGL001428CWCSA.1115IV.B.2.N.aVaccinium membranaceum - Vaccinium deliciosum Dwarf-shrublandSquare-twig Blueberry - Rands, hillslopes, or along streams or depressions. In the western part of this alliance's range, its communities are found where local conditions are wetter than the average. This includes such areas as the base of slopes or along rivers or streams.vLVALMkCEGL001474CWCSA.1This alliance is widespread across upland sites in the northern Great Plains. Its communities tend to be the climax communities on fertile dry-mesic sites across much of its range. It is dominated by mid and short grass species; woody species do not regularly achieve prominence. Few of the species exceed 1 m while many, including ~Bouteloua gracilis$, do not exceed 50 cm. The most abundant species are ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$ and ~Bouteloua gracilis$. On more mesic sites ~Hesperostipa comata$ is predominant, while on areas that are drier or subject to light grazing ~Bouteloua gracilis$ takes precedence. Other graminoid species that are commonly found in communities of this alliance are ~Aristida purpurea var. longiseta (= Aristida longiseta), Carex duriuscula (= Carex eleocharis), Carex filifolia, Koeleria macrantha, Nassella viridula$, and ~Pascopyrum smithii$. Sites in the southern half of the range of this alliance may have significant amounts of ~Bouteloua curtipendula$. Forbs are common but not usually abundant. Forb species that are regularly found are ~Artemisia frigida, Gaura coccinea, Gutierrezia sarothrae (= Gutierrezia diversifolia), Liatris punctata, Sphaeralcea coccinea (= Malvastrum coccineum), Phlox hoodii$, and ~Sphaeralcea coccinea$. The clubmoss ~Selaginella densa$ is present in many stands in this alliance. Scattered shrubs are sometimes present. These include ~Prunus virginiana, Rhus aromatica$, and ~Symphoricarpos occidentalis$. In the western and southwestern portions of its range, ~Cercocarpus montanus$ may be found where this alliance occurs on slopes. ^Communities in this alliance are found on flat to moderately steep topography. The soils are sandy loam, loam, or sometimes clay loam. They are often well-developed and derived from either glacial deposits or sometimes limestone or sandstone (Hanson and Whitman 1938, Coupland 1950, Hanson 1955).\LVALh#,LfCEGL001483CWCSA.1204V.A.5.N.bLeymus cinereus - Pascopyrum smithii Herbaceous VegetationGreat Basin Lyme Grass - Western Wheatgrass Herbaceous VegetationBasin Wild Rye / Western Wheatgrass Tallgrass Prairie1997The ~Festuca rubra$ grassland alliance is found along the Pacific Northwest coast, from central northern California to the Puget Sound region. The climate is strongly marine, with persistent onshore (westerly) winds, high annual precipitation, and moderate temperatures. Summer months typically are relatively dry. This vegetation occupies coastal headlands on extreme sites, usually with moderate to steep slopes of southerly aspects. These headlands are composed of bedrock of conglomerates (Washington) and basalts (Oregon). The soils are derived from colluvium or sand, and are usually shallow, well-drained, and have a significant component of gravels. Persistent strong winds, salt-spray, and the shallow soils are important factors in the maintenance of these grasslands. This vegetation often occurs as small patches in a mosaic of grassland, shrubland and forest communities. Stands have a sparse to dense herbaceous layer dominated by the perennial grass ~Festuca rubra$, and with a rich forb component. ~Festuca rubra$ forms large, loose clumps from long, slender rhizomes, and has cover ranging from as low as 10% to over 70%. Associated perennial grasses may include ~Elymus glaucus, Festuca idahoensis, Danthonia californica, Calamagrostis nutkaensis$, and ~Koeleria macrantha$. Important forbs include ~Artemisia suksdorfii, Camassia leichtlinii, Viola adunca, Erigeron glaucus, Achillea millefolium, Eriophyllum lanatum$, and ~Solidago canadensis$. Trees from nearby forested areas may invade in the absence of fire; these include the conifers ~Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus contorta$, and ~Picea sitchensis$, and the broad-leaved ~Quercus garryana$ or ~Arbutus menziesii$.3LVALHA&CEGL001490CWCSA.1859VII.C.1.N.bPinus ponderosa / Achnatherum hymenoides Sparse VegetationPonderosa Pine / Indian Ricegrass Sparse VegetationPonderosa Pine / Indian Ricegrass1997-11-26GCUSM.S. ReidG197-11-07G1_%CEGL001489CWCSA.1502V.A.6.N.fJuniperus osteosperma / Hesperostipa comata Wooded Herbaceous VegetationUtah Juniper / Needle-and-Thread Wooded Herbaceous VegetationUtah Juniper / Needle-and-Thread1997-11-26GCUSM.S. Reid, mod. S.K. RustG1Q97-11-14G1Ȩk#CEGL001488CWCSA.1502V.A.6.N.fJunipThis alliance includes vegetation dominated by ~Panicum obtusum$, occurring in the Chihuahuan Desert and the Southern Shortgrass Prairie. Components of this grassland type include ~Buchloe dactyloides, Panicum hallii, Panicum hirsutum$, and ~Helianthus ciliaris$.This alliance is described from partially stabilized dunes and sandhills in southeastern Idaho. Stands occur in areas of actively moving dune deposits, from a few to more than 100 m to windward from the rear of active dunes. Elevations range from 1525-1800 m. Soils are sand, from a few centimeters to over 4 m deep, left behind as the dunes advance. Despite very low moisture levels during the dry season, some moisture is always available to plants. Generally these deposits are less than 40 years old. Stands have a sparse herbaceous layer (17-25% cover) dominated by the strongly rhizomatous perennial grass ~Leymus flavescens (= Elymus flavescens)$ and the perennial forb ~Psoralidium lanceolatum (= Psoralea lanceolata)$. Diversity and cover are low. Other species may include ~Machaeranthera canescens (= Aster canescens), Oxytheca dendroidea (= Eriogonum dendroideum), Eriogonum deflexum$, and ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$.LVAL:CEGL001500CWCSA.1538V.A.7.N.gCercocarpus montanus / Muhlenbergia emersleyi Shrub Herbaceous VegetationMountain-mahogany / Bull Muhly Shrub Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG494-02-23G4l#CEGL001499CWCSA.1540V.A.7.N.hYucca glauca / Pseudoroegneria spicata Shrub Herbaceous VegetationSoapweed Yucca / Bluebunch Wheatgrass Shrub Herbaceous VegetationSoapweed / Bluebunch Wheatgrass Shrub Prairie1997-11-26GCUSG4Q96-02-01G4This grassland alliance has been described from the western Great Plains, on foothill toeslopes on the eastern side of the Continental Divide in Montana, and on high elevation ridges in intermountain basins in north-central Colorado. Sites are relatively dry and occur on moderate to steep slopes with southerly to westerly exposures. Soils are lithic, often calcareous, gravelly loams and clay loams, derived from a variety of parent materials. Surface rock is important in some stands. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by a relatively sparse herbaceous layer that is codominated by the cool-season, medium-tall bunchgrass ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$ and the warm-season, shortgrass ~Bouteloua gracilis$. The dwarf-shrub ~Artemisia frigida$ is often present. Other associated species may include ~Heterotheca villosa, Koeleria macrantha, Opuntia polyacantha, Phlox hoodii, Poa secunda$, and ~Sphaeralcea coccinea$. Northern stands may be codominated by ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$, and southern stands may have high cover of ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$. The shrubs ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis$ and ~Ericameria parryi (= Chrysothamnus parryi)$ may be occasionally present. Diagnostic of this grassland alliance is the codominance of ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$ and~Bouteloua gracilis$.LVALCEGL001507CWCSA.1536V.A.7.N.gRhus glabra / Aristida purpForests dominated by ~Pinus ponderosa$ occur in mountainous regions of the western United States, from the Cascades and Black Hills, throughout the Rocky Mountains, southeast to the mountains of Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas. This alliance may range into southern British Columbia, and although ~Pinus ponderosa$ is found in Mexico, it is uncertain whether this alliance ranges into that country. This alliance can be found on slopes of a variety of aspects and pitches, but is most often on gentle to moderate, northeast- to northwest-facing slopes. It can be on slopes of other aspects where the soil is heavier and retains more moisture or if other conditions make the site relatively mesic. Periodic ground fires are important in maintaining ~Pinus ponderosa$ forests. In the prolonged absence of fires, some stands will succeed to other communities. Throughout its range, ~Pinus ponderosa$ is found at elevations from sea level to 3050 m (10,000 feet). Within the central Rocky Mountains, ~Pinus ponderosa$ grows at elevations between 1800-2600 m (6000-8500 feet). In the Black Hills and northeastern Wyoming, it can be found from 1080-2100 m (3600-7000 feet). In the southeastern United States, these forests are restricted to the high elevations (over 1800 m, 6000 feet) of the Guadalupe, Davis, and Chisos mountains in western Texas, where associations are dominated by ~Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum$. Associated species vary with elevation and geography, but consistently include ~Quercus gambelii, Pinus strobiformis, Juniperus deppeana, Quercus grisea, Quercus muehlenbergii, Pinus arizonica var. stormiae, Cupressus arizonica, Juniperus flaccida, Festuca arizonica, Schizachyrium scoparium var. scoparium (= Schizachyrium scoparium ssp. neomexicanum), Panicum bulbosum$, and ~Piptochaetium pringlei (= Stipa pringlei)$. LVAL3` CEGL001515CWCSA.1252V.A.5.N.dAristida purpurea var. longiseta - Sporobolus cryptandrus Herbaceous VegetationRed Three-awn - Sand Dropseed Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSM.P. MurrayG199-10-21G1r#CEGL001514CWCSA.1525V.A.7.N.eSporobolus cryptandrus Shrub Herbaceous VegetationSand Dropseed Shrub Herbaceous VegetationSand Dropseed Shrub Prairie1997-11-26GCUSS.V. CooperG298-1This alliance has been described from the Tularosa Basin in the northern Chihuahuan Desert and the southern Colorado Plateau. Elevation ranges from 1185-2730 m. Stands are reported from playas, sandy floodplains and mesas. The vegetation is characterized by a dense perennial graminoid layer of medium-tall and short grasses that form a sod (>50% cover) that is codominated by ~Sporobolus airoides$ and ~Bouteloua gracilis$. Occasional shrubs may be present including ~Atriplex$ spp., ~Ephedra$ spp., ~Ericameria nauseosa$, or ~Gutierrezia sarothrae$. Little information is available about vegetation in this alliance.This grassland alliance is known only from stands in the rolling plains of southeastern Montana. Stands from Colorado in the ~Schizachyrium scoparium$ Herbaceous Vegetation association (former CEGL001680) were recently merged with an association, ~~Schizachyrium scoparium - Bouteloua curtipendula$ Loess Mixedgrass Herbaceous Vegetation (CEGL002036)$$, in the ~~Schizachyrium scoparium - Bouteloua curtipendula$ Herbaceous Alliance (A.1225)$$ leaving a single association, ~~Schizachyrium scoparium - Carex inops ssp. heliophila$ Herbaceous Vegetation (CEGL001682)$$. The moderate to dense herbaceous layer is dominated by the medium-tall, warm-season bunchgrass ~Schizachyrium scoparium$. The shorter graminoid, ~Carex inops ssp. heliophila$, typically codominates. Perennial forbs generally have sparse cover but may be relatively diverse. Annual forbs and grasses may be seasonally present.lLVALxj, .WCEGL001524CWCSA.1567V.A.7.N.eArtemisia nova / Festuca idahoensis Shrub Herbaceous VegetationBlack Sagebrush / Idaho Fescue Shrub Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSS.V. CooperG2?98-11-30G2b#CEGL001523CWCSA.2552V.A.7.N.eArtemisia arbuscula ssp. longiloba / PoThis grassland alliance occurs on the Columbia River plains and in the Centennial Valley Sandhills in southwestern Montana. Elevations range 300-765 m along the Columbia River. Sites are level to moderately sloping sandy plains and dunes. Soils are deep loess or sandy soils in Washington and sand in Montana, where stands are found in a patchwork with sand dunes and dune shrublands with occurrences less than one acre in size. Disturbance is important to the maintenance of these seral communities, and it is associated with recent blowouts. These sparse grasslands are usually dominated by ~Elymus lanceolatus$, which is a cool-season, rhizomatous perennial grass that binds the loose sand providing 1-20% cover. The bunchgrass ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$ and the perennial forb ~Phacelia hastata$ are codominant in some stands. Other species that may be present include grasses, such as ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Poa secunda$, and forbs like ~Astragalus sclerocarpus, Eriogonum ovalifolium, Linum perenne, Psoralidium tenuiflorum (= Psoralea tenuiflora), Oenothera pallida, Achillea millefolium$, and ~Phlox longifolia$. Very scattered patches of 1- to 2-m tall shrubs occasionally occur, including evergreen and deciduous species such as ~Artemisia tridentata, Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus), Tetradymia canescens$, and ~Purshia tridentata$. Non-native species include ~Bromus tectorum, Centaurea diffusa, Sisymbrium altissimum$, and ~Salsola kali$, and are common on the Columbia Basin stands. Diagnostic of this alliance is an open grassland dominated by ~Elymus lanceolatus$ that occurs in disturbed sandy areas.LVAL:{CEGL001532CWCSA.1526V.A.7.N.eArtemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana / Carex geyeri Shrub Herbaceous VegetationMountain Big Sagebrush / Geyer's Sedge Shrub Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG396-02-01G3p#CEGL001531CWCSA.1526V.A.7.N.eArtemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana / Festuca campestris Shrub Herbaceous VegetationMountain Big Sagebrush / Prairie Fescue Shrub Herbaceous VegetationBig Sagebrush / Rough Fescue Shrub Prairie1997-11-26GCUThis vegetation occurs on shifting sands of outer coastal dunes at sea level. The climate is strongly maritime with many cloudy or foggy days and mild temperatures. Onshore winds typically transport abundant salt spray and sand. Soils are entirely aeolian sands without horizon development or accumulated organic material. In the Pacific Northwest, this alliance is dominated by medium-tall graminoids, which range in cover from dense to very open (down to 10% cover). The sand substrate is usually visible, and litter accumulation from plant debris is insignificant. ~Leymus mollis ssp. mollis$ usually dominates the stands, but associated species may be abundant or even codominant; ~Abronia latifolia, Calystegia soldanella, Ambrosia chamissonis$, and ~Cakile$ spp. are the most common. Sparsely scattered shrubs and trees may also occur, particularly near the landward edge, including ~Gaultheria shallon, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Arctostaphylos columbiana, Salix hookeriana, Ledum glandulosum, Lonicera involucrata$, and ~Pinus contorta$. Contiguous vegetation types are usually sparse ~Abronia - Cakile$ strand communities or bare sand at the seaward margin and ~Gaultheria - Salix - Arctostaphylos$ inner dune shrub communities at the landward edge. This vegetation may alternate with non-native ~Ammophila arenaria$ dunegrass communities along the outer dune front.`LVALl  CEGL001539CWCSA.1528V.A.7.N.eArtemisia tripartita ssp. tripartita / Hesperostipa comata Shrub Herbaceous VegetatioThis alliance includes grasslands dominated by ~Bouteloua curtipendula$, without significant ~Schizachyrium scoparium$, occurring in the Chihuahuan Desert region of western Texas, across southern New Mexico and southeastern Arizona. Stands of this alliance typically have moderately dense graminoid cover dominated by the medium-tall perennial bunchgrass ~Bouteloua curtipendula$, without significant ~Schizachyrium scoparium$. Composition varies with abiotic factors and grazing history. ~Bouteloua eriopoda$ is a characteristic associate on rocky slopes, and ~Bouteloua gracilis$ is an associate on deeper soils. Other associates can include ~Bothriochloa barbinodis, Hilaria belangeri$, and ~Schizachyrium cirratum$. Scattered individuals of ~Pinus edulis, Quercus$ sp. and ~Juniperus$ sp. may occur in higher elevation stands. At lower elevations and on dry slopes, sparse Chihuahuan desertscrub species may intermix. If shrub or trees are present, the density is always very low. Vegetation in this Chihuahuan Desert alliance generally occurs on rocky slopes on mountains and mesas. Elevations for these semi-desert grasslands are moderate ranging from 1050-1600 m. Mean annual precipitation is approximately 30 cm but is highly variable with drought years not uncommon. These grasslands grade into ~Pinus edulis - Quercus - Juniperus$ woodlands at higher elevations and Chihuahuan Desert shrublands such as ~Prosopis glandulosa / Bouteloua eriopoda$ stands on dry slopes and lower elevations. Stands may be found on all aspects, but in the drier parts of its range, they are restricted to cooler north slopes. Soils are generally rocky and range from shallow to moderately deep.6LVALD"CEGL001547CWCSA.816III.A.4.N.aArtemisia filifolia / Sporobolus flexuosus ShrublandSand Sagebrush / Mesa Dropseed Shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG500-07-17G5X$CEGL001546CWCSA.1101IV.A.2.N.aTiquilia hispidissima / Sporobolus nealleyi Dwarf-shrublandRough Tiquilia / GypThis herbaceous alliance of the Mojave and Colorado deserts occurs on flat ridges, lower slopes, and stabilized sand dunes. It intergrades with stands of ~Larrea tridentata$ and/or ~Yucca brevifolia$, and occurs at elevations ranging from 75-1400 m. Yearly precipitation totals are between 0 and 25 cm. There is much year-to-year variation in precipitation. The summers are extremely hot. Winter temperatures, particularly at higher elevations, can get quite cold. ~Pleuraphis rigida (= Hilaria rigida)$ is the sole or dominant graminoid in the herbaceous layer. Other grasses may include ~Bouteloua eriopoda, Dasyochloa pulchella (= Erioneuron pulchellum), Bromus madritensis, Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii), Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$, and others. Emergent shrubs may be present at a low percentage of cover, and scattered ~Larrea tridentata$ and/or ~Yucca brevifolia$ may be present.This alliance includes grasslands dominated by ~Festuca arizonica$. In western Texas, these grasslands occur at high elevations (4700-8200 feet) in the Davis Mountains, Guadalupe Mountains, and Chisos Mountains in protected areas and on open slopes. Associated species include ~Blepharoneuron tricholepis, Allium cernuum, Salvia arizonica, Achillea millefolium, Muhlenbergia minutissima, Muhlenbergia filiculmis, Muhlenbergia montana, Commelina dianthifolia, Bouteloua gracilis, Artemisia carruthii, Elymus elymoides, Castilleja$ spp., and ~Silene$ sp.LVAL%E$z6`Q`QhnpQue%eeUue` $z7`Q8inpQeeueu5%50G$zx>`QinpQE5U%5%%`o$z8`QinpQuue%ee55p|$z8`Q4jnpQ5E5U5eeu V$z89`QjnpQeUueeeue@.$z9`QjnpQ55EE03$z9`Q0knpQue%ee%%u`e$z4:`QknpThis once-extensive bunchgrass alliance of California's valleys and foothills occurs on deep soils with a high clay content. Stands can occur on all topographic positions, but due to climatic factors, they do not occur over 1400 m of elevation. The native California bunch grasses are adapted to a Mediterranean climate with moist, cool winters and long, dry summers. Precipitation varies from 25-70 cm per year, and falls mostly between November and April. Stands typically include many exotic annual grasses. This native California bunchgrass alliance is dominated by ~Nassella cernua$. Other graminoids present may include ~Elymus glaucus, Festuca californica, Melica californica, Leymus triticoides, Nassella lepida, Nassella pulchra, Aristida ternipes, Koeleria macrantha$, and ~Poa secunda$. Many exotic annuals, such as ~Bromus diandrus, Bromus madritensis, Bromus hordeaceus, Avena barbata, Avena fatua$, and ~Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum (= Lolium multiflorum)$, have invaded stands of this alliance. Emergent trees and shrubs may be present, particularly the oak ~Quercus douglasii$. Plant cover tends to be open.gLVAL3uz CEGL001581CWCSA.1354V.A.5.N.jPascopyrum smithii - Eleocharis spp. Herbaceous VegetationWestern WheatgraThis alliance includes grasslands occurring over heavy soils on flats within the Trans-Pecos, southwestern Rolling Plains, and northwestern Edwards Plateau of Texas. These grasslands sometimes occupy sites that receive excess run-off from the surrounding landscape and hence represent small, internally drained basin bottoms. ~Prosopis glandulosa$ may be scattered throughout. Other species include ~Buchloe dactyloides, Panicum obtusum, Digitaria californica, Bouteloua$ spp., ~Tridens$ spp., ~Scleropogon brevifolius$, and ~Sporobolus$ spp. These grasslands occur within a matrix of desert shrublands and mixed grasslands. Saline-influenced areas grade into ~Sporobolus airoides$-dominated grassland.This bunchgrass alliance of California's valleys and foothills grows on deep soils with a high clay content, often derived from sandstone or ultramafics. Stands can occur on all topographic positions, but due to climatic factors, they do not occur over 1700 m of elevation. The native California bunch grasses are adapted to a Mediterranean climate with moist, cool winters and long, dry summers. Precipitation varies from 25 and 70 cm per year, and falls mostly between November and April. This California native bunchgrass alliance is dominated by ~Nassella lepida$. Other graminoids present may include ~Festuca californica, Melica californica, Nassella pulchra, Nassella cernua, Calamagrostis koelerioides$, and ~Poa secunda$. Many exotic annuals, such as ~Bromus hordeaceus$, have invaded stands of this alliance. Emergent trees and shrubs may be present. Plant cover tends to be open. On sites with ultramafic-derived soils, serpentine-adapted species may be present.LVAL/cO CEGL001597CWCSA.1254V.A.5.N.dDanthonia californica - Festuca rubra Herbaceous VegetationCalifornia Oatgrass - Red Fescue Herbaceous VegetationCalifornia Oatgrass - Red Fescue Grassland1997-11-26GCUSM.S. Reid, mod. M. SchindelG297-11-05G2Ⱦ^#CEGL001596CWCSA.1257V.A.5.N.dFestuca viridula - Carex hoodii Herbaceous VegetationGreenleaf Fescue - Hood's Sedge Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSJ.S. KaganG300-10-27G3X# CEGL001595CWCSA.1253V.A.5.N.dCarex hoodii - Festuca idahoensis Herbaceous VegetationHood's Sedge - Idaho Fescue Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSS.K. RustG201-01-17G2Z#CEGL001594CWCSA.1225V.A.5.N.cSchizachyrium scoparium - Bouteloua curtipendula Western Great Plains Herbaceous VegetationLittle Bluestem - Sideoats Grama Western Great Plains Herbaceous VegetationWestern Great Plains Little Bluestem Mixedgrass Prairie1997-11-26GCUSGrPl 1-95J. DrakeG394-02-23G3+)! ~#CEGL001593CWCSA.1552V.A.7.N.mDasylirion wheeleri / BouteloNative occurrences of this alliance seem to be restricted to marine terraces and headlands. Eight vegetation combinations closely linked to substrate have been described. ~Pinus radiata$ is the dominant in all of these types, and a secondary species in several other types. Stands of this alliance are dominated by ~Pinus radiata$. ~Quercus agrifolia$ may be important, and other tree species which may be present include ~Pinus muricata, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus ponderosa$, and ~Sequoia sempervirens$. Variations within the shrub and herbaceous layers seem to be linked to substrate, and at least 8 distinct vegetation types have been identified. Common shrubs include ~Arctostaphylos tomentosa, Vaccinium ovatum, Toxicodendron diversilobum, Diplacus aurantiacus ssp. aurantiacus$, and ~Symphoricarpos mollis$.LVALKCJsCEGL001615CWCSA.1251V.A.5.N.dFestuca idahoensis - Eriogonum caespitosum Herbaceous VegetationIdaho Fescue - Matted Wild Buckwheat Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSS.K. RustG2?Q99-04-10G2c#CEGL001614CWCSA.1251V.A.5.N.dFestuca idahoensis - Elymus trachycaulus Herbaceous VegetationIdaho Fescue - Slender Wild Rye Herbaceous VegetationIdaho Fescue - Slender Wheatgrass Mixedgrass Prairie1997-11-26GCUSG496-02-01G4ʖa#CEGL001613CWCSA.1313V.A.5.N.hFestuca idahoensis - Delphinium glareosum Herbaceous VegetationIdaho Fescue - Olympic LarkThis alliance is found from the northwestern Great Plains and west to eastern Washington and Oregon. Two communities are found in the Midwest, and this description is based largely on them. This alliance is typically moderately arid and dominated by mid and short graminoids. ~Festuca altaica (= Festuca scabrella)$ is abundant in almost every stand. Other species that are commonly found in stands of this alliance are ~Danthonia intermedia$ (in the western part of this alliance's range), upland ~Carex$ spp., ~Elymus lanceolatus$ (in the north and east), ~Festuca idahoensis$ (in the center and west), ~Koeleria macrantha$ (in the east), ~Pascopyrum smithii$ (in the east), ~Pseudoroegneria spicata, Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$, and ~Hesperostipa curtiseta (= Stipa curtiseta)$ (in the east). Forb diversity may be low to moderately high in stands of this alliance. Common forbs include ~Achillea millefolium, Antennaria rosea$, Asteraceae spp., ~Geum triflorum, Lupinus sericeus$, and ~Solidago missouriensis$. Low and medium-tall shrubs may be found in some stands. These include ~Amelanchier alnifolia, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Artemisia frigida, Gutierrezia sarothrae$, and ~Rosa acicularis$. ^Stands of this alliance are found on level to steeply sloping topography of all aspects. Soils are usually loamy and moderately deep.nLVALz(c/CEGL001632CWCSA.1257V.A.5.N.dFestuca viridula - Eucephalus ledophyllus Herbaceous VegetationGreenleaf Fescue - Cascade Aster Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG496-02-01G4b# CEGL001631CWCSA.1256V.A.5.N.dFestuca thurberi Subalpine Grassland Herbaceous VegetationThurber's Fescue Subalpine Grassland Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSR.J. RondeauG399-12-10G3]# CEGL001630CWCSA.1256V.A.5.N.dFestuca thurberi - Lathyrus lanszwertii var. leucanthus Herbaceous VegetationThurber's Fescue - Nevada Peavine Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GThese grasslands are characteristic of the Palouse Prairie on the Columbia Plateau, but extend east into the Rocky Mountains and south into the Great Basin. Stands are found on undulating prairie, valley bottoms, canyon benches, and expansive park meadow openings in montane and subalpine forests, on ridges above subalpine forests in the Rocky Mountains, on coastal terraces and inland bald hills, and glacial outwash plains. Stands also occur in coastal and inland prairies on the western side of the Cascades Mountains. Soils are moderately to well-drained, loams or silt loams or silty clays, that are generally deep, and derived from alluvium, colluvium, or loess. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by the dominance or codominance of ~Festuca idahoensis$. Other important species may include ~Sericocarpus rigidus (= Aster curtus), Carex filifolia, Carex inops ssp. heliophila, Carex obtusata, Danthonia intermedia, Elymus caninus, Elymus trachycaulus, Eriogonum caespitosum, Eriogonum heracleoides, Festuca thurberi, Geranium caespitosum, Koeleria macrantha, Pascopyrum smithii, Poa secunda, Pseudoroegneria spicata$, or ~Achnatherum richardsonii (= Stipa richardsonii)$. Scattered shrubs and dwarf-shrubs, such as species of ~Symphoricarpos$ and ~Rosa$, are present in some stands. Diagnostic of this widespread grassland alliance is the dominance or codominance of ~Festuca idahoensis$.|LVALLl CEGL001649CWCSA.1543V.A.7.N.hEphedra viridis / Achnatherum hymenoides - Sporobolus cryptandrus Shrub Herbaceous VegetationMormon-tea / Indian Ricegrass - Sand Dropseed Shrub Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG2G494-02-23G3ɀ#CEGL001648CWCSA.1543V.A.7.N.hEphedra viridis / Achnatherum hymenoides - Bouteloua gracilis Shrub Herbaceous VegetationMoThis grassland alliance is found in the lower Salmon and Snake river canyons of Idaho, Oregon and Washington, the Columbia River in central Washington, and the Green and Virgin rivers in Utah. Stands occur on river terraces, footslopes of benches and alluvial fans. The elevation ranges from 240-1460 m. Sites are flat to gently sloping (to 30%) and occur on all aspects. Climate in the canyon bottoms is relatively hot and dry. Soils are moderately deep and derived from loess and alluvium-colluvium. Surface soil texture varies from sandy loam to silt loam. These grasslands are characterized by the dominance or codominance of ~Sporobolus cryptandrus$ and ~Aristida purpurea var. longiseta$. Associated species, such as ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$ and ~Poa secunda$, may be present in lesser amounts on the more upland sites. Associated perennial forbs include ~Achillea millefolium, Astragalus inflexus, Erigeron pumilus$, and ~Opuntia polyacantha$. Common annuals are the forbs ~Epilobium brachycarpum (= Epilobium paniculatum)$ and ~Plantago patagonica$, and the grasses ~Vulpia octoflora (= Festuca octoflora)$ and ~Vulpia microstachys var. pauciflora (= Festuca pacifica)$. The shrub ~Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus)$ is present in some stands and will increase with overgrazing. Diagnostic of this grassland alliance is the dominance or codominance of ~Sporobolus cryptandrus$.LVALPunCEGL001665CWCSA.1265V.A.5.N.dPseudoroegneria spicata - Carex filifolia Herbaceous VegetationBluebunch Wheatgrass - Threadleaf Sedge Herbaceous VegetationBluebunch Wheatgrass - Thread-Leaved Sedge Mixed Prairie1997-11-26GCUSG496-02-01G4ןb#"CEGL001664CWCSA.1239V.A.5.N.cPseudoroegneria spicata - Bouteloua gracilis Herbaceous VegetationBluebunch Wheatgrass - Blue Grama Herbaceous VegetationBluebunch Wheatgrass - Blue Grama Mixedgrass Prairie1997-11-26GCUSS.V. CooperG496-02-01G4Мe#CEGL001663CWCSA.1265V.A.5.N.dPseudoroegneria spicata - Bouteloua curtipendula Herbaceous VegetationBluebunch Wheatgrass - Sideoats Grama Herbaceous VegetationBluebunch Wheatgrass - Sideoats Grama Mixedgrass Prairie1997-11-26GCUSS.V. CooperG399-12-01G3ܤi#This medium-tall, bunch, temperate or subpolar grassland alliance is confined to the highest elevations occupied by canyon grasslands, between 1950 and 2400 m. It occurs commonly in the openings wholly or partially surrounded by forests. It occurs with gentle topography; slope between 4-6%. The soils are shallow and stony and have high organic matter content. Soil texture varies from loam to sandy loam with a soil pH average of 5.0 in the A horizon. Only one plant association, ~~Carex hoodii - Festuca idahoensis$ Herbaceous Vegetation (CEGL001595)$$, is described for this alliance. ~Carex hoodii$ dominates the sedges, but typically ~Carex geyeri, Carex multicostata$, and ~Carex rossii$ can occur in the graminoid layer. The other dominant, ~Festuca idahoensis$, always occurs with ~Carex hoodii$. Perennial forbs are also abundant (25-60% cover). They include ~Antennaria anaphaloides, Antennaria microphylla, Arenaria congesta, Symphyotrichum foliaceum (= Aster foliaceus), Eriogonum flavum$, and ~Potentilla glandulosa$. Deciduous forests, dominated by ~Populus tremuloides$, frequently occur in the adjacent uplands.ELVALQ*B;CEGL001683CWCSA.1266V.A.5.N.dSchizachyrium scoparium - Muhlenbergia cuspidata Herbaceous VegetationLittle Bluestem - Stony-hills Muhly Herbaceous VegetationLittle Bluestem - Plains MuhlyThis grassland alliance occurs on coastal terraces, hilltop 'balds,' and valley bottom habitats of the central and northern Pacific Coast below 1200 m elevation. The climate is Mediterranean, with abundant winter rains and dry summers. In the south, these stands are largely coastal, where fogs and cool temperatures lower drought stress in summer. In the north, these grasslands are widespread throughout the low-elevation valleys west of the Cascade Range where most stands occur as islands in an otherwise forested landscape. Environmental conditions that preclude forest development are the unifying factors for these communities, including sustained salt-laden winds of coastal terraces and headlands, excessively drained and windy ridgetops, hot interior valleys with high fire frequencies, and sites with heavy or infertile soils. These grasslands are characterized by a dense cover of ~Danthonia californica$, usually in association with other perennial bunch grasses, including ~Deschampsia caespitosa, Calamagrostis nutkaensis, Poa secunda, Festuca idahoensis, Festuca rubra, Festuca californica, Stipa$ spp., and ~Agrostis$ spp. Associated forbs and ferns are diverse. Common species include ~Achillea millefolium, Fragaria virginiana, Pteridium aquilinum, Sidalcea malviflora ssp. virgata (= Sidalcea virgata), Eriophyllum lanatum$, and ~Zigadenus venenosus$. A sparse layer of invading trees and shrubs may be present in these stands, especially near forest or woodland margins. ~Pseudotsuga menziesii, Quercus garryana, Fraxinus latifolia, Pinus ponderosa$, and ~Rosa eglanteria$ are the most common woody species. Diagnostic of this grassland alliance is the dominance of ~Danthonia californica$.LVAL This grassland alliance is found in the northwestern Great Plains, in the Northern Rockies on both sides of the Continental Divide, and west into eastern Washington and Oregon. Elevations range from 500-2100 m, but are found only below 1500 m in Canada. Stands occur in glaciated landscapes, on prairies, foothills and mountain slopes. Sites are nearly level to steep slopes on all aspects. Sites range from mesic to relatively xeric. In the northern extent it is restricted to warmer west- and southwest-facing slopes. Soils are derived from a variety of parent materials and are loamy and moderately deep, with neutral pH. These grasslands typically occur in a mosaic with montane forests dominated by ~Pinus contorta$. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by the dominance of ~Festuca campestris$. Codominants may include ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$ or ~Festuca idahoensis$. The forb layer is sparse to moderately dense, often with relatively high species diversity. Scattered woody species may also be present. Annuals are typically sparse. Overall species composition varies geographically with stands east of the Continental Divide resembling Northern Mixed Prairie and stands west of the Divide floristically related to the Intermountain Basin. The east side stands may lack ~Festuca idahoensis$, but often include ~Bouteloua gracilis, Muhlenbergia cuspidata, Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata), Artemisia ludoviciana, Heterotheca villosa, Liatris punctata, Lupinus sericeus$, and the dwarf-shrubs ~Artemisia frigida$ and ~Gutierrezia sarothrae$. West of the Divide ~Balsamorhiza sagittata, Besseya wyomingensis, Castilleja lutescens$, and ~Lomatium triternatum$ are more common. Other common species include ~Antennaria rosea, Carex filifolia, Carex obtusata, Geranium viscosissimum, Koeleria macrantha, Poa secunda, Potentilla gracilis, Achnatherum occidentale (= Stipa occidentalis), Achnatherum richardsonii (= Stipa richardsonii)$, and the shrub ~Rosa arkansana$. Diagnostic of this grassland alliance iLVAL xbrCEGL001795CWCSA.1316V.A.5.N.hDanthonia parryi Herbaceous VegetationParry's Oatgrass Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSS. KettlerG399-12-15G3}}{yooI#CEGL001794CWCSA.1315V.A.5.N.hDanthonia intermedia Herbaceous VegetationTimber Oatgrass Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG2G394-02-23G2~|rrM#CEGL001793CWCSA.1314V.A.5.N.hCarex straminiformis Herbaceous VegetationMount Shasta Sedge Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG3?94-02-23G3uuM#2CEGL001792CWCSA.1411V.A.5.N.kCarex microptera Herbaceous VegetationSmall-wing Sedge Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG496-02-01G4}}}{yooI#$CEGL001791CWCSA.1241V.A.5.N.cSporobolus airoides Sod Herbaceous Vegetation [Placeholder]Alkali Sacaton Sod Herbaceous Vegetation2003-01-07OCUSG?03-01-07G?^#CEGL001790CWCSA.1291V.A.5.N.fLomatium cous - Poa secunda Herbaceous VegetationCous-root Desert-parsley - Curly Bluegrass Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG400-02-17G4T#CEGL001789CWCSA.1108IV.A.2.N.bAtriplex obovata Dwarf-shrubland [Placeholder]New Mexico Saltbush Dwarf-shrubland2003-01-07OCUSG?03-01-07G?uuR$CEGL001788CWCSA.1568V.A.8.N.aEriogonum strictum / Poa secunda Dwarf-shrub Herbaceous VegetationBlue Mountain Wild Buckwheat / Curly Bluegrass Dwarf-shrub Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSM.P. MurrayG399-11-19G3e# CEGL001787CWCSA.203I.A.8.N.gThuja plicata - Tsuga heterophylla / Lysichiton americanus / Sphagnum spp. ForestWestern Red-cedar - Western Hemlock / Yellow Skunk-cabbage / Peatmoss species Forest2002-10-17GCUSCBC 10-02C.B. ChappellG3G402-10-17G3s"CEGL001786CWCSA.1568V.A.8.N.aEriogonum niveum / Poa secunda Dwarf-shrub Herbaceous VegetationSnow Wild Buckwheat / Curly Bluegrass Dwarf-shrub Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSR.s the dominance of ~Festuca campestris$.LVALEav29CEGL001816CWCSA.1418V.A.5.N.kCarex nigricans Herbaceous VegetationBlack Alpine Sedge Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG496-02-01G4~~~|zppH#8CEGL001815CWCSA.1417V.A.5.N.kCarex nebrascensis - Carex microptera Herbaceous VegetationNebraska Sedge - Small-wing Sedge Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG3G496-02-01G3^#These grasslands occur on subalpine and lower alpine slopes in dry meadows and on ridges above subalpine forests in the southern Rocky Mountains. Elevations range from 2500-3500 m. Climate is temperate with short growing seasons and heavy snowfall in winter. Stands are found on level valley bottoms, expansive park meadow openings in the subalpine forest, and on ridges above subalpine forests. Sites are nearly level to steeply sloping, typically on southern or western exposures. Soils are generally deep, well-drained loams or silt loams with pH of 5.8-7.0, and derived from alluvium and colluvium. Stands have a dense to moderately dense cover of graminoids dominated by the cool-season, perennial bunchgrass ~Festuca thurberi$. ~Muhlenbergia montana$ and ~Festuca arizonica$ may be present to codominant (on warmer/drier sites). These grasslands have high diversity of species. Other characteristic graminoids may include ~Bromus$ spp., ~Carex siccata (= Carex foenea), Carex geyeri, Carex haydeniana, Danthonia parryi, Elymus trachycaulus$, and ~Stipa$ spp. Common forbs include ~Lathyrus lanszwertii var. leucanthus, Vicia americana, Achillea millefolium, Artemisia$ spp., ~Erigeron speciosus, Eriogonum umbellatum var. majus (= Eriogonum subalpinum), Hymenoxys hoopesii (= Helenium hoopesii), Iris missouriensis$, and ~Solidago multiradiata$. On moist sites ~Veratrum californicum$ may be codominant. Grazed stands often have moderate cover of exotic species such as ~Poa pratensis$ and ~Taraxacum officinale$. Adjacent vegetation is subalpine forests dominated by ~Picea engelmannii$ and ~Abies lasiocarpa$ or ~Populus tremuloides$.LVAL=L=CEGL001835CWCSA.1422V.A.5.N.kEleocharis palustris - Juncus balticus Herbaceous VegetationMarsh Spikerush - Baltic Rush Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG2G494-02-23G3_#=These are high-altitude grasslands that occur in cold, dry sites throughout the Pacific Northwest. Elevations range from 1400 m in the Olympic Mountains to over 2400 m in the mountains of northeastern Oregon. They are typically associated with south-facing or exposed slopes where snow cover is blown or melted off relatively early. West of the Cascades they are typically associated with rainshadow areas of the higher mountains. Summer lightning is common, and lightning fires may also serve to prevent tree or shrub encroachment. Soils are usually well-drained and vary in texture from coarse colluvium on steep slopes to fine-textured loams in low-gradient subalpine meadows. Parent materials are usually weathered volcanic extrusives or loess deposits. These communities are dominated by ~Festuca viridula$, which may form dense, continuous stands in pristine situations. Most stands, however, are mixed with several other graminoid or forb species. Typical grasses and grass-like species include ~Carex hoodii, Carex geyeri, Carex spectabilis, Festuca idahoensis, Achnatherum occidentale (= Stipa occidentalis), Achnatherum lettermanii (= Stipa lettermanii), Elymus elymoides (= Sitanion hystrix)$, and ~Phleum alpinum$. Common forb associates include ~Lupinus argenteus ssp. argenteus, Polygonum bistortoides, Polygonum phytolaccifolium, Eucephalus ledophyllus (= Aster ledophyllus), Lupinus arcticus, Potentilla flabellifolia$, and ~Polemonium pulcherrimum$. Adjacent vegetation is often subalpine forests of ~Tsuga mertensiana$ or ~Abies lasiocarpa$, and at wetter sites, ~Carex$ spp. meadows or ~Phyllodoce - Cassiope$ shrublands are typical.lLVAL{z+] CEGL001856CWCSA.1303V.A.5.N.gCarex elynoides - Oxytropis sericea Herbaceous VegetationBlackroot Sedge - Rocky Mountain Locoweed Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSS.K. RustG3This alliance contains montane grasslands occurring in mountain ranges of Trans-Pecos Texas and adjacent New Mexico. Characteristic species include ~Bouteloua curtipendula, Schizachyrium cirratum, Lycurus setosus, Eragrostis erosa, Bothriochloa barbinodis (= var. barbinodis), Muhlenbergia rigida, Bouteloua eriopoda, Bouteloua hirsuta$, and ~Bouteloua gracilis$. In western Texas, examples of these grasslands occur in flat areas at high elevations in Chisos Mountains, and on open slopes in the Davis Mountains.This alliance is found in the semi-arid rainshadow-affected areas of central and southern Idaho. Stands occur on steep, south-facing canyon slopes composed of volcanic tuffs at low elevations, from roughly 1580-1890 m. This substrate is typically unstable, with constant downslope movement of soil surface layers, and a high shrink-swell ratio. Chronic soil disturbance is therefore a major factor in the species composition of the alliance, which includes several endemics of the Challis Volcanics substrate. These grasslands are characterized by a sparse herbaceous species layer that is dominated by ~Leymus salinus ssp. salmonis$, a perennial grass species commonly considered a bunchgrass due to its cespitose form (but which typically has rhizomes), and the perennial forbs ~Enceliopsis nudicaulis$ or ~Lupinus argenteus$. The grass variety is one of the Challis endemics, while ~Enceliopsis nudicaulis$ is disjunct from its principle range in the Great Basin. Several other species of the Challis endemic flora apparently occur in this alliance, but a more specific list is not available, and no other information is available on species composition.LVAL This alliance is composed of dry-mesic pine forests found near the western Great Lakes, west to north-central Minnesota and adjacent Ontario, and in the Mid-Atlantic states. Stands of this alliance are characterized by a pine overstory and a poorly developed understory. ~Pinus resinosa$ is the dominant overstory species, although ~Pinus strobus$ can be a codominant in the canopy and is often more numerous in the sapling and seedling classes (Ohmann and Ream 1971). Mesic sites tend to include not only ~Pinus resinosa$, but ~Picea mariana, Picea glauca$, and ~Abies balsamea$ in the canopy, while on dry sites, ~Pinus banksiana$ is found (MNNHP 1993). Northern hardwoods such as ~Acer rubrum, Betula papyrifera, Populus grandidentata, Populus tremuloides$, and ~Quercus rubra$ sometimes form a subcanopy. The understory ranges from moderately herb- and shrub-rich to extremely poor. In the tall-shrub class, the important species are ~Amelanchier$ spp. and ~Corylus cornuta$. In the low-shrub class ~Vaccinium$ spp., mainly ~Vaccinium myrtilloides$ and ~Vaccinium angustifolium, Gaultheria procumbens$, and ~Linnaea borealis$ are important, particularly where gaps in the canopy occur. The herbaceous layer is very poorly represented in most parts of this community's range, contributing only 11% (Ohmann and Ream 1971) of the ground cover in northeastern Minnesota, in contrast with more prominent cover of feathermosses and lichens (35% ground cover) (Grigal and Ohmann 1975). Common herbaceous species include ~Aralia nudicaulis$, Asteraceae spp., ~Maianthemum stellatum$, and ~Pteridium aquilinum$. The predominant moss species are ~Dicranum$ spp. and ~Pleurozium schreberi$. Sims et al. (1989) found that the average coverage of feathermoss was greater in the northwest region of Ontario than in the north-central region. ^This alliance occurs on Precambrian Shield bedrock, mainly on dry to fresh, deep mineral soil. The soil deposition history is both glaciofluvial and morainal. Soil depth ranges from 61-100 cm (Ohmann LVALUr/f#CEGL001924CWCSA.1311V.A.5.N.gPoa arctica ssp. grayana Herbaceous VegetationArctic Bluegrass Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSGU94-02-23GUwwQ#CEGL001923CWCSA.1310V.A.5.N.gPhleum alpinum - Elymus trachycaulus Herbaceous VegetationMountain Timothy - Slender Wild Rye Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG.P. JonesG2Q00-12-11G2]#CEGL001922CWCSA.1360V.A.5.N.jPhleum alpinum - Carex microptera Herbaceous VegetationMountain Timothy - Small-wing Sedge Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG.P. JonesG2Q00-12-11G2Z#CEGL001921CWCSA.1360V.A.5.N.jPhleum alpinum - Carex aquatilis Herbaceous VegetationMountain Timothy - Aquatic Sedge Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG.P. JonesG2Q00-12-11G2Y#CEGL001920CWCSA.1310V.A.5.N.gPhleum alpinum - Achillea millefolium Herbaceous VegetationMountain Timothy - Common Yarrow Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG594-02-23G5^#CEGL001919CWCSA.1630V.B.2.N.bMinuartia obtusiloba Herbaceous VegetationAlpine Stitchwort Herbaceous VegetationAlpine Fell-field1997-11-26GCUSG494-02-23G4tM#CEGL001918CWCSA.1629V.B.2.N.bLuetkea pectinata - Saxifraga tolmiei Herbaceous VegetationPartridgefoot - Tolmie's Alpine Saxifrage Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG596-02-01G5^#CEGL001917CWCSA.1628V.B.2.N.bLigusticum tenuifolium - Trollius laxus ssp. albiflorus Herbaceous Vegeand Ream 1971). The soils textures are coarse sand or coarse loam soils, as well as some fine sands and silts. Fire is an important natural disturbance in this alliance. ~Pinus resinosa$ has extensive adaptations that make it well suited to frequent ground fires and occasional crown fires. Reconstructions of the fire regime (Heinselman 1973, Frelich 1992) in ~Pinus resinosa$ stands indicate that a combination of ground fires every 20-30 years and severe crown fires every 100-150 years maintained presettlement ~Pinus resinosa$ communities.{LVALuhCiCEGL001956CWCSA.1698V.B.This grassland alliance has been described from montane meadows in the mountains and foothills of Colorado and Utah. Sites where found are typically xeric forest openings or parks in the Ponderosa Pine zone with southern aspects on moderately steep slopes and ridgetops. Occasionally the stands occupy rolling parklands. The xeric nature of sites appears to be an important environmental factor. Soils are moderately deep Mollisols, with high coarse-fragment content, sandy loam textures, and a distinct clay horizon. Parent materials are primarily colluvium derived from granite and gneiss. Bare soil, exposed gravels, and small rocks account for as much as 50% of the ground surface area. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by a moderately dense herbaceous layer that is typically dominated by ~Muhlenbergia montana$, but may be codominated by ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$ or by ~Trisetum spicatum (= Trisetum montanum)$ (in New Mexico). Other associated graminoids include ~Blepharoneuron tricholepis, Bouteloua curtipendula, Bouteloua gracilis, Carex duriuscula (= Carex eleocharis), Danthonia parryi, Elymus albicans (= Elymus lanceolatus ssp. albicans), Festuca brachyphylla, Koeleria macrantha, Muhlenbergia filiculmis, Pascopyrum smithii, Poa secunda$, and ~Schizachyrium scoparium$. The typically sparse forb layer often consists of ~Allium geyeri, Antennaria rosea, Arenaria fendleri, Eriogonum umbellatum, Harbouria trachypleura, Heterotheca villosa, Mertensia lanceolata, Opuntia polyacantha$, and ~Penstemon secundiflorus$. Except for the abundant dwarf-shrub ~Artemisia frigida$, woody species are very sparse or absent. The exotic perennial grass ~Poa pratensis$ is common in some of these stands. Diagnostic of this grassland alliance is the dominance of ~Muhlenbergia montana$ in the herbaceous layer and that cover of ~Festuca arizonica$ will not be significant.LVAL^I~"CEGL001966CWCSA.1645V.B.2.N.bGeum rossii - Carex albonigra Herbaceous VegetationRoss' Avens - Black-and-white Scale Sedge Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG.P. JonesG1G2Q00-12-14G1V#"CEGL001965CWCSA.1645V.B.2.N.bGeum rossii - Minuartia obtusiloba Herbaceous VegetationRoss' Avens - Alpine Stitchwort Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSS.V. CooperG3?00-01-04G3[#"CEGL001964CWCSA.1645V.B.2.N.bGeum rossii Herbaceous VegetationRoss' Avens Herbaceous VegetationRoss' Avens Dry Alpine Meadow1997-11-26GCUSG4G5Q96-02-01G4eD#!CEGL001963CWCSA.1644V.B.2.N.bEriogonum pyrolifolium - Luzula piperi Herbaceous VegetationShasta Wild Buckwheat - Piper's Woodrush Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG496-02-01G4_#CEGL001962CWCSA.1856VII.C.1.N.aEriogonum deserticola Sand Dune Sparse VegetationColorado Desert Wild Buckwheat Sand Dune Sparse VegetationColorado Desert Wild Buckwheat Sand Dune1997-11-26GCUSM.S. ReidG198-12-28G1¸V%This grassland is found on mesic, meadow-like lower slopes and swales in the foothills of the Colorado Front Range. Stands often grow in narrow zones bordered by communities dominated by shrubs such as ~Symphoricarpos$ and ~Prunus$ in the north, and ~Quercus gambelii$ south of the Palmer Divide. It is dominated by ~Nassella viridula$, often growing in nearly pure stands, with other mid grasses such as ~Koeleria macrantha (= Koeleria cristata), Pascopyrum smithii$, and ~Poa$ spp. Common forbs are ~Frasera speciosa, Thermopsis divaricarpa (= Thermopsis rhombifolia var. divaricarpa), Achillea millefolium$, and ~Symphyotrichum laeve var. geyeri (= Aster laevis var. geyeri)$. It is often bordered by shrub communities. The soils are coarser textured and deep, and stay moist until late summer (Vestal 1914, Weaver and Albertson 1956).LVALvTp CEGL001976CWCSA.1085IV.A.1.N.cParonychia pulvinata - Silene acaulis Dwarf-shrublandRocky Mountain Nailwort - Cushion Pink Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG596-02-01G5Y$ CEGL001975CWCSA.1664V.B.2.N.dMimulus primuloides - Carex scopulorum Herbaceous VegetationYellow Creeping Monkeyflower - Holm's Rocky Mountain Sedge Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG494-02-23Stands of this alliance occur in two distinctively different habitats (sandy areas and shale barrens) in different geographic areas. Sandy areas include 'blowouts' in the Great Plains, and in arid and semi-arid dune systems in the Chihuahuan Desert, San Luis Valley, Colorado Plateau and Great Basin. The shale barrens sites have been described from a high-elevation mountain in north-central Colorado and a lower elevation site (1415 m) ridgetop in western Colorado. Substrates are sand or shale. This alliance is characterized by a sparse to moderately dense herbaceous layer that is dominated by ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$. Many species are associated with this grassland depending on habitat and geography. Sandy habitats may include the graminoids ~Redfieldia flexuosa, Muhlenbergia pungens, Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata), Schizachyrium scoparium, Calamovilfa gigantea$, and forbs ~Heliotropium convolvulaceum, Polanisia dodecandra ssp. trachysperma, Polanisia jamesii, Psoralidium lanceolatum, Reverchonia arenaria, Sophora stenophylla, Wyethia scabra, Abronia angustifolia, Senecio flaccidus var. flaccidus$. In shaley sites~Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii), Hesperostipa comata, Pascopyrum smithii$, and~Eriogonum brevicaule$ are common. Scattered shrubs or dwarf-shrubs, such as ~Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus), Sarcobatus vermiculatus$ or~Krascheninnikovia lanata$, may be present on some stands. Diagnostic of this grassland alliance is the dominance of ~Achnatherum hymenoides$ in the herbaceous layer and that cover of ~Ephedra viridis$ will not be significant.LVALGmS~ CEGL001985CWCSA.1666V.B.2.N.dSaxifraga odontoloma Herbaceous VegetationStreambank Saxifrage Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSGU94-02-23GUwwM# CEGL001984CWCSA.1679V.B.2.N.eRanunculus aquatilis - Callitriche palustris Herbaceous VegetationWhitewater Crowfoot - Vernal Water Starwort Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSGU94-02-23GUe# CEGL001983CWCSA.1665V.B.2.N.dPrimula parryi Herbaceous VegetationParry Primrose Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GThese grasslands have been described from basins and drainages east of the Cascades in central Oregon. Elevations range from 1280-1830 m. Stands occur in floodplains and terraces along low-gradient streams. Sites are flat to gently sloping. Stands in the bottomlands may be seasonally flooded during the winter. Upland stands in pumice-mantled basin meadows are not flooded except during abnormally wet years. Water tables are a meter below ground by midsummer and are very deep by late summer. Soils are moderately deep alluviums. Soil textures range from sandy loam to silty loam. Soil parent material is pumice. Vegetation included in this grassland alliance has a moderately dense to dense (60 to more than 80% cover) herbaceous layer about 0.5 m tall. Stands are dominated by the midgrass ~Poa fendleriana ssp. fendleriana$ with several other graminoids, including ~Carex athrostachya, Carex filifolia, Carex praegracilis, Elymus caninus, Koeleria macrantha$, and ~Muhlenbergia richardsonis$. Forb cover is relatively sparse (usually less 25%) and consists of ~Achillea millefolium$ and ~Symphyotrichum campestre var. bloomeri (= Aster campestris var. bloomeri)$. Adjacent stands include upland coniferous forests dominated by ~Pinus contorta$ and various wetlands dominated by herbaceous and shrub species of ~Carex$ and ~Salix$.xLVALEK CEGL001995CWCSA.1681V.B.2.N.eTriglochin maritima Herbaceous VegetationSeaside Arrow-grass Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSGU94-02-23GUuuL#,CEGL001994CWCSA.1655V.B.2.N.bTauschia stricklandii - Vaccinium deliciosum Herbaceous VegetationStrickland's Umbrella-wort - Rainier Blueberry Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSC.B. ChappellG298-11-30G2ķe#+CEGL001993CWCSA.1654V.B.2.N.bSphaeromeria argentea - Achnatherum swallenii Herbaceous VegetationNuttall's False Sagebrush - Swallen's Mountain Ricegrass Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSM.S. ReidG2Q96-02-01G2f#+CEGL001992CWCSA.1654V.B.2.N.bSphaeromeria argentea - Artemisia frigida - Poa secunda Herbaceous VegetationNuttall's False Sagebrush - Fringed Sagebrush - Curly Bluegrass Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSM.S. ReidG2Q96-02-01G2p# CEGL001991CWCSA.941III.B.2.N.cSuaeda moquinii ShrublandShrubby Seepweed Shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG594-02-23G5qogeeecaWW=$CEGL001990CWCSA.1760V.C.2.N.aSparganium angustifolium HerThese mesic subalpine grasslands occur on a narrow elevational band (3250-3450 m) on the White River Plateau. Sites are gentle toeslopes and on slopes bordering upland benches. The landscape relief is most often concave which lends itself to favorable soil moisture conditions despite the southerly aspects preferred by this community. Stands have a moderately dense herbaceous layer dominated by ~Poa nervosa$ and ~Achnatherum lettermanii (= Stipa lettermanii)$. Associated graminoid species include ~Festuca brachyphylla, Phleum alpinum, Poa fendleriana$, and ~Trisetum spicatum$. There may be sparse to moderately dense cover of forbs such as ~Achillea millefolium var. occidentalis (= Achillea lanulosa), Agoseris glauca, Erigeron peregrinus, Erigeron simplex, Hymenoxys hoopesii (= Helenium hoopesii), Polygonum bistortoides, Packera crocata (= Senecio crocatus)$, and ~Viola nuttallii$.LVALg-zpiCEGL002004CWCSA.1764V.C.2.N.aStuckenia pectinata - Ruppia maritima Herbaceous VegetationSago Pondweed - Beaked Ditch-grass HerThis widespread grassland alliance occurs across the western U.S. from the slopes of the Cascades, extending east to the Rocky Mountains and the northwestern Great Plains, and south to the Great Basin, Uinta Basin and the Colorado Rocky Mountains. Stands are found on valley bottoms, stream terraces, rolling uplands, canyons, hills, plateaus and badlands, expansive park meadow openings in montane forests, and glacial outwash plains. Sites may be xeric or mesic, on nearly level to steep slopes. Stands occur on all aspects, but often on the drier southern and western slopes. Substrates are also variable and range from shallow, lithic soils with a rocky surface to moderately deep soils with little rock. Grasslands included in this alliance are dominated or codominated by ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$. There is typically sparse to moderate cover of perennial forbs and widely scattered shrubs and dwarf-shrubs. Annual grasses and forbs are seasonally present. Litter, moss and lichen are important ground cover in some stands. Species composition is variable over the range of this alliance and may include many other important species such as~Bouteloua curtipendula, Bouteloua gracilis, Carex$ spp., ~Danthonia intermedia, Eriogonum heracleoides, Festuca idahoensis, Festuca thurberi, Koeleria macrantha, Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Pascopyrum smithii, Poa fendleriana, Poa secunda$, and ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$. Scattered shrubs and dwarf-shrubs, including ~Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus), Symphoricarpos albus, Rosa$ spp. ~Artemisia frigida$, may be present in some stands. Disturbed stands may be codominated by the exotics ~Poa pratensis$ and ~Bromus tectorum$. Diagnostic of this grassland alliance is the dominance of ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$.\LVALjQ,opQE5U%E% Q$zaQ-This alliance contains grasslands dominated by ~Sporobolus flexuosus$ found in sandy basins and piedmonts in southern New Mexico. Associated species can include ~Dasyochloa pulchella (= Erioneuron pulchellum), Paspalum setaceum, Psorothamnus scoparius$, and ~Sporobolus contractus$.Vegetation in this alliance is found in the northwestern Great Plains and gypsum dunes in the northern Chihuahuan Desert. Stands have a sparse to moderate graminoid layer that is dominated by ~Schizachyrium scoparium$. Perennial forb richness is high, but canopy cover is low. Shrubs and dwarf-shrubs are rare. Annual forbs and grasses are present seasonally. In Montana, other common species include grasses such as ~Pascopyrum smithii, Koeleria macrantha, Elymus lanceolatus, Poa secunda, Aristida purpurea, Nassella viridula (= Stipa viridula)$, and ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$. Forb species include ~Phlox hoodii, Linum perenne, Tetraneuris acaulis (= Hymenoxys acaulis), Thelesperma subnudum, Dalea candida, Cerastium beeringianum$, and ~Solidago missouriensis$. ^In New Mexico, ~Muhlenbergia pungens$ often codominates these sparse interdune grasslands. Other species information is not available for the dune stands. ^Grasslands included in this alliance are known only from the northwestern Great Plains in east-central Montana and the White Sands Missile Range in south-central New Mexico. Elevations range from 900-1250 m in Montana and 1200-1500 m in New Mexico. Climate is semi-arid to arid. In Montana stands occur on moderately steep slopes in the uplands. Soils are easily eroded, poorly developed, well-drained loams and stony loams that are non-saline and non-alkaline. Parent material is red shale from the Kootenai Formation. Ground cover average 15% bare ground and 50% litter. The New Mexican stands are restricted to swales within wind-deposited gypsum sand dunes at White Sands National Monument and While Sands Missile Range.LVAL This grassland alliance occurs in the western and southern Great Plains, Great Basin, and across the southwestern United States from Texas to California. It is reported from saline habitats in the Central Valley and in valleys and lower slopes of transmontane California from the Modoc Plateau to the Owens Valley. Elevations range from near sea level to 2100 m, but typically from 1000-1700 m. Climate is arid to semi-arid. Stands occur in a wide variety of lowland sites, such as stream terraces, swales, interdune basins, and alluvial flats. This alliance in not defined by a flood regime, but the soil often has a high water table because of land position and impermeable subsurface horizons. Soils are non-saline to moderately saline and usually alkaline. Soil surface textures are sandy to clayey. The soils morphology often includes a claypan, caliche layer or other subsurface horizon that impedes water movement. Parent material is typically alluvium derived from limestone, shale, or sandstone. ^The vegetation is characterized by a sparse to moderately dense graminoid layer of medium-tall bunch grasses with smaller densities of short grasses and forbs. Widely scattered (<10% cover) xeromorphic or halophytic shrubs and dwarf-shrubs may also be present. ~Sporobolus airoides$ is the dominant or codominant grass. Typical codominant grasses include ~Muhlenbergia porteri, Panicum obtusum$, or ~Scleropogon brevifolius$. Not included in this alliance are stands codominated by ~Achnatherum hymenoides, Bouteloua gracilis, Distichlis spicata, Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii)$, or ~Hordeum jubatum$, although they may be present in small amounts. Other common grasses are ~Buchloe dactyloides, Pascopyrum smithii, Hordeum pusillum$, and ~Sporobolus cryptandrus$. Forbs and shrubs are typically sparse. Common forb associates are ~Chaetopappa ericoides$ and species of ~Sphaeralcea, Machaeranthera, Ratibida, Helianthus$, and other Asteraceae spp. Scattered shrubs may include ~Allenrolfea occidentalis, Atriplex caneLVAL-T!CEGL002072CMCSA.245I.B.2.N.aQuercus macrocarpa / (Amelanchier alnifolia, Cornus drummondii) / Aralia nudicaulis ForestBur Oak / (Saskatoon Serviceberry, Roughleaf Dogwood) / Wild Sarsaparilla ForestNorthern Bur Oak Mesic Forest1997-11-26GCUSDFLD. Faber-LangendoenG496-10-03G4 |" CEGL002071CMCSA.347I.B.2.N.gAcer rubrum - Fraxinus spp. - Betula papyrifera / Cornus canadensis ForestRed Maple - Ash species - Paper Birch / Canadian Bunchberry ForestRed Maple - Ash - Birch Swamp Forest1997-11-26GCUSDFLD. Faber-LangendoenG496-10-03G4Үl"CEGL002070CMCSA.239I.B.2.N.aQuercus alba - Quercus rubra - Quercus muehlenbergii / Cercis canadensis ForestWhite Oak - Northern Red Oak - Chinquapin Oak / Redbud ForestWhite Oak - Mixed Oak Dry-Mesic Alkaline Forest1997-11-26GCUSDFLM. Guetersloh, mod. M. Pyne and D. Faber-LangendoenG4G598-06-22G4/-%!ݮq" CEGL002068CMCSA.239I.B.2.N.aQuercus alba - Quercus rubra - Carya ovata Glaciated ForestWhite Oak - Northern Red Oak - Shagbark Hickory Glaciated ForestMidwestern White Oak - Red Oak Forest1997-11-26GCUSDFLD. Faber-LangendoenG4?96-10-03G4]"CEGL002067CMCSA.239I.B.2.N.aQuercus alba - Quercus rubra - Carya (alba, ovata) / Cornus florida Acid ForestWhite Oak - Northern Red Oak - (Mockernut Hickory, Shagbark Hickory) / Flowering Dogwood Acid ForestWhite Oak - Red Oak Dry-Mesic Acid Forest1997-11-26GCUSDFLD. Faber-LangendoenG398-11-16G3.,$" q" CEGL002066CMCSA.239I.B.2.N.aQuercus alba / Cornus florida Unglaciated ForestWhite Oak / Flowering Dogwood Unglaciated ForestWhite Oak / Dogwood Dry-Mesic Forest1997-11-26GCUSDFLscens, Chrysothamnus$ spp., and ~Sarcobatus vermiculatus$. Species of ~Salicornia$ and ~Suaeda$ occur in more saline habitats. The dwarf-shrub ~Gutierrezia sarothrae$ is common in many stands. Some stands have significant amounts of prickly pear and cholla cacti (~Opuntia$ spp.).LVAL. CEGL002081CMCSA.286I.B.2.N.dFraxinus pennsylvanica - Celtis occidentalis - Tilia americana - (Quercus macrocarpa) ForestGreen Ash - Northern Hackberry - American Basswood - (Bur Oak) ForestAsh - Elm - Mixed Lowland Hardwood Forest1997-11-26GCUSDFLJ. DrakeG4?96-10-03G4~" CEGL002079CMCSA.267I.B.2.N.bBetula papyrifera / Corylus cornuta ForestPaper Birch / Beaked Hazelnut ForestPaper Birch / Hazel Forest1997-11-26GCUSDFLJ. DrakeG2G399-09-0Vegetation included in this minor alliance occurs on mesas, plains and dunes with gypsiferous soil in New Mexico. Elevations range from 1150-1740 m. Climate is semi-arid to arid with most of the highly variable precipitation falling in late summer and early fall. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 20-32 cm. Soils are shallow, poorly developed, saline, alkaline and gypsiferous. Soil textures range from fine sandy loams to silty clay loams. Plant and litter cover are low, and bare ground is high (90%). Shale and sandstone rock outcrops may also be present. Stands in this alliance are poorly known and have only been described from mesas in the Rio Puerco watershed and gypsum flats and dunes in the White Sands Missile Range. The diagnostic species is the perennial grass ~Sporobolus nealleyi$, which dominates or codominates the sparse herbaceous layer, with ~Bouteloua eriopoda, Calylophus hartwegii$ and/or ~Leptodactylon$ spp. Associated grasses may include ~Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii)$ and ~Bouteloua gracilis$. Frequent forbs include ~Psilostrophe tagetina$ and ~Sphaeralcea coccinea$. In addition, scattered shrubs and dwarf-shrubs may be present, including ~Atriplex canescens, Ephedra torreyana, Flourensia cernua, Krascheninnikovia lanata, Gutierrezia sarothrae$, and ~Lycium pallidum$.LVAL Forests codominated by ~Pinus strobus$ and ~Tsuga canadensis$ occurring from eastern Wisconsin and the upper peninsula of Michigan to eastern Pennsylvania and Maine, south through the Appalachians to northern Georgia and South Carolina. Isolated occurrences could potentially occur in the Cumberland Plateau of Kentucky and Tennessee. Generally, ~Tsuga canadensis$ and ~Pinus strobus$ are codominant, but other common associates can include ~Fagus grandifolia, Acer rubrum, Betula lenta, Betula alleghaniensis, Quercus rubra$. ~Picea rubens$ is often a component in the northeastern part of range, while ~Liriodendron tulipifera$ and ~Betula lenta$ are the common associates in the southern Appalachians. Typical shrubs/saplings include ~Acer spicatum, Hamamelis virginiana$, and ~Acer pensylvanicum$ (in the north), and ~Ilex opaca, Leucothoe fontanesiana, Rhododendron maximum$ (in the south). The herbaceous stratum may be sparse and generally depauperate, including ~Clintonia borealis, Cypripedium acaule, Gaultheria procumbens, Lycopodium$ spp., ~Maianthemum canadense$, and ~Trientalis borealis$ (in the north), and ~Chimaphila maculata, Mitchella repens, Galax urceolata, Viola blanda$, and ~Polystichum acrostichoides$ (in the south). Stands of this alliance are found on acidic, nutrient-poor, usually moderately well-drained soils such as sandy loams. Communities of the eastern portion of the range (New England) generally occur on well-drained midslopes, and apparently are not significantly affected by aspect. In the southern Appalachian Mountains and Cumberland Plateau, these forests occur on alluvial terraces and steep, protected gorge slopes. Communities of this alliance are commonly established following disturbance, either natural (fire, windthrow, catastrophic flood events) or anthropogenic (logging). Old-growth examples of the alliance are known, and these forests were likely to have been widespread prior to European settlement. However, without periodic disturbance, communities of this alliance will LVAL CEGL002163CMCSA.1505V.A.6.N.gQuercus macrocarpa / Mixedgrass Loam Wooded Herbaceous VegetationBur Oak / Mixedgrass Loam Wooded Herbaceous VegetationBur Oak Mixedgrass Loam Savanna1997-11-26GCUSDFLD. LenzG1Q98-06-22G1ùd#CEGL002162CMCSA.1505V.A.6.N.gQuercus macrocarpa / Mixedgrass Sand Wooded Herbaceous VegetationBur Oak / Mixedgrass Sand Wooded Herbaceous VegetationBur Oak Mixedgrass Sand Savanna1997-11-26GCUSDFLJ. Drake, D. Faber-Langendoen, and D. M.G100-03-17G1ùd#CEGL002160CMCSA.1492V.A.6.N.cQuercus macrocarpa - (Quercus ellipsoidalis) / Schizachyrium scoparium - Koeleria macrantha Wooded Herbaceous VegetationBur Oak - (Northern Pin Oak) / Little Bluestem - Prairie Junegrass Wooded Herbaceous VegetationNorthern Oak Barrens1997-11-26GCUSDFLJ. Drake, D. Faber-Langendoen, and D. M. AmbroseG298-06-22G2[YQO#CEGL002159CMCSA.1491V.A.6.N.cQuercus macrocarpa - (Quercus alba, Quercus stellata) / Andropogon gerardii Wooded Herbaceous VegetationBur Oak - (White Oak, Post Oak) / Big Bluestem Wooded Herbaceous VegetationCentral Bur Oak Openings1997-11-26GCUSDFLJ. Drake, D. Faber-Langendoen, and D. M. AmbroseG100-03-16G1;91/֋# CEGL002158CMCSA.1491V.A.6.N.cQuercus macrocarpa Northern Tallgrass Wooded Herbaceous VegetationBur Oak Northern Tallgrass Wooded Herbaceous VegetationNorthern Bur Oak Openings1997-11-26GCUSDFLJ. DrakeG1G200-03-17G1e#CEGL002156CSCSA.666II.C.2.N.aQuercus virginiana - (Celtis laevigata) / Prunus caroliniana WoodlandLive Oak - (Sugarberry) / Carolina Laurel Cherry WoodlandTexas Gulf Coast Live Oak - Sugarberry Woodland1995-01-01GCUSGrPl 1-95, mod. JT 4-01Great Plains Proeventually succeed to other alliances (Barnes 1991).LVAL ckeCEGL002171CSCSA.780III.B.2.N.aQuercus This grassland alliance is found on sandy soils in the intermountain steppe, Wyoming Basin, Colorado Plateau, Great Basin and Columbia Plateau. Stands typically occur on upland sites with coarse-textured soils such as sandstone outcrop ridges in the plains, dry-sandy sites in the Columbia Basin, and parks on dissected alluvial fans below sandstone plateaus, but not dunes. Sites are on flat to moderately steep, often south-facing slopes, but can occur on any aspect. Soils are shallow to moderately deep, well-drained, coarse-textured, and non-saline. Grasslands included in this alliance are characterized by a moderately dense herbaceous layer dominated by ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$, but cover ranges from sparse to dense. ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$ or ~Poa secunda$ codominate some stands. Other graminoids may include ~Aristida purpurea, Bouteloua gracilis, Carex filifolia, Koeleria macrantha, Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii)$, or ~Sporobolus cryptandrus$. Shrubs and dwarf-shrubs are sparse (<10%) and may include scattered ~Artemisia cana, Artemisia frigida, Artemisia tridentata$, or ~Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus)$. Forb cover is also sparse, but can be relatively diverse. Common forbs are ~Gaura coccinea, Lappula occidentalis (= Lappula redowskii), Lithophragma glabrum, Lupinus pusillus, Opuntia aurea (= Opuntia basilaris var. aurea), Opuntia polyacantha, Plantago patagonica$, or ~Pediomelum argophyllum (= Psoralea argophylla)$. Cryptogams are important in some stands with up to 40% ground cover on sites in the Colorado Plateau. Diagnostic of this grassland alliance is the dominance of ~Hesperostipa comata$ in the herbaceous layer and the lack of significant cover of ~Bouteloua gracilis$ or ~Nassella viridula$.LVALXbpdCEGL002180CSCSA.1884III.B.2.N.aPrunus angustifolia / Schizachyrium scoparium ShrublandThis alliance includes modified vegetation dominated by ~Buchloe dactyloides$, in pastured and other disturbed areas, especially over clay or compacted soils. Other characteristic species include ~Aristida oligantha, Bouteloua gracilis$, and ~Sporobolus compositus$.Grasslands included in this alliance have been described only in the Uinta Basin of Utah. Stands occur above the Pinyon-Juniper Community in the Mid-Altitude ~Artemisia$ and in the Upper Altitude Communities. Elevations range from approximately 1800-2600 m. These grasslands form in openings on the slopes and benches in the shrublands and lower elevation forests. Climate is semi-arid with mean annual precipitation ranging from 22-35 cm. Summers are hot and winter are cold with below freezing temperature common. These grasslands are in a matrix of ~Artemisia tridentata$-dominated shrublands, ~Pinus edulis$ and ~Juniperus osteosperma$ woodland at lower elevations, and ~Populus tremuloides$ forests at higher elevations. Grasslands in this alliance occur in a mosaic with shrublands on submontane slopes and benches in the Uinta Basin of Utah. Stands have a moderately dense cover of graminoids codominated by the cool-season, perennial bunch grasses ~Achnatherum nelsonii (= Stipa nelsonii)$ and ~Koeleria macrantha$. Other graminoids may include ~Aristida purpurea, Juncus$ spp., ~Poa$ spp., ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Pascopyrum smithii$, and ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$. Scattered shrubs and dwarf-shrubs are typically present, such as ~Artemisia tridentata, Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus), Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda (= Pentaphylloides floribunda)$, and ~Purshia tridentata$. The sparse forb layer may include species of Asteraceae, ~Astragalus, Delphinium, Polygonum$, and the exotic ~Taraxacum officinale$.LVAL Stands of this alliance occur on ridges and upper slopes in the foothills of the Colorado Front Range, on slopes, ridges, and mesa tops on the dissected plains in southeastern Colorado and adjacent New Mexico, the steppes of the southern Great Plains, the Trans-Pecos region of Texas, and into south-central New Mexico. Climate is semi-arid with most of the precipitation falling during the growing season. Elevation ranges from 1350-1800 m. Soils are usually derived from shales and are generally alkaline, coarse-textured, shallow and rocky often with limestone fragments. This grassland is often found on the cooler northern aspects, but can occur on all aspects on sites with gentle slopes. Shortgrass communities dominated by ~Bouteloua gracilis$ often occur on adjacent lower slopes and plains where soils are generally finer-textured. Woodland communities dominated by ~Pinus ponderosa$ or ~Juniperus monosperma$ may occur above these grasslands on the larger ridges and in the foothills. Vegetation included in this alliance occurs on rocky ridges and shaley slopes from the Colorado Front Range foothills to southern New Mexico and western Texas. Stands are dominated by a sparse to dense layer of the cool-season, medium-tall bunchgrass ~Hesperostipa neomexicana (= Stipa neomexicana)$. Stands may be nearly pure ~Hesperostipa$ or mixed with other mid grasses such as ~Bouteloua curtipendula$ and ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$. Often a sparse to moderately dense shortgrass layer is present that may be dominated by ~Bouteloua gracilis, Bouteloua eriopoda, Bouteloua hirsuta$, or ~Aristida$ spp. Density of the grass cover may be limited by the size and amount of surface rock at some of the rock outcrop sites where it occurs. Scattered shrubs, such as ~Rhus trilobata$ and ~Yucca glauca$, or in the Trans-Pecos region, ~Dasylirion wheeleri$ and ~Nolina$ spp., are common. In some stands, the dwarf-shrub ~Gutierrezia sarothrae$ is abundant. Forb cover is generally sparse, but common forbs may includLVALi!qSCEGL002204CMCSA.1192V.A.5.N.aAndropogon gerardii - Sorghastrum nutans Unglaciated Herbaceous VegetationBig Bluestem - Yellow Indiangrass Unglaciated Herbaceous VegetationUnglaciated Mesic Tallgrass Prairie1997-11-26GCUSGrPl 1-95, mod. DFLJ. DrakeG398-06-22G3Ӱm#CEGL002203CMCSA.1192V.A.5.N.aAndropogon gerardii - Sorghastrum nutans - (Sporobolus heterolepis) - Liatris spp. - Ratibida pinnata Herbaceous VegetationBig Bluestem - Yellow Indiangrass - (Prairie Dropseed) - Blazingstar species - Gray-head Prairie Coneflower Herbaceous VegetationCentral Mesic Tallgrass Prairie1997-11-26GCUSDJA 94, mod. DFLJ. Drake, D. Faber-Langendoen, and D. M. AmbroseG1G200-03-23G1\LJH>#CEGL002202CMCSA.1192V.A.5.N.aAndropogon gerardii - Hesperostipa spartea - Sporobolus heterolepis Herbaceous VegetationBig Bluestem - Porcupine Grass - Prairie Dropseed Herbaceous VegetationNorthern Mesic Tallgrass Prairie1997-11-26GCUSDFLJ. Drake, D. Faber-Langendoen, and D. M. AmbroseG2G398-06-22G220($|# CEGL002201CMCSA.1192V.A.5.N.aAndropogon gerardii - Sorghastrum nutans - Schizachyrium scoparium Flint Hills Herbaceous VegetationBig Bluestem - Yellow Indiangrass - Little Bluestem Flint Hills Herbaceous VegetationFlint Hills Tallgrass Prairie1997-11-26GCUSGrPl 1-95, mod. DFLJ. DrakeG4?96-10-03G4/-%"܇# CEGL002199CMCSA.1191V.A.5.N.aAndropogon gerardii - (Panicum virgatum) - Muhlenbergia richardsonis Herbaceous VegetationBig Bluestem - (Switchgrass) - Mat Muhly Herbaceous VegetationNorthern Wet-Mesic Tallgrass Prairie1997-11-26GCUSDFLD. Faber-LangendoenG3G498-06-22G3߻}# CEGL002198CMCSA.1534V.A.7.N.gDasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda / Schizachyrium scoparium Shrub Herbaceous VegetationShrubby-cinquefoil / Little Bluestem Shrub Herbaceous VegetationShrubby-cinquefoil / Little Bluestem Shrue ~Evolvulus nuttallianus, Musineon divaricatum$, and ~Dalea$ spp.LVAL This alliance includes upland dune grassland of barrier islands of the Mid-Atlantic and Gulf coasts. ~Spartina patens$ and ~Schoenoplectus pungens (= Scirpus pungens)$ are characteristically dominant, though other graminoids such as ~Schoenoplectus pungens, Sporobolus virginicus, Cenchrus spinifex (= Cenchrus incertus), Cenchrus tribuloides$, and ~Paspalum distichum$ may be codominant or prominent within their respective ranges. In parts of the range of this alliance, ~Spartina patens$ is dominant and ~Schoenoplectus pungens$ may be absent. This community characteristically occupies overwash terraces or low dunes, less well-developed than those dominated by ~Uniola paniculata$ (from North Carolina south and west to Texas and Tamaulipas, Mexico) or by ~Ammophila breviligulata$ (from North Carolina northwards). Total vegetation cover is variable, ranging from quite sparse (25% cover) to dense. Bare sand is often visible through the vegetation, and there is no soil profile development. Species diversity is variable; although it may be quite low and confined to the nominal species in the northern part of the range, it may be of greater diversity. Other components of this vegetation include ~Strophostyles helvula, Solidago sempervirens, Cenchrus tribuloides, Setaria parviflora, Distichlis spicata, Sabatia stellaris, Ammophila breviligulata, Suaeda linearis, Bassia hirsuta$ (an exotic), ~Atriplex patula, Polygonum glaucum, Spergularia salina (= Spergularia marina), Salicornia bigelovii, Salicornia virginica, Fimbristylis castanea$, and ~Cakile edentula ssp. edentula$. Woody species may include scattered individuals of ~Toxicodendron radicans, Solidago sempervirens, Lythrum lineare, Kosteletzkya virginica$, and seedlings of ~Baccharis halimifolia$. The plants of this community are influenced by sand deposited by storm surges. Storm overwash is a prevalent natural disturbance to this community. This community appears to be successional between interdunal herbaceous wetlands and interdunal herbaceous/shrubLVAL_ CEGL002279CSCSA.1744V.C.2.N.aHeteranthera limosa - Bacopa rotundifolia - Sagittaria latifolia Herbaceous VegetationBlue Mud-plantain - Midwestern Water-hyssop - Broadleaf Arrowhead Herbaceous VegetationForb Playa Marsh1995-01-01GCUSGrPl 1-95Great Plains Program, mod. B. HoaglandG?96-10-03G?)'y# CEGL002278CSCSA.1705IV.A.2.N.cSarcocornia perennis - Batis maritima - Distichlis spicata Dwarf-shrublandWoody Glasswort - Saltwort - Saltgrass Dwarf-shrublandSalt Flat1997-05-01GCUSSCS 5-97, mod. ASW 7-98Southeastern Ecology Group, mod. A.S. WeakleyG494-12-15G4 һn$dCEGL002277CSCSA.1881V.B.2.N.hPolygonum pensylvanicum - Polygonum lapathifolium Herbaceous VegetationPennsylvania Smartweed - Pale Smartweed Herbaceous VegetationTailwater Playa Lake Vegetation1996-08-01GCUSBH 8-96B. HoaglandG4?01-09-19G4Ƨj#CEGL002276CSCSA.1617V.B.2.N.bBigelowia nuttallii - Krameria lanceolata - Aristida dichotoma - Sporobolus silveanus Herbaceous VegetationNuttall's Rayless-goldenrod - Trailing Ratany - Forktip Three-awn - Silveus Dropseed Herbaceous VegetationEast Texas Catahoula Barren1994-01-01GCUSKP 94, mod. WGCP 2-99K.D. Patterson, mod. R.E. EvansG199-02-04G1a_WU6!#CEGL002275CSCSA.1341V.A.5.N.jDistichlis spicata - Spartina spp. Herbaceous VegetationSaltgrass - Cordgrass species Herbaceous VegetationSaltgrass - Cordgrass Saline Prairie1995-01-01GCUSGrPl 1-95Great Plains ProgramG494-12-15G4[n uplands.LVALaPastures of the southeastern Coastal Plain and other adjacent ecoregions, found in Florida, Georgia, Oklahoma, and other states, dominated by the introduced grass ~Cynodon dactylon$. Although originally planted, ~Cynodon dactylon$ maintains itself spontaneously, though especially with continued grazing or mowing, and this vegetation is considered 'semi-natural.' Various remnant native species occur to varying degrees, and are sometimes codominant.This alliance includes montane grasslands strongly dominated by ~Carex pensylvanica$. In the Southern Blue Ridge these grasslands are ungrazed grass balds with deep soil. Associated species include ~Rumex acetosella$ (exotic), ~Carex debilis, Polytrichum commune, Helenium autumnale, Danthonia compressa, Sibbaldiopsis tridentata, Fragaria virginiana, Ageratina altissima var. roanensis, Angelica triquinata, Oclemena acuminata (= Aster acuminatus), Bromus pubescens$, and ~Dennstaedtia punctilobula$. These grasslands typically occur over 1220 m (4000 feet) elevation in the Southern Blue Ridge. In the Central Appalachians, these communities are found on acid shale.These are graminoid-dominated communities of often steeply sloping outcrops of felsic to mafic rock in the southern Appalachians, primarily south of the Asheville Basin, North Carolina. The substrate is rocks which are typically small exfoliated (spalled) outcrops surrounded by forests or woodlands, and shrubs and trees may be rooted within an occurrence. Stands are typically strongly dominated by ~Carex biltmoreana$. Associated species can include ~Krigia montana, Houstonia longifolia (= Houstonia longifolia var. glabra), Schizachyrium scoparium, Diervilla sessilifolia, Melampyrum lineare, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Coreopsis pubescens, Coreopsis major, Dichanthelium dichotomum var. dichotomum (= var. ramulosum)$, and ~Dichanthelium acuminatum var. lindheimeri$.LVAL This alliance, found near the Great Lakes and in the southern Appalachian Mountains and northeastern United States, is composed of dry-mesic to mesic pine forests. Stands of this alliance are characterized by a moderate to complete tree canopy. The shrub layer is absent to well-developed, while the herbaceous layer is moderately to poorly developed. Understory vegetation is sparse where the canopy is closed, due to the limited amount of light and the duff buildup on the forest floor. The overstory is heavily dominated by coniferous trees, usually ~Pinus strobus$ alone but sometimes with ~Pinus resinosa$. Other canopy and subcanopy trees include ~Abies balsamea$ (in the northern part of this alliance's range), ~Acer rubrum, Betula papyrifera, Populus tremuloides$, and ~Thuja occidentalis$. The shrub layer typically contains species such as ~Acer spicatum, Corylus cornuta, Diervilla lonicera, Linnaea borealis$, and ~Vaccinium$ spp., especially ~Vaccinium myrtilloides$ and ~Vaccinium angustifolium$. The herb layer contains species adapted to the dry-mesic nature of stands of this alliance. These include ~Aralia nudicaulis, Eurybia macrophylla (= Aster macrophyllus), Gaultheria procumbens$, and ~Maianthemum canadense$. ^Stands of this alliance are found on loamy sand, sandy loam, loam, and clay loam soils which are typically moderately deep to deep (60-100 cm) except in the Driftless Area where they may be very shallow. The soils are acidic and rarely contain a significant amount of organic material. Stands of this alliance are often found on glacial till or outwash plains, although in northeastern Minnesota they occur near lakes and on lower slopes. This alliance can be found on a variety of landscapes, varying from nearly level to rolling across much of its range to steep slopes in the Driftless Area. In the southern Appalachians these forests occur below 3000 feet (900 m) elevation on upper slopes and ridgetops protected by higher landforms, or as successional forests on abandoned agricultural landLVALrNCEGL002377CMCSA.1225V.A.5.N.cSchizachyrium scoparium - Bouteloua curtipendula - Hesperostipa spartea - (Pascopyrum smithii) Herbaceous VegetationLittle Bluestem - Sideoats Grama - Porcupine Grass - (Western Wheatgrass) Herbaceous VegetationLittle Bluestem - Porcupine Grass Dry-Mesic Prairie1997-11-26GCUSDFLD. Faber-LangendoenG3?98-06-22G3ZXPM:753)#CEGL002376CMCSA.1192V.A.5.N.aAndropogon gerardii - Sporobolus heterolepis - Schizachyrium scoparium - Pascopyrum smithii Herbaceous VegetationBig Bluestem - Prairie Dropseed - Little Bluestem - Western Wheatgrass Herbaceous VegetationNorthern Plains Transition Bluestem Prairie1997-11-26GCUSDFLD. Faber-LangendoenG200-03-23G2KIA?,)'%#)CEGL002324CSCSA.253I.B.2.N.aQuercus stellata - Quercus marilandica - Carya texana - (Quercus shumardii, Quercus velutina) ForestPost Oak - Blackjack Oak - Black Hickory - (Shumard Oak, Black Oak) ForestEastern Crosstimbers Post Oak - Blackjack Oak Forest1996-04-01GCUSGrPl 4-96Great Plains ProgramG3G597-08-15G4=;3/І"CEGL002319CSCSA.215I.B.2.N.aAcer grandidentatum - Quercus muehlenbergii / Carex edwardsiana Lampasas Cutplain ForestBigtooth Maple - Chinquapin Oak / Edwards Plateau Sedge Lampasas Cutplain ForestLampasas Cutplain Bigtooth Maple Canyon Forest1997-11-26GCUSDD, mod. Bill Carr 12-98D. Diamond, mod. B. CarrG198-12-14G1B@86z" CEGL002318CMCSA.1224V.A.5.N.cSchizachyrium scoparium - Danthonia spicata - Carex pensylvanica - (Viola pedata) Herbaceous VegetationLittle Bluestem - Poverty Oatgrass - Pennsylvania Sedge - (Birdfoot Violet) Herbaceous VegetationMidwest Dry Sand Prairie1997-11-26GCUSDFLD. Faber-LangendoenG2G398-06-22G253+' #CEGL002315CMCSA.1872VII.C.3.N.bSmall Eroding Bluffs Midwestern Sparse VegetationSmall Eroding Bluffs Midwestern Sparse VegetationMidwestern Small Eroding Bluffs1997-11-26GCUSDFLD. Faber-LangendoenG?96-10-03G?ʷV%.0LVAL</31CEGL002387CMCSA.1598V.B.2.N.aImpatiens pallida - Cystopteris bulbifera - Adoxa moschatellina - (Chrysosplenium iowense, Aconitum noveboracense) Herbaceous VegetationYellow Jewelweed - Bulblet Bladderfern - Moschatel - (Iowa Golden-saxifrage, Northern Monkshood) Herbaceous VegetationAlgific Talus Slope1997-11-26GCUSDFLD. Faber-LangendoenG298-06-22G2dbZXEB@>4!#fCEGL002386CMCSA.1984V.C.2.N.aNuphar lutea ssp. advena - Nymphaea odorata Herbaceous VegetationBroadleaf Pond-lily - White Water-lily Herbaceous VegetationWater-lily Aquatic Wetland1997-11-26GCUSDFLD. Faber-LangendoenG4G596-10-03G4ĺd# CEGThis alliance includes montane grasslands dominated by ~Danthonia compressa$ often with significant cover by the dwarf-shrub ~Sibbaldiopsis tridentata$ or by ~Rhododendron calendulaceum$. Species dominance is highly variable from occurrence to occurrence and within occurrences. Associated species can include ~Carex brunnescens, Carex pensylvanica, Carex debilis, Oclemena acuminata (= Aster acuminatus), Deschampsia flexuosa, Stachys clingmanii, Solidago glomerata, Prenanthes roanensis, Smilax herbacea$, and ~Houstonia serpyllifolia$. Typical shrubs are ~Rhododendron calendulaceum, Rhododendron catawbiense, Menziesia pilosa, Pieris floribunda, Vaccinium corymbosum, Vaccinium simulatum$, and ~Rubus canadensis$. These grasslands occur on high-elevation (usually above 1500 m or 5000 feet), often south- to southwest-facing domes, ridgetops and gentle slopes. Strong winds, high rainfall, frequent fog, shallow, rocky soils, and extremes of temperature and moisture are characteristic of these environments. Grasslands in this alliance occur at the highest elevations of the southern Appalachian Mountains, often adjacent to montane shrublands or dwarfed forests dominated by ~Fagus grandifolia$ or ~Quercus rubra$.!LVAL-Z CEGL002393CSCSA.680II.C.3.N.aPinus echinata - Quercus stellata - Quercus marilandica / Schizachyrium scoparium WoodlandShortleaf Pine - Post Oak - Blackjack Oak / Little Bluestem WoodlandOzark/Ouachita Shortleaf Pine - Oak Dry Woodland1997-11-26GCUSDJAD.J. Allard, mod. D. Faber-LangendoenG2G398-12-11G253+'}# CEGL002392CMCSA.1451V.A.5.N.mCarex crinita - Osmunda spp. / Physocarpus opulifolius Seep Herbaceous VegetationFringed Sedge - Royal Fern species / Eastern Ninebark Seep Herbaceous VegetationMidwest Sand Seep1997-11-26GCUSDFLJ. Drake, mod. D. Faber-LangendoenG298-06-22G2 t# fCEGL002391CMCSA.1920V.A.6.N.qQuercus stellata - Quercus marilandica / Schizachyrium scoparium Wooded Herbaceous VegetationPost Oak - Blackjack Oak / Little Bluestem Wooded Herbaceous VegetationPost Oak Central Dry Barrens1997-11-26GCUSDFL 94M. Guetersloh, mod. D. Faber-LThis alliance, currently known from the western Great Lakes region and the Appalachian Mountains, is a dry, open grassland on acidic bedrock. In both areas it may result, in part, from clearing and pasturing of montane or boreal forests. It is dominated by herbaceous species, but shrubs and nonvascular species can be abundant. Short grasses, especially ~Danthonia spicata$ and ~Poa compressa$, are most common. ~Carex pensylvanica$ and ~Hieracium$ spp. are also typical. Nearly all shrubs are less than 2 m tall, most are less than 1 m. Common species include ~Amelanchier$ spp., ~Corylus cornuta, Juniperus communis, Rosa$ spp., ~Rhus typhina$, and ~Vaccinium$ spp. Mosses and lichens occur over much of the bedrock outcrops. Stands are found on gentle to moderate slopes over bedrock with shallow soil. Bedrock outcrops are common, and in the Great Lakes region are granite. The combination of sloping sites and thin soil lead to poor water retention and droughty conditions.LVAL This widespread alliance includes grasslands dominated or codominated by ~Bouteloua gracilis$, and is found across the Great Plains from near the United States-Mexico border to southern Canada. The bulk of this alliance occurs in the western Great Plains and southwestern United States, but one extensive and one restricted community occur in the midwestern United States. Stands are found on flat to rolling uplands such as plains, plateaus, foothills, valley bottoms, and sand sheets and dunes with a variety of soil types. Surface soils can range from sandy loam to loamy clay. Subsoils are often finer than the surface soils and may be somewhat impermeable to water. The upland position and heavy soils often result in much of the precipitation running off, and drought conditions prevail for much of the year. This trend is more pronounced in the northern part of this alliance. In the southern portions of its range, the greater temperatures and lack of precipitation allow this shortgrass alliance to occur on coarser soils. ^Vegetation within this alliance is dominated by short grasses with mid grasses present to codominant. Mid grasses are more abundant in the eastern portions of this alliance. Coverage by short grasses is moderate to almost complete. The foliage is typically 7-19 cm tall with flowering stalks reaching 45 cm. Midgrass species are usually dwarfed because of dry conditions and may not exceed 0.7 m except in especially wet years. Shrubs are very rare except in the southern parts of this alliance's range where scattered desert shrubs may occur (<10% cover). Typical codominant species are ~Buchloe dactyloides$ or ~Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii)$. Other common to codominant graminoids may include ~Aristida purpurea, Bouteloua curtipendula, Bouteloua hirsuta, Carex filifolia, Carex inops ssp. heliophila, Carex duriuscula (= Carex eleocharis), Elymus elymoides, Hesperostipa neomexicana (= Stipa neomexicana), Pascopyrum smithii, Sporobolus cryptandrus$, or ~Sporobolus airoides$. There areLVALa01CEGL002405CMCSA.261I.B.2.N.aQuercus stellata / Cinna arundinacea Flatwoods ForestPost Oak / Stout Woodreed Flatwoods ForestPost Oak Flatwoods1997-11-26GCUSDF-L 2-94, mod. DF-L 6-96J. Drake, D. Faber-Langendoen, and D. Ambrose, mod. M. Pyne and D. Faber-LangendoenG2G398-06-22G2 W" CEGL002404CMCSA.1452V.A.5.N.m(Carex interior, Carex lurida) - Carex leptalea - Parnassia grandifolia - Rhynchospora capillacea Herbaceous Vegetation(Inland Sedge, Sallow Sedge) - Little Bog Sedge - Largeleaf Grass-of-Parnassus - Limestone Beaksedge Herbaceous VegetationOzark Fen1997-11-26GCUSDF-L 94P. Nelson, mod. J. Drake, D. Faber-Langendoen, and D. Ambrose 3-94, mod. D. Faber-LangendoenG2G398-06-22G22+)'#CEGL002403CMCSA.1225V.A.5.N.cSchizachyrium scoparium - Bouteloua curtipendula - Muhlenbergia cuspidata - Symphyotrichum sericeum Alkaline Herbaceous VegetationLittle Bluestem - Sideoats Grama - Stony-hills Muhly - Silky Aster Alkaline Herbaceous VegetationNorth-central Dry Limestone - Dolomite Prairie1997-11-26GCUSDFLJ. Drake, D. Faber-Langendoen, and D. Ambrose, mod. D. Faber-LangendoenG298-06-22G2EB@>4#CEGL002402CMCSA.515II.A.4.N.aPinus echinata / Rock Outcrop Interior Highland WoodlandShortleaf Pine / Rock Outcrop Interior Highland WoodlandShortleaf Pine / Little Bluestem Woodland1997-11-26GCUSDFL/SCSD. Faber-Langendoe a variety of forbs found in stands of this alliance, although they do not contribute greatly to the total vegetation cover. Common forbs include ~Astragalus$ spp., ~Gaura coccinea, Machaeranthera pinnatifida var. pinnatifida, Opuntia polyacantha, Plantago patagonica, Psoralidium tenuiflorum, Ratibida columnifera$, and ~Sphaeralcea coccinea$.LVAL|qDCEGL002411CMCSA.227I.B.2.N.aFagus grandifolia - Acer saccharum - Liriodendron tulipifera Unglaciated ForestAmerican Beech - Sugar Maple - Tuliptree Unglaciated ForestBeech - Maple Unglaciated Forest1997-11-26GCUSDFLM. Guetersloh, mod. D. Faber-Langendoen 04-00G4?96-10-03G4 ̬q"  CEGL002410CMCSA.288I.B.2.N.dFraxinus pennsylvanica - Celtis spp. - Quercus spp. - Platanus occidentalis Bottomland ForestGreen Ash - Hackberry species - Oak species - Sycamore Bottomland ForestAsh - Oak - Sycamore Mesic Bottomland Forest1997-11-26GCUSDFLD. Faber-LangendoenG3G400-03-31GVegetation types within this short sod, temperate or subpolar grassland alliance are common and often locally abundant on the Great Plains and in the foothills of the eastern Rocky Mountains. Elevations range from 1200-2400 m (occasionally up to 3000 m). Types occur in open parks of the foothill and montane zones on flat or gentle slopes. Typically they are one of the early communities to develop on 'rock-wash' fans that exit from canyons. Additionally, types are known from mountain tops and slopes in the alpine zone. All types occur on coarse sandy and gravelly soil lacking in humus. They are dominated by ~Carex duriuscula$. ~Poa secunda$ often is a codominant in the graminoid layer. Other associated graminoids can include ~Koeleria macrantha, Poa palustris$, and ~Festuca saximontana$. Commonly occurring forbs include ~Artemisia frigida, Artemisia campestris, Cryptantha virgata, Achillea millefolium$, and ~Gaillardia aristata$, and the cacti ~Opuntia polyacantha$. ~Selaginella densa$ commonly occurs in the fern stratum, especially in the rock-wash communities. Information on adjacent communities is not available.LVALh-2CEGL002421CSCSA.345I.B.2.N.fTaxodium distichum - (Nyssa aquatica) / Forestiera acuminata - Planera aquatica ForestBald-cypress - (Water Tupelo) / Swamp Privet - Planertree ForestBald Cypress - (Water Tupelo) Swamp1997-11-26GCUSDFL, mod. RE 5-00M. Guetersloh, T. E. Vogt, mod. D. Faber-LangendoenG3G500-04-05G4;91-۸x" CEGL002420CSCSA.346I.B.2.N.fTaxodium distichum / Lemna minor ForestBald-cypress / Lesser Duckweed ForestBald-cypress Swamp1994-01-01GCUSSL, mod. SL/DFL 3-00M. Guetersloh, mod. S. Landaal and D. Faber-LangendoenG4G501-09-19G4آnI"CEGL002419CSCSA.345I.B.2.N.fNyssa aquatica ForestWater Tupelo ForestWater Tupelo Swamp Forest1997-11-26GCUSSL, mod. DFL 3-00S. Landaal, mod. D. Faber-LangendoenG4G501-09-19G4qomcJ7"CEGL002417CMCSA.625Vegetation in this alliance occurs on mesas and plains in southern Great Plains and Chihuahuan Desert and is dominated or codominated by the perennial shortgrass ~Bouteloua eriopoda$ without shrubs or dwarf-shrubs. Nearly pure stands occasionally occur on sandy mesas and may not form a sod. Usually ~Bouteloua eriopoda$ is codominant with another grass such as ~Bouteloua curtipendula, Bouteloua gracilis, Bouteloua hirsuta, Bouteloua trifida, Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii)$, or ~Hesperostipa neomexicana (= Stipa neomexicana)$. Associations in this alliance occur in a semi-arid climate with highly variable, bimodally distributed precipitation. Approximately two-thirds of the 20-40 cm mean annual precipitation occurs in the late summer and early fall, usually as localized high-intensity thunderstorms. Elevation ranges usually below 1800 m. Soils are generally sandy or stony loams. The abundance of ~Bouteloua eriopoda$-dominated grasslands has declined significantly within the last 50 years.#LVAL/z0$F CEGL002427CSCSA.286I.B.2.N.dFraxinus pennsylvanica - Ulmus americana - Celtis laevigata / Ilex decidua ForestGreen Ash - American Elm - Sugarberry / Possum-haw ForestSouthern Green Ash - Elm - Sugarberry Forest1997-11-26GCUSJEM, mod. SKR/RKP 6-97J.E. Mohan, mod. M. Guetersloh, mod. M. Pyne and D. Faber-LangendoenG4G597-08-15GGrasslands in this alliance are dominated by ~Bouteloua hirsuta$ and occur in the southern Great Plains, on foothills in the southern Rocky Mountains, on mountain slopes and mesa escarpments in the Chihuahuan Desert and on the Colorado Plateau. Sites range from gently sloping plains, valleys and mesa tops to very steep slopes in the mountains. Elevation ranges from 1450-2000 m. Stands grow on relatively cooler sites at low elevations and warmer sites at high elevations. Ground cover is variable. Soils are generally sandy, but include silty loams and are derived from calcareous limestone, siltstone, igneous (rhyolite), and/or plutonic rocks. The vegetation is characterized by a sparse to moderately dense graminoid layer (10-65% cover) dominated by short sod-forming grasses. Mid grasses and sparse scattered shrubs may be also be present. The grass layer is dominated or codominated by the shortgrass ~Bouteloua hirsuta$. Codominant grasses may include ~Bouteloua curtipendula, Bouteloua radicosa, Digitaria californica, Eragrostis intermedia$, and ~Hesperostipa neomexicana (= Stipa neomexicana)$. Forb cover is generally sparse (less than 10%). Scattered shrubs and dwarf-shrubs may be present, but make up less than 10% cover. Common shrubs include ~Prosopis glandulosa, Nolina microcarpa, Agave palmeri, Gutierrezia sarothrae$, and ~Dasylirion wheeleri$. Scattered cacti are also characteristic and often include ~Opuntia imbricata, Opuntia phaeacantha$, and ~Coryphantha$ sp.DLVAL%R$zQu100%) and a diverse flora of herbaceous and cryptogam species; 41 species is the average number per stand. ~Calamagrostis purpurascens$ is common only in stands of this alliance, where the species has a relatively high average cover of 30-50%. ~Carex scirpoidea ssp. pseudoscirpoidea (= Carex pseudoscirpoidea)$ is a common graminoid associate, and ~Minuartia obtusiloba (= Arenaria obtusiloba), Oxytropis monticola$, and ~Potentilla diversifolia var. diversifolia$ are common forb associates. A number of lichen species are often present, including ~Cornicularia aculeata, Cladonia pyxidata, Cetraria ericetorum$, and ~Cetraria islandica$. Adjacent vegetation is often ~Kobresia myosuroides$ communities.aLVALm/7`iCEGL002742CWCSA.2518V.C.2.N.aPotamogeton foliosus Herbaceous VegetationLeafy Pondweed Herbaceous VegetationMontane Floating/Submergent Palustrine Wetland2001-06-26GCUSJ. SpenceG3?01-06-26G3qM#CEGL002741CWCSA.2517VII.C.3.N.bPinus (ponderosa, jeffreyi) Sparse Vegetation(Ponderosa Pine, Jeffrey Pine) Sparse Vegetation(Ponderosa Pine, Jeffrey Pine) Altered Andesite Woodland2001-06-26GCUST. Keeler-WolfG201-06-26G2ĺR%(CEGL002Vegetation types within this short subalpine or alpine sod grasslands alliance are common to locally abundant in high-mountain meadows and clearings. They prefer rocky, especially alpine and subalpine, slopes and clearings. Elevations range from 2700-4200 m. They occur in late-melting snowpatches, mainly on eastern slopes. The habitat is subxeric to mesic, with very late-melting snow cover, cool to cold, and heavily snow-eroded in most stands. Occurrences exist on disturbed sites, typically in the center of snowpatches. Soils are very thin. pH increases with depth in most stands, and the profiles do not show much evidence of leaching. Soils have low organic matter accumulation. Vegetation types within this alliance are dominated by ~Carex ebenea$ or ~Carex haydeniana$. ~Carex ebenea$ types typically are codominant with ~Carex microptera (= Carex festivella)$. Forb species can include ~Trifolium parryi, Potentilla pulcherrima, Erigeron speciosus var. macranthus, Fragaria virginiana ssp. glauca (= Fragaria glauca), Valeriana edulis, Penstemon procerus$, and ~Pedicularis parryi$. ~Phleum alpinum$ is a common graminoid that also occurs with ~Carex ebenea$. The ~Carex haydeniana$ stands in Colorado typically occur with ~Poa arctica$ and ~Carex perglobosa$. Associated forbs in the Colorado stands include ~Sibbaldia procumbens, Geum rossii (= Acomastylis rossii), Packera crocata$, and ~Potentilla diversifolia$.LVALm7YVegetation types within this alliance occur on dry, open slopes in subalpine and alpine areas. Elevations range from 3390-3915 m. They occur on south- and east-oriented slopes on unstabilized talus with slopes ranging from 2-25%. Occurrences are typically located on rocky snowpatches between large boulders with some exposed bare soil. Soils are rocky and thin with a pH average of 5.5. Vegetation types within this alliance are classified as short alpine or subalpine sod grasslands. ~Carex perglobosa$ dominates the graminoid layer. Other constants are ~Minuartia biflora$ and ~Silene acaulis$ in the forb layer. The moss layer is insignificant, with constants ~Cladonia pyxidata$ and ~Polytrichum piliferum$.Vegetation types within this short alpine or subalpine sod grassland alliance occur on open, dry, wind-swept slopes at high elevations in the Rocky Mountains. Sites occupy gentle to moderately (3-26%) sloping upland terrain of southerly to easterly exposures at elevations ranging from 2400-4200 m. Stands are found on granitic or metaphormic colluvium. Soils are skeletal and loamy. Coarse fragments are abundant and pH varies from 5.4-6.6. They are found on well-drained sites which receive little or no snow cover. Stands on Trail Ridge, Colorado, are free of snow and frost very early; plants were observed blooming in mid-May. Most moisture is received from summer rains. ~Carex elynoides$ dominates the graminoid layer with at least 60% cover, forming an extensive turf. ~Kobresia myosuroides$ commonly occurs with ~Carex elynoides$ in the graminoid stratum. Typically the forb layer is conspicuous with at least 20% cover. Forb species include ~Geum rossii, Trifolium dasyphyllum, Arenaria fendleri, Oreoxis alpina$ (~Oreoxis bakeri$ in New Mexico stands), ~Potentilla diversifolia$, and ~Phlox caespitosa$. ~Selaginella densa$ is commonly found in the fern layer.LVAL-|Q+CEGL002769CWCSA.541II.A.4.N.aPinus jeffreyi Woodland [Placeholder]Jeffrey Pine WoodlandJeffrey Pine Woodland2001-06-26OCUST. Keeler-WolfG?01-06-26G?~|r]H#CEGL002767CWCSA.2515IV.B.3.N.aMenodora spinescens Dwarf-shrubland [Placeholder]Greenfire Dwarf-shrublandGreenfire Dwarf-shrubland2001-06-26GCUSJ. MorefieldG4?01-06-26G4nU$CEGL002766CWCSA.565II.A.4.N.dPinus ponderosa Temporarily Flooded Woodland [Provisional]Ponderosa Pine Temporarily Flooded WoodlandPonderosa Pine Riparian Woodland2001-06-26OCUSD. Charlet, M. Bagley, J. TuhyG300-05-01G3Զ]#CEGL002764CWCSA.1046III.B.3.N.bSarcobatus vermiculatus - Atriplex parryi / Distichlis spicata ShrublandBlack Greasewood - Parry's Saltbush / Saltgrass ShrublandGreasewood - Parry's Saltbush / Saltgrass Shrubland2001-06-28GCUSJ. MorefieldG?01-06-28G?٦m%CEGL002763CWCSA.1046III.B.3.N.bSarcobatus vermiculatus - Psorothamnus polydenius ShrublandBlack Greasewood - Nevada Smokebush ShrublandGreasewood - Dalea Shrubland2001-06-28GCUSJ. MorefieldG?01-06-28G?÷`%CEGL002759CWCSA.2525VIIVegetation included in this alliance occurs in the alpine fellfields in the Washington Cascades. Elevations range from 2290-2370 m. Stands are on rocky, exposed, often unstable slopes and lateral moraines. Sites are relatively dry because high winds allow little snow accumulation. Soils are shallow, poorly developed and lithic, derived from quartz diorite. The growing season is relatively short because the soil dries out late in the growing season. This vegetation has a sparse, low-growing herbaceous layer usually less than 20 cm tall that is codominated by ~Carex proposita$ and ~Lupinus lepidus$. Other associated species include ~Chamerion latifolium (= Epilobium latifolium), Antennaria alpina, Juncus parryi$, and ~Phacelia sericea$. Adjacent vegetation includes alpine turf communities in more mesic sites.7LVALCFYvCEGL002783CWCSA.2566III.B.2.N.aJamesia americana Rock Outcrop ShrublandWaxflower Rock Outcrop Shrubland2002-08-27GCUSG?02-08-27G?}{{{ywmmM%CEGL002782CWCSA.2565III.B.2.N.aArtemisia frVegetation in this alliance is found in the alpine zone of the North Cascade Range of Washington and British Columbia. Stands occur between 2200 and 2600 m elevation on all aspects of dry, well-drained slopes. The vegetation type is restricted to the eastern side of the North Cascades where a continental climate predominates. The mean annual precipitation is 60 cm with only 15 cm of the precipitation falling in the summer. Snowmelt is early, between mid-April and early May. Soils are somewhat poorly developed, due to the lack of extreme weathering. Soils are derived from pyroclastic deposits and are classified as Inceptisols. The A horizon is moderately thick (4-10 cm), has a dense mat of mainly fine roots, and is covered with a layer of graminoid litter. Soils are well-drained and have a pH between 5.2 and 6.0. The vegetation in this alliance forms extensive stands on dry, well-drained, alpine slopes on the eastern side of the North Cascade Range. Stands are characterized by a dense cover (>100%) and a diverse flora of herbaceous and cryptogam species; 35 species is the average number per stand. ~Carex scirpoidea ssp. pseudoscirpoidea (= Carex pseudoscirpoidea)$ is commonly found in other North Cascade tundra, but dominates stands in this alliance with 20-50% cover. ~Potentilla diversifolia var. diversifolia, Minuartia obtusiloba (= Arenaria obtusiloba), Carex phaeocephala$, and ~Festuca brachyphylla$ are common herbaceous associates. The bryophytes ~Tortula ruralis$ and ~Bryum weigelii$ and the lichens ~Cetraria islandica$ and ~Trapeliopsis granulosa (= Lecidea granulosa)$ are often present. ~Carex scirpoidea ssp. pseudoscirpoidea$ stands grade into ~Danthonia intermedia$ communities downslope.LVALkyx'CEGL002895CWCSA.537II.A.4.N.aPinus aristata / Vaccinium myrtillus WoodlandBristlecone Pine / Whortleberry Woodland2002-10-28GCUSGU02-10-28GUxxP#'CEGL002894CWCSA.537II.A.4.N.aPinus aristata / Juniperus communis WoodlandBristlecone Pine / Common Juniper Woodland2002-10-28GCUSGU02-10-28GUyyO#CEGL002893CWCSA.1008III.B.2.N.eSalix planifolia / Mesic Forbs Shrubland [Provisional]Planeleaf Willow / Mesic Forbs Shrubland2002-10-28OCUSG402-10-28G4[%CEGL002892CWCSA.2595V.A.5.N.mPhippsia algida HerbaceoVegetation types within this short alpine or subalpine sod grassland alliance occur on dry, open slopes near or above timberline. Elevations range from 3000-3900 m. Stands occur on wind-swept summits and ridges. Sites typically occupy flat ridgetops where there are often fell-fields or saddles. Slopes range from 1-30% with a variety of aspects (except western and southwestern). Snow accumulation is minimal due to the topography. The relatively harsh environment has resulted in minimally developed soils, which are derived primarily from colluvial parent materials of granitic and gneiss origins. The soil texture ranges from silty loam to sandy loam with considerable amounts of surface gravel. pH levels range from 4.5-6.5. ~Carex rupestris$ types are common to small soil islands and soil centers of stone nets. A vegetation type from Montana occurs on limestone fell-fields and ridges. ~Carex rupestris$ dominates the graminoid stratum with at least 50% cover. Several forbs are codominant with 25-55% cover. Forbs include ~Geum rossii, Potentilla ovina, Trifolium dasyphyllum, Zigadenus elegans, Minuartia obtusiloba (= Arenaria obtusiloba), Phlox sibirica$, and ~Minuartia biflora$. Other constant associates in the graminoid layer are ~Kobresia myosuroides, Poa glauca, Calamagrostis purpurascens, Festuca brachyphylla$, and ~Trisetum spicatum$.LVALRe']7&CEGL002909CWCSA.536II.A.4.N.aJuniperus osteosperma / Coleogyne ramosissima Woodland [Provisional]Utah Juniper / Blackbrush Woodland2002-10-28OCUPlant associations within this temperate or subpolar grassland alliance are reported from subalpine and alpine areas in Wyoming and Nevada, and possibly California. Elevations range from 2500-3900 m. Associations are found in mesic meadows, seeps, streambanks, and moist woods. Sites are well-drained, typically on gentle slopes of southeast, south, or west aspects. The water table generally is greater than 1 m below the surface. This alliance is characterized by the dominance of ~Phleum alpinum$. ~Achillea millefolium$ or ~Elymus trachycaulus$ typically codominate. Associates in the forb layer can be ~Symphyotrichum foliaceum (= Aster foliaceus), Antennaria corymbosa, Agoseris glauca$, and ~Epilobium ciliatum ssp. glandulosum (= Epilobium glandulosum)$.This is an alpine herbaceous alliance found in the alpine tundra in mountain ranges of southwestern Montana. The alliance occurs between 2800 and 3140 m elevation on all aspects of gentle- to moderate-gradient, wind-swept slopes, often on frost-patterned ground, on solifluction lobes and sorted rock polygons and circles. Soils are derived from sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rock types. Some soils, however, are derived from calcareous limestone and conglomerates. Soil texture varies from fine clay to sandy loam. The vegetation is characterized by a dense cover of graminoids, mainly ~Carex$ species, and forbs. ~Carex scirpoidea$ is the dominant sedge, with ~Carex phaeocephala$ and ~Carex albonigra$ as common associates. Common forb species include ~Potentilla diversifolia, Phlox pulvinata, Lupinus argenteus$, and ~Erigeron simplex$. Some stands have an abundant cover of ~Geum rossii$. ~Carex scirpoidea$ stands grade into alpine grasslands at lower elevations and into ~Carex elynoides$ and cushion plant communities on higher slopes with increased wind exposure.piLF&#CEGL002589CMCSA.116I.A.8. A.131CSoutheastI.A.8.N.bPINUS VIRGINIANA FOREST ALLIANCEVirginia Pine Forest Alliance!@YD.J. ALLARD/K.D. PATTERSOgfZ=   A.1309CWestV.A.5.N.gCAREX VERNACULA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCENative Sedge Herbaceous Alliance@YD. CULVERrih\<   A.1308CWestV.A.5.N.gCAREX SCIRPOIDEA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEScirpus-like Sedge Herbaceous Alliance9@YM. DAMMwpoc=   A.1307CWestV.A.5.N.gCAREX RUPESTRIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECurly Sedge Herbaceous AllianceL@YD. CULVERqhg[<   A.1306CWestV.A.5.N.gCAREX SCIRPOIDEA SSP. PSEUDOSCIRPOIDEA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWestern Single-spike Sedge Herbaceous Alliance@ YM. DAMMS   A.1305CWestV.A.5.N.gCAREX PROPOSITA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESmoky Mountain Sedge Herbaceous Alliance2@ YK. SCHULZzqpd<   A.1304CWestV.A.5.N.gCAREX PERGLOBOSA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGlobe Sedge Herbaceous Alliance@ YD. CULVERrih\=   A.1303CWestV.A.5.N.gCAREX ELYNOIDES HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBlackroot Sedge Herbaceous Alliance@ YD. CULVERulk_<   A.1302CWestV.A.5.N.gCAREX (EBENEA, HAYDENIANA) HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Ebony Sedge, Hayden's Sedge) Herbaceous Alliance@ YD. CULVERxG   A.1301CWestV.A.5.N.gCALAMAGROSTIS PURPURASCENS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPurple Reedgrass Herbaceous Alliance @ YM. DAMMxwkG   A.1300CWestV.A.5.N.gCAREX SPECTABILIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCENorthwestern Showy Sedge Herbaceous Alliance]@YD. SARR~wvj>   A.130CSoutheastI.A.8.N.bPINUS TAEDA FOREST ALLIANCELoblolly Pine Forest Alliance)YD.J. ALLARDmbaU8   A.13CLatin AmericaI.A.1.N.bBAMBUSA VULGARIS FOREST ALLIANCEBamboo Forest Alliance; Bambu Forest Alliance@YLACD~zym@    A.1299CWestV.A.5.N.gCAREX NARDINA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCENard Sedge Herbaceous AllianceX@YD. CULVERnedX:  i~A' A.1324CWestV.A.5.N.hJUNCUS DRUMMONDII HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEDrummond's Rush Herbaceous Alliance@#YD. CULVERwnma>   A.1323CWestV.A.5.N.hLEUCOPOA KINGII HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESpike Fescue Herbaceous Alliance:@"YK. SCHULZrih\<   A.1321CWestV.A.5.N.hFESTUCA BRACHYPHYLLA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEShortleaf Fescue Herbaceous Allianceb@!YM. DAMMyrqeA   A.1320CWestV.A.5.N.hCAREX PYRENAICA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPyrenean Sedge Herbaceous Alliancee@YD. CULVERtkj^<   A.132CWestI.A.8.N.bPINUS ALBICAULIS FOREST ALLIANCEWhitebark Pine Forest Alliance YK. SCHULZlcbV8   A.1319CWestV.A.5.N.hCAREX ARAPAHOENSIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEArapaho Sedge Herbaceous Alliance@YD. CULVERvml`?   A.1318CWestV.A.5.N.hAGROSTIS VARIABILIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAlpine Bentgrass Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZzqpd@   A.1316CWestV.A.5.N.hDANTHONIA PARRYI HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEParry's Oatgrass Herbaceous Alliance%@YK. SCHULZwnma=   A.1315CWestV.A.5.N.hDANTHONIA INTERMEDIA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETimber Oatgrass Herbaceous Alliance?@YK. SCHULZzqpdA   A.1314CWestV.A.5.N.hCAREX STRAMINIFORMIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMount Shasta Sedge Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZ}tsgA   A.1313CWestV.A.5.N.hFESTUCA IDAHOENSIS ALPINE HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEIdaho Fescue Alpine Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZzymF   -A.1312CEastV.A.7.N.pTRICHOPHORUM CAESPITOSUM SATURATED SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEDeerhair Bulrush Saturated Shrub Herbaceous AllianceAlpine bunchgrass meadows.YECSU   A.1311CWestV.A.5.N.gPOA ARCTICA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEArctic Bluegrass Herbaceous Alliance@YM. DAMMpih\8   A.1310CWestV.A.5.N.gPHLEUM ALPINUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMountain Timothy Herbaceous Alliance@YD. CULVERulk_;  ( tuf J CEGL003208CWCSA.146I.A.8.N.cTsug A.1335CWestV.A.5.N.iPUCCINELLIA NUTTALLIANA INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCENuttall's Alkali Grass Intermittently Flooded Herbaceous AllianceC@/YD. CULVER[   A.1334CWestV.A.5.N.iMUHLENBERGIA ASPERIFOLIA INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAlkali Muhly Intermittently Flooded Herbaceous Alliancet@.YK. SCHULZ\   A.1333CWestV.A.5.N.iFESTUCA RUBRA INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCERed Fescue Intermittently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance>@-YD. SARRQ   A.1332CWestV.A.5.N.iDISTICHLIS SPICATA INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESaltgrass Intermittently Flooded Herbaceous AllianceY@,YK. SCHULZV   A.1331CWestV.A.5.N.iSPOROBOLUS AIROIDES INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAlkali Sacaton Intermittently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@+YK. SCHULZW   A.1330CWestV.A.5.N.iPLEURAPHIS MUTICA INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETobosa Grass Intermittently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@*YK. SCHULZU   A.133CWestI.A.8.N.bPINUS MONTICOLA FOREST ALLIANCEWestern White Pine Forest Alliance@)YM.S. REID/D. SARRwfeY7   A.1329CWestV.A.5.N.iLEYMUS CINEREUS INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGreat Basin Lyme Grass Intermittently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance,(YK. SCHULZS   A.1328CMidwestV.A.5.N.iPASCOPYRUM SMITHII INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWestern Wheatgrass Intermittently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@'YGREAT PLAINS PROGRAMY   A.1327CWestV.A.5.N.hPOA LETTERMANII HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELetterman's Bluegrass Herbaceous Alliance@&YM. DAMMyrqe<   A.1326CWestV.A.5.N.hKOBRESIA MYOSUROIDES HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPacific Bog Sedge Herbaceous Alliance@%YD. CULVER|srfA   A.1325CWestV.A.5.N.hJUNCUS PARRYI HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEParry's Rush Herbaceous Alliancen@$YK. SCHULZpgfZ:   `*G1 A.1345CSoutheastV.A.5.N.jPHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECommon Reed Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@4YA.S. WEAKLEYZ   A.1344CSoutheastV.A.5.N.jPASPALUM VAGINATUM TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESeashore Crowngrass Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@4YA.S. WEAKLEYX   A.1343CSoutheastV.A.5.N.jPANICUM VIRGATUM TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESwitchgrass Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Allianceb@3YM. PYNEV   A.1342CMidwestV.A.5.N.jELEOCHARIS PALUSTRIS TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMarsh Spikerush Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@3YGREAT PLAINS PROGRAMX   A.1341CMidwestV.A.5.N.jDISTICHLIS SPICATA - (HORDEUM JUBATUM) TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESaltgrass - (Foxtail Barley) Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@2YGREAT PLAINS PROGRAMϻj   A.1340CSoutheastV.A.5.N.jCAREX TORTA TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETwisted Sedge Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@1YK.D. PATTERSONQ   A.134CWestI.A.8.N.bPINUS PONDEROSA - PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII FOREST ALLIANCEPonderosa Pine - Douglas-fir Forest Alliance@0YD. SARR{O   A.1339CSoutheastV.A.5.N.jARUNDO DONAX TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGiant Reed Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@ YA.S. WEAKLEYR   A.1338CSoutheastV.A.5.N.jANDROPOGON GLOMERATUS TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBushy Broomsedge Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@.YA.S. WEAKLEY[   A.1337CEastV.A.5.N.jANDROPOGON GERARDII - (SORGHASTRUM NUTANS) TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBig Bluestem - (Yellow Indiangrass) Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@/YECS¶k   A.1336CWestV.A.5.N.iPOA FENDLERIANA INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMuttongrass Intermittently Flooded Herbaceous AllianceYM.S. REIDS   <zWR7 A.1356CWestV.A.5.N.jPANICUM BULBOSUM TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBulb Panicgrass Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@>YK. SCHULZQ   A.1355CWestV.A.5.N.jDESCHAMPSIA CAESPITOSA TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETufted Hairgrass Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@=YD. SARRW   A.1354CWestV.A.5.N.jPASCOPYRUM SMITHII TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWestern Wheatgrass Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@<YMCS, MOD. M.S. REID/K. SCS   A.1353CWestV.A.5.N.jLEYMUS TRITICOIDES TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBeardless Lyme Grass Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@;YK. SCHULZS   A.1352CWestV.A.5.N.jJUNCUS FALCATUS TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESickle-leaf Rush Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@:YD. SARRP   A.1351CWestV.A.5.N.jAGROSTIS SCABRA TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCERough Bentgrass Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous AllianceQ@9YK. SCHULZP   A.1350CMidwestV.A.5.N.jCAREX SPP. - PLANTAGO ERIOPODA TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESedge species - Alkali Plantain Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance @7YMCSb   A.135CWestI.A.8.N.bPINUS EDULIS FOREST ALLIANCETwo-needle Pinyon Forest Alliance 8YK. SCHULZkbaU4   A.1348CMidwestV.A.5.N.jPOLYGONUM SPP. - ECHINOCHLOA SPP. TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESmartweed species - Barnyard Grass species Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance @7YGREAT PLAINS PROGRAM÷e   A.1347CMidwestV.A.5.N.jSPARTINA PECTINATA TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPrairie Cordgrass Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance 5YD.J. ALLARD 94, MOD. M.S.V   A.1346CSoutheastV.A.5.N.jSCHIZACHYRIUM SCOPARIUM TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELittle Bluestem Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliancej@4YR.K. PEET/A.S. WEAKLEY]  M Yk(` m A.1368CEastV.A.5.N.kCLADIUM MARISCOIDES SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETwig-rush Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@FYECSS   A.1367CMidwestV.A.5.N.kCAREX LACUSTRIS SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELake Sedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@ YMCSR   A.1366CSoutheastV.A.5.N.kCAREX HYALINOLEPIS SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEShoreline Sedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous AllianceH@FYA.S. WEAKLEYW   A.1364CSoutheastV.A.5.N.kARISTIDA PALUSTRIS - ANDROPOGON (CAPILLIPES, GLAUCOPSIS) - RHYNCHOSPORA SPP. SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELongleaf Three-awn - (White Bluestem, Chalky Bluestem) - Beaksedge species Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance EYA.S. WEAKLEY   A.1362CEastV.A.5.N.kPANICUM VIRGATUM SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESwitchgrass Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@DYECSP   A.1361CWestV.A.5.N.jPOA GLAUCA TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWhite Bluegrass Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous AllianceYM.S. REIDK   A.1360CWestV.A.5.N.jPHLEUM ALPINUM TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMountain Timothy Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous AllianceL@CYD. CULVERO   A.136CSoutheastI.A.8.N.cABIES FRASERI - PICEA RUBENS FOREST ALLIANCEFraser Fir - Red Spruce Forest AllianceAYK.D. PATTERSON}|pI   A.1359CWestV.A.5.N.jCAREX UNILATERALIS TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEOne-sided Sedge Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZS   A.1358CWestV.A.5.N.jHORDEUM JUBATUM TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEFoxtail Barley Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous AllianceW@?YK. SCHULZP   A.1357CWestV.A.5.N.jCAREX SAXATILIS TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCERusset Sedge Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@?YD. CULVERP  | 20zCEGL004152CSCSA.1463V.A.5.N.mAristida beyrichiana - Rhynchospora spp. - Verbesina chapman A.1376CSoutheastV.A.5.N.kJUNCUS REPENS - ELEOCHARIS MICROCARPA SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECreeping Rush - Small-fruit Spikerush Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance_@NYM. PYNE/M.J. RUSSO¶j   A.1375CSoutheastV.A.5.N.kJUNCUS EFFUSUS SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESoft Rush Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@KYA.S. WEAKLEY 5-95, MOD. AS   A.1374CWestV.A.5.N.kJUNCUS BALTICUS SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBaltic Rush Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance LYECS 96, MOD. D. CULVERO   A.1373CSoutheastV.A.5.N.kFUIRENA SCIRPOIDEA - RHYNCHOSPORA SPP. SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESouthern Umbrella-sedge - Beaksedge species Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance2@KYA.S. WEAKLEY 9-94, MOD. Aɽk   A.1372CEastV.A.5.N.kFIMBRISTYLIS CASTANEA - SCHOENOPLECTUS PUNGENS SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEChestnut Fimbry - Threesquare Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Allianceh@JYECS¿n   A.1371CWestV.A.5.N.kELEOCHARIS (MONTEVIDENSIS, PALUSTRIS, QUINQUEFLORA) SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Sand Spikerush, Marsh Spikerush, Few-flower Spikerush) Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous AllianceI@IYM. SCHINDELs   A.1370CSoutheastV.A.5.N.kDICHANTHELIUM (ERECTIFOLIUM, WRIGHTIANUM) - RHYNCHOSPORA FILIFOLIA SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Erectleaf Witchgrass, Wright's Witchgrass) - Threadleaf Beaksedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance @IYA.S. WEAKLEY    A.137CMidwestI.A.8.N.cJUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA FOREST ALLIANCEEastern Red-cedar Forest Alliance@HYD.J. ALLARDxml`?   A.1369CSoutheastV.A.5.N.kCLADIUM MARISCUS SSP. JAMAICENSE SEASONALLY FLOODED TEMPERATE HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESawgrass Seasonally Flooded Temperate Herbaceous Alliance@GYA.S. WEAKLEYo   0p0]qT5 A.1388CSoutheastV.A.5.N.kSPARGANIUM AMERICANUM SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAmerican Bur-reed Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@XYA.S. WEAKLEYZ   A.1387CMidwestV.A.5.N.kSCHOENOPLECTUS FLUVIATILIS SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCERiver Bulrush Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@SYMCS]   A.1386CSoutheastV.A.5.N.kSCIRPUS CYPERINUS SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWoolgrass Bulrush Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous AllianceWYECS, MOD. ECS/SCSV   A.1384CEastV.A.5.N.kRHYNCHOSPORA SPP. - PANICUM (RIGIDULUM, VERRUCOSUM) - RHEXIA VIRGINICA SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBeaksedge species - (Redtop Panicgrass, Warty Panicgrass) - Virginia Meadow-beauty Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous AllianceTYECS    A.1383CSoutheastV.A.5.N.kRHYNCHOSPORA (CAREYANA, INUNDATA) SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Carey's Horned Beaksedge, Narrow-fruit Horned Beaksedge) Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@SYA.S. WEAKLEYf   A.1382CWestV.A.5.N.kPOA PRATENSIS SEMI-NATURAL SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEKentucky Bluegrass Semi-natural Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@RYM.S. REID, MOD. K. SCHULZƭZ   A.1381CEastV.A.5.N.kPHALARIS ARUNDINACEA SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEReed Canary Grass Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliancex@OYMCS/ECS/SCS, MOD. M.S. RET   A.138CEastI.A.8.N.cPICEA RUBENS FOREST ALLIANCERed Spruce Forest Alliance PYD.J. ALLARD/K.D. PATTERSOt[ZN4   A.1379CSoutheastV.A.5.N.kPANICUM HEMITOMON SEASONALLY FLOODED TEMPERATE HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMaidencane Seasonally Flooded Temperate Herbaceous Alliance@OYD.J. ALLARD`   A.1377CSoutheastV.A.5.N.kLEPTOCHLOA FUSCA SSP. FASCICULARIS SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMaritime Bearded Sprangletop Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@OYA.S. WEAKLEY÷g   LVAL9This alliance includes forests dominated by ~Pinus virginiana$ and occurring in the Piedmont from Pennsylvania south to Alabama, and ranging west into the Appalachians, Ridge and Valley, the Cumberland Plateau, and in scattered locales of the Interior Low Plateau. Forests in this alliance may have admixtures of ~Pinus taeda, Pinus echinata, Pinus pungens$, and/or ~Pinus rigida$. These other species, if present, can have canopy coverage between 1 and 50%. Other associated species vary with the geographic distribution of the alliance. In many associations, a dense ericaceous shrub stratum is typical. This alliance includes both early successional forests resulting from natural or anthropogenic disturbance and natural forests in edaphically extreme situations. Typically, ~Pinus virginiana$ communities are short-lived as a forest and are more common as woodland communities [see II.C.3.N.a ~~Pinus (rigida, pungens, virginiana) - Quercus prinus$ Woodland Alliance (A.677)$$]. Associated species vary with the geographic distribution of the alliance.Vegetation types within this short alpine or subalpine sod grassland alliance can occur on open, sunny, wet places in spruce-fir or alpine zones. Elevations range 1800-4200 m. Sites can range from moderately wide (25 m), gently sloping, glaciated, snowmelt alpine basins, to moist lakeshores and solifluction terraces below snowpatches and shallow marshes in the Indian Peaks Wilderness, to wet meadows in Nevada. The soils are skeletal with low organic matter accumulation, low clay content and low available moisture. ~Carex vernacula$ dominates the graminoid layer with up to 45% cover. ~Poa fendleriana$ or ~Deschampsia caespitosa$ often codominate. ~Caltha leptosepala$ and ~Rhodiola rhodantha (= Sedum rhodanthum)$ are the only forbs of significance in the Colorado stands. ~Monolepis nuttalliana$ and ~Phlox$ sp. exhibit fair cover (18%). ~Philonotis fontana var. pumila (= Philonotis tomentella)$ dominates the moss layer in the Indian Peak Wilderness stands.LVALj :CEGL002992CWCSA.1128III.B.3.N.aPicrothamnus desertorum / Elymus elymoides Shrubland [Provisional]Bud Sagebrush / Bottlebrush Shrubland2002-04-16OCUSWestern Ecology GroupG?02-04-16G?g%CEGL002991CWCSA.2551III.B.3.N.aArtemisia papposa / Danthonia californica - Festuca idahoensis ShrublandOwyhee Sagebrush / California Oatgrass - Idaho Fescue Shrubland2002-04-16GCUSG?02-04-16G?ļm%CEGL002990CWCSA.2550III.A.4.N.aArtemisia tridentata ssp. spiciformis / Carex geyeri ShrublandSpiked Big Sagebrush / Geyer's Sedge Shrubland2002-04-15GCUSWestern Ecology GroupG?02-04-15G?c%CEGL002989CWCSA.2550III.A.4.N.aArtemisia tridentaVegetation in this alliance occurs in the alpine tundra in the mountains of Colorado. The climate regime is continental, with long, cold winters and short summers with frequent afternoon thunderstorms. Strong westerly winds are common in the winter and spring and distribute snow on the leeward side of the mountains. Large areas of late-lying snowpatches are located on the eastern slope. Stands are found in the upper alpine zone between 3430-3670 m elevation on northwest- to southeast-facing ridges. Stands occur on unstable, moving soils and scree where snow accumulates in the winter and melts relatively late in the summer. Soils are young and poorly developed due to low soil temperature, low soil moisture during the summer, and a short growing season. Soils are classified as Entisols (Cryorthents). The soil profile has one or two thin horizons. The average surface pH is 5.4, slightly acidic possibly due to leaching from late-lying snow. The majority of the ground surface is covered with rock. ~Poa arctica$ is the dominant species in the herbaceous canopy. ~Oxyria digyna, Geum rossii, Polygonum viviparum, Trifolium dasyphyllum, Trifolium parryi$, and ~Festuca brachyphylla$ are common associates. ~Polytrichastrum alpinum$ is the only common moss in the nonvascular plant layer.LVALQspQ$zQ\spQ$zQspQ$zQspQ$zQXspQ$zQspQ$zQspQ$zQTspQ$zQspQThis alpine grassland alliance occurs in the Olympic and Cascade mountains in Washington and Oregon, and the Rocky Mountains in Montana and Colorado. Stands are found on undulating alpine meadows, subalpine parks and on ridges. Sites may be nearly level to steep slopes and typically occur on the warmer and drier southern to western aspects. Soils are well-drained, coarse-textured and are generally deep but may be shallow and rocky. Substrates are derived from colluvium and residuum from sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by a moderate to dense cover of graminoids dominated by ~Festuca idahoensis$. Codominant species may include ~Delphinium glareosum, Phlox diffusa ssp. longistylis$, and ~Carex scirpoidea$. The forb layer is often diverse. Other characteristic species include ~Arenaria capillaris, Campanula rotundifolia, Eriophyllum lanatum, Lathyrus nevadensis, Lupinus arcticus ssp. subalpinus (= Lupinus latifolius var. subalpinus), Polygonum bistortoides, Phlox hoodii$, and ~Geum triflorum$. Occasional trees may be scattered in these stands such as individuals of ~Abies lasiocarpa$. Diagnostic of this alliance is the ~Festuca idahoensis$-dominated herbaceous layer that occurs in the alpine and upper subalpine zonesqLVAL}os fCEGL003012CWCSA.814III.A.4.N.aArtemisia californica - Salvia mellifera Shrubland [Placeholder]Coast Sagebrush - Black Sage Shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG2?97-12-01G2d$CEGL003011CWCSA.813III.A.4.N.aArtemisia californica - Eriogonum fasciculatum Shrubland Stands included in this herbaceous alliance have been reported from subalpine meadows in the Sierra Nevada near Lake Tahoe at elevations from 2330-2850 m, but may occur at subalpine and montane elevations in the northwestern U.S. and the central Rocky Mountains. Climate is temperate with cool summers and cold winters with typically below freezing temperatures and deep snow. Mean annual precipitation is about 82 cm with dry summers. Stands occur on gently sloping sites on eastern aspects where snow accumulation is less and duration is moderate. Sites are relatively xeric, well-drained slopes with the water table well below 1 m from the surface. Total vegetation cover is sparse to up to 80% depending on the level of disturbance. Stands are dominated by ~Carex straminiformis$. Other characteristic perennial graminoids include ~Elymus elymoides, Festuca viridula, Poa cusickii ssp. cusickii (= Poa hansenii), Achnatherum nelsonii (= Stipa nelsonii), Achnatherum lettermanii (= Stipa lettermanii)$, and ~Trisetum spicatum$. Perennial forbs, such as ~Agoseris glauca var. monticola, Antennaria rosea, Lupinus sellulus var. lobbii$, and ~Polygonum douglasii ssp. douglasii$, are relatively sparse. Annual forbs are seasonally present especially on sites disturbed by small mammals. Species include ~Draba albertina, Cistanthe umbellata var. umbellata (= Calyptridium umbellatum), Gayophytum diffusum ssp. parviflorum, Linanthus harknessii, Mimulus leptaleus$, and ~Polygonum douglasii ssp. douglasii$. Adjacent vegetation includes open forest stands of ~Pinus contorta var. murrayana, Pinus albicaulis, Pinus monticola, Tsuga mertensiana$, and ~Abies magnifica$.LVAL)RCHCEGL003033CWCSA.741III.A.2.N.bCeanothus thyrsiflorus Shrubland [Placeholder]Blueblossom Shrubland1997-11-26OCUSG4?97-12-01G4xuuusqggR$CEGL003032CWCSA.771III.A.2.N.cCeanothus oliganthus Shrubland [Placeholder]Hairyleaf Ceanothus Shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG3?97-12-01G3~{{{ywmmP$CEGL003031CWCSA.770III.A.2.N.cCeanothus megacarpus Shrubland [Placeholder]Bigpod Ceanothus Shrubland1997-11-26OCUSG3?97-12-01G3{xxxvtjjP$CEGL003030CWCSA.770III.A.2.N.cCeanothus megacarpus - Rhamnus ilicifolia Shrubland [Provisional]Bigpod Ceanothus - Hollyleaf Redberry Shrubland1997-11-26OCUSG3?97-12-01G3e$CEGL003029CWCSA.770III.A.2.N.cCeanothus megacarpus - Cercocarpus montanus var. glaber Shrubland [Provisional]Bigpod CeanThis alliance occurs in subalpine and lower alpine meadows in the mountains and plateaus of Colorado, Utah and Washington. Stands are found on a variety of somewhat mesic sites: gentle to steep slopes, benches, dry to wet meadows, and along streams. Soils are shallow and well-drained. Vegetation in this alliance is characterized by a moderately sparse to moderately dense herbaceous layer that is dominated by ~Danthonia intermedia$. Total vegetation cover is controlled by the amount of rock cover. Associated graminoids include ~Agrostis variabilis, Carex engelmannii, Carex microptera, Carex scirpoidea, Festuca brachyphylla, Juncus drummondii, Trisetum spicatum$, and ~Poa$ spp. Forb cover codominates the herbaceous layer, with species such as ~Achillea millefolium, Symphyotrichum foliaceum (= Aster foliaceus), Erigeron simplex, Erigeron ursinus$, or ~Solidago multiradiata$ often abundant. The ground surface is often covered with nonvascular plants that form a cryptogamic crust. Diagnostic of the herbaceous alliance is the dominance of the bunchgrass ~Danthonia intermedia$.LVAL J'CEGL003053CWCSA.901III.B.2.N.aHolodiscus discolor Shrubland [Placeholder]Hillside Oceanspray Shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG4?97-12-01G4}zzzxvllO$CEGL003052CWCSA.1539V.A.7.N.hPleuraphis rigida Shrub Herbaceous Vegetation [Placeholder]Big Galleta Shrub Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG3G497-12-01G3^#CEGL003051CWCSA.1246V.A.5.N.dPleuraphis rigida Herbaceous Vegetation [Placeholder]Big Galleta Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG3G497-12-01G3yyX# CEGL003050CWCSA.1371V.A.5.N.kEleocharis (montevidensis, palustris, quinqueflorThese grasslands are found in small but re-occurring montane parks in the ~Pinus ponderosa$ forests of the northern Front Range of Colorado and in Wyoming. Elevations range from 2450-3000 m. Sites are moderately sloping (10-20%), with southern and western aspects. Soils are shallow to moderately deep (>60 cm) usually with less than 20% coarse fragments. Soil texture is sandy loam and pH 6.4-6.6. Parent material is alluvium and colluvium derived from gneiss and schist. These dry grasslands form a mosaic with the ~Pinus ponderosa$ forest. They have a moderately dense (60-70% cover) herbaceous layer that is dominated by the perennial bunchgrass ~Danthonia parryi$. Other frequent graminoids are ~Carex inops ssp. heliophila, Muhlenbergia montana, Festuca arizonica, Koeleria macrantha, Poa secunda$, and ~Poa fendleriana$. Forbs are diverse but contribute little cover (usually less than 10%) and include ~Antennaria rosea, Eriogonum umbellatum, Gaillardia aristata, Gentiana$ spp., ~Mertensia lanceolata, Penstemon$ spp., and ~Potentilla hippiana$. The dwarf-shrub ~Artemisia frigida$ is often scattered through these stands. At higher elevations these grasslands occur in an ecotone with ~Pinus contorta$ forests, and at lower elevations mountain shrub and other dry grassland communities are common neighbors.LVALe'MJCEGL003073CWCSA.518II.A.4.N.aPinus longaeva - Pinus flexilis Woodland [Placeholder]Intermountain Bristlecone Pine - Limber Pine Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG400-09-20G4Y#CEGL003072CWCSA.514II.A.4.N.aPinus coulteri Woodland [Placeholder]Coulter Pine Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG3?97-12-01G3xvnkkkig]]H#CEGL003071CWCSA.513II.A.4.N.aPinus coulteri - Quercus chrysolepis Woodland [Placeholder]Coulter Pine - Canyon Live Oak Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG3?97-12-01G3^#CEGL003070CWCSA.512II.A.4.N.aPinus contorta var. murrayana / Sparse Understory WoodlandSierran Lodgepole Pine / Sparse Understory WoodlaGrasslands included in this alliance have been described from subalpine meadows in southern Utah, but may occur in subalpine and alpine meadows across the western U.S. and southwestern Canada. Stands are located on gentle slopes on any aspect, midway between temporarily flooded basins and rock outcrops, and may also occur on other somewhat mesic sites such as below talus slopes and along streams. The vegetation is a mixture of graminoids and diverse forbs. ~Agrostis variabilis$, a cool-season bunchgrass, is the dominant and diagnostic species. Other associated graminoids include ~Carex engelmannii, Festuca brachyphylla, Blepharoneuron tricholepis$, and ~Poa$ spp. Forbs actually dominate the herbaceous layer, but none are diagnostic in this alliance. The most common native perennial forbs are ~Achillea millefolium, Penstemon procerus, Cerastium beeringianum, Lupinus lepidus, Erigeron flagellaris, Antennaria parvifolia$, and ~Veronica serpyllifolia$. Annual forbs may also be common. The ground surface has significant cover of nonvascular plants such as lichens, liverworts, and mosses forming a cryptogamic crust. Diagnostic of this high elevation meadow is the dominance of ~Agrostis variabilis$ in a mixed graminoid/forb herbaceous layer.LVALS?\ dCEGL003096CWCSA.618II.B.2.N.aQuercus lobata Woodland [Placeholder]Valley Oak WoodlandValley Oak Woodland1997-11-26GCUSM.S. Reid, modVegetation within this alliance occurs on cliff crevices, ledges, open slopes, and meadows above timberline. Elevations range from 3000-3600 m. Communities occur on sites with heavy snow accumulations, typically on north-, northeast-, or east-facing slopes that range in slope from 2-36%. ~Carex pyrenaica$ requires the longest snow cover; therefore, occurrences are located next to places where snow lasts the longest. Soils are poorly developed, with thin A horizons. Average pH is 5.9 for stands in the Front Range of Colorado. Vegetation types within this alliance are classified as short alpine or subalpine dry bunch grasslands. ~Carex pyrenaica$ dominates the herbaceous layer with ~Erigeron melanocephalus$. Other constants are ~Juncus drummondii$ and ~Antennaria alpina$. ~Polytrichum piliferum$ is a constant in the moss layer as well as ~Pohlia obtusifolia$.Vegetation types within this alliance are infrequent and are found above timberline in the southern Rocky Mountains. Occurrences are on stabilized, small to medium-sized scree habitats in the alpine zone (3000-3900 m). They typically occur on east-oriented, gently sloping (2-20%) sites. The snow cover lasts well into the summer, providing mesic and cool habitats. Soils are skeletal, thin, typically with rock outcrops. Organic matter content is low. Clay content is high with fine-sized particles. Vegetation types within this alliance are classified as short alpine or subalpine dry bunch grasslands. They are dominated by ~Carex arapahoensis$ that typically shares dominance with ~Minuartia biflora$. Other graminoids can include ~Trisetum spicatum$ and ~Festuca brachyphylla$. The nonvascular stratum is usually present and includes ~Cladonia pyxidata$ and ~Polytrichum piliferum$. Information on adjacent communities is not available.3LVAL?l? yThis subalpine forest alliance occurs locally in the mountains of the interior northwestern U.S. and adjacent southwestern Canada from the central and northern Rocky Mountains to the Sierra Nevada, Klamath and Cascades mountains. Elevations range from 2000-3200 m depending on latitude and geography. Landforms include ridgetops, mountain slopes, glacial trough walls and moraines, land- and rockslides, and cirque headwalls and basins. Sites may be nearly level to steep sloping, on all aspects. Subalpine stands typically occur where disturbance such as avalanche or fire has temporarily reduced more shade-tolerant tree species, whereas at treeline are found in mesic, protected pockets away from the extremely harsh environmental conditions. Substrates are generally lithic, well-drained, coarse-textured soils such as shallow, gravelly sands or loams derived from colluvium, glacial till and residuum. These forests are characterized by a coniferous tree canopy, 10-20 m tall, that is dominated or codominated by ~Pinus albicaulis$. Other tree associates, if present, vary by geography and elevation zones. Species include ~Picea engelmannii$ and ~Abies lasiocarpa$ in more mesic stands,~Pinus contorta$ and ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ in the lower subalpine, ~Tsuga mertensiana$ in the Cascades, and ~Pinus flexilis$ in southern stands. A sparse shrub layer may be present consisting of juvenile trees and other woody species such as ~Juniperus communis, Ribes montigenum, Shepherdia canadensis, Symphoricarpos oreophilus$, and ~Vaccinium scoparium$. The herbaceous layer is typically sparse, but ranges from nearly absent to a moderately dense cover of graminoids with scattered forbs. Characteristic species include ~Achillea millefolium, Antennaria microphylla, Arnica$ spp., ~Carex geyeri, Carex rossii, Festuca idahoensis, Poa nervosa, Potentilla diversifolia$, and ~Solidago multiradiata$. Diagnostic of this alliance is a dense tree canopy dominated by ~Pinus albicaulis$.LVAL(kAj%CEGL003137CWCSA.535II.A.4.N.aJuniperus occidentalis var. australis / Holodiscus discolor WoodlandSierran Juniper / Hillside Oceanspray Woodland2003-02-24GCUSTK-W 2-03T. Keeler-WolfG?03-02-24G?ļg#%CEGL003136CWCSA.535II.A.4.N.aJuniperus occidentalis var. australis / Sparse Understory WoodlandSierran Juniper / Sparse Understory Woodland2003-02-24GCUSTK-W 2-03T. Keeler-WolfG?03-02-24G?e#!CEGL003135CWCSA.531II.A.4.N.aPinus albicaulis / Carex rossii WoodlandWhitebark Pine / Ross' Sedge Woodland2003-02-24GCUSTK-W 2-03T. Keeler-WolfG3?03-02-24G3~|zppK#!CEGL003134CWCSA.531II.A.4.N.aPinus albicaulis / Penstemon davidsonii WoodlandWhitebark Pine / Timberline Beardtongue Woodland2003-02-24GCUSTK-W 2-03T. Keeler-WolfG3G4?03-02-24*S#!CEGL003133CWCSA.531II.A.4.N.aPinus albicaulis / Carex filifolia WoodlandWhitebark Pine / Threadleaf Sedge Woodland2003-02-24GCUSTK-W 2-03T. Keeler-WolfG3G4?03-02-24*xxN#!CEGL003132CWCSA.531IIVegetation in this alliance occurs in subalpine meadows and the alpine tundra in the central and southern Rocky Mountains. The climate regime is continental, with long, cold winters and short summers with frequent afternoon thunderstorms. The majority of precipitation falls as snow in the winter and rain during late-summer thunderstorms. Stands are found above 2430 m in Idaho and 2980 m farther south in Utah on all aspects of gentle to moderate-gradient slopes. Stands are located on soils derived from sedimentary (sandstone) and igneous (basalt and granite) parent materials. ~Festuca brachyphylla$ is the dominant species in the herbaceous canopy. ~Trisetum spicatum$ is the most common associate. Other associated species include ~Artemisia scopulorum, Geum rossii, Lupinus lepidus, Lupinus sericeus, Polygonum bistortoides$, and ~Pseudocymopterus montanus$.LVAL.r-CEGL003153CWCSA.543II.A.4.N.aPinus monophylla / Ribes velutinum Woodland [Provisional]Singleleaf Pinyon / Desert Gooseberry Woodland2003-02-24OCUSTK-W 2-03T. Keeler-WolfG?03-02-24G?\#-CEGL003152CWCSA.543II.A.4.N.aPinus monophylla / Cercocarpus ledifolius / Artemisia tridentata - Purshia tridentata Woodland [Provisional]Singleleaf Pinyon / Curl-leaf Mountain-mahogany / Basin Big Sagebrush - Bitterbrush Woodland2003-02-24OCUSTK-W 2-03T. Keeler-WolfG?03-02-24G?#This alpine grassland alliance occurs in the central Rocky Mountains of southwestern Montana and adjacent Bitterroot Range in east-central Idaho. Elevations range from 2900-3600 m. Stands are found in parks in the upper subalpine zone and undulating alpine meadows and turf. Sparse stands dominated by ~Leucopoa kingii (= Festuca kingii)$ may occur on the rocky transition zones with fell-fields. Sites are dry, with nearly level to steep slopes. Aspect is typically on the warmer, drier southeastern to western slopes, but can include north-facing slopes. Sites generally have only moderate wind exposure. Soils are shallow to moderately deep, gravelly, well-drained and often with rock outcrops. The vegetation is characterized by a moderate to dense herbaceous layer dominated by ~Leucopoa kingii$. ~Carex elynoides$ is codominant in some stands. Other characteristic species include ~Agoseris glauca, Cymopterus nivalis (= Cymopterus bipinnatus), Oxytropis campestris, Phlox pulvinata, Poa fendleriana ssp. fendleriana, Poa secunda$, and ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$. Mosses and lichens have low cover. Shrubs and dwarf-shrubs may include scattered ~Artemisia frigida, Artemisia tridentata$, and ~Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus$ at lower elevations. Diagnostic of this alliance is the dominance of ~Leucopoa kingii$ in the herbaceous layer.LVAL'.P;$CEGL003170CWCSA.977III.B.2.N.dSalix lasiolepis / Rubus spp. ForestArroyo Willow / Blackberry species Forest2003-03-06GCUSTK-W 3-03T. Keeler-WolfG403-03-06G4}{qqH$CEGL003169CWCSA.589II.A.5.N.aQuercus agrifolia / Toxicodendron diversilobum - (Corylus cornuta) ForestCoast Live Oak / Pacific Poison-oak - (Beaked Hazelnut) Forest2003-03-06GCUSTK-W 3-03T. Keeler-WolfG403-03-06G4l#CEGL003168CWCSA.108I.A.8.N.aPseudotsuga menziesii / UmbellulariPlant associations within this alliance are found at upper elevations in the Rocky Mountains. Elevations range from 2520-3420 m. In alpine areas they occur on solifluction terraces where soil moisture is abundant. In the lower elevations associations are found in meadows, wooded slopes, and adjacent to streams. The ~Juncus drummondii$ association was found on rocky, inclined (2-10% slope), southeast-oriented sites which are subxeric to mesic. Snow cover typically occurs for 8.5-9.5 months. The parent material in the Front Range is metamorphic. Soils are skeletal with coarse fragments. Average pH is acidic, 4.9. The soil becomes dry and hard by fall if no summer precipitation occurs. Plant associations within this alliance are classified as short alpine or subalpine, dry bunch grasslands. ~Juncus drummondii$ dominates the graminoid stratum. Other graminoids typically include ~Carex nigricans, Carex pyrenaica$ in the alpine stands, or ~Hordeum brachyantherum, Deschampsia caespitosa$, and ~Muhlenbergia richardsonis$ in the lower elevations. The forb layer typically is codominant and can include ~Antennaria lanata, Erigeron melanocephalus, Caltha leptosepala, Sibbaldia procumbens, Antennaria alpina$, and ~Epilobium anagallidifolium$. Typical forbs from lower elevations include ~Iris missouriensis$ and ~Machaeranthera bigelovii (= Aster rubrotinctus)$. ~Polytrichum piliferum$ can dominate the moss layer in the more xeric stands. Adjacent community information was not available.LVALm~HhCEGL003197CWCSA.836III.A.4.N.aBaccharis pilularis - Toxicodendron diversilobum ShrublandCoyotebrush - Pacific Poison-oak Shrubland2003-03-06GCUSTK-W 3-03T. Keeler-WolfG503-03-06G5^$CEGL003196CWCSA.836III.A.4.N.aBaccharis pilularis - Rubus ursinus / Weedy Herbs ShrublandCoyotebrush - California Blackberry / Weedy Herbs Shrubland2003-03-06GCUSTK-W 3-03T. Keeler-WolfG503-03-06G5_$CEGL003195CWCSA.836III.A.4.N.aBaccharis pilularis / Polystichum munitum ShrublandCoyotebrush / Pineland Sword Fern Shrubland2003-03-06GCUSTK-W 3-03T. Keeler-WolfG303-03-06G3W$CEGL003194CWCSA.836III.A.4.N.aBaccharis pilularis / Nassella pulchra ShrublandCoyotebrush / Purple Needlegrass Shrubland2003This alliance includes an alpine snowbed community that was described from the Rocky Mountains of southwestern Montana. Elevations range from 2900-3000 m. Stands were common near the base of gentle alpine slopes where deep snow accumulates in the winter. Sites are flat to gently sloping often with southern aspects on the lee slide of knolls or ridges away from the prevailing southwest and west wind. The growing season is short because the deep snow cover often lasts to midsummer resulting in cold wet soils. Soils are shallow, poorly developed clays with the soil surface having high cover of gravel and bare ground (50%). Vegetation in this alliance has a moderately dense herbaceous layer codominated by the perennial graminoid ~Juncus parryi$ and the perennial forb ~Erigeron ursinus$. Common associates include the perennial grasses ~Festuca idahoensis$ and ~Poa glauca$, and the forbs ~Erigeron peregrinus, Erigeron simplex, Antennaria umbrinella$, and ~Lewisia pygmaea$. There is also sparse moss and lichen cover. Adjacent vegetation is typically grasslands dominated by ~Festuca idahoensis$ and ~Potentilla diversifolia$.LVAL"gXwfX CEGL003241CWCSA.145I.A.8.N.cTsuga heterophylla - Chamaecyparis nootkatensis / Vaccinium ovalifolium - Oplopanax horridus ForestWestern Hemlock - Alaska Yellow-cedar / Oval-leaf Blueberry - Devil's-club Forest1997-11-26GCUSK. BoggsG300-12-01G3օ"CEGL003240CWCSA.185I.A.8.N.fTsuga heterophylla - Chamaecyparis nootkatensis / Vaccinium ovalifolium / Lysichiton americanus ForestWestern Hemlock - Alaska Yellow-cedar / Oval-leaf BlThis alliance may be found in many subalpine, alpine, and arctic regions of the Holarctic, commonly encountered on wind-swept ridges below exposed ridgetops in the subalpine and alpine in the Rocky Mountains, Sierra Nevada, and Cascades. This alliance also includes uncommon communities that are found in rich fens in Colorado and calcareous fens in California. Soils are moderately deep, well-drained, with high organic matter content. Soil texture is often silt loam to sandy loam with coarse fragments. Fen soils are saturated due to a high water table. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by moderately dense to dense herbaceous canopy that is dominated by the cespitose perennial graminoid ~Kobresia myosuroides$. Several forbs are typically codominant; they include ~Geum rossii, Trifolium dasyphyllum, Trifolium nanum, Polygonum viviparum$, and ~Thalictrum alpinum$. Other graminoids can include ~Carex rupestris var. drummondiana, Deschampsia caespitosa, Poa glauca ssp. rupicola (= Poa rupicola)$, and ~Carex elynoides$. Other local codominants include ~Salix brachycarpa, Trichophorum pumilum (= Scirpus rollandii), Draba lonchocarpa var. lonchocarpa (= Draba nivalis var. elongata)$ in the California fen; ~Carex scirpoidea, Salix nivalis, Oxytropis campestris, Minuartia obtusiloba (= Arenaria obtusiloba)$, and ~Solidago multiradiata$ in the North Cascades; and ~Thalictrum alpinum$ and ~Juncus arcticus$ in the Colorado fens. Cryptogam cover is important is some stands.LVALkL)QCEGL003260CWCSA.139I.A.8.N.cPicea sitchensis / Oplopanax horridus / Circaea alpina ForestSitka Spruce / Devil's-club / Alpine Enchanter's-nightshade Forest1997-11-26GCUSK. BoggsG100-12-01G1_"CEGL003259CWCSA.139I.A.8.N.cPicea sitchensis / Oplopanax horridus / Dryopteris campyloptera ForestSitka Spruce / Devil's-club / Mountain Woodfern Forest1997-11-26GCUSG595-11-15G5h"CEGL003258CWCSA.169I.A.8.N.ePicea sitchensis / Oplopanax horridus Temporarily Flooded ForestSitka Spruce / Devil's-club Temporarily Flooded Forest1997-11-26GCUSG595-11-15G5b"CEGL003257CWCSA.182I.A.8.N.fPicea sitchensis / Oplopanax horridus / Lysichiton americanus Vegetation in this alliance occurs in the alpine tundra in the Colorado Front Range. The climate regime is continental, with long, cold winters and short summers with frequent afternoon thunderstorms. Strong westerly winds are common in the winter. Stands are primarily located on high-elevation peaks (>3900 m), but occur down to 3500 m on these peaks as well. Stands are found on northwest- and southwest-facing slopes that are snow-covered in winter. Stands occur on cold, moist microsites on wet rocks and gravel that receive a temporary supply of water during the growing season. Soils are young and poorly developed due to low soil temperature, low soil moisture during the summer, and a short growing season. Soils are classified as Entisols (Cryorthents). The soil profile has only one thin horizon. The vegetation in the alliance occurs on wet rocks and gravel and is dominated by mosses. Several moss species are abundant, including ~Polytrichastrum alpinum, Polytrichum piliferum$, and ~Didymodon vinealis var. brachyphyllus (= Barbula brachyphyllus)$. The lichens ~Cladonia pyxidata$ and ~Stereocaulon alpinum$ are common associates. The herbaceous canopy is species-poor; ~Poa lettermanii$ dominates and ~Stellaria umbellata$ is constant.ELVALQ1#>]|CEGL003280CWCSA.690II.C.3.N.bPicea sitchensis - Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa / Orthilia secunda WoodlandSitka Spruce - Black Cottonwood / Sidebells Woodland1997-11-26GCUSK. BoggsG300-12-01G3v#CEGL003278CWCSA.430I.C.3.N.bPicea sitchensis - Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa / Oplopanax horridus ForestSitka Spruce - Black Cottonwood / Devil's-club Forest1997-11-26GCUSK. BoggsG300-12-01G3u"CEGL003277CWCThis alliance, found in the southern Great Plains, occurs on the edges of playa lakebeds. This description is strongly based on the part of the alliance found in the Midwest. Perennial graminoids and forbs under 1 m tall dominate this alliance. ~Pascopyrum smithii$ is the most abundant and consistent throughout the range of this alliance, though in some places ~Agrostis hyemalis, Elymus virginicus$, and ~Hordeum jubatum$ may be abundant. ~Buchloe dactyloides$ is often common in grazed sites. Early-season ephemeral annuals, such as ~Alopecurus carolinianus, Elatine rubella, Myosurus minimus$, and ~Veronica peregrina$, are ubiquitous, and ~Limosella aquatica$ and ~Plagiobothrys scouleri$ may be common. Perennial forbs are conspicuous in some places, including ~Ambrosia$ spp., ~Phyla cuneifolia (= Lippia cuneifolia), Oenothera canescens$, and ~Vernonia fasciculata$. Stands of this alliance often occur at the margin of playa and pond marsh communities and grade into upland tallgrass and mixedgrass prairie. The extent and species composition of stands vary with water levels from year to year. Species diversity is low to moderate. ^Stands of this alliance occur on nearly level ground and in very shallow depression in uplands. Soils are somewhat poorly drained, silty clay loams underlain by a clay pan. They are usually formed from loess. These areas may be temporarily flooded in winter and early spring but are usually dry by early summer.LVALmY|!CEGL003300CWCSA.1543V.A.7.N.hAchnatherum hymenoides Shrub Herbaceous Vegetation [Placeholder]Indian Ricegrass Shrub Herbaceous Vegetation2003-01-07OCUSG?03-01-07G?This grassland alliance occurs throughout much of the Great Basin and Columbia River Basin. Elevations range from 1400-3000 m. Climate is semi-arid, temperate and continental. Sites are nearly level to gently sloping occurring on all aspects. Stands are restricted to intermittently flooded habitats such as playas, intermittent streams and dry washes. Flooding is not predictable to a given season and is dependent upon localized rainstorms. Some stands within this alliance are apparently restricted to permanently saturated soils, and saline or alkaline soils with a shallow water table are typical of most stands. Soils are typically moderately deep silts and clays, and the soil surface often has high cover of bare ground. Vegetation is characterized by a sparse to dense herbaceous layer dominated by tall and medium-tall graminoids (<1.5 m tall). The tall bunchgrass ~Leymus cinereus$ is the sole or dominant grass. Other graminoids may include ~Distichlis spicata, Pascopyrum smithii, Carex praegracilis, Elymus elymoides, Hordeum jubatum, Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Pseudoroegneria spicata, Poa secunda, Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$, or ~Achnatherum thurberianum (= Stipa thurberiana)$. There is often sparse to moderate cover of perennial forbs such as ~Achillea millefolium, Crepis runcinata$, and ~Potentilla gracilis var. fastigiata (= Potentilla gracilis var. nuttallii)$. The emergent shrub ~Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus)$ may be scattered within the stand. ~Claytonia perfoliata (= Montia perfoliata)$ and ~Suaeda$ sp. are common native annual forbs, but exotics typically make up the majority of annuals present. Diagnostic of this alliance is the medium-tall grassland dominated by ~Leymus cinereus$ that is restricted to lowland sites that are flooded intermittently.LVAL 66n7 h3CEGL003324CWCSA.0Bidens cernua Herbaceous VegetationNodding Burr-Marigold Herbaceous Vegetation2002-10-01OCUSG302-10-01G3}usssqoee:ϞCEGL003323CWCSA.2598V.C.2.N.aSparganium eurycarpum Herbaceous VegetationGiant Bur-reed Herbaceous Vegetation2002-10-01OCUSG402-10-01G4~|rrN#CEGL003322CWCSA.2619V.A.5.N.lScirpus microcarpus Herbaceous VegetationRed-tinge Bulrush Herbaceous Vegetation2002-10-01GCUSG402-10-01G4}ssL#CEGL003321CWCSA.0Sagittaria latifolia Herbaceous VegetationBroadleaf Arrowhead Herbaceous Vegetation2002-10-01OCUSG302-10-01G3zxxxvtjjAϞCEGL003320CWCSA.0Paspalum distichum Herbaceous VegetationJoint Crowngrass Herbaceous Vegetation2002-10-01OCUSG302-10-01G3}usssqoee?ϞCEGL003319CWCSA.0Oenanthe sarmentosa Herbaceous VegetationPacific Water-Dropwort Herbaceous Vegetation2002-10-01OCUSG402-10-01G4|zzzxvll@ϞCEGL003318CWCSA.0Lysichiton americanus Herbaceous VegThis is a mid-seral evergreen coniferous forest that once was a major forest component in the mid elevations of the northern Rocky Mountains of Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington and British Columbia. Timber harvesting, the impact of the exotic pathogen blister rust, and successional stand development with fire suppression have reduced this type to less than 5% of its historic range. The forest canopy is dominated by ~Pinus monticola$ with a wide variety of co-occurring/codominant trees such as ~Pseudotsuga menziesii, Abies grandis$, and ~Larix occidentalis$. The understory can be a mixture of deciduous shrubs, such as ~Acer glabrum$, and/or mesic site forbs ~Aralia nudicaulis, Asarum caudatum$, and ~Clintonia uniflora$. The impact of management activities to select blister rust-resistant trees on this natural forest community cannot be evaluated. There are few viable occurrences of this once common forest type remaining, and there is a long-term threat of the future extinction of this community.LVALm14CEGL003344CWCSA.0Rosa nutkana / Deschampsia caespitosa ShrublandNootka Rose / Tufted Hairgrass Shrubland2002-10-28OCUSG202-10-28G2~|||zxnnFϞCEGL003343CWCSA.0Isoetes nuttallii Herbaceous VegetationNuttall's Quillwort Herbaceous Vegetation2002-10-28OCUSG302-10-28G3wuuusqgg>ϞCEGL003342CWCSA.2608III.A.2.N.cPrunus ilicifoliThis desert alliance occurs in intermittently flooded depressions and floodplains in western Texas, southern New Mexico, southeastern Arizona and likely in northern Mexico. Sites are generally flat with stands occurring in depressions in basins and plains (playas), and in the floodplains along the drainages that dissect the mesas and piedmonts. These sites receive runoff from the surrounding landscape and are intermittently flooded. The flooding is typically caused by locally occurring, summer thunderstorms. Soils are shallow to deep; fine-textured, alkaline, often calcareous, and sometimes with caliche or argillic horizons that impede water percolation. This grassland alliance is characterized by a sparse to dense graminoid layer, often patchy in distribution. The bunchgrass ~Pleuraphis mutica (= Hilaria mutica)$ usually dominates, with ~Panicum obtusum$ occasionally codominating. The presence of ~Pleuraphis mutica$ is diagnostic of this alliance even if the stand is dominated by ~Panicum obtusum$. Other characteristic graminoids may include ~Bothriochloa barbinodis, Chloris virgata, Enneapogon desvauxii, Eriochloa lemmonii, Panicum hirticaule$, and ~Sporobolus wrightii$. The usually sparse forb layer may include ~Amaranthus palmeri, Datura quercifolia (= Datura ferox), Hoffmannseggia glauca, Solanum elaeagnifolium, Solanum rostratum$, and ~Talinum aurantiacum$. Scattered shrubs and cacti, such as ~Prosopis glandulosa, Flourensia cernua$, and ~Opuntia phaeacantha$, may be present, but never more than 10% cover.LVAL_Ir$CEGL003362CWCSA.311I.B.2.N.dPopulus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa - Alnus rubra / Symphoricarpos albus ForestBlack Cottonwood - Red Alder / Common Snowberry Forest2002-10-01GCUSG302-10-01G3r"CEGL003361CWCSA.635II.B.2.N.bPopulus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa - Alnus rubra / Carex obnupta ForestBlack Cottonwood - Red Alder / Slough Sedge Forest2002-10-01GCUSG202-10-01G2l#CEGL003360CWCSA.2593II.A.4.N.fPinus monticola / Ledum groenlandicum / Sphagnum spp. WoodlandWestern White Pine / Labrador-tea / Peatmoss species Woodland2002-10-01GCUSC.B. ChappellG102-10-01G1ļb$CEGL003359CWCSA.1096IV.A.1.N.gKalmia microphylla - Ledum groenlandicum / Xerophyllum tenax Dwarf-shrublandAlpine Laurel - Labrador-tea / Western Turkeybeard Shrubland2002-10-01GCUSC.B. ChappellG102-10-01G1Ǻp$CEGL003358CWCSA.630II.B.2.N.aQuercus garryana / Symphoricarpos albus / Carex inops WoodlandOregon White Oak / Common Snowberry / Long-stolon Sedge Woodland2001-02-01GCUSC.B. ChappellG200-11-16G2ƾa#CEGL003357CWCSA.0Deschampsia caespitosa - (CaThis alliance includes vegetation characterized by ~Sporobolus airoides$, typically in saline or alkaline habitats. In western Texas, communities of this alliance are found in depressions among gypsum ridges and on salt flats at elevations around 1100 m (3600 feet). Associates known from western Texas occurrences include ~Allenrolfea occidentalis, Suaeda suffrutescens, Atriplex canescens, Tamarix ramosissima, Isocoma pluriflora, Hoffmannseggia glauca, Cressa truxillensis, Frankenia jamesii, Tiquilia hispidissima, Dicranocarpus parviflorus, Brickellia eupatorioides var. chlorolepis, Lepidium montanum$, and ~Sphaeralcea hastulata$. The main distribution of this alliance is west of Texas, with associations in Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Kansas, Montana, and possibly in California.LVALoCCEGL003381CWCSA.2618V.B.2.N.gTriglochin maritima - (Salicornia virginica) Herbaceous VegetationSeaside Arrow-grass - (Virginia Glasswort) Herbaceous Vegetation2002-09-30GCUSG402-09-30G4e#CEGL003380CWCSA.2618V.B.2.N.gSalicornia virginica Herbaceous VegetationVirginia Glasswort Herbaceous Vegetation2002-09-30GCUSG3G402-09-30G3uuM#CEGL003379CWCSA.2582V.A.5.N.kCarex obnupta - Juncus patens Herbaceous VegetationSlough Sedge -This alliance occurs throughout much of the semi-arid and arid western U.S. in lowland sites such as playas, swales and terraces along washes that are intermittently flooded. The flooding is usually the result of highly localized thunderstorms. The unpredictable nature of the flooding is the key environmental factor separating this alliance from similar alliances with more predictable flooding regimes. Soils are deep, saline, alkaline and fine-textured. They generally have an impermeable layer and therefore are poorly drained. When the soil is dry, the surface usually has salt accumulations. This intermittently flooded grassland of playas and ephemeral streams has a sparse to dense herbaceous layer that is dominated by ~Distichlis spicata$, sometimes occurring in nearly pure stands. The level of salinity in the soil may restrict associated species. Associated graminoids may include ~Puccinellia nuttalliana, Hordeum jubatum, Pascopyrum smithii, Sporobolus airoides, Carex filifolia$, and ~Juncus balticus$. Forb cover is generally low and may include ~Salicornia rubra, Triglochin maritima, Suaeda calceoliformis (= Suaeda depressa), Helianthus$ spp., and Asteraceae spp. Diagnostic of this alliance is the ~Distichlis spicata$-dominated herbaceous layer and the presence of surface water for brief periods at unpredictable times during the growing season.LVAL"K OTCEGL003402CWCSA.342I.B.2.N.eAlnus rubra / Rubus parviflorus ForestRed Alder / Thimbleberry Forest2002-10-01GCUSG402-10-01G4wuuusqggH"CEGL003401CWCSA.342I.B.2.N.eAlnus rubra / Petasites frigidus ForestRed Alder / Arctic Sweet-colt's-foot Forest2002-10-01GCUSG402-10-01G4~ttI"CEGL003400CWCSA.342I.B.2.N.eAlnus rubra / Oxalis (oregana, trilliifolia) ForestRed Alder / (Redwood Sorrel, Trillium-leaf Wood Sorrel) Forest2002-10-01GCUSG402-10-01G4U"CEGL003399CWCSA.342I.B.2.N.eAlnus rubra / Oplopanax horridus - Rubus spectabilis ForestRed Alder / Devil's-club - Salmonberry Forest2002-10-01GCUSG4G502-10-01G4]"CEGL003398CWCSA.342I.B.2.N.eAlnus rubra / Elymus glaucus ForestRed Alder / Blue Wild Rye Forest2002-10-01GCUSG402-10-01G4}usssqoeeE"CEGL003397CWCSA.339I.B.2.N.eAcThis alliance is found in the scattered sand dunes that exist along the north Pacific Coast. It occurs where the movement of sand is slight to moderate, such as on sheltered sand plains, old blowouts or deflation plains. It is especially well-developed on deflation plains where moisture is ample but without standing water. It is a sparse to moderately dense herbaceous alliance, dominated by perennial grasses and forbs. The grass ~Festuca rubra$ is commonly present and spreading by long rhizomes. Most of the species have low to mounding statures or, in the case of silver moss (~Racomitrium canescens$), spreading. Silver moss is intolerant of sand burial and so is an indicator of relatively sheltered and/or stable dune forms. This alliance is rich in forb species. Most of the species occurring in the alliance are not found in unstabilized dune forms. Other species common to this grassland include ~Cardionema ramosissimum, Hypochaeris radicata, Lupinus littoralis, Polygonum paronychia, Polypodium glycyrrhiza$, and ~Solidago simplex var. spathulata (= Solidago spathulata)$.oLVAL},qx CEGL003420CWCSA.1022III.B.2.N.gMyrica gale - Spiraea douglasii / Sphagnum spp. ShrublandSweet Gale - Douglas' Meadowsweet / Peatmoss species Shrubland2002-10-17GCUSCBC 10-02C.B. ChappellG2?02-1This alliance includes wetlands dominated by ~Andropogon glomeratus var. pumilus (= Andropogon tenuispatheus)$. This vegetation occurs in disturbed wetland sites, such as old fields (particularly old fields in bottomlands), as well as low areas and ditches in old fields.This grassland alliance occurs in intermittently flooded areas in the plains, mountain parks and meadows, valleys, canyons, and plateaus in Colorado and Utah. The flooding is usually the result of highly localized thunderstorms. Sites are found in lowland habitats such as playas, swales, terraces along intermittently flooded washes, and alkali flats. Soils are variable, ranging from deep, fine-textured soil to shallow sand deposits. They are alkaline, and may be moderately saline and poorly drained due to an impermeable layer. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by a sparse to dense graminoid layer that is dominated by ~Muhlenbergia asperifolia$ often forming nearly pure stands. Other characteristic grasses may include ~Distichlis spicata, Pascopyrum smithii, Spartina gracilis$, or ~Sporobolus airoides$ depending on geography. The exotic annual grasses ~Bromus tectorum$ and ~Polypogon monspeliensis$ are often abundant on disturbed sites. Forb cover is generally sparse, but may include species of ~Atriplex, Polygonum$, and ~Rumex$. Shrubs are rare, but because of the patchy distribution of these stands, scattered ~Atriplex canescens$ and ~Sarcobatus vermiculatus$ may be present from nearby shrublands. Diagnostic of this grassland alliance is a ~Muhlenbergia asperifolia$-dominated herbaceous layer that occurs on lowland sites that are intermittently flooded.#LVAL1$CEGL003This alliance includes scoured riverbank 'prairies' in northeastern and southeastern United States, which may be called 'riverside prairies,' 'linear prairies,' 'rivershore grasslands,' or 'scoured riverine bluff prairie.' In addition to the nominal species, examples may also contain ~Schizachyrium scoparium, Chasmanthium latifolium$, and/or ~Panicum virgatum$, any of which could be locally dominant. These grasslands may be associated with dry cobble riverbanks and lakeshores, as well as flood-scoured, acidic or calcareous bedrock exposures associated with major rivers. This includes riverine gravel/cobble bar 'prairies' along the upper Cumberland River in Kentucky and Tennessee; scour areas along high gradient sections of major rivers, such as in gorges in Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and possibly farther west; and scoured limestone bluffs along the Duck River in Tennessee's Central Basin.Plant associations within this alliance are found in saline flats at lower to moderate elevations in the western United States. This alliance is known from salt flats in a large, high-elevation (2900 m) park in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, and possibly in basins (1500 m) in Nevada and South Dakota. Topography is generally flat with poor drainage. Soil moisture is augmented in some areas by groundwater. There is a small microtopography of hummocks which affects the water relations and therefore species composition. The soils are moist, saline and alkaline, derived from calcareous shales. The rain- and groundwater-saturated soils usually dry out during the growing season. These communities form a ring just above the succulent plant associations associated with playas, salt flats, and saline lakes. ~Puccinellia nuttalliana$ dominates the graminoid stratum with up to 65% cover. ~Distichlis spicata$ or ~Hordeum jubatum$ often codominate the graminoid layer. The forb layer is relatively sparse, typically only 30%. It can be composed of ~Salicornia rubra$ or ~Triglochin maritima$. LVALQtpQ$z,<`Q\tpQ$zQtpQ$zQThis forest alliance has been reported from relatively dry, fire-prone areas of the Pacific Northwest, but the alliance may be more widespread than present classifications indicate. The Blue Mountains are in the rainshadow of the Cascades and coastal ranges to the west. Annual precipitation ranges from less than 30 cm at lower elevations to 100 cm at higher and, except for a short summer dry season, is evenly distributed throughout the year. These forests occur from roughly 765 m to over 1680 m in elevation (lower montane zone in these mountains), on both southerly and northerly aspects. Slopes can be moderate to steep (3-60%), and soils are derived from pumice ash, lava, tuff, and granitics. Ash soils are subject to mass movement on steep slopes. These forests were probably subject to a moderately severe fire regime in pre-settlement times. Associations in this alliance usually have a closed to somewhat open canopy (50-90% cover) of ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ and ~Pinus ponderosa$. Other needle-leaved evergreen trees, such as ~Larix occidentalis$ and ~Abies grandis$, are occasionally present. ~Larix occidentalis$ has high constancy, but is rarely codominant. The forest understory is usually open and shrubs may be present or not. When present, common shrub species in stands of this alliance include ~Symphoricarpos albus, Purshia tridentata$, and ~Physocarpus malvaceus$. The herbaceous layer is usually dominated by a sod-forming sedge, ~Carex geyeri$, in combination with ~Calamagrostis rubescens$. Total graminoid cover can be up to 50%. Forbs are typically inconspicuous. No other information is available on the species composition of this alliance. Contiguous vegetation is often ~Pinus ponderosa$ or ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ forests or woodlands.'LVAL33{-@@CEGL003475CWCSA.2557III.A.4.N.aArtemisia cana ssp. bolanderi / Iris missouriensis - Juncus balticus ShrublandBolander Silver Sagebrush / Stony Mountain Iris - Baltic Rush Shrubland2003-04-01GCUSTK-W 4-03T. Keeler-WolfG?03-04-01G?ĺs% CEGL003474CWCSA.1254V.A.5.N.dDanthonia californica - Aira caryophyllea Herbaceous VegetationCalifornia Oatgrass - Silver European Hairgrass Herbaceous Vegetation2003-03-07GCUSTK-W 3-03T. Keeler-WolfG303-03-07G3̾b#CEGL003473CWCSA.2610III.C.2.N.aToxicodendron diversilobum - Baccharis pilularis - Rubus parviflorus ShrublandPacific Poison-oak - Coyotebrush - Thimbleberry Shrubland2003-03-06GCUSTK-W 3-03T. Keeler-WolfG303-03-06G3ús%CEGL003472CWCSThis alliance includes sedge-dominated alluvial wetlands on sand, gravel, and rock bars in valleys and gorges in the southern Appalachians, ranging west into the Cumberland Plateau and Interior Low Plateau, and north into central Appalachians and Allegheny Mountains. Associations in this alliance are characterized by light-demanding, tough-rooted herbaceous perennials tolerant of frequent inundation and flood-scouring. ~Carex torta$ often forms dense, extensive colonies. Associated species vary with geography. In the Allegheny Mountains, associated species include ~Doellingeria umbellata (= Aster umbellatus), Dichanthelium clandestinum, Solidago rugosa ssp. aspera, Juncus effusus var. solutus, Scirpus expansus, Scirpus cyperinus (= var. pelius), Equisetum arvense, Onoclea sensibilis, Vernonia noveboracensis, Lycopus virginicus, Scutellaria lateriflora$, and ~Salix sericea$. In southern Appalachian gorges this vegetation often is associated with ~~Alnus serrulata - Xanthorhiza simplicissima$ Shrubland (CEGL003895)$$. In the Cumberland Plateau of Alabama, herbaceous components may include ~Lobelia cardinalis, Symphyotrichum dumosum (= Aster dumosus), Lycopus virginicus, Osmunda regalis$, and ~Hypericum mutilum$. LVALhP CEGL003492CWCSA.822III.A.4.N.aLupinus chamissonis - Ericameria ericoides ShrublandDune Lupine - Heather Goldenweed Shrubland2003-04-02GCUSTK-W 4-03T. Keeler-WolfG203-04-02G2X$This alliance occurs in the Great Plains and western United States. This description is based on those communities found in the Great Plains. Dominant vegetation is a mixture of short and mid grasses and can have moderately sparse to dense cover. Vegetation height and cover and species diversity tend to vary inversely with salinity. ~Distichlis spicata$ is the most abundant species in stands across the range of this alliance. Other species found in the Great Plains include ~Grindelia squarrosa$ (in the northern portion of this alliance's range), ~Hordeum jubatum, Iva annua, Bassia scoparia (= Kochia scoparia), Pascopyrum smithii$ (on less saline stands), ~Poa arida, Puccinellia nuttalliana$ (in the north), ~Salicornia rubra$ (on more saline stands), ~Schoenoplectus maritimus (= Scirpus maritimus), Sporobolus airoides$, and ~Suaeda calceoliformis$ (on more saline stands). Widely scattered low shrubs, especially ~Atriplex patula$ and ~Sarcobatus vermiculatus$, can be found on sites in the western and central Great Plains. Trees are not found on stands of this alliance. ^Stands of this alliance are found in depressions and along the margins of saline lakes and ponds. Most of the stands are flooded or saturated for a few weeks in the spring and after heavy rains; some have water present for most of the growing season. The soils range from sand to clay and from moderately well-drained to poorly drained. Most are deep and moderately to strongly saline. Stands that have good drainage in the surface soils usually have a deeper impermeable or slowly permeable layer that allows retention of water. Fires which spread from upland prairies may have moved through the more dense stands, but many stands did not have sufficient vegetation to support fires.LVAL CkP<CEGL003532CSCSA.491II.A.3.N.aPinus elliottii var. densa / Coccothrinax argentata - Thrinax morrisii WThis alliance encompasses temporarily flooded areas dominated by the nominal species with other perennial graminoids and forbs. Associated species vary with geography and substrate. These may include ~Juncus$ spp., ~Solidago$ spp., ~Eupatorium$ spp., ~Toxicodendron radicans, Campsis radicans, Polygonum$ spp., and ~Panicum$ spp. This community is variable in its expression, but ~Panicum virgatum$ tends to be the tallest plant and to represent most of the biomass. Variability occurs in the cover of ~Panicum virgatum$ and the richness of associated species. Grasses constitute most of the biomass. Shrubs, if present, will constitute less than 10% cover; these may include ~Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Alnus serrulata, Amorpha nitens, Baccharis halimifolia, Betula nigra, Hypericum densiflorum, Ilex decidua$, or ~Salix nigra$. This alliance may develop as zoned herbaceous vegetation on rocky riverbank complexes along larger rivers in the Ouachita Mountains (D. Zollner pers. comm.), as cobble/boulder bars such as in Kentucky along the Ohio River (J. Campbell pers. comm.), or sandbars of Coastal Plain rivers in Mississippi and other states. These sites receive water input from the rivers during flood events, becoming dry during rainless intervals. Other associations may remain to be described in this alliance, and its complete range of variation described.This alliance is restricted to wetlands in Kansas and Oklahoma. Stands are dominated by medium-tall graminoids. Typical graminoids include ~Eleocharis palustris (= Eleocharis macrostachya), Eleocharis compressa, Leptochloa fusca ssp. fascicularis (= Leptochloa fascicularis), Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Coreopsis tinctoria, Marsilea vestita$, and others. Further study is needed to characterize this alliance. ^Habitat conditions include wet depressions, bison wallows, interdunal swales, and playa lakes.9LVALSITRiverbank 'scour prairies' with ~Schizachyrium scoparium$ as the primary grass. Associations placed in this alliance have been dominated from boulder 'scour prairies' on the Yadkin River in Montgomery and Stanley counties, North Carolina, and from the Ocoee and Hiwasee rivers in southeastern Tennessee. In Yadkin County, NC, the scour prairie is dominated by ~Schizachyrium scoparium, Sporobolus clandestinus, Solidago plumosa, Symphyotrichum dumosum (= Aster dumosus)$, and many other herbaceous species. Typical woody species here include ~Gelsemium sempervirens, Amorpha fruticosa, Amorpha schwerinii$, and others. In Polk County, Tennessee, the principal grasses are ~Schizachyrium scoparium, Andropogon ternarius$, and ~Panicum$ sp. Other abundant herbaceous species include ~Liatris microcephala, Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (= Aster novae-angliae), Solidago$ sp., ~Coreopsis tripteris$, and ~Agalinis$ sp. This alliance is likely extremely restricted naturally, being limited to short stretches of rivers. Its habitat has been affected and limited by the effects of impoundments and resulting changes in flooding regimes.This alliance includes temporarily flooded riverbanks dominated by ~Phragmites australis$. This alliance occurs along the Rio Grande in Texas and adjacent Mexico, where it occupies sandy levees and banks. In contrast to most ~Phragmites$ communities in the southeastern United States, this is apparently a natural community. Similar giant grass communities dominated by ~Arundo donax$ often occur in close proximity.This alliance includes temporarily flooded sites (such as interdune swales) dominated by ~Paspalum vaginatum$; these may be monospecifically dominated by the nominal species. In Texas, this vegetation may also occur in artificial ponds and other wetlands on barrier islands and mainland areas near the coast. This alliance is currently defined only for Florida and Texas. More information is needed to fully define this alliance.LVAL 6This alliance is found primarily in central North America. This description is based on this alliance as it occurs in the Midwest. The vegetation of this alliance is characterized by dense stands of graminoids 1-2 m tall with scattered to very infrequent woody plants. The most abundant species are ~Calamagrostis canadensis, Carex aquatilis, Carex atherodes, Carex pellita (= Carex lanuginosa), Carex sartwellii$, and ~Spartina pectinata$. In some stands, ~Spartina pectinata$ can form virtual monocultures. Other common graminoids include ~Andropogon gerardii, Muhlenbergia richardsonis, Panicum virgatum, Poa palustris$ (in the western part of this alliance's range), and ~Sorghastrum nutans$. Forbs are abundant and include ~Symphyotrichum ericoides (= Aster ericoides), Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (= Aster novae-angliae), Helianthus grosseserratus, Lythrum alatum, Pycnanthemum virginianum$, and ~Thalictrum dasycarpum$. Shrubs and small trees are infrequent in the south and west but are often present in the north and east. Among these ~Cornus$ spp., ~Fraxinus pennsylvanica$, and ~Salix$ spp. are typical. ^This alliance occurs in the Southeast only as small disjunct occurrences in Oklahoma, the Upper West Gulf Coastal Plain of Kentucky, and possibly extending a short distance into adjacent Tennessee. Associates in Kentucky and Tennessee occurrences may include ~Helianthus angustifolius, Viola sagittata, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Andropogon gerardii, Dichanthelium scoparium, Schizachyrium scoparium, Sorghastrum nutans, Tripsacum dactyloides, Asclepias tuberosa, Baptisia alba var. macrophylla (= Baptisia leucantha), Crotalaria sagittalis, Dichanthelium clandestinum, Agalinis fasciculata, Helianthus grosseserratus, Helianthus mollis, Heterotheca villosa (= Chrysopsis villosa), Spiranthes cernua, Rhexia mariana, Rudbeckia hirta, Rudbeckia subtomentosa$, and ~Viola sagittata$. In Kentucky, this vegetation is at present probably seasonally saturated; it was presumably formerly seasonally flooded. In Oklahoma,LVALe)9'CEGL003712CSCSA.625II.B.2.N.aQuercus stellata / Viburnum rufidulum - Forestiera ligustrina / Andropogon gerardii WoodlandPost Oak / Rusty Blackhaw - Glade Privet / Big Bluestem WoodlandNashville Basin Post Oak Woodland1996-01-01GCUSMP 1-96M. PyneG2?97-12-31G2 #CEGL003711CSCSA.625II.B.2.N.aQuercus stellata - (Pinus echinata) / Schizachyrium scoparium - Symphyotrichum georgianum WoodlandPost Oak - (Shortleaf Pine) / Little Bluestem - Georgia Aster WoodlandPiedmont Basic Hardpan Woodland (Southern Type)1995-02-01GCUSASW/JN 2-95,mod. REE 10-02A.S. Weakley and J. NelsonG198-12-11G1HF><"˅# CEGL003709CECSA.624II.B.2.N.aQuercus rubra - Quercus prinus Woodland [Placeholder]Northern Red Oak - Rock Chestnut Oak Woodland1997-11-26OCUSG?97-12-01G?X#CEGL003708CSCSA.623II.B.2.N.aQuercus prinus - Quercus marilandica Piedmont WoodlandRock Chestnut Oak - Blackjack Oak Piedmont WoodlandPiedmont Rock Chestnut Oak - Blackjack Oak Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG2G303-01-30G2ɿY#CEGL003706CSCSA.622II.B.2.N.aQuercus prinus / Cornus florida - Amelanchier arborea / Pityopsis graminifolia var. latifolia WoodlandRock Chestnut Oak / Flowering Dogwood - Do this alliance contains ~Spartina pectinata$ with ~Eleocharis montevidensis$ and ~Carex$ spp. ^Stands of this wide-ranging alliance are found on level to gently sloping sites with sand, loam, or clay soils. They occur near lakes or rivers or in depressions. All sites are typically flooded for part of the winter and spring. In the east, stands can experience droughty conditions in the summer and fall (Comer et al. 1995) while in the south and central portion of this alliance's range they can remain saturated for much of the growing season.LVALnCEGL003750CSCSA.479II.A.2.N.aQuercus virginiana - Quercus incana WooThis alliance contains stands in the northern Great Plains in saline wet meadows. The vegetation cover is moderately dense to dense. Graminoids of medium and short stature are the dominant lifeform, although forbs are common. Shrubs may invade this community in the absence of fire, especially on less saline sites. The most abundant species are ~Symphyotrichum lanceolatum (= Aster lanceolatus), Calamagrostis stricta, Carex praegracilis, Carex sartwellii, Juncus balticus, Plantago eriopoda$, and ~Schoenoplectus maritimus (= Scirpus maritimus)$. ~Spartina pectinata$ may be present to common in some stands. ^This alliance is found on level ground in depressions where the water table is at or near the surface for part of the year. The soil and water are moderately saline.This alliance, found in the southern Great Plains, occurs in temporarily flooded playa lakebeds. Annual herbaceous graminoids and forbs mostly less than 1 m tall dominate the exposed mud flats of this alliance. Species composition and extent of stands vary from year to year. ~Coreopsis tinctoria, Echinochloa$ spp., ~Eleocharis engelmannii, Lindernia dubia, Polygonum$ spp., and ~Rumex stenophyllus$ are typical species of this alliance. In sites which have been modified to hold water longer, i.e., drainage ditches and re-use pits, perennials such as ~Eleocharis palustris$ and ~Marsilea vestita$ may dominate. The frequent water fluctuations and thick clay pan prevent establishment of most perennial hydrophytes typical of pond marshes. ^Stands of this alliance occur in shallow depressions in nearly level ground. Soils are silty clay loam underlain by a clay pan. These areas are temporarily or sometimes seasonally flooded by ponded rainwater and surface runoff. Sites dry out by mid to late summer in all but the wettest years.LVALKCEGL003758CSCSA.621II.B.2.N.aQuercus This forest alliance occurs in the foothills and lower montane zone in the southern Rocky Mountains; mountains, mesas, piedmonts and canyons in the Chihuahuan and Sonoran deserts and the Colorado Plateau; and breaks and escarpments in the southwestern Great Plains. Stands typically occur on nearly level to steep, rocky slopes on hillsides and ridgetops. Aspects tend to be northerly, where the less xeric conditions allow for denser tree growth. Higher elevations stands may occur on southern aspects. Sites are dry, typically with shallow, rocky, calcareous and alkaline soils. Soil textures are variable. Forests included in this alliance are characterized by a moderately dense to dense tree canopy typically 3-12 m tall. Mature individuals range from 2-3 m tall 'scrub' to large trees up to 21 m tall. ~Pinus edulis$ dominates the upper canopy, but individuals of several species of ~Juniperus$ or ~Quercus$ may be present depending on geography. The understory is typically absent or very sparse because of shading by the dense tree canopy, but scattered shrubs, grasses and forbs may be present. If present, shrub and dwarf-shrub associates tend to be more shade- and cold-tolerant species and may include ~Artemisia tridentata, Cercocarpus$ spp., ~Coleogyne ramosissima, Ephedra viridis, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Opuntia$ spp., ~Purshia$ spp., ~Rhus trilobata$, and ~Quercus gambelii$. Shrubs restricted to warmer southern latitudes include ~Agave$ spp., ~Arctostaphylos pungens, Garrya$ spp., ~Nolina microcarpa, Quercus turbinella$, and ~Yucca baccata$. The herbaceous layer is absent to sparse and primarily composed of scattered perennial grasses. Annual grasses and forbs are seasonally present. Diagnostic of this forest alliance is the ~Pinus edulis$-dominated, closed-canopy tree layer.LVALu  CEGL003768CSCSA.681II.C.3.N.aPinus rigida - Quercus alba / Sporobolus heterolepis - Andropogon gerardii WoodlandPitch Pine - White Oak / Prairie Dropseed - Big Bluestem WoodlandSouthern Blue Ridge Ultramafic Outcrop Barren (Pitch Pine Woodland Type)1994-12-01GCUSKP/GK 12-94K.D. Patterson and G. KauffmanG197-12-31G1B@86 v# CEGL003766CECSA.670II.C.3.N.aPinus resinosa - Quercus rubra / Sibbaldiopsis tridentata / Danthonia compressa - Antennaria virginica / Rhytidium rugosum WoodlStands included in this grassland alliance occur on sand and gravel bars along streams between 1700-2400 m in montane Idaho. Stands can be located in narrow canyons with fast-moving streams to moderately wide valleys on low-gradient streambanks. Stands are usually found along active river channels, but can also occur within abandoned channels where the water table is shallow. Larger stands may become established on mudflats left behind by failed beaver dams. Sand and gravel bars are colonized after disturbance by the diagnostic species, the perennial grasses ~Agrostis scabra$ or ~Agrostis exarata$, which may or may not dominate the stand. Species composition is otherwise diverse and often includes ~Carex lenticularis, Torreyochloa pallida var. pauciflora (= Puccinellia pauciflora)$, and ~Salix exigua$ (less than 5% shrub cover) on sand bars, and ~Elymus caninus, Epilobium ciliatum ssp. glandulosum (= Epilobium glandulosum), Sagina$ sp., and ~Stellaria longipes$ on gravel bars. Other species of ~Salix$ and occasionally ~Cornus sericea$ or ~Alnus incana$ may occur as stunted shrubs scattered on the bars. Herbaceous vegetation does not form continuous cover with at least 40% bareground. Sandbars are usually more densely vegetated than gravel bars. Adjacent vegetation can include riparian forests, woodlands, shrublands, and wet or dry meadows.sLVALSI CEGL003790CSCSA.1372V.A.5.N.kFimbristylis castanea - Schoenoplectus pungens Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous VegetationChestnut Fimbry - Threesquare Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Vegetation2002-05-21GCUSMP 5-02M. PyneG?02-05-21G?z#CEGL003788CSCSA.722III.A.1.N.cMorella cerifera - Ilex cassine - Quercus virginiana - Serenoa repens ShrublandWax-myrtle - Dahoon - Live Oak - Saw Palmetto ShrublandSouth Florida Hardwood Scrub1995-04-01GCUSASW 4-95A.S. WeaThis alliance occurs in deflation plains and topographic depressions of coastal dunes along the northwestern Pacific Coast in Oregon. Precipitation averages 120-200 cm annually, falling mostly as rain. Temperatures are cool in summer with abundant fog, and frost is infrequent. These habitats typically have standing fresh or brackish water on the surface for 1-3 months per year. Soils are moist stabilized sands with little organic material and are nutrient-poor. These communities typically contain a discontinuous ground layer of ~Juncus falcatus$. ~Trifolium wormskioldii$ is often codominant. Other herbaceous associates include ~Symphyotrichum subspicatum (= Aster subspicatus), Sisyrinchium californicum, Holcus lanatus$, and ~Mimulus guttatus$. Other herbaceous species in the deflation swales where this alliance occurs are ~Carex obnupta$ and ~Argentina egedii ssp. egedii (= Potentilla pacifica)$ in microhabitats with a somewhat longer hydroperiod, and ~Typha latifolia$ around the edges of permanent dune ponds. Adjacent vegetation is varied, from dune front associations of ~Leymus mollis - Abronia latifolia, Ammophila arenaria$, and ~Poa macrantha - Lathyrus littoralis$ on adjacent active dunes, to ~Pinus contorta$ and ~Picea sitchensis$ forests at the landward edge. Adjacent, wetter swale or marsh habitats often contain ~Salix - Myrica$ wet shrublands and/or ~Carex obnupta$ wet meadows.5LVALA:XPo|CEGL003798CSCSA.729III.A.1.N.fConocarpus erectus - (Laguncularia racemosa) / Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense ShrublandButtonwood - (White Mangrove) / Sawgrass Shrubland1995-02-01GCUSASW 2-95A.S. WeakleyG2?97-08-11G2Ž}$ CEGL003797CSCSA.581II.A.4.N.fPinus serotina / Sporobolus floridanus - Aristida beyrichiana WoodlandPond Pine / Florida Dropseed - Southern Wiregrass WoodlandEast Gulf Coastal Plain Pond Pine / Herbaceous Woodland2002-05-16GCUSCWN 5-02C.W. NordmanG202-05-16G2ڣi#CEGL003796CSCSA.481II.A.2.N.aSabal palmetto / Serenoa repens WoodlandCabbage Palmetto / Saw Palmetto Woodland1995-04-01GCUSASW 4-95, mod. 8-98A.S. WeakleyG1G297-09-13G1This alliance is described from the Warner Valley of southeastern Oregon and the Cow Creek Basin in northwestern Nevada. Elevations range from 1250-1600 m. The climate is arid with mostly winter precipitation ranging from 10-25 cm annually. Stands occur in valleys in drainage bottoms, poorly drained floodplains, and historic lake basins. Sites are typically flat, but include moderate slopes (to 18%). Stands are found on the less xeric northeastern and eastern aspects in Nevada. Soils are typically poorly drained, alkaline, with sandy loam to clay loam texture. The water table is shallow and causes mottles in the soil. Stands have a moderate herbaceous layer (50-80% cover) codominated by the perennial graminoids ~Leymus triticoides (= Elymus triticoides)$ with ~Poa secunda$ or ~Carex$ spp. Other frequent graminoid species include ~Distichlis spicata, Hordeum brachyantherum ssp. californicum (= Hordeum californicum), Hordeum jubatum, Juncus balticus$, and forbs, such as ~Achillea millefolium, Agoseris glauca, Iris missouriensis, Scirpus$ spp., ~Triglochin maritima$, and ~Nitrophila occidentalis$, in the saline/alkaline playas. Adjacent communities are shrublands dominated by ~Artemisia tridentata$.LVAL[k2CEGL003805CSCSA.732III.A.1.N.hConocarpus erectus - (Avicennia germinans) / Borrichia arborescens - Borrichia frutescens / Sporobolus virginicus - Monanthochloe littoralis ShrublandButtonwood - (Black Mangrove) / West Indian Seaside Oxeye - Seaside Oxeye / Saltmarsh Dropseed - Shoregrass Shrubland1995-02-01GCUSASW 2-95A.S. WeakleyG3?97-08-11G3^\TQE=;9//$ CEGL003804CSCSA.355I.B.2.N.gTaxodium distichum - Nyssa biflora - Acer rubrum - Magnolia virginiana Saturated ForestBald-cypress - Swamp Blackgum - Red Maple - Sweetbay Saturated ForestBald-cypress - Swamp Blackgum Basin Swamp2002-05-20GCUSCWN 5-02C.W. NordmanG2G302-05-20G2 y" CEGL003803CSCSA.735III.A.1.N.iRhizophoThis alliance is found in the northern Great Plains. Stands are dominated by graminoids, the tallest of which may rarely reach 1 m. Most of the vegetation is 0.6 m or less. The depth to the clay layer affects the height and amount of vegetation. The deeper the clay layer is buried, the more dense the vegetation. The dominants are ~Distichlis spicata, Hordeum jubatum$, and ~Pascopyrum smithii$. Other common graminoids include ~Bouteloua gracilis, Koeleria macrantha, Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$, and ~Carex duriuscula (= Carex eleocharis)$. Forbs that may be present include ~Iva annua, Helianthus petiolaris, Plantago patagonica, Gutierrezia sarothrae$, and Asteraceae spp. Woody plants are rare. Some stands may have scattered ~Artemisia frigida, Artemisia cana$, or ~Symphoricarpos occidentalis$. ^This alliance is found in depressions and on stream terraces on moderately saline silt loam and sandy loam soils, sometimes with a clay subsoil. The soils are wet for part of the year and may flood periodically.4LVAL@L$ CEGL003812CSCSA.750III.A.2.N.bSerenoa repens - Sabal palmetto - Ilex vomitoria - Sideroxylon tenax ShrublandSaw Palmetto - Cabbage Palmetto - Yaupon - Tough Bumelia ShrublandFlorida Coastal Strand (Temperate Palmetto Type)1995-02-01GCUSASW 2-95A.S. WeakleyG199-12-29G1Plant associations included in this alliance are circumboreal and are common in alpine, wet meadow, or wetland margin habitats in moist, low-gradient valley bottoms and along streams throughout the mountainous areas of the western U.S. Typically, communities occur in areas of abundant snowfall where snowmelt saturates soils from late spring through early summer. Communities occur in the alpine tundra in snowmelt basins and around the edges of alpine wetlands. At lower elevations, the communities are typically wetlands, requiring moist soils through most of the growing season. The lowest elevation stands generally occur in moist maritime climates, on soils with high moisture-holding capacity or a perched water table. Soils are variable. Fine-textured soils retain soil moisture longer in areas of seasonal drought, and coarse substrates allow aeration in areas with perennial high water tables. This vegetation is characterized by a moderately dense to dense herbaceous layer dominated by the perennial bunchgrass ~Deschampsia caespitosa$. Commonly associated species include ~Juncus balticus, Potentilla gracilis, Danthonia intermedia, Carex$ spp., and ~Poa pratensis$. Common forbs include ~Geum rossii, Ligusticum tenuifolium, Polygonum bistortoides$, and ~Caltha leptosepala$. Diagnostic of this herbaceous alliance is the dominance or codominance of ~Deschampsia caespitosa$ and the presence of surface water for only brief periods during the growing season.LVAL0AZw7CEGL003822CSCSA.779III.A.2.N.cQuercus geminata - Quercus myrtifolia - Serenoa repens - Sideroxylon tenax - Ximenia americana ShrublandSand Live Oak - Myrtle Oak - Saw Palmetto - Tough Bumelia - Tallow-wood ShrublandSoutheast Florida Coastal Scrub1995-02-01GCUSASW 2-95A.S. WeakleyG199-12-29G1*(  ݌$ CEGL003821CSCSA.779III.A.2.N.cQuercus geminata - Quercus myrtifolia - Serenoa repens - Persea borbonia ShrVegetation in this alliance is dominated by perennial grasses. Grasslands in this alliance occur in draws and arroyos in southwestern New Mexico. Elevation ranges from 1400-1900 m in areas upland of the Chihuahuan desertscrub. Climate is semi-arid with most of the 25-43 cm of precipitation falling during the late summer and early fall monsoon period. Because stands of this alliances are usually found in draws, these grasslands are temporarily flooded with runoff and gully flow during the typically high-intensity convection storms common during the monsoon season. These minor grasslands are restricted to these relatively mesic sites and are tolerant of the disturbance caused by gully erosion. One stand in this alliance had ground cover of 5% bare soil, 5% gravel, 25% rock, 60% litter, and 5% vegetation. The substrate is derived from rhyolite. This semi-desert grassland has a dense graminoid layer that is usually dominated by the perennial bunchgrass ~Panicum bulbosum$. ~Alopecurus aequalis$ and/or ~Lycurus phleoides$ may codominate with ~Panicum bulbosum$. Several other graminoid species are often present but do not add up to much cover. Forbs are usually very sparse. Scattered shrub and tree species, such as ~Cercocarpus montanus$ and ~Fraxinus velutina$, may also be present. One stand had canopy cover of 20% ~Panicum bulbosum$ and 40% ~Alopecurus aequalis$. Other graminoids included ~Cyperus parishii, Eleocharis macrostachya, Leptochloa dubia, Panicum hirticaule var. stramineum (= Panicum stramineum), Setaria grisebachii$, and others.LVALcDi:dCEGL003849CSCSA.1880III.C.2.N.eRhododendron maximum / Sphagnum spp. ShrublandGreat Rhododendron / Peatmoss species ShrublandSoutThis alliance is found in the northern and western Great Plains and is dominated by short and medium-tall graminoids with a total vegetation cover of nearly 100%. Shrubs are often absent, and forbs are present but not usually abundant. ~Hordeum jubatum$ is the dominant species. Other common species include ~Elymus trachycaulus, Distichlis spicata, Pascopyrum smithii, Poa arida, Poa compressa, Rumex crispus$, and ~Sonchus arvensis$. Stands are located in lowlands with moderately to strongly saline soils. The topography is flat and the soils are often briefly flooded or saturated in the spring.Vegetation types within this temporarily flooded, temperate or subpolar grassland alliance occur in wet meadows and margins of streams and ponds in the mountains up to timberline. Elevations range from 2400-3900 m. Sites typically are located in narrow to broad mountain meadows, usually on organic substrates, with smooth to concave surface topography. Montana sites are on rocky alpine lakeshores and streambanks and occasionally in wet alpine meadows. Soils are Histosols, especially in the wet meadow sites. Soils are typically saturated to the surface briefly during the growing season. The water table is well below the surface, thus indicating a tolerance for seasonal drying in the upper horizons. ~Carex saxatilis$ dominates a typically dense graminoid community. ~Carex aquatilis$ is commonly present and often a codominant. ~Pedicularis groenlandica$ and ~Caltha leptosepala$ are also present in most types, but cover is typically minor. ~Deschampsia caespitosa, Carex utriculata, Carex canescens$, and ~Eriophorum scheuchzeri$ may also be present, often with only scattered occurrence. ~Deschampsia caespitosa$ is a common dominant of adjacent drier communities. Associated upland forests are dominated by ~Pinus contorta$ or ~Abies lasiocarpa$.LVAL}CEGL003877CSCSA.1031III.B.3.N.aProsopis glandulosa var. glandulosa / Bouteloua gracilis - Buchloe dactyloides ShrublandHonThis alliance occurs in the interior valleys of western Oregon. Proximity to the Pacific Coast is modified by the coastal mountain ranges to the west. Elevation ranges from 49-137 m. Winters are mild and wet, but summers are hot and dry. Persistent, low-intensity winter rains result in soil saturation and flooding of low-lying valley bottoms. These flat-bottomed valleys are underlain with deep alluvial materials, over which silts and clays have been deposited. Topographically, there are broad, alluvial flats separated by groups of low hills with slow-flowing and meandering rivers. Stands occur in old valley bottom river oxbows or bottomland swamp and lake remnants. The soils are heavy clays overlain by silt or silt loam. The deep clay horizons result in high water-holding capacity and poor drainage. The sites are temporarily flooded, but typically dry out from late July to early October. The vegetation is characterized by a dense perennial graminoid layer. ~Carex unilateralis$, a non-rhizomatous sedge, is always present to dominant, and ~Hordeum brachyantherum$ is also important. Several other sedge species are common and occasionally abundant, including ~Carex obnupta, Carex lasiocarpa, Carex utriculata$, and ~Carex pellita (= Carex lanuginosa)$. Several other perennial graminoids can be important, such as ~Juncus balticus, Juncus acuminatus, Juncus oxymeris$, and ~Juncus tenuis$. The bunchgrass ~Deschampsia caespitosa$ is occasionally present, but is never dominant. A few forbs are present in small amounts, including ~Mentha arvensis, Prunella vulgaris, Veronica$ spp., and ~Ranunculus$ spp. Diagnostic of this herbaceous alliance is the presence of ~Carex unilateralis$ in these wetlands that are flooded during the winter and early in the growing season.LVAL BThis forest alliance is restricted to the highest mountain systems of the Southern Blue Ridge Province, in eastern Tennessee, western North Carolina, and southwestern Virginia, within the distributional range of ~Abies fraseri$. Canopies can be dominated by ~Abies fraseri$ or ~Picea rubens$, or codominated by ~Abies fraseri$ and ~Picea rubens$. Canopy/subcanopy species of minor importance can include ~Acer spicatum, Acer pensylvanicum, Amelanchier laevis, Betula alleghaniensis, Prunus pensylvanica$, and ~Sorbus americana$. Forests on extreme sites may have a stunted appearance and, in some communities, standing dead stems of ~Abies fraseri$ are common, with extensive patches of ~Abies fraseri$ seedlings in canopy gaps. The density and composition of the shrub and herbaceous strata vary between associations in this alliance. Typical shrub species include ~Menziesia pilosa, Rhododendron carolinianum, Rhododendron maximum, Rhododendron catawbiense, Ribes rotundifolium, Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus, Rubus allegheniensis, Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa (= Sambucus racemosa var. pubens), Vaccinium erythrocarpum, Vaccinium simulatum, Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides$, and ~Viburnum lantanoides$. Typical herbaceous species include ~Ageratina altissima var. roanensis, Angelica triquinata, Eurybia chlorolepis (= Aster chlorolepis), Oclemena acuminata (= Aster acuminatus), Athyrium filix-femina ssp. asplenioides, Chelone lyonii, Circaea alpina ssp. alpina, Clintonia borealis, Dryopteris campyloptera, Geum radiatum, Houstonia serpyllifolia, Huperzia lucidula, Medeola virginiana, Oxalis montana, Rugelia nudicaulis, Solidago glomerata, Streptopus lanceolatus var. roseus (= Streptopus roseus)$, and ~Viola macloskeyi ssp. pallens$. Forests in this alliance typically have a well-developed bryophyte layer. Mosses, liverworts, and lichens grow densely on fallen logs, tree trunks, and the forest floor, giving these forests a distinctive carpeted appearance. Typical nonvascular species include ~Bazzania trilobata, Dicr2LVAL>xfQ0vpQanum scoparium, Dicranum fuscescens, Hylocomiastrum umbratum, Hylocomium splendens, Hypnum$ spp., ~Polytrichum ohioense, Ptilium crista-castrensis$, and ~Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus$. This alliance contains many species endemic to the Southern Blue Ridge or that have the bulk of their worldwide range in that region. The alliance is conceptually related to more northern spruce-fir alliances and shares many northern or boreal species (often occurring in communities of this alliance as disjuncts from their main distribution), but is considered a separate alliance because of its large component of southern Appalachian endemic species. Forests of this alliance occur on all topographic positions except the steepest rocky cliffs. Elevations range from 1370-2300 m (4500-6600 feet), with pure ~Abies fraseri$ associations best developed at above 1830 m (6000 feet). The dominant soils are Inceptisols with scattered occurrences of Spodosols at the highest elevations. Generally, soils can be described as shallow and rocky, with well-developed organic and A horizons. All soils in these high elevation forests are low in base saturation, high in organic matter, and are acid in reaction (pH 3-5), with a high aluminum content. The moisture regimes of these areas are mesic to wet due to high rainfall, abundant cloud cover, fog deposition, and low temperatures. The climate has been classified as perhumid, with the temperature varying elevationally from mesothermal to microthermal. The regional geology is dominated by complexly folded metamorphic, sedimentary, and igneous rocks of the Precambrian and early Paleozoic age, including phyllites, slates, schists, sandstones, quartzites, granites, and gneisses. These forests are affected by debris avalanches, wind disturbance and lightning fire. Because of the shallow soils and extreme wind exposure, these forests are susceptible to large blowdowns, particularly in areas damaged by ~Adelges piceae$, the Balsam Woolly Adelgid.LVALsECEGL004006CSCSA.1191V.A.5.N.aAndropogon gerardii - Schizachyrium scoparium - Dichanthelium scoparium - Rhynchospora glomerata Herbaceous VegetationBig Bluestem - Little Bluestem - Broom Witchgrass - Clustered Beaksedge Herbaceous VegetationHighland Rim Wet-Mesic Prairie1996-02-01GCUSMP/ASW 2-96M. Pyne and A.S. WeakleyG199-12-13G1QOGE-" #CEGL004001CSCSA.1153V.A.1.N.cIva imbricata / Uniola paniculata - Helianthus debilis ssp. debilis Herbaceous VegetationDune Marsh-elder / Sea-oats - Beach Sunflower Herbaceous VegetationSoutheast Florida Beach Dune1995-02-01GCUSASW 2-95 after Johnson et al. (1990b), mod.Johnson et al. (1990b)G2G300-01-13G286.*ۿ|# CEGL004000CSCSA.1153V.A.1.N.cErnodea littoralis / Uniola paniculata - Muhlenbergia filipes Herbaceous VegetationBeach Creeper / Sea-oats - Southern Hairgrass Herbaceous VegetationSouthwestern Florida Beach Dune Grassland1995-02-01GCUSASW 2-95, mod.A.S. WeakleyG1G297-10-12G1 v# CEGL003999CSCSA.1184V.A.3.N.cCroton linearis - Morinda umbePlant associations within this alliance are reported from the subalpine and alpine zones of northwestern Wyoming. Elevations range from 2500-3900 m. Associations are found in mesic meadows, seeps, streambanks, and moist woods, and the slopes are typically gentle. Soils are mesic with a deep A horizon. The texture varies from fine to medium and is sandy or loamy. These communities are dominated by ~Phleum alpinum$. ~Carex aquatilis$ or ~Carex microptera$ typically codominate in the graminoid layer. Other common graminoids include ~Deschampsia caespitosa, Calamagrostis canadensis$, and ~Trisetum wolfii$. Associates in the forb layer can be ~Symphyotrichum foliaceum (= Aster foliaceus), Antennaria corymbosa, Agoseris glauca, Geum macrophyllum, Polygonum bistortoides$, and ~Epilobium ciliatum ssp. glandulosum (= Epilobium glandulosum)$.LVAL6 CEGL004039CSCSA.1199V.A.5.N.aUniola paniculata - SThis alliance encompasses seasonally flooded areas dominated by ~Panicum virgatum$. Most examples are maritime-related, including interdunal depressions, but associations are also described from areas in Arkansas and other interior states where streams cross prairies and natural depressions in prairies. Associated species in the maritime examples include ~Spartina patens, Juncus canadensis, Solidago sempervirens, Festuca rubra, Eleocharis palustris, Toxicodendron radicans, Linum medium, Carex albolutescens$, and ~Euthamia caroliniana (= Euthamia tenuifolia)$. This community is variable in its expression but is typically dominated by 40-85% cover of ~Panicum virgatum$ and occurs in larger interdunal depressions (up to 0.5 hectare). Variability occurs in the cover of ~Panicum virgatum$ and the richness of associated species. In some Coastal Plain cases, ~Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera)$ or ~Baccharis halimifolia$ will constitute less than 10% shrub cover. The vegetation is similar in total floristic composition to ~Morella$-dominated shrublands, but shrubs are generally lacking or at very low cover and grasses are much more abundant. In most cases, shrub coverage is much less or none and other herbs codominate. When ~Panicum virgatum$ is not as dense, it is most often associated with ~Schoenoplectus pungens (= Scirpus pungens), Spartina patens$, or a mixture of both. Soils are characterized by a shallow organic layer (usually a few centimeters in depth) overlying loamy sand or sand. The water table is at or close to the surface in the spring. These depressions are saturated or seasonally flooded and somewhat poorly drained. Many other associations remain to be described in this alliance, and its complete range of variation described.LVAL/x{CEGL004063CSCSA.1198V.A.5.N.aSchizachyrium scoparium - Panicum anceps - Panicum virgatum - Lespedeza capitata -This alliance occupies relatively shallow to deep, seasonally flooded portions of Coastal Plain ponds and lakes, including limesink ponds from the Atlantic Coastal Plain, East Gulf Coastal Plain, and West Gulf Coastal Plain. Characteristic species are ~Aristida palustris, Andropogon capillipes$ ('wetland variant'), ~Andropogon glaucopsis$, and ~Rhynchospora$ spp. Other typical species (some occurring only in parts of the alliance's distribution) are ~Andropogon glomeratus var. hirsutior, Andropogon virginicus, Carex glaucescens, Centella erecta, Coreopsis linifolia, Dichanthelium longiligulatum, Dichanthelium scabriusculum, Eleocharis equisetoides, Eleocharis melanocarpa, Eleocharis microcarpa, Eleocharis tuberculosa, Eriocaulon compressum, Eriocaulon decangulare var. decangulare, Eupatorium leptophyllum, Eupatorium mohrii, Euthamia leptocephala, Euthamia caroliniana (= Euthamia tenuifolia), Fuirena bushii, Gratiola brevifolia, Helenium drummondii, Hyptis alata, Juncus marginatus, Juncus validus, Lachnocaulon beyrichianum, Leersia hexandra, Ludwigia sphaerocarpa, Ludwigia suffruticosa, Ludwigia microcarpa, Ludwigia pilosa, Lycopodiella appressa, Lycopodiella alopecuroides, Lycopodiella caroliniana, Panicum hemitomon, Panicum tenerum, Panicum virgatum, Proserpinaca palustris, Proserpinaca pectinata, Rhexia mariana, Rhynchospora caduca, Rhynchospora cephalantha, Rhynchospora elliottii, Rhynchospora fascicularis var. fascicularis, Rhynchospora microcarpa, Sabatia campanulata, Scleria baldwinii, Scleria georgiana, Stylisma aquatica$, and ~Xyris fimbriata$. Scattered trees, especially ~Nyssa biflora$, can occur, though ponds are usually treeless. Wetland shrubs such as ~Hypericum brachyphyllum$ and ~Hypericum galioides$ are sometimes common or locally dominant in shallower ones.LVALy_This alliance, found in the upper midwestern and northeastern regions of the United States, contains wet meadows and interdunal wetlands where ~Cladium mariscoides$ is a typical dominant. In the East, this alliance is found in Coastal Plain pondshores, where ~Coelorachis rugosa$ is a diagnostic associate, in Coastal Plain poor fens, where ~Eleocharis equisetoides$ is a diagnostic associate, and in the pine barrens wet meadows, where ~Danthonia sericea$ and ~Lophiola aurea$ are diagnostic associates. In the Midwest, this type is found in the Great Lakes lakeplain, where associated species include ~Carex cryptolepis, Rhynchospora alba, Juncus canadensis, Carex lasiocarpa, Calamagrostis stricta$, and ~Oligoneuron riddellii (= Solidago riddellii)$. In interdunal wetlands, typical herbaceous species include ~Calamagrostis canadensis, Carex$ spp., ~Cladium mariscoides, Eleocharis quinqueflora, Equisetum variegatum, Juncus balticus, Dichanthelium acuminatum, Rhynchospora capillacea, Schoenoplectus acutus (= Scirpus acutus)$, and ~Typha$ spp. ^Stands in this alliance occur in low-lying, seasonally flooded basins with muck overlaying mineral soils. In the Midwest, stands can occur as wet meadows or interdunal wetlands along the Great Lakes shoreline. The substrate is 75-100% sand. Organics and silts occur in small amounts in depressions of exposed dunelands, and in larger amounts in sheltered, inland wet depressions. High concentrations of carbonate, magnesium, and calcium increase alkalinity and fertility.This alliance includes seasonally flooded depressional wetlands dominated by ~Carex hyalinolepis$. Other species present may include ~Rumex verticillatus, Ipomoea sagittata$, and ~Cyperus$ spp. This alliance occurs in seasonally flooded depressions in sea islands. The water is fresh, but receives saltwater in hurricane events.eLVALqeCEGL004137CSCSA.1392V.A.5.N.kTypha domingensis Seasonally Flooded Gulf Coastal Plain Herbaceous VegetationSouthern Cattail Seasonally Flooded Gulf Coastal Plain Herbaceous VegetationGulf Coastal Plain Southern Cattail Marsh1997-11-26GCUSG3?01-01-16G3p#CEGL004134CSCSA.1386V.A.5.N.kScirpus cyperinus - Dulichium arundinaceum / Sphagnum spp. Herbaceous VegetationWoolgrass Bulrush - Threeway Sedge / Peatmoss species Herbaceous VegetationSouthern Appalachian Montane Upland Pool1997-11-26GCUSKP after Newell and Peet 1995K.D. Patterson after Newell and Peet (1995)G1Q95-07-15G1IG?<s# CEGL004132CSCSA.1383V.A.5.N.kRhynchospora (careyana, inundata) Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Vegetation(Carey's Horned Beaksedge, Narrow-fruit Horned Beaksedge) Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous VegetationCoastal Plain Beaksedge Depression1997-11-26GCUSA.S. Weakley 1-96G3?01-09-19G3m#  CEGL004131CSCSA.1370V.A.5.N.kRhynchospora filifolia - Juncus abortivus Herbaceous VegetationThreadleaf Beaksedge - Pondshore Rush Herbaceous VegetationCoastal Plain Limesink Pond (Threadleaf Beaksedge Type)1994-09-01GCUSASW 9-94A.S. WeakleyG2?98-01-11G2ԝb#CEGL004129CECSA.1362V.A.5.N.k(Morella cerifera) - Panicum virgatum - Spartina patens Herbaceous Vegetation(Wax-myrtle) - Switchgrass - Saltmeadow Cordgrass Herbaceous VegetationInterduneThis alliance consists of marshes dominated by ~Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense$ in temperate regions of the southeastern United States. Other typical species include ~Woodwardia virginica, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Toxicodendron radicans$, and ~Persea palustris$. Some communities of this alliance are now often being invaded by the alien tree ~Triadica sebifera (= Sapium sebiferum)$.=LVALIForests in this alliance are strongly dominated by ~Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana$ on usually high pH, fire-suppressed sites or old fields, but also mature (100+ year) stands, on limestone or chalk, mostly in blacklands, but occasionally on sandstone (e.g., in Oklahoma). This alliance is most common in old fields and pastures, successional cleared land, and other various disturbed areas, especially on calcareous rocks. The growth of ~Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana$ may be very dense, and the stature may be rather low. Other species that may occur in the canopy of Tennessee stands include ~Carya alba, Carya ovata, Cercis canadensis$, and ~Pinus virginiana$. Various oaks (including ~Quercus coccinea, Quercus falcata$, and ~Quercus phellos$) also may be present. The midstory is typically sparse, with canopy species as well as ~Cornus florida, Ilex opaca, Liquidambar styraciflua$, and ~Prunus serotina var. serotina$. ~Frangula caroliniana$ may occur in several strata. Herb distribution is patchy, and typical species include ~Asplenium platyneuron, Chasmanthium laxum, Eupatorium$ spp., ~Polystichum acrostichoides$, and ~Carex$ spp. This vegetation is also found in the Blackbelt of Alabama, on the margins of Chalk Prairies. In the central and upper midwestern United States, stands of semi-natural vegetation dominated by ~Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana$ typically occur in old fields and other disturbed places. The vegetation may vary in structure from open-canopy woodland (particularly as it invades herbaceous old fields) to dense, closed-canopy forest. ~Rhus typhina$ may be an associate. This semi-natural red-cedar forest type is expected to be found in locally disturbed areas.LVALR&CEGL004164CSCSA.1092IV.A.1.N.gChamaedaphne calyculata / Carex striata var. striata - Sarracenia (flava, purpurea, rubra ssp. rubra) Dwarf-shrublandLeatherleaf / Southern Peatland Sedge - (Yellow Pitcherplant, Purple PitcheStands of this widespread western grassland alliance require seasonally to permanently saturated soils. Stands cannot tolerate permanent standing water, but often grow on the saturated soils surrounding a permanent water body, or on depressions subject to seasonal flooding. Stands are found from sea level to 2500 m elevation in meadows, seeps, swales, and shorelines. Water chemistry is fresh. Precipitation averages from 50-250 cm per year, and falls mostly from November to May. Stands of this western wetland herbaceous alliance are dominated by one or more species of ~Eleocharis$. Species may include ~Eleocharis quinqueflora (= Eleocharis pauciflora), Eleocharis palustris, Eleocharis montevidensis$, and/or ~Eleocharis rostellata$. Other species present may include ~Muhlenbergia asperifolia, Oreostemma alpigenum (= Aster alpigenus), Carex utriculata, Carex$ spp., ~Schoenoplectus americanus (= Scirpus americanus), Scirpus$ spp., ~Oxypolis occidentalis, Triglochin palustris, Phleum alpinum, Juncus nevadensis, Mimulus primuloides, Crassula aquatica$, and ~Callitriche hermaphroditica$.Coastal Plain ponds of the southeastern Coastal Plain, characterized by ~Dichanthelium wrightianum, Dichanthelium erectifolium$, and ~Rhynchospora filifolia$. Other characteristic species include (variously in the several associations) ~Eleocharis tricostata, Rhynchospora nitens, Rhynchospora pleiantha, Centella erecta, Juncus abortivus, Juncus repens, Rhexia$ spp., ~Fuirena$ spp., and ~Panicum$ spp. Isolated individuals of various woody species may occur in some examples of this alliance, especially near their edges.LVAL2 CEGL004175CSCSA.1463V.A.5.N.mSarracenia alata - Rhynchospora gracilenta - Rudbeckia scabrifolia - Schoenolirion croceum Herbaceous VegeWetlands dominated or codominated by ~Fimbristylis castanea$ that often occur in interdune swales. The general aspect and species composition of this vegetation are variable, not only among occurrences, but also over the course of the growing season. Documented from Assateague National Seashore, where it is typically characterized by dense ~Schoenoplectus pungens (= Scirpus pungens)$ (up to 80% cover). When ~Schoenoplectus pungens$ is not as dense, it is most often associated with an even mixture of ~Spartina patens$ or ~Fimbristylis castanea$. In spring, ~Schoenoplectus pungens$ is generally dominant with few other associates except ~Eleocharis$ spp., imparting a distinct aerial photo signature. By late summer a number of other species, such as ~Fimbristylis castanea$ and ~Sabatia stellaris$, contribute more substantial cover. Other herbs are sparse and contribute very little to the overall vegetative cover. These associated species include ~Andropogon virginicus, Eleocharis rostellata, Phragmites australis, Pluchea foetida, Juncus scirpoides, Hydrocotyle umbellata, Eleocharis parvula, Panicum amarum var. amarulum, Fimbristylis autumnalis, Sabatia stellaris, Ptilimnium capillaceum$, and ~Juncus canadensis$. Diagnostic species are ~Schoenoplectus pungens, Fimbristylis castanea, Eleocharis$ spp., and ~Juncus$ spp. There is usually standing water present in these swales in the spring. In Florida, these are early successional, interdune swales which are dominated by ~Fimbristylis castanea$, sometimes monospecific, sometimes intermixed with ~Triglochin striata, Sesuvium portulacastrum$, and ~Lilaeopsis carolinensis$.LVAL lCEGL004190CSCSA.1471V.A.5.N.nSpartina alterniflora - Juncus roemerianus - Distichlis spicata Louisianian Zone Salt Tidal Herbaceous VegetationSaltmarsh Cordgrass - Black Needlerush - Saltgrass Louisianian Zone Salt Tidal Herbaceous VegetationGulf Coast Cordgrass Salt Marsh1996-08-01GCUSMP 8-96, mod. LMS 4-99M. Pyne, mod. L.M. SmithG597-11-22G5_]US;%#!#CEGL004189CSCSA.1478V.A.5.N.nSchoenoplectus pungens - (Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis) Herbaceous VegetationThreesquare - (Royal Fern) Herbaceous Vegetation1995-01-01GCUSASW 1-95A.S. WeakleyG2G397-08-13G2ƺt#CEGL004188CECSA.1478V.A.5.N.nSchoenoplectus pungens Tidal Herbaceous VegetationTThis alliance includes wetland herbaceous vegetation dominated or codominated by ~Juncus effusus$. These communities are most characteristically seasonally flooded, but in some cases, examples may have temporarily or semipermanently flooded hydrologies. Still, all these are conceptually placed in this alliance, at least until more detailed information is available. These marshy communities vary greatly in size, situation, geographical location, species composition, and naturalness. Some are beaver-made or human-made impoundments. It should be noted that this species has a very wide ecological amplitude, and additional alliances with different hydrologies may need to be defined.This alliance occurs in seasonally flooded depressional wetlands in the southeastern Coastal Plain. These depressions are of various origins, including limesink ponds, interdune swales, Carolina bays, and other Coastal Plain ponds and lakes. Hydrology varies from short flooding to that of long seasonal duration. ~Fuirena scirpoidea$ is characteristic; a number of ~Rhynchospora$ spp. also typically occur, including such species as ~Rhynchospora tracyi, Rhynchospora cephalantha, Rhynchospora filifolia, Rhynchospora corniculata$, and ~Rhynchospora latifolia$.LVAL MThis alliance often occupies seasonally flooded swales and wet, low- to mid-elevation sites. Habitats are often alkaline. It is a wide-ranging alliance, occurring from the plains to montane regions, and has much variability. Elevations range from sea level in California to 3500 m in Colorado. Montane plant associations can occur on alluvial terraces, floodplains, overflow channels, seeps, meadows, and near springs. Sites are typically gently sloping (1-3%) on all aspects. An association was documented in northern California coastal salt marshes. Soils are mineral with dark surface horizons containing large amounts of well-decomposed organic matter. Soils are Mollisols, or rarely Entisols. Soil texture ranges from silt to sandy loam. Water tables are often at or near the soil surface in early summer but may drop below 50 cm by late August. Soil reaction ranges from neutral to mildly alkaline (pH 7.0-8.0). The graminoid layer is dense with up to 98% cover and dominated by ~Juncus balticus$, a creeping, often sod-forming, rhizomatous perennial. Other graminoid cover is minor but can include ~Carex pellita (= Carex lanuginosa), Carex aquatilis, Carex canescens, Leymus cinereus, Deschampsia caespitosa, Hordeum jubatum$, or ~Sporobolus airoides$. Forb cover is typically minor and may include ~Achillea millefolium, Iris missouriensis$, or ~Geum macrophyllum$. The plant association from California is composed of ~Distichlis spicata, Carex lyngbyei, Carex obnupta$, and ~Schoenoplectus robustus (= Scirpus robustus)$. Occasionally, a few tree or shrub seedlings are present, including ~Populus angustifolia, Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda (= Pentaphylloides floribunda)$, and ~Salix exigua$. ~Salix exigua$ shrublands, ~Distichlis spicata$ marshes, or ~Carex$ spp. meadows occur in adjacent riparian areas. ~Abies lasiocarpa - Picea engelmannii, Pseudotsuga menziesii$, and ~Populus tremuloides$ forests, ~Pinus edulis - Juniperus$ spp. woodlands, and ~Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus), SarcobatusLVAL%H|=WefCEGL004329CSCSA.1984V.C.2.N.aNuphar lutea ssp. ulvacea Herbaceous VegetationFlorida Pond-lily Herbaceous Vegetation1994-09-01GCUSASW 9-94A.S. WeakleyG201-01-31G2yyR#fCEGL004328CSCSA.1984V.C.2.N.aNuphar lutea ssp. sagittifolia Herbaceous VegetationNarrowleaf Pond-lily Herbaceous VegetationNarrowleaf Pond-lily Blackwater Pond-lily Bed1994-08-01GCUSASW 8-94A.S. WeakleyG3?00-01-23G3ļW#fCEGL004327CSCSA.1984V.C.2.N.aNuphar lutea ssp. orbiculata Herbaceous VegetationOkefenokee Pond-lily Herbaceous VegetationOkefenokee Pond-lily Aquatic Wetlan vermiculatus$, and ~Artemisia tridentata$ shrublands occur on adjacent hillslopes. In the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia, an association in this alliance occurs in seasonally flooded areas on level alluvium with somewhat poorly to poorly drained soils. In Virginia associated species include ~Carex trichocarpa, Lysimachia quadriflora, Lythrum alatum var. alatum, Filipendula rubra, Juncus balticus, Carex prairea, Carex buxbaumii, Cladium mariscoides, Iris versicolor, Agrostis gigantea (= Agrostis alba), Scirpus atrovirens, Scirpus pendulus, Juncus dudleyi, Holcus lanatus$ (alien), ~Mentha arvensis$ (alien), ~Toxicodendron radicans, Solidago canadensis$, and ~Symphyotrichum puniceum (= Aster puniceus)$. In low-disturbance areas, ~Juncus balticus$ plant associations appear to be a stable, climax community. However, in some areas, this association is considered to be grazing-induced. ~Juncus balticus$ is considered an increaser due to its low forage value and high tolerance to grazing. It usually increases in abundance on sites formerly dominated by ~Deschampsia caespitosa$ or ~Calamagrostis canadensis$. Nearly pure stands of ~Juncus balticus$ indicate that the site may have been heavily grazed in the past. ~Juncus balticus$ is listed as a facultative wetland species.LVAL\aCEGL004340CSCSA.1815V.D.2.N.dSporobolus (neglectus, vaginiflorus) - Aristida longispica - Panicum flexile - Panicum capillare Herbaceous Vegetation(Barrens DropseedThis alliance represents the central and deepest zones of some seasonally flooded wet depressions in the southeastern United States. It has been documented from the Interior Low Plateau of Tennessee, and could occur in various parts of the Coastal Plain. The central portions of the depressions may be dominated by ~Eleocharis microcarpa$ or ~Juncus repens$, or by a combination of the two. Other species which may be present in this low- to medium-stature herbaceous vegetation may include ~Mecardonia acuminata, Ludwigia linearis, Proserpinaca pectinata, Proserpinaca intermedia, Rhynchospora corniculata$, and ~Xyris laxifolia var. iridifolia$. In the central Atlantic Coastal Plain (Chesapeake Bay Lowlands) of Delaware, stands may include ~Boltonia asteroides, Sclerolepis uniflora, Juncus repens, Ludwigia alternifolia, Dichanthelium spretum, Rhynchospora macrostachya, Rhexia virginica, Polygonum hydropiperoides, Xyris smalliana, Pluchea foetida$, and ~Proserpinaca palustris$. In Tennessee, this vegetation may grade up into that of the V.A.5.N.k ~~Rhynchospora$ spp. - ~Panicum (rigidulum, verrucosum) - Rhexia virginica$ Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance (A.1384)$$, and some species typical of this alliance may be present, including ~Panicum verrucosum, Panicum rigidulum var. rigidulum, Juncus marginatus$, and various other ~Rhynchospora$. The upland depressions where this vegetation occurs typically have a pronounced seasonal fluctuation in water level, filling in the winter and often drying completely in the summer. During some years, the deepest zone in the center of the depression may remain inundated.LVAL_-.>NCEGL004391CECSA.1831VII.A.1.N.aAsplenium montanum Central Appalachian Sandstone Sparse VegetationMountain Spleenwort Central Appalachian Sandstone Sparse VegetationSpleenwort Acidic Cliff1997-11-26GCUSG?97-12-01G?This alliance is found throughout the northeastern United States, but its distribution as a natural type is complicated elsewhere. Stands are dominated by ~Phalaris arundinacea$, which tends to occur in monocultures or associated with ~Calamagrostis canadensis$. Other associates in the Northeast include ~Viburnum nudum, Alnus incana$ or ~Alnus serrulata, Viburnum dentatum$, and ~Agrostis gigantea$. Further work is required to resolve the natural versus introduced nature of this type in North American before a complete alliance description can be completed. Stands are typically minerotrophic wetlands rather than river shores.This alliance encompasses a variety of temperate wetland communities dominated by ~Panicum hemitomon$, including various ponds, lakes, depression meadows, flatwoods ponds, pineland ponds, Carolina bays, interdune swales, etc. It is wide-ranging, occurring throughout the eastern and southeastern Coastal Plain of the United States. It is very common in Florida, where it occurs in thousands of lakes and ponds. It is also common in Louisiana.This is a brackish, non-tidal, seasonally flooded alliance including the wettest parts of non-tidal ponds with brackish water from hurricane flooding, storm tides, or island overwash. It includes zonal vegetation dominated by ~Leptochloa fusca ssp. fascicularis (= Leptochloa fascicularis var. maritima)$. Other characteristic species include ~Bacopa monnieri, Pluchea odorata var. odorata$, and ~Eleocharis parvula$.LVAL QEvergreen forests dominated by ~Picea rubens$ or codominated by ~Picea rubens$ and ~Tsuga canadensis$, occurring in the Central Appalachians and Southern Blue Ridge, from West Virginia south to western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee. Other species that may occur with low coverage in the canopy or subcanopy are ~Acer pensylvanicum, Acer spicatum, Aesculus flava, Amelanchier laevis, Betula alleghaniensis, Halesia tetraptera var. monticola, Prunus pensylvanica$, and ~Sorbus americana$. Density and composition of shrub and herbaceous strata vary with association and geographic location. Exposed, drier sites, such as upper convex slopes or slopes with a southerly aspect, will often have high coverage of evergreen shrub species. Typical shrubs in this alliance include ~Photinia melanocarpa (= Aronia melanocarpa), Crataegus$ spp., ~Ilex montana, Kalmia latifolia, Leucothoe fontanesiana, Rhododendron carolinianum, Rhododendron catawbiense, Rhododendron maximum, Smilax rotundifolia, Vaccinium angustifolium, Vaccinium erythrocarpum, Vaccinium simulatum, Viburnum lantanoides$, and ~Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides$. Herbaceous cover is typically sparse, but where the shrub stratum is more open, a moderate herb stratum may develop. Characteristic herbaceous species include ~Athyrium filix-femina, Clintonia borealis, Dryopteris campyloptera, Galax urceolata, Huperzia lucidula, Lycopodium clavatum, Lycopodium dendroideum, Lycopodium obscurum, Medeola virginiana, Mitchella repens, Oxalis montana, Rugelia nudicaulis, Schizachne purpurascens$, and ~Trillium undulatum$. Nonvascular plants are common and often abundant, especially on moister sites, where they grow on branches and around the base of trees and shrubs. Bryophyte species include ~Bazzania trilobata, Hylocomium splendens, Polytrichum ohioense, Ptilium crista-castrensis$, and ~Sphagnum$ spp. This alliance includes forests occurring on steep, seepy boulderfields, and on ridges and steep slopes with northeast to southwest exposures, above 1370 m (4500 FLVALR.CEGL004487CSCSA.499II.A.4.N.aPinus palustris / Quercus incana - Quercus stellata / Aristida beyrichiana - Sporobolus junceus - Nolina georgiana WoodlandLongleaf Pine / Bluejack Oak - Post Oak / Southern Wiregrass - Sandhill Dropseed - Georgia Bear-grass Woodland1996-07-01GCUSRKP/EK/ASW 7-96R.K. Peet, E. Kjellmark and A.S. WeakleyG2G397-08-11G2_]UQ) #CEGL004486CSCSA.520II.A.4.N.aPinus palustris / Serenoa repens - Vaccinium myrsinites / Aristida beyrichiana - Sporobolus curtissii WoodlandLongleaf Pine / Saw Palmetto - Southern Evergreen Blueberry / Southern Wiregrass - Curtiss' Dropseed WoodlandSouth Atlantic Coastal Plain Longleaf Flatwoods1996-07-01GCUSRKP/EK/ASW 7-96, mod. MP/CWN 5-02R.K. Peet, E. Kjellmark and A.S. Weakley, mod. M. Pyne and C.W. NordmanG2G397-05-03G2\;97-#CEGL004485CSCSA.520II.A.4.N.aPinus palustris / Asimina angustifolia / Aristida beyrichiana - Schizachyrium scoparium - Dyschoriste oblongifolia WoodlandLongleaf Pine / Longleaf Pawpaw / Southern Wiregrass - Little Bluestem - Pineland Dyschoriste Woodland1996-07-01GCUSRKP/EK/ASW 7-96R.K. Peet, E. Kjellmark and A.S. WeakleyG3?98-01-22G3VTLI!#CEGL004484CSCSA.357I.B.2.N.hNyssa biflora - (Nyssa aquatica, Taxodium distichum) Tidal ForestSwamp Blackgum - (Water Tupelo, Bald-cypress) Tidal ForestTidal Hardwood Swamp Forest1997-11-26GCUSG3G400-12-28G3¸c"CEGL004483CSCSA.356I.B.2.N.hFraxinus pennsylvanica - feet) elevation. It descends to 1000 m (3100 feet) in the Central Appalachians. In local landscapes of the Southern Blue Ridge and Central Appalachians, this alliance tends to occur bimodally, on high ridges and summits and steep, rocky upper slopes, and at lower elevations in frost pocket situations, where ~Picea rubens$ apparently has a competitive advantage because of moist, acid, organic soils and/or cold air drainage.ALVALM/9CEGL004492CSCSThis semi-natural grassland is widespread in the western U.S. and northern Great Plains where it has invaded natural meadows and riparian areas. Elevation ranges from 1100-2625 m (3600-8600 feet). Sites are generally flat to moderately sloping and occur on all aspects. Stands typically occur on pastures found in the plains, montane meadows, stream benches and terraces. In the semi-arid region it is restricted to relatively mesic sites. Soils are highly variable, but ~Poa pratensis$ grows best on moist, fertile sandy to clayey alluvium with high organic content. It does not tolerate prolonged flooding, high water tables or poor drainage well. However, it can tolerate mildly alkaline and saline soils, and some drought. The vegetation is characterized by a moderate to dense herbaceous canopy that is strongly dominated by the introduced perennial, sod-forming graminoid ~Poa pratensis$. ~Poa pratensis$ has invaded many other natural plant associations, but the diagnostic character in this association is that there is typically not enough of the native grassland left to classify it as a poor-condition natural type. Associates are often those early-seral and weedy species that tolerate historic heavy livestock grazing or other disturbance well, such as ~Achillea millefolium, Cirsium arvense, Elymus repens, Equisetum$ spp., ~Fragaria virginiana, Hordeum$ spp., ~Juncus balticus, Linaria vulgaris, Potentilla gracilis, Taraxacum officinale$, and introduced forage species such as ~Agrostis stolonifera, Bromus inermis$, and ~Phleum pratense$. Remnant natives ~Pascopyrum smithii, Deschampsia caespitosa$, and ~Carex$ spp. are often present in low cover. Occasional trees and shrubs may also be present.LVAL#hCEGL004500CSCSA.578II.A.4.N.fPinus palustris - Pinus serotina / Magnolia virginiana / Sporobolus teretifolius - Carex striata WoodlandLongleaf Pine - Pond Pine / Sweetbay / Wireleaf Dropseed - Peatland Sedge Woodland1996-07-01GCUSRKP/ASW 7-96R.K. Peet and A.S. WeakleyG197-12-31G1ތ# CEGL004499CSCSA.578II.A.4.N.fPinus palustris - Pinus serotina / Ctenium aromaticum - Scleria paucifloThis alliance, found in the midwestern United States and southern Canada, is comprised of tall, coarse-leaved, mixed emergent marsh species, especially ~Schoenoplectus fluviatilis (= Scirpus fluviatilis)$. Associated emergent species can include ~Calamagrostis canadensis, Eupatorium perfoliatum, Sagittaria latifolia, Sparganium eurycarpum, Typha$ spp., and ~Verbena hastata$. ^This alliance is found in depressions and near rivers and ponds where the ground is flooded for much of the growing season. The soils are usually mucky and deep.These are seasonally flooded upland depressions dominated by ~Rhynchospora inundata$ and/or ~Rhynchospora careyana$ (the two species currently taxonomically muddled). Some additional species that may be present in stands of this type include ~Panicum hemitomon, Panicum verrucosum, Rhynchospora cephalantha, Rhynchospora filifolia, Andropogon capillipes, Xyris fimbriata, Xyris$ sp., ~Lachnanthes caroliana, Fuirena$ sp., ~Lycopodiella appressa, Eupatorium leptophyllum, Pontederia cordata, Solidago latissimifolia$, and ~Triadenum virginicum$. One very rare association that occurs in South Carolina also contains ~Eriocaulon decangulare var. decangulare, Panicum virgatum var. virgatum (= Panicum virgatum var. cubense)$, and ~Muhlenbergia expansa$ in addition to the nominal species. Floating aquatic plants such as ~Nymphaea odorata$ and ~Nymphoides aquatica$ may be present. Woody plants, present at low cover, may include ~Hypericum brachyphyllum$ and seedlings of ~Pinus elliottii$.LVAL UThis alliance accommodates a variety of seasonally flooded vegetation of pondshore and lakeshore environments. It occurs primarily along the Atlantic Coastal Plain from Nova Scotia, Canada, south to Georgia, with inland stations in the central Great Lakes area, the Great Valley of Virginia, and central Tennessee. Occurrences of this alliance are usually small and are dominated predominantly by herbaceous, mostly graminoid, species. Many species are annual or short-lived perennial plants. They persist for years in the seed bank until the hydrologic conditions are right for germination. Thus, species composition of particular stands may change from year to year. In interior stations of this alliance, many of these seedbank plants are species significantly disjunct from their main range on the Atlantic Coastal Plain. There are two major vegetation zones that occur in this environment: Zone 1 is a seasonally flooded zone of sparse cover by graminoids; and Zone 2 is a saturated zone of dense graminoid cover. Some associations may include a zone dominated by taller graminoids, including ~Saccharum$ spp. or ~Scirpus cyperinus$. These zones remain largely intact, but a succession of wet or dry years can cause them to shift slightly in location. Pondshore examples of this alliance occupy a zone around a more open pond center with a longer hydroperiod. These ponds have a pronounced seasonal fluctuation in water level, filling in the winter and drying in the summer. Abundant species in this alliance include the graminoids ~Calamagrostis canadensis, Carex$ spp., ~Carex scoparia, Cladium mariscoides, Eleocharis melanocarpa, Fimbristylis autumnalis, Juncus$ spp., ~Rhynchospora capitellata, Rhynchospora scirpoides$, and ~Schoenoplectus hallii (= Scirpus hallii)$. Some prominent forbs include ~Ludwigia$ spp., ~Rhexia mariana$, and ~Rhexia virginica$. Other species that may occur are ~Agalinis purpurea, Dulichium arundinaceum, Eleocharis melanocarpa, Eleocharis obtusa, Eleocharis palustris (= Eleocharis smallii), LVAL VEupatorium perfoliatum, Euthamia caroliniana (= Euthamia tenuifolia), Fimbristylis autumnalis, Fuirena squarrosa, Hypericum boreale, Juncus effusus, Lobelia canbyi, Rhynchospora corniculata, Rhynchospora glomerata, Rhynchospora macrostachya, Rhynchospora perplexa, Rotala ramosior, Scirpus cyperinus, Spiraea alba, Spiraea tomentosa, Stachys hyssopifolia, Triadenum virginicum, Viola lanceolata$, and ~Xyris difformis$. Examples of this alliance from Lower New England and the North Atlantic Coast of Nova Scotia south to Delaware may be found on Coastal Plain pondshores with cobble substrates and little or no organic material accumulation; the broad margins and shorelines of shallow basins or deeper ponds on variable substrates; or on the shores of glacial outwash ponds or large lakes. In the Great Lakes, stands of this alliance are found on sandy pitted outwash plains and glacial lake plains. The level topography of these plains produces gently sloping, shallow basins with no outlets and sometimes no inlets. The water table fluctuates seasonally and yearly. It is highest in late winter and spring, and during years of high precipitation. The soils are derived mainly from sand. The sand is poor in nutrients and is acidic, with pH ranging from 4.4-7.0. These conditions inhibit microbial decomposition and considerable organic material accumulates as peat. The peat mixes with sand or forms more-or-less pure deposits. Basin shorelines typically have stretches of pure sand in areas where wave action is greatest, pure peat in protected areas, and a mixture of the two substrates in other areas. In some basins, an impermeable layer of clay develops 2-5 m below the surface. This layer may hold the local water table above the regional water table for long periods. In the South, this alliance is found in upland depression ponds of the Interior Low Plateau (Eastern Highland Rim) of Tennessee, seasonally flooded anthropogenic peatland depressions in the Great Dismal Swamp of Virginia (where it may occupy seasonally LVALgJvCEGL004523CSCSA.1277V.A.5.N.eCarex biltmoreana - Pycnanthemum spp. - Krigia montana Herbaceous VegetationBiltmore Sedge - Mountain-mint species - Mountain Cynthia Herbaceous VegetationSouthern Appalachian Biltmore Sedge Granitic Dome1996-08-01GCUSCLN/ASW 8-96C. Newell and A.S. WeakleyG2G396-09-08G21/'# o# CEGL004522CSCSA.1275V.A.5.N.eBouteloua ramosa Herbaceous VegetationChino Grama Herbaceous Vegetation1996-09-01GCUSASW 9-96A.S. WeakleyG?96-09-08G?xvtjjI#CEGL004521CSCSA.1231V.A.5.N.cSporobolus silveanus - Carex meadii Herbaceous VegetationSilveus Dropseed - Mead's Sedge Herbaceous Vegetation1996-08-01GCUSASW 8-96A.S. WeakleyG198-12-11G1\# CEGL004520CSCSA.1218V.A.5.N.cMuhlenbergia reverchonii - Bouteloua hirsuta var. pectinata - Carex microdonta Herbaceous VegetationSeep Muhly - Tall Grama - Little-tooth Sedge Herbaceous Vegetation1996-08-01GCUSBC/ASW 8-96B. Carr and A.S. WeakelyG3?98-12-11G3ɇ#CEGL004519CSCSA.1197V.A.5.N.aSchizachyrium scoparium - Sorghastrum nutans - Paspalum plicatulum - Carex microdonta - Neptunia lutea Vertisol Herbaceous VegetationLittle Bluestem - Yellow Indiangrass - Brownseed Crowngrass - Little-tooth Sedge - Yellow-puff Vertisol Herbaceous VegetationVertisol Coastal Prairie1996-08-01GCUSASW 8-96A.S. WeakleyG198-12-11G1kia_SKIG=%#ponded depressions of anthropogenic origin, such as experimental marsh restoration clearings, burned-out peat areas, or depressional basins in powerlines), seasonally flooded upland depressions occurring on clays in the Inner Coastal Plain of southeastern Virginia, as well as Grady Ponds in Georgia and possibly some vegetation of Carolina bays. In central Tennessee examples, vegetation of this alliance may grade down into that of the V.A.5.N.k ~~Juncus repens - Eleocharis microcarpa$ Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance (A.1376)$$.]LVALi!c This alliance, which is found in the eastern and southeastern United States, inhabits seasonally flooded marshes or emergent zones of upland depression ponds. The vegetation is dominated by ~Scirpus cyperinus$, or at least with substantial cover of this species. The habitat of this alliance may have a pronounced seasonal fluctuation in water level, becoming saturated to ponded in the winter and often drying completely in the summer. The vegetation is typically dominated by patches or zones of ~Scirpus cyperinus$; other species present may include ~Carex$ spp., ~Dichanthelium$ spp., ~Dulichium arundinaceum, Glyceria$ spp., ~Juncus$ spp., ~Leersia$ spp., ~Panicum rigidulum, Rhynchospora$ spp., and ~Thelypteris palustris$, as well as other species of ~Scirpus$ including ~Scirpus microcarpus (= Scirpus rubrotinctus)$ and ~Scirpus atrovirens$. The vegetation may consist of monospecific clumps of the component species, either scattered in the marsh or around the pond margin. Mats of ~Sphagnum$ mosses may be prominent in some examples (e.g., ~Sphagnum lescurii, Sphagnum pylaesii, Sphagnum cuspidatum, Sphagnum palustre$, and ~Sphagnum recurvum$. Some examples may have scattered woody plants, including shrubs and small trees such as ~Acer rubrum, Alnus serrulata, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Rosa palustris$, and ~Nyssa sylvatica$. To the north, ~Vaccinium corymbosum$ is a typical associate, while ~Hibiscus moscheutos, Itea virginica, Liquidambar styraciflua, Pinus taeda$, and ~Quercus phellos$ occur more frequently in the southern portion of the range. Sparsely distributed shrubs in montane examples may include ~Vaccinium$ spp. and ~Leucothoe racemosa$. The floristics and physiognomic expression may vary with context and management. In a burned or mowed context, examples of this vegetation type may grade down into other wetland herbaceous types, but in a more forested context may grade into upland depression forests.#LVAL41dThis alliance consists of seasonally flooded wetlands dominated by ~Spartina bakeri$, or at least with substantial cover of it. Seasonally flooded coastal interdunal swales of the Florida peninsula dominated by ~Spartina bakeri$ may also contain ~Muhlenbergia filipes$ (which may be codominant), ~Andropogon glomeratus, Aristida$ sp., ~Rhynchospora colorata, Sagittaria lancifolia, Eupatorium mikanioides, Setaria magna, Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense, Phyla nodiflora, Sabatia stellaris$, and ~Pluchea rosea$. Additional herbaceous species in South Carolina ~Spartina bakeri$ ponds may include ~Woodwardia virginica, Hibiscus moscheutos, Juncus effusus, Saccharum giganteum, Panicum virgatum, Cyperus odoratus$, and ~Juncus roemerianus$. ~Hibiscus grandiflorus$ is reported from some associations. These areas are not tidally flooded, but are apparently maintained as marsh by occasional flooding by brackish water during severe storm tides in hurricane events. These storm-flooding events maintain brackish soil conditions.This alliance includes vegetation of wet, bog-like areas in the southern Appalachian Mountains, with seasonal flooding, especially areas formerly flooded by beavers, as well as shoreline vegetation of artificial impoundments of the East Gulf Coastal Plain (and likely other coastal regions as well). Other species that may be present in the montane examples, in addition to ~Sparganium americanum$, include ~Epilobium leptophyllum, Epilobium coloratum, Polygonum punctatum, Potamogeton$ sp., ~Ludwigia palustris$, and others. Other species in the Coastal Plain community include ~Saccharum giganteum, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Rhynchospora corniculata, Lycopus rubellus, Woodwardia areolata$, and others.LVALLz CEGL004548CSCSA.265I.B.2.N.bAcer grandidentatum - Quercus gravesii ForestBigtooth Maple - Chisos Red Oak Forest1996-10-01GCUSASW/KP This alliance, found in the midwestern United States and the central provinces of Canada, is characterized by emergent graminoids and forbs in shallow marshes. Shallow aquatics like ~Sparganium eurycarpum$ or ~Sagittaria latifolia$ may be more diagnostic than ~Typha$ spp. or ~Schoenoplectus$ spp. (= ~Scirpus$ spp.). Other species present include ~Carex comosa, Lemna minor$, and ~Rumex orbiculatus$. Further work is needed to characterize this alliance. ^Shallow marshes have soils that are saturated to inundated by standing water up to 15 cm in depth throughout much of the growing season.Seasonally flooded ~Typha latifolia$ marshes occurring in depressional wetlands, including peat soils of seasonally flooded depressions in the Coastal Plain of Florida. ~Pontederia cordata$ may codominate. In these areas, surface water is present for extended periods during the growing season, but is absent by the end of the growing season in most years.This alliance includes temperate, non-tidal wetlands dominated by ~Typha domingensis$. This includes wet parts of non-tidal interdune ponds with brackish water from hurricane flooding, storm tides, or island overwash. Other characteristic species may include ~Setaria magna$ and ~Cyperus$ spp. This alliance can be zonal with other vegetation including ~Leptochloa fusca ssp. fascicularis (= Leptochloa fascicularis var. maritima)$ and alien ~Phragmites australis$. This alliance occurs in coastal areas of North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida, Texas, and in scattered localities in the mountains of Colorado and Utah, and the intermountain desert region of California, Arizona and Nevada.LVAL&|+eCEGL004558CSCSA.780III.B.2.N.aQuercus havardii - (Penstemon ambiguus, Croton dioicus) / Sporobolus giganteus ShrublandHavard Oak - (Gilia Penstemon, GrassThis alliance, found in the northern Great Plains, typically forms a central core of a wetland or bands along more permanent water. Vegetation cover is usually high but can vary in wet or dry years. Dominant species are herbaceous and typically between 0.5 and 1 m tall. Forb diversity is moderate to high. ~Carex atherodes$ can either form almost monotypic stands or be the dominant species. Common associated species include ~Alisma triviale, Eleocharis palustris, Glyceria grandis$ (in drier stands), ~Mentha arvensis, Phalaris arundinacea, Polygonum amphibium, Schoenoplectus fluviatilis (= Scirpus fluviatilis), Scolochloa festucacea$ (especially on mildly saline sites), ~Sium suave$, and ~Sparganium eurycarpum$. Shrubs, including ~Salix$ spp., can invade stands of this alliance, especially in the eastern portions of its range. ^Stands of this alliance occur on lowland sites that have standing water for several weeks each year. These sites are typically in depressions or basins but can be along streams and rivers. The water may be fresh to mildly saline. Soils can be mineral but mucks often form through the buildup of organic material.Temperate marsh vegetation dominated by ~Zizaniopsis miliacea$, occurring in a variety of situations, from rocky beds of slow-moving rivers to stagnant Coastal Plain waters. This vegetation often consists of essentially monospecific stands of ~Zizaniopsis miliacea$. Slow-moving stretches of rocky river margins may include ~Schoenoplectus pungens$? (= ~Scirpus pungens$?) and ~Justicia americana$. Many more associations will probably need to be developed in this alliance.=LVALK)QzCEGL004566CSCSA.851III.A.5.N.aLarrea tridentata - Jatropha dioica var. graminea ShrublandCreosotebush - Leatherstem Shrubland1996-10-01GCUSASW/KP 10-96A.S. Weakley and K.D. PattersonG3?01-01-30G3ǿ_$CEGL004565CSCSA.851III.A.5.N.aLarrea tridentata - Hechtia texensis ShrublandCreosotebush - Texas False Agave Shrubland1996-10-01GCUSASW/KP 10-96A.S. Weakley and K.D. PattersonG3?01-01-30G3||R$This alliance contains basins, swales, moats of bog mats, and pondshores dominated by ~Dulichium arundinaceum$. Communities in this alliance typically occur in basins of porous substrate where the water level drops significantly during dry years. Substrate is variously mucky or sandy. Typical communities also contain a mix of low grasses, sedges, rushes, and scattered shrubs. This alliance is wide-ranging and poorly known.This alliance, found primarily in the Great Lakes and northeastern regions of the United States, includes seasonally flooded communities dominated by the sedge ~Carex stricta$, often occurring with other tussock-forming sedges. ~Carex stricta$ often occurs with ~Calamagrostis canadensis$. A variety of forb species are found in these stands, including tall forbs such as ~Asclepias incarnata, Angelica atropurpurea, Eupatorium maculatum, Eupatorium perfoliatum, Thalictrum dasycarpum$, and low forbs such as ~Lycopus americanus, Galium obtusum$, and ~Thelypteris palustris$. ^Stands occur along slow streams and near inlets and outlets of lakes or ponds and may be inundated with water during floods. These wetlands generally contain little or no ~Sphagnum$ and can be the result of beaver-caused flooding of once more sphagnous wetlands. The ground may be flooded in the spring or after heavy rains, but it typically lies just above the permanent water table. Soils are either a raw sedge peat or a muck comprised of decomposed peat.LVALCEGL004588CSCSA.878III.A.5.N.cOpuntia imbricata ShrublandCane Cholla Shrubland1996-10-01GCUSASW 10-96A.S. WeakleyGD01-05-14*ywkb`^TT?$CEGL004587CSCSA.649II.B.2.N.cSalix exigua / Baccharis salicifolia - Baccharis neglecta / Schoenoplectus spp. WoodlandCoyote Willow / Seep-willow - Rooseveltweed / Clubrush species WoodlandChihuahuan Desert Willow Dune Depression1996-10-01GCUSASW/KP 10-96A.S. Weakley and K.D. PattersonG2?96-10-20G20.&#{# CEGL004586CSCSA.648II.B.2.N.cNyssa biflora / Panicum hemitomon - Woodwardia virginica WoodlandSwamp Blackgum / Maidencane - Virginia Chainfern WoodlandSwamp Blackgum Boggy Flatwoods Pond Forest1996-10-01GCUSASW 10-96A.S. WeakleyG3?98-12-11G3ǝd#CEGL004585CSCSA.523II.A.4.N.aPinus remota / Juniperus pinchotii - Quercus mohriana WoodlandPapershell Pinyon / Pinchot's Juniper - Mohr Shin Oak Woodland1996-10This montane forest alliance of central and southern California grows on steep to moderate slopes. Stands are found between 275 and 2400 m of elevation, and grow on slopes of all aspects. Annual precipitation varies with elevation, and ranges from 70-100 cm, with a distinct summer dry season. Precipitation is episodic, and droughts of several years duration are not uncommon. Soils that support this alliance are skeletal, rocky, and well-drained. Stands contain ~Pseudotsuga macrocarpa$ and ~Quercus chrysolepis$ as important canopy species. Other trees present may include ~Quercus kelloggii, Pinus coulteri, Pinus attenuata, Pinus sabiniana, Pinus monophylla, Umbellularia californica$, and ~Juglans californica$. In older stands the canopy tends to be two-tiered, with ~Quercus chrysolepis$ forming the subcanopy beneath the conifers. The shrub and herbaceous layers are sparse.VLVALbBCEGL004595CSCSA.1865VII.C.2.N.cSesuvium verrucosum Sparse VegetationWinged Sea-purslane Sparse Vegetation1996-10-01GCUSASW 10-96A.S. WeakleyG3?99-12-22G3}{yooJ%CEGL004594CSCSA.945III.B.2.N.dJuglans microcarpa / Sorghastrum nutans ShrublandLittle Walnut / Yellow This alliance is found throughout the northern states of the United States, excluding the Great Plains states. It is a wide-ranging alliance with much variability in species composition and habitat. Stands of this alliance have a dense graminoid cover, generally over 1 m tall, with either a flat or tussocky microtopography. Tall shrubs may occupy as much as 25% cover. ~Calamagrostis canadensis$ is the characteristic dominant but can be associated with ~Phalaris arundinacea$ or a variety of Carices. Other associates include, in the Northeast, shrubs such as ~Viburnum nudum, Alnus incana$, or ~Alnus serrulata, Viburnum dentatum, Spiraea alba$, and graminoids such as ~Agrostis gigantea (= Agrostis alba)$. In the Midwest, typical associates include several Carices, such as ~Carex stricta, Carex rostrata$, or ~Carex lacustris$, and occasionally ~Poa palustris$ or ~Glyceria grandis$ (Harris et al. 1996). The ground layer can be a heavy mat of grass stems and leaves, with patches of bare soil present in wetter locations. ^The habitat of this alliance is typically mineral soil or well-decomposed peat, usually held together by a dense root mat. Stands are found in floodplains of small streams, beaver meadows, and lakeshores. The hydrology is typically seasonally flooded (Harris et al. 1996). In the southern Appalachians of Tennessee and Virginia, this vegetation occurs in depression meadows and occasionally in beaver ponds.LVALrO CEGL004601CSCSA.1751V.C.2.N.aNymphoides aquatica - Nymphaea odorata - Gratiola brevifolia Herbaceous VegetationBig Floatingheart - White Water-lily - Shortleaf Hedge-hyssop Herbaceous VegetationWest Gulf Coastal Plain Floatingheart Pond1996-10-01GCUSASW 10-96A.S. WeakleyG3?00-01-24G3"  u#  CEGL004600CSCSA.392I.C.3.N.aPinus cembroides - Quercus gravesii - Juniperus flaccida / Salvia regla / Piptochaetium fimbriatum ForestMexican Pinyon - Chisos Red Oak - Weeping Juniper / Royal Sage / Pinyon Speargrass Forest1996-10-01GCUSASW/KP 10-96A.S. Weakley and K.D. PattersonG2?96-10-20G2*( "  CEGL004599CSCSA.510II.A.4.N.aPinus cembroides - Quercus grisea / Muhlenbergia montana - Piptochaetium pringlei WoodlandMexican Pinyon -This alliance, found in the northeastern Great Plains, occurs in shallow marshes or wet prairies. The moderately dense to dense vegetation is dominated by graminoids 0.5-1.0 m tall. Forbs are not common, and shrubs are very rare. ~Scolochloa festucacea$ is the single most abundant species and may occur in almost monotypic stands. Other abundant species include ~Carex atherodes$ (especially on less saline sites), ~Carex laeviconica, Eleocharis palustris, Glyceria grandis, Juncus balticus, Sium suave$, and ~Typha latifolia$ (in wetter stands). ~Lemna minor$ may also be abundant where surface water is present for most of the growing season. ^This alliance is found on sites with standing water for part of the growing season. The water table may be above the surface for only a few weeks in spring and after heavy rains or constantly until midsummer. Stands dominated by ~Scolochloa festucacea$ can be found on marginally fresh to moderately saline stands. The soils are typically medium- to fine-textured and often have an accumulation of organic matter.LVAL(h\#CEGL004610CSCSA.247I.B.2.N.aQuercus nigra / Ilex vomitoria / Chasmanthium sessiliflorum ForestWater Oak / Yaupon / Longleaf Spikegrass ForestSemi-natural Gulf Coast Small Stream Water Oak Forest1996-10-01GCUSASW 10-96A.S. WeakleyGD01-06-28*ȓd"CEGL004609CSCSA.1870VII.C.3.N.bBouteloua bThis alliance occurs around the eastern and central Great Lakes. The physiognomy is dominated by sedges and grasses with scattered shrubs, and sometimes trees, growing in thin soil over calcareous bedrock. Areas of exposed bedrock pavement are common. There are three mosaic patches that typically make up stands of this alliance. The dominant species in each are as follows: Mosaic Patch 1: ~Schizachyrium scoparium, Sporobolus heterolepis, Carex scirpoidea$, and ~Carex$ spp. Mosaic Patch 2: ~Eleocharis compressa, Andropogon gerardii, Muhlenbergia richardsonis$, and ~Spartina pectinata$. Windthrow is probably common in alvar because of the thin soils and proximity to major streams (which often funnel windstorms) and the Great Lakes. The thin soils are also droughty, giving the potential for tree-killing drought or ground fires. Thus, stands of this alliance are maintained as primarily herb-and-shrub-dominated communities. Flooding after spring snowmelt may also limit tree growth by creating anaerobic conditions for a few weeks. ^Alvar is found over calcareous bedrock (dolomite or limestone) of Middle and Late Ordovician and Early Silurian origin. Within these sites there are three mosaic patches: Mosaic Patch 1 in places where there is a soil layer of about 15 cm over bedrock and in areas where soil is present only in crevasses in bedrock; Mosaic Patch 2 in moist areas. The soils are mildly to moderately alkaline (pH 7.2-8.0) sandy loams or loamy sands less than 25 cm deep. Although saturated by water in the spring, they are very droughty in the summer. Lower areas can be more moist and therefore often develop loam.LVAL8)CEGL004626CSCSA.297I.B.2.N.dSalix nigra - Platanus occidentalis ForestBlack Willow - Sycamore ForestBlack Willow - Sycamore Montane BottomlaThis alliance is found from the western Great Lakes to the western United States. This description is based on the one community that occurs in the Midwest. Stands typically occur in depressions or around ponds or lakes, although they sometimes can be found adjacent to streams or rivers. The sites on which it develops are flooded for some time during the growing season in most years. ~Carex aquatilis$-dominated stands were found in the northern Great Plains on mostly mineral soils in fresh or slightly saline shallow marshes. The vegetation is dominated by graminoids approximately 0.4-0.7 m tall. ~Carex$ spp. predominate, especially ~Carex aquatilis$, and often include ~Carex rostrata, Carex lacustris$, and ~Carex stricta$. ~Eleocharis palustris, Polygonum amphibium, Scirpus$ spp., and ~Typha$ spp. may all be found in stands of this alliance. ~Scolochloa festucacea$ may be found in drier stands. Woody species are rare. If present, they are shrubs such as ~Salix$ spp.This alliance is found in the upper midwestern United States and most western states as well as several Canadian provinces. Stands usually occur on wet mineral soil, muck, or shallow peat (<0.5 m). Standing water (generally stagnant) is present in the spring and after heavy rains, but the water table is generally below the surface for most of the growing season. This permits the breakdown of dead organic matter and the release of nutrients. Where stands are found along stream courses or lake margins, water levels may be more constant relative to stands in depressions or basins. This vegetation is dominated by tall wider-leaved sedges, with a mixture of forbs. Typical dominants include ~Carex rostrata$ or ~Carex utriculata (= Carex rostrata var. utriculata)$, as well as ~Carex vesicaria$. Further study is needed to clarify the floristic characteristics of this alliance.MLVALR[EognCEGL004645CSCSA.351I.B.2.N.gNyssa biflora - Acer rubrum var. trilobum - Liriodendron tulipifera / Ilex coriacea - Lyonia lucida ForestSwamp Blackgum - Carolina Red Maple - Tuliptree / Big Gallberry - Shining Fetterbush ForestSandhills Swamp Blackgum Hillside Seepage Forest1997-01-01GCUSASW/MP 1-97, mod. MP/SL 3-99A.S. Weakley, M. Pyne, and S. LandaalG398-08-04G3rphfA%#!"CEGL004644CSCSA.330I.B.2.N.eQuercus phellos / Carex striata var. brevis ForestWillow Oak / Northern Peatland Sedge ForestDelmarva Upland Oak Pool1996-12-01GCUSGPF 12-96, mod. MP 11-00G.P. Fleming, mod. M. PyneG2?97-08-15G2׽Vegetation included in this alliance occurs in wet meadows in the Washington Cascades. It was described near Findley Lake at 1130 m elevation. Stands are found on the margins of lakes and in small depressions. Other information is not available. This vegetation includes subalpine wet meadows from the Cascade Mountains of Washington. Stands have a dense herbaceous layer (100% cover) by perennial graminoid ~Elymus hirsutus$ and the perennial forb ~Caltha leptosepala ssp. howellii$. Associates include ~Aconitum columbianum, Carex$ spp., ~Trisetum$ sp., ~Senecio triangularis, Sanguisorba canadensis (= Sanguisorba sitchensis), Dodecatheon jeffreyi$, and several others. Small differences in microtopography result in large variation in species composition.This alliance includes grasslands dominated by an introduced perennial sod grass native to Europe. Stands have been described from Montana, but the alliances is likely more widespread. ~Agrostis stolonifera$ has been widely planted for forage in North America and has invaded native communities from hay fields, especially more mesic areas such as riparian floodplains and seasonally flooded wetlands in the semi-arid western U.S.}LVAL ^ qCEGL004664CSCSA.1198V.A.5.N.aSchizachyrium scoparium - Sorghastrum nutans - Dalea candida - Liatris squarrosa - (Silphium terebinthinaceum) Black Belt Herbaceous VegetationLittle Bluestem - Yellow Indiangrass - White Prairie-clover - Scaly Blazingstar - (Prairie-dock) Black Belt Herbaceous VegetationBlack Belt Prairie1997-11-26GCUSRW/ARS 3-97R. Wieland and A. SchotzG197-02-28G1xv^SQOE3#CEGL004663CSCSA.228I.B.2.N.aFagus grandifolia - Quercus alba - Liriodendron tulipifera / Hydrangea arborescens / SchisandrThis tall grassland alliance is found on scattered low-elevation sites of the northern and western Great Plains, and in northern portions of the Intermountain West. Locations supporting this alliance are moist, poorly drained, often alkaline areas along ephemeral, intermittent or perennial streams, as well as swales, meadows, the margins of marshes and ponds and on moist sandy overflow channels and backwater areas of large rivers. Water tables are typically high, within 1 m of the surface, but the sites are not permanently flooded. Soils are fine-textured, and range from clays to silt-loam, and are usually slightly to moderately alkaline, but non-saline. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by a tall perennial graminoid layer that is dominated by ~Spartina gracilis$, sometimes forming pure stands. Other graminoids present, and occasionally codominant, include ~Schoenoplectus pungens (= Scirpus pungens), Juncus balticus$, and ~Pascopyrum smithii$. Forb species tend to be weedy, such as ~Grindelia squarrosa, Glycyrrhiza lepidota$, and ~Xanthium strumarium$. These forbs can be somewhat abundant in disturbed locations, but otherwise are found in small amounts. Diagnostic of this alliance is the ~Spartina gracilis$-dominated tall graminoid layer in a grassland that has a relatively shallow water table and is flooded for an extended period during the growing season.:LVALH$JCEGL004678CSCSA.291I.B.2.N.dQuercus laurifolia - Quercus michauxii - Liquidambar styraciflua / Carpinus caroliniana ForestDiamondleaf Oak - Swamp Chestnut Oak - Sweetgum / Ironwood ForestDiamondleaf Oak Atlantic Brownwater River Floodplain Terrace This alliance includes grasslands dominated by an introduced perennial sod grass native to Europe. Stands have been described from Montana and South Dakota, but the alliances is likely more widespread. Sites include more mesic areas such as riparian floodplains and seasonally flooded wetlands. Soils are alluvial.Plant associations included in this alliance are circumboreal and are common in alpine, wet meadows and wetland margin habitats. Stands are found in moist, low-gradient valley bottoms and along streams throughout the mountainous areas of the western U.S. Typically, communities occur in areas of abundant snowfall where snowmelt saturates soils from late spring through early summer. Communities occur in the alpine tundra in snowmelt basins and around the edges of alpine wetlands. At lower elevations, the communities are typically wetlands, requiring wet or moist soils throughout most of the growing season. Soils are variable. Fine-textured soils retain soil moisture longer in areas of seasonal drought, and coarse substrates allow aeration in areas with perennial high water tables. This vegetation is characterized by a moderately dense to dense herbaceous layer dominated by the perennial bunchgrass ~Deschampsia caespitosa$. Commonly associated graminoid species include ~Carex nebrascensis, Carex microptera, Carex aquatilis, Juncus balticus, Phleum alpinum, Danthonia intermedia$, and ~Agrostis scabra$. Common forbs include ~Geum rossii, Ligusticum tenuifolium, Polygonum bistortoides$, and ~Caltha leptosepala$. Diagnostic of this herbaceous alliance is the dominance or codominance of ~Deschampsia caespitosa$ and the presence of surface water for extended periods during the growing season.dLVALp_*dCEGL004708CSCSA.1905V.B.2.N.bImpatiens (capensis, pallida) - Heuchera villosa - (Saxifraga virginiensis, Cardamine diphylla) Herbaceous Vegetation(Orange Jewelweed, Yellow Jewelweed) - Rock Alumroot - (Early Saxifrage, Crinkleroot Toothwort) Herbaceous VegetationHighland Rim Limestone Cliff/Talus Seep1997-04-01GCUSMP 4-97M. PyneG300-12-21G3\ZRPIB@>4 #CEGL004707CSCSA.66I.A.5.N.aEucalyptus robusta ForestBeakpod Eucalyptus Forest1997-04-01GCUSASW 4-97A.S. WeakleyGW97-06-23*wuia_]SS:!CEGL004706CECSA.1703V.B.2.N.gPeltandra virginica - Pontederia cordata Tidal Herbaceous VegetationGreen Arrow-arum - Pickerelweed Tidal Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSASW 4-97 after Odum et al. 1984, mod. SLN 11-01A.S. Weakley 4-97 after Odum et al. (1984), mod. S.L. NeidG3G498-11-04G3'%߰g# CEGL004705CSCSA.1485V.A.5.N.nZizaniopsis miliacea Tidal Herbaceous VegetationSouthern Wild Rice Tidal HerbaceoThis montane alliance of central and southern California occurs primarily on north-facing slopes at elevations between 275 and 2400 m. Slopes can be moderate to steep. Annual precipitation varies with elevation, ranging from 70-100 cm, with a distinct summer dry season. Precipitation is episodic, and droughts of several years duration are not uncommon. Soils that support this alliance are rocky and derived from schists or sandstones. These soils are skeletal and well-drained. Stands of this forest alliance are dominated by ~Pseudotsuga macrocarpa$. Other trees present may include ~Quercus kelloggii, Quercus chrysolepis, Calocedrus decurrens, Pinus coulteri, Pinus ponderosa, Pinus monophylla, Pinus lambertiana$, and ~Abies concolor$. On flat sites the canopy tends to be continuous; on steeper sites the canopy is more intermittent. There is no subcanopy, and the shrub and herbaceous layers are sparse.LVALf CEGL004720CSCSA.324I.B.2.N.eNyssa biflora / Ilex myrtifolia / Carex glaucescens - Eriocaulon compressum ForestSwamp Blackgum / Myrtle Dahoon / Southern Waxy Sedge - Soft-head Pipewort ForestEast Gulf Coastal Plain Blackgum Dome Swamp1997-04-01GCUSASW 4-97A.S. WeakleyG2G397-06Stands included in this seasonally flooded grassland alliance are found in eastern Oregon's Columbia Basin and northwestern Nevada. The elevational range is from 1900-2400 m. Stands are found in flat, poorly drained floodplains and internally drained basins or historic lake basins (playas). Soils are moderately deep to deep, alkaline loams or clay loams. They are typically flooded in the spring and have a shallow water table that may drop below 1 m by the early summer. Upper soil horizons may be well-drained. Parent material is alluvium that may be derived from volcanic ash, rhyolite or basalt. Stands have moderately dense cover of perennial bunch grasses that are typically less than 0.5 m tall, but may extend up to 1 m. ~Poa secunda$ dominates or codominates the stands with ~Puccinellia lemmonii$ or ~Elymus elymoides$. Other consistent graminoids may include ~Carex microptera, Hordeum brachyantherum, Muhlenbergia richardsonis, Juncus balticus, Juncus ensifolius$, and ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$. Forbs commonly found include the perennials ~Achillea millefolium, Arnica longifolia, Iris missouriensis, Stellaria longipes$, and the annuals ~Montia linearis$ and ~Trifolium cyathiferum$. The deciduous, succulent-leaved shrub ~Sarcobatus vermiculatus$ may occasionally occur in some stands and is typically 1-3 m tall. Estimates of plant species cover were not available. Adjacent vegetation may include fresh or saline wetlands dominated by species of ~Carex$ or ~Juncus$. Uplands are typically shrublands dominated by ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana$.FLVALR]@ CEGL004735CSCSA.328I.B.2.N.eQuercus lyrata - Quercus laurifolia - Taxodium distichum / Saururus cernuus ForestOvercup Oak - Diamondleaf Oak - Bald-cypress / Lizard's-tail ForestOvercup Oak - Diamondleaf Oak - Bald-cypress Blackwater Bottomland Forest1997-06-01GCUSMPS Vegetation in this seasonally flooded, temperate or subpolar grassland alliance occurs in mountainous regions adjacent to streams on alluvial terraces, old beaver ponds, and seeps. Elevations range from 1920-2900 m. The communities occur on gentle slopes; however, some stands in Utah are located on subirrigated sites with slopes greater than 5%. Soils are mineral with little development, and range from sands to silts and clays, although clayey surface horizons are common. Stands with sandy soils are typically subirrigated. Thin organic surface horizons may exist in stands near seeps. Water tables generally remain within the rooting zone throughout the growing season, but may be more than 1 m below the surface on drier sites. ~Carex microptera$ is the dominant graminoid. ~Carex utriculata$ and ~Carex aquatilis$ are often present on wetter sites. Other graminoids present include ~Carex praegracilis, Carex pellita (= Carex lanuginosa)$, and ~Juncus hallii$. On drier sites, ~Deschampsia caespitosa$ and ~Phleum alpinum$ are present and may codominate. Common forb species include ~Symphyotrichum foliaceum (= Aster foliaceus), Fragaria virginiana$, and ~Geum macrophyllum$. ~Salix wolfii$ is common in the short-shrub layer, but generally has a sparse cover. Adjacent riparian communities are ~Carex aquatilis, Carex utriculata$, and ~Salix wolfii$. Drier, upland communities typically are dominated by ~Deschampsia caespitosa$ or mesic forbs.LVAL&pCEGL004748CSCSA.1376V.A.5.N.kEleocharis microcarpa - Juncus repens - Rhynchospora corniculata - (Mecardonia acuminata, Proserpinaca spp.) Herbaceous VegetationSmall-fruit Spikerush - Creeping Rush - Short-bristle Horned Beaksedge - (Axil-flower, Mermaid-weed species) Herbaceous VegeStands included in this alliance have been described from montane wetlands in forests on the west side of the Cascade Mountains in Oregon. Elevations range from 850-1590 m within a maritime climate. This vegetation is found in glacial cirques and valleys, often along streams, below seeps, and especially on the edge of beaver ponds. Substrates are moderately deep (50-90 cm), silt or silty clay loam textured soils with a deep organic horizon (20-50 cm). Parent materials are alluvium or volcanic pumice deposits. These wetlands have a high water table and are seasonally flooded during much of the growing season. Vegetation included in this alliance has a dense herbaceous layer dominated by the perennial graminoid ~Carex aquatilis var. dives$ (50% cover) with ~Carex vesicaria$ often codominating. Many other wet-site graminoids occur, such as ~Scirpus microcarpus, Agrostis humilis (= Agrostis thurberiana), Calamagrostis canadensis, Glyceria grandis$, and 13 other species of ~Carex$. The most common forbs are ~Mimulus alsinoides, Hypericum scouleri (= Hypericum formosum)$, and ~Pedicularis groenlandica$. Other associated forbs may include ~Caltha leptosepala ssp. howellii (= Caltha biflora), Hypericum anagalloides, Cicuta douglasii$, and the ferns ~Athyrium filix-femina$ and ~Dryopteris campyloptera (= Dryopteris austriaca)$. Scattered deciduous and evergreen shrubs may also be present, such as ~Salix lucida ssp. lasiandra (= Salix lasiandra), Spiraea douglasii$, and ~Vaccinium uliginosum$. Adjacent stands include montane forests and riparian communities.gLVALsiZ"mCEGL004764CSCSA.83I.A.5.N.fRhizophora mangle Fringe ForestRed Mangrove Fringe ForestMangrove Fringe Forest1997-08-01GCUSASW 8-97A.S. WeakleyG3G597-09-12G4~|zpZ@!CEGL004763CSCSA.404I.C.3.N.aPinus taeda - Quercus falcata - Quercus alba / Ostrya virginiana / Chasmanthium sessiliflorum ForestLoblolly Pine - Southern Red Oak - White Oak / Eastern Hop-hornbeam / Longleaf Spikegrass Forest1997-08-01GCUSMP/SL 8-97M. Pyne and S. LandaalG4G597-09-15G4" " CEGL004761CECSA.394I.C.3.N.aPinus echinata - Quercus (alba, falcata, stellata, velutina) ForestShortleaf Pine - (White Oak, Southern Red Oak, Post Oak, Black Oak) ForestAllegheny Ohio Shortleaf Pine - Mesic Oak Forest1997-11-26OCUSG?97-09-01G?߯e"CEGLVegetation types within these seasonally flooded, temperate or subpolar grasslands are found in peat bogs, marshes, and wet meadows from near sea level in the Pacific Northwest to moderately high (3200 m) elevations in the Rocky Mountains. Types occur in moderately broad valley bottoms in wet meadows or fens. Soils are mineral with accumulations of well-decomposed organic matter throughout the upper soil horizon. Wet stands may have accumulations of organic matter 20-35 cm thick overlying clayey mineral soils, resulting in a perched water table. Occurrences are widespread but uncommon. Vegetation types within this alliance are dominated by ~Carex buxbaumii$ with greater than 25% cover in the graminoid stratum. ~Carex aquatilis, Carex saxatilis$, and ~Carex utriculata$ are present and occasionally codominant. ~Deschampsia caespitosa, Caltha leptosepala, Pedicularis groenlandica$, and ~Ligusticum tenuifolium$ are among the common associates typically present in minor cover. Adjacent wetlands are often dominated by sedges such as ~Carex utriculata$ and ~Carex aquatilis$. Adjacent upland communities are ~Pinus contorta$ or ~Picea engelmannii$ forests.LVAL(-2CEGL004779CSCSA.1823VI.A.1.N.cPallavicinia lyellii - Sphagnum sp. Nonvascular VegetationPallavicinia - Peatmoss species Nonvascular VegetationMossy Coastal Plain Streamwall Vegetation1997-09-01GCUSMP 9-97M. PyneG4?01-09-19G4ǽ^$ CEGL004778CSCSA.328I.B.2.N.eQuercus lyrata - Quercus palustris / Acer rubrum var. drummondii / Itea virginica - Cornus foemina - (Lindera melissifolia) ForestOvercup Oak - Pin Oak / Swamp Red Maple / Virginia-willow - Stiff Dogwood - (Pondberry) ForestMixed Oak - Hardwood Sand Pond Forest1997-10-01GCUSMP/DZ 10-97D. Zollner and T. Foti, mod. M. PyneG2?01-01-08G2qogd@531'"CEGL004775CSCSA.238I.B.2.N.aQuercus alba - QVegetation types within this seasonally flooded grassland alliance occur in wet meadows, basins, and sometimes shallow standing water. They are found from the plains (<300 m) and lowlands (1050 m) to moderate (2700 m) elevations in the mountains in low-gradient, trough-shaped, moderately wide valleys with gentle to moderately steep sideslopes. Stands occur in depressions and swales at the saturated edge of stream channels or in standing water. Sites are poorly drained, often flooded during spring runoff, and water levels normally remain in the rooting zone throughout the growing season. Soils are variable, but most commonly mineral with large amounts of organic matter or, more rarely, with thick accumulations of partially decomposed sedges. Streambanks have alluvial soils composed of sand, silt, and clay deposits. This alliance is often characterized by a nearly monotypic cover of 40-90% ~Carex pellita (= Carex lanuginosa)$. Other graminoid cover is minor, but includes ~Carex microptera, Phalaris arundinacea, Calamagrostis stricta, Carex nebrascensis, Juncus balticus, Scirpus microcarpus, Schoenoplectus acutus (= Scirpus acutus)$, and ~Schoenoplectus pungens (= Scirpus pungens)$. Scattered forbs include ~Geum macrophyllum, Mentha arvensis, Prunella vulgaris$, and ~Potentilla gracilis$.LVAL+QCEGL004790CSCSA.578II.A.4.N.fPinus palustris - Pinus elliottii var. elliottii / Ctenium aromaticum - Aristida beyrichiana - (Sporobolus floridanus) WoodlandLongleaf Pine - Slash Pine / Toothache Grass - Southern Wiregrass - (Florida Dropseed) Woodland1997-10-01GCUSKT/CK 10-97K. Tassin and C. KindellG1G297-10-10G1@>62 #CEGL004789CSCSA.806III.A.2.N.lMorella cerifera - Toxicodendron radicans / Spartina bakeri ShrublandWax-myrtle - Poison-ivy / SVegetation types within this seasonally flooded, temperate or subpolar grassland alliance are associated with meadows, basins, glacial kettle ponds, and lake margins. Elevations range from 1380 m in Oregon to 2900 m in Utah. Sites are anaerobically favorable to the buildup of deep organic soils. Soils are usually Histosols with thick accumulations of partially decomposed sedges. Soil texture is predominantly loamy. Types occur on poorly drained organic mats. Sites are often flooded into the growing season with water tables remaining within the root zone. ~Carex lasiocarpa$ typically is the only dominant graminoid with up to 98% cover. ~Carex utriculata, Carex aquatilis$, and ~Carex canescens$ are occasionally present on slightly raised microsites. The forb layer in the Montana stands have up to 40% cover. Species include ~Symphyotrichum spathulatum (= Aster occidentalis), Argentina anserina (= Potentilla anserina)$, and ~Comarum palustre (= Potentilla palustris)$. ~Equisetum arvense$ characterizes the fern layer (0-40% cover) in the Montana sites. Adjacent wetter communities are dominated by either ~Carex utriculata$ or ~Carex aquatilis$. Drier communities are dominated by ~Deschampsia caespitosa$ or ~Artemisia cana$.;LVALG9O2CEGL004852CLACDA.700III.A.1.N.aEugenia borinquensis - Tabebuia rigida - Marcgravia sintenisii ShrublandGuayabota de Sierra - Roble de Sierra - Pegapalma Shrubland1997-11-26GCG197-12-01G1m%CEGL004851CLACDA.698III.A.1.N.aDalbergia ecastaphyllum Shrubland [Provisional]Coin-vine Shrubland1997-11-26OCG?97-12-01G?}ussssqggT%CEGL004850CLACDA.697III.A.1.N.aCroton lucidus Shrubland [Provisional]Firebush Shrubland1997-11-26OCG?97-12-01G?uskiiiig]]K%CEGL004849CLACDA.696III.A.1.N.aColubrina spp. Shrubland [Provisional]Nakedwood species Shrubland1997-11-26OCG?97-12-01G?~|trrrrpffK%This alliance is reported from Montana, California, and Utah, but may occur elsewhere because the dominant species is circumboreal. Elevation ranges from sea level in coastal stands to 3235 m in the Uinta Mountains. Most stands are associated with pond and lake margins, and the vegetation typically develops floating or quaking mats. In some sites, the vegetation may occur on low-gradient inflows or outflows of ponds or lakes. California types are associated with springs and seeps. Soils are wet, organic and deep, often forming peat. The vegetation is characterized by a dense graminoid stratum that is dominated by ~Carex limosa$ with up to 90% cover. Associated graminoids include ~Carex aquatilis, Carex buxbaumii, Carex lasiocarpa, Carex livida, Carex utriculata, Eriophorum scheuchzeri$, and ~Trichophorum caespitosum (= Scirpus cespitosus)$. Forb cover is sparse, ranging from 0-30%. Species include ~Drosera linearis, Menyanthes trifoliata, Pedicularis groenlandica$, and ~Scheuchzeria palustris$. A dense layer of ~Sphagnum$ spp. may occur in some stands. Diagnostic of this herbaceous alliance is a ~Carex limosa$-dominated wetland that is flooded for extended periods during the growing season.LVAL xcL CEGL004889CLACDA.1152V.A.1.N.cSporobolus indicus Herbaceous VegetationSmut Grass Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCGW96-09-08*zxxxxvllL$ CEGL004888CLACDA.1149V.A.1.N.cAndropogon gracilis Herbaceous Vegetation [Provisional]Wire Bluestem Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26OCG?97-12-01G?~~[$CEGL004885CLACDA.1Vegetation types within this seasonally flooded, temperate or subpolar grassland alliance occur on saturated soils of flat floodplains bordering ponds or pools adjacent to stream channels. Stands also occur on flat marshy areas surrounding springs or wet meadows. Elevations range from sea level in California to 2400 m in Colorado. The alluvial soils are heavy clays and silty clay loams with high organic matter content. Soils are alkaline in some sites. Anoxic conditions often occur within 20 cm of the surface either in the form of a gleyed layer or abundant mottling. Soils often remain saturated throughout the summer, but water tables occasionally drop below 1 m of the soil surface by the end of the growing season. This alliance is dominated by 30-98% cover of ~Carex nebrascensis$. ~Carex nebrascensis$ typically occurs on sites where water flows over the surface but does not pond. Other graminoids include ~Eleocharis palustris, Carex praegracilis, Catabrosa aquatica, Calamagrostis stricta, Triglochin maritima$, and ~Schoenoplectus pungens (= Scirpus pungens)$. Forb cover is generally low. Adjacent riparian vegetation includes ~Populus angustifolia$ and ~Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (= Populus trichocarpa)$ forests, ~Salix exigua, Salix lucida$, and ~Salix boothii$ shrublands, and ~Carex praegracilis, Carex utriculata$, and ~Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani$? (= ~Scirpus lacustris$) meadows. ~Pinus edulis - Juniperus$ spp. and ~Quercus gambelii$ woodlands, ~Sarcobatus vermiculatus$ and ~Artemisia tridentata$ shrublands, and ~Bouteloua gracilis$ shortgrass prairies occur on adjacent hillslopes.=LVALI CEGL004915CSCSA.1210V.A.5.N.cBothriochloa ischaemum var. songarica Herbaceous VegetationKing Ranch Beardgrass Herbaceous Vegetation1997-10-01GCUSBH 10-97B. HoaglandGW97-10-14*^#CEGL004914CSCSA.336I.B.2.N.eTaxodium ascendens / Magnolia virginiana / Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense ForestPond-cypress / Sweetbay / Sawgrass ForestGulf Coast Pond-cypress Dune Swale1997-10-01GCUSBAS 10-97B. SorrieG101-01-31G1ɿt"CEGL004913CSCSA.1225V.A.5.N.cSchizachyrium scoparium - Lechea tenuifolia - Acalypha radians Herbaceous VegetatiVegetation types within this seasonally flooded, temperate or subpolar grassland alliance occur on meadows, streambanks, and depressions in subalpine and alpine areas. Elevations range from 1750-2150 m in the Cascade Range, and from 3210-3540 m in Colorado. Sites typically are small depressions located below late-melting snowpatches on eastern slopes. Habitats are mostly southeast-facing and gently inclined (0-22%), 3-4 months snow-free, and well-stabilized. Soils are poorly drained with some peaty soil development. Soil pH levels range from 4.2-5.1. ~Carex nigricans$ forms a low, dominant mat with high average cover and frequency. Other prominent species in the Washington stands are ~Luetkea pectinata$ and ~Vahlodea atropurpurea (= Deschampsia atropurpurea)$. ~Polytrichum lyallii (= Polytrichadelphus lyallii), Pseudoleskea radicosa (= Lescuraea radicosa)$, and the lichen ~Lepraria neglecta$ are important cryptograms in the Washington stands. ~Phleum alpinum$ is a codominant in Colorado. Other constants are ~Deschampsia caespitosa$ and ~Juncus drummondii$. The moss layer in the Colorado stands is poorly developed. ~Carex nigricans$ is likely to form pure stands next to melting snowdrifts.LVAL(Kyr{CEGL004938CSCSA.625II.B.2.N.aQuercus marilandica / Schizachyrium scoparium WoodlandBlackjack Oak / Little Bluestem WoodlandOklahoma Blackjack Oak / Little Bluestem Woodland1997-11-26GCUSBH 11-97B. HoaglandG3G4Q02-09-03G3Y#CEGL004937CSCSA.477II.A.2.N.aQuercus fusiformis - (Quercus stellata) / Schizachyrium scoparium Granite WoodlandPlateau Live Oak - (Post Oak) / Little Bluestem Granite Woodland1997-11-01GCUSBH/ASW 11-97B. Hoagland and A.S. WeakleyG2?97-11-04G2u#CEGL004935CSCSA.383I.C.3.N.aQuercus stellata - Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana ForestPost OaVegetation types within this seasonally flooded, temperate or subpolar grassland alliance occur in wet meadows and moist swales and adjacent to seeps, springs, and stream channels in the mountains and shortgrass prairie. Elevations range from 1300-2400 m. Sites range from wet meadows that are often alkaline to peat-accumulating fens. The majority of the sites are relatively flat (1-4% slope). Soils are variable. Some sites have fairly deep soils that range from heavy clays to sandy clay loams with mottling. Sites near seeps or springs have peaty soils, up to 60 cm deep. Surface water is typically present for extended periods well into the growing season. The water table is usually near the soil surface. ~Carex praegracilis$ dominates the graminoid stratum with up to 100% cover. Stands on drier sites form narrow bands with 25-30% cover. Other graminoid species include ~Calamagrostis stricta, Carex aquatilis, Carex simulata, Carex utriculata, Deschampsia caespitosa, Eleocharis palustris$, and ~Juncus balticus$. The forb stratum is present with up to 30% cover; species include ~Cicuta douglasii$ and ~Senecio hydrophilus$. Adjacent vegetation includes patches of ~Carex nebrascensis$ and ~Pascopyrum smithii (= Agropyron smithii)$ on the prairie and ~Salix$ spp. shrublands in the mountains.LVALZCEGL004971CSCSA.1274V.A.5.N.eSpartina patens - This alliance is found in the Great Lakes region and northeastern United States and southern Canada. The canopy is closed and dominated by ~Thuja occidentalis$ with a mix of other coniferous and deciduous trees. The associated trees vary across the range of this alliance. In the East, ~Acer saccharum, Betula alleghaniensis, Fraxinus americana, Pinus resinosa$ (in the eastern parts of this alliance's range), ~Quercus muehlenbergii, Quercus rubra$, and ~Tsuga canadensis$ are common associates, while in the northern states and Canada ~Abies balsamea, Betula papyrifera, Pinus strobus$ (also in the East), and ~Populus tremuloides$ can be abundant. The understory is sparse in eastern stands of this alliance but often diverse with a prominent tall-shrub/sapling layer and abundant herbaceous ground layer species in the western Great Lakes states. The tall-shrub/sapling layer contains species such as saplings of ~Thuja occidentalis$ and ~Abies balsamea$ (in the North) and the shrubs ~Acer spicatum, Corylus cornuta, Lonicera canadensis, Rubus pubescens$, and ~Sorbus decora$. The ground layer is diverse on mesic stands and less so on steep, drier stands. Typical species in the North include ~Aralia nudicaulis, Eurybia macrophylla (= Aster macrophyllus), Clintonia borealis, Cornus canadensis, Galium triflorum, Maianthemum canadense, Mitella nuda$, and ~Trientalis borealis$. In the East the sedge ~Carex eburnea$ and the ferns ~Polypodium virginianum, Cypripedium arietinum, Dryopteris intermedia$, and ~Cystopteris bulbifera$ characterize the understory. ^Communities in this alliance are found on gentle wet-mesic slopes to very steep well-drained slopes. The predominant aspect is north to northeast. Soils are fine-textured, calcareous, moderately deep to deep (50-100 cm), and often contain boulders at the surface.BLVALNQLPypQ55U5E%%u S$zQM\PypQEe%e%ee%07$zQNPypQ%e%eee%u`a$zQOQypQeu%eueu%`u$zQPXQypQE5eeeuue`w$zQQQypQeue%uueU@r$zQRRypQeu%e%ueuThis alliance has been described from wet meadows, streambanks, and lakeshores in the mountains of Oregon, Nevada, Colorado and Montana, and likely occurs in similar habitats throughout the western U.S. Stands also occur in wet areas in alpine tundra. Soils are generally poorly drained. Saturated soils retard plant decomposition and favor organic matter accumulation. Flooding during spring runoff is common, and water tables remain within the root zone throughout the summer. Vegetation within this alliance is characterized by an herbaceous layer dominated or codominated by ~Carex scopulorum$. Many other graminoids may be present to common including ~Agrostis humilis (= Agrostis thurberiana), Alopecurus alpinus, Carex phaeocephala, Carex jonesii, Carex illota, Carex nigricans, Deschampsia caespitosa$, and ~Eleocharis quinqueflora (= Eleocharis pauciflora)$. Forb cover may codominate the herbaceous layer. Characteristic species include ~Caltha leptosepala, Mimulus primuloides, Ligusticum filicinum, Saxifraga odontoloma, Oreostemma alpigenum (= Aster alpigenus), Parnassia fimbriata, Dodecatheon jeffreyi, Pedicularis groenlandica$, and ~Equisetum arvense$. Scattered shrubs are occasionally present, such as ~Salix commutata, Salix planifolia$, and ~Kalmia microphylla$. Diagnostic of this herbaceous alliance is the dominance or codominance of ~Carex scopulorum$ and the presence of surface water for extended periods during the growing season.LVAL CEGL004989CSCSA.1621V.B.2.N.bSaxifraga michauxii - Cheilanthes lanosa - Hylotelephium telephioides Herbaceous VegetationCliff Saxifrage - Hairy Lipfern - Appalachian Live-forever Herbaceous VegetationLow-Elevation Rocky Summit (Basic Type)1998-04-07GCUSMPS/KPM.P. SchafaleG198-04-30G1"  ~# CEGL004988CSCSA.1834VII.A.1.N.aCystopteris bulbifera / Dumortiera hirsuta Sinkhole Wall Sparse VegetationBulblet Bladderfern / Dumortiera Sinkhole Wall Sparse VegetationSouthern Appalachian Limestone Sinkhole1998-01-10GCUVegetation types within this seasonally flooded, temperate or subpolar grassland alliance occur in marshes, muddy shores, and other wet places from the lowlands to high elevations in the western United States (specific information on elevation range is not available). Types typically occur in wet basins, exposed pond bottoms, or concave areas in meadows. Sites have water during the first third of the growing season but eventually dry out. Widely fluctuating water tables are typical. Soils are often fine-textured mineral soils. Texture ranges from silt loam to sandy clay loam with thick, dark soil profiles. Soil pH is strongly acidic, 5.4. ~Eleocharis acicularis$, an obligate wetland plant, dominates the graminoid stratum with dense tufts. Percent cover ranges from 25-99%. ~Muhlenbergia filiformis$ and ~Equisetum fluviatile$ can occur occasionally in the graminoid layer. The forb layer can include ~Trifolium longipes$ and ~Sagittaria cuneata$. This plant association's species diversity is normally low. Adjacent drier communities are typically ~Deschampsia caespitosa$ or ~Poa palustris$ grasslands.nLVALza"CEGL005004CMCSA.216I.B.2.N.aAcer saccharum - Fagus grandifolia - Betula spp. / Maianthemum canadense ForestSugar Maple - American Beech - Birch species / Wild Lily-of-the-Valley ForestBeech - Maple - Northern Hardwoods This herbaceous wetland alliance occurs in shallow, mostly still water throughout the much of the western United States and central Great Plains, from sea level to alpine. Stands occur on a variety of landforms including lake margins, stream terraces, floodplains, gravel bars, and wet basins (cienegas). Sites are flat to gently sloping on any aspect. Soils and parent materials are variable, but often highly organic and derived from alluvium. Surface water is typically present for an extended period during the growing season, and the high water table remains high most of the year. The vegetation is characterized by a sparse to dense herbaceous layer that is dominated or codominated by ~Eleocharis palustris$, a facultative wetland species. Because of the variety of habitats where this alliance occurs, associated species are diverse. Characteristic associates include several species of ~Carex, Juncus$, and ~Scirpus$, most notably ~Carex praegracilis$ and ~Juncus balticus$. Other important graminoids are ~Phalaris arundinacea (= Phalaroides arundinacea), Spartina pectinata, Panicum virgatum, Deschampsia caespitosa, Distichlis spicata$, and ~Muhlenbergia asperifolia$. Forb cover is also variable, and may include ~Sparganium angustifolium, Lemna$ spp., ~Potamogeton$ spp., ~Berula erecta, Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum, Pedicularis groenlandica, Rhodiola integrifolia, Caltha leptosepala, Mentha arvensis, Rumex crispus, Iris missouriensis$, and ~Ranunculus cymbalaria$. Diagnostic of this herbaceous wetland alliance is the dominance or codominance of ~Eleocharis palustris$ and the presence of surface water for extended periods during the growing season.LVAL": CEGL005029CMCSA.612II.B.2.N.aQuercus velutina - (Quercus ellipsoidalis) - Quercus alba / Deschampsia flexuosa WoodlandBlack Oak - (Northern Pin Oak) - White Oak / Wavy Hairgrass WoodlandBlack Oak - Northern Pin Oak / Common Hairgrass Woodland1997-11-26GCUSDFLD. Faber-LangendoenG?96-10-03G?(& |# $CEGL005023CMCSA.248I.B.2.N.aQuercus prinus - Quercus (alba, coccinea, velutina) / Viburnum acerifolium - (Kalmia latifolia) ForestRock Chestnut Oak - (White Oak, Scarlet Oak, Black Oak) / Mapleleaf Viburnum - (Mountain Laurel) ForestAppalachian Oak - (Chestnut) Forest1997-11-26GCUSDFL, mod. MP/SM 10-02D. Faber-Langendoen, mod. S. MenardG4?01-02-01G4ec[X5 "$CEGL005022CMCSA.248I.B.2.N.aQuercus prinus / Smilax spp. ForestRock Chestnut Oak / Greenbrier species FThis alliance forms uniform peatland communities and is found from the plains to upper subalpine and lower alpine in the western U.S. Sites can occur in wet basins, stream terraces, ponds, cirque basins, and marshy meadows associated with seeps. Soils are always organic and wet or saturated throughout the summer. The vegetation is characterized by a moderately dense to dense herbaceous layer that is dominated by ~Eleocharis quinqueflora$. Common codominants are ~Carex scopulorum$ or ~Carex aquatilis$. Other graminoids can include ~Carex buxbaumii, Carex utriculata, Deschampsia caespitosa$, and ~Eleocharis rostellata$. Forb cover is low, but can include ~Caltha leptosepala, Pedicularis groenlandica, Oreostemma alpigenum (= Aster alpigenus), Dodecatheon alpinum$, and~Polygonum bistortoides$. Diagnostic of this herbaceous wetland alliance is the dominance or codominance of ~Eleocharis quinqueflora$ and the presence of surface water for extended periods during the growing season.DLVALPkCEGL005052CMCSA.603II.B.2.N.aBetula papyrifera Cliff Rim WoodlandPaper Birch Cliff Rim WoodlandPaper Birch Cliff Rim Woodland1997-11-26GCCALee et al. 1998/DFLLee et al. (1998) and D. Faber-LangendoenG?94-12-15G?ͤeG#CEGL005050CMCSA.544II.A.4.N.bThuja occidentalis Limestone Bedrock WoodlandNorthern White-cedar Limestone Bedrock WoodlandWhite-cedar Limestone Bedrock Woodland1997-11-26GCUSDFLD. Faber-LangendoenG2G402-1Vegetation types within this alliance range from upper montane to the alpine belts in the mountains. Elevation ranges from 2300-3600 m. Occurrences are restricted to flooded marsh or lake margins, swamps, wet meadows, around frost boils and on hummocks. The sites are typically flat or slightly inclined, mesic to saturated, snow-covered in winter, and cool to cold in the summer. Surface water is present for extended periods during the growing season, but is absent by the end of the growing season in most years. Soils from stands in Colorado are loess, with accumulations of organic matter. The average pH of the surface horizon is 5.2. The pH increases with depth; clay and organic matter, moisture retention capacity and available water decrease sharply with depth. Vegetation types within this alliance are classified as seasonally flooded subpolar grasslands. They are dominated by ~Carex lachenalii (= Carex bipartita), Carex capillaris$, and ~Carex illota$ with at least 60% cover. Other graminoids can include ~Juncus biglumis, Juncus triglumis$, and ~Carex misandra$. The forb stratum, when present, is dominated by ~Polygonum viviparum$. Other forbs can include ~Geum rossii (= Acomastylis rossii), Lloydia serotina$, and ~Gentiana algida$. The moss layer can be equally important in some stands in Colorado. Species include ~Cladonia pyxidata, Paraleucobryum enerve$, and ~Tortella arctica$. Information on adjacent vegetation is unavailable.LVALI "E#CEGL005072CMCSA.897III.B.2.N.aCorylus americana - Salix humilis / Schizachyrium scoparium ShrublandAmerican Hazelnut - Prairie Willow / Little Bluestem ShrublandHazelnut Sand Barrens1997-11-26GCUSDFLJ. Steffen et al. (199This alliance includes Coastal Plain depression meadows, dominated by ~Carex striata (= Carex walteriana)$. Associations include vegetation on the outer margins of Coastal Plain pondshores in New York and Delaware or in localized swales in the New Jersey pine barrens. Substrate is typically composed of sand and gravel, but some community types may occur on organic muck. ~Carex striata$ usually occurs in dense stands with few other associates, which may include seedlings of ~Cephalanthus occidentalis$ and ~Acer rubrum$, as well as ~Cladium mariscoides, Rhexia virginica$, and ~Panicum hemitomon$. ~Sphagnum$ is often abundant. Tyndall et al. (1990) describe ~Carex striata$ communities from Maryland. This alliance is also known from depression meadows in North Carolina and South Carolina, and is assumed to occur in Virginia. A Florida association is found in seasonally flooded peat depressions.Vegetation types included in this alliance have been described from montane wetlands in the Snoqualmie River and Skykomish River drainages in northwestern Washington. The climate is maritime and elevations range from 840-1235 m. Stands occupy the edges of lakes and ponds and wetlands with some open water. Sites are flat and are seasonally flooded. The dense herbaceous layer is dominated by the perennial graminoid ~Carex interior$ (50% cover) with many other wet-site graminoids, such as ~Carex vesicaria, Carex nigricans, Carex lenticularis$, and ~Calamagrostis canadensis$. The associated forb cover is relatively sparse and is composed of mesic species such as ~Caltha leptosepala ssp. howellii (= Caltha biflora), Dodecatheon jeffreyi, Hypericum anagalloides$, and ~Triantha glutinosa (= Tofieldia glutinosa)$. Adjacent stands include montane forests and riparian communities.@LVALNzdThis alliance includes the vegetation of deeper Coastal Plain depressional wetlands, typically dominated by aquatic ~Eleocharis$ spp., such as ~Eleocharis elongata, Eleocharis equisetoides$, and ~Eleocharis cellulosa$. ~Rhynchospora tracyi$ may also be present. The depressions can be of various geomorphic origins, including limesinks and interdune swales.This alliance encompasses rush-dominated vegetation of small, interdunal, very shallow, seasonally flooded basins. The 'dune swales' of the related ~~Vaccinium macrocarpon$ Saturated Dwarf-shrubland Alliance (A.1094)$$ (Sneddon et al. 1994) share some species with this alliance, such as ~Lycopodiella appressa, Utricularia subulata$, and ~Drosera intermedia$. However, sedges and rushes rather than ~Vaccinium macrocarpon$ are more characteristic of the ~~Juncus dichotomus$ Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance (A.1427)$$. Associates include ~Andropogon virginicus, Juncus dichotomus, Juncus canadensis, Juncus biflorus, Juncus scirpoides, Drosera intermedia, Fimbristylis autumnalis, Linum medium, Schoenoplectus pungens (= Scirpus pungens)$, and ~Solidago sempervirens$. Soils are characterized by a shallow organic layer overlying sands. The water table is generally high (from 10-50 cm from the surface). This alliance occurs in close association, and often as part of a finely textured mosaic, with the III.A.2.N.i ~~Morella cerifera$ Saturated Shrubland Alliance (A.1906)$$ and the ~~Morella (cerifera, pensylvanica) - Vaccinium formosum$ Seasonally Flooded Shrubland Alliance (A.1010)$$ (which is not known from south of Maryland). Further data analysis will be required to establish the status and range of this alliance with greater confidence.LVAL This alliance is found in the Great Lakes area, the southern Appalachians, and the Coastal Plain of Maryland. The overstory is strongly dominated by ~Tsuga canadensis$, typically around 20 m tall in Canada. ~Betula alleghaniensis$ is often present in the canopy and subcanopy. Other species that may be present in small amounts in the Great Lakes region include ~Abies balsamea, Acer rubrum, Acer saccharum, Pinus strobus, Tilia americana$, and ~Thuja occidentalis$. ~Abies balsamea$ and ~Thuja occidentalis$ can be common as saplings, especially in canopy gaps. Shrubs are rare and herbaceous species only moderately abundant under the canopy in ~Tsuga canadensis$-dominated forests. Where gaps occur in the canopy, however, ~Acer spicatum, Amelanchier$ spp., ~Gaultheria procumbens$, and ~Rubus idaeus$ may be moderately abundant. Herbaceous species found in stands of this alliance include ~Coptis trifolia, Cornus canadensis, Dicranum$ spp., ~Maianthemum canadense$, and ~Pteridium aquilinum$. In the Southern Blue Ridge, common canopy/subcanopy associates include ~Liriodendron tulipifera, Tilia americana var. heterophylla, Pinus strobus, Betula alleghaniensis, Betula lenta, Magnolia fraseri, Acer rubrum, Halesia tetraptera$, and ~Fraxinus americana$. The density and composition of shrub and herbaceous strata vary with geography and habitat. In the south, shrub strata are often dense and dominated by a single species, such as ~Rhododendron maximum$ or ~Leucothoe fontanesiana$, but other typical shrub species include ~Ilex opaca, Clethra acuminata, Hydrangea arborescens$, and ~Kalmia latifolia$. In some forests shrubs are sparse or absent and herbs diversity is low. Characteristic herbaceous species in Appalachian ~Tsuga$ forests include ~Chimaphila maculata, Actaea racemosa (= Cimicifuga racemosa), Dennstaedtia punctilobula, Dryopteris intermedia, Galax urceolata, Goodyera pubescens, Hexastylis shuttleworthii, Medeola virginiana, Mitchella repens, Polystichum acrostichoides, Thalictrum clavatum, Thelypteris n QEq j?$ &A.1399CMidwestV.A.5.N.kLEERSIA ORYZOIDES - GLYCERIA STRIATA SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCERice Cutgrass - Fowl Mannagrass Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous AllianceYMCSg   %A.1398CEastV.A.5.N.kDULICHIUM ARUNDINACEUM SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEThreeway Sedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@[YECS, MOD. M. DAMMV   $A.1397CMidwestV.A.5.N.kCAREX STRICTA SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETussock Sedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance @[YA.S. WEAKLEY/K.D. PATTERSP   #A.1396CMidwestV.A.5.N.kCAREX ATHERODES SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAwned Sedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance~@ZYMCSR   "A.1395CSoutheastV.A.5.N.kZIZANIOPSIS MILIACEA SEASONALLY FLOODED TEMPERATE HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESouthern Wild Rice Seasonally Flooded Temperate Herbaceous Alliance@ZYA.S. WEAKLEYc   !A.1394CMidwestV.A.5.N.kTYPHA SPP. - (SCHOENOPLECTUS SPP., JUNCUS SPP.) SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECattail species - (Clubrush species, Rush species) Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous AllianceQ@YYMCSr   A.1393CSoutheastV.A.5.N.kTYPHA LATIFOLIA SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBroadleaf Cattail Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Allianced@YYA.S. WEAKLEYT   A.1392CSoutheastV.A.5.N.kTYPHA DOMINGENSIS SEASONALLY FLOODED TEMPERATE HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESouthern Cattail Seasonally Flooded Temperate Herbaceous Alliance@YYA.S. WEAKLEY 9-94, MOD. MǮ`   A.1390CEastV.A.5.N.kSPARTINA PATENS SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESaltmeadow Cordgrass Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@ YECSO   A.139CWestI.A.8.N.cPICEA SITCHENSIS FOREST ALLIANCESitka Spruce Forest AllianceYWCSXUTT8   A.1389CSoutheastV.A.5.N.kSPARTINA BAKERI SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESand Cordgrass Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@XYA.S. WEAKLEYT  I !z+ji /A.1408CWestV.A.5.N.kDESCHAMPSIA CAESPITOSA SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETufted Hairgrass Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance~@cYD. SARRV   .A.1407CWestV.A.5.N.kSPARTINA GRACILIS SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAlkali Cordgrass Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliancew@bYM.S. REIDQ   -A.1406CWestV.A.5.N.kELYMUS HIRSUTUS SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBoreal Wild Rye Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@aYK. SCHULZO   ,A.1405CWestV.A.5.N.kAGROSTIS STOLONIFERA SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESpreading Bentgrass Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@aYM.S. REID, MOD. K. SCHULZT   +A.1404CWestV.A.5.N.kCAREX AQUATILIS SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAquatic Sedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@`YD. CULVERO   *A.1403CWestV.A.5.N.kCAREX (ROSTRATA, UTRICULATA) SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Swollen-beak Sedge, Beaked Sedge) Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Allianceq@`YD. CULVER\   )A.1402CMidwestV.A.5.N.cSPOROBOLUS HETEROLEPIS - (DESCHAMPSIA CAESPITOSA, SCHIZACHYRIUM SCOPARIUM) HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPrairie Dropseed - (Tufted Hairgrass, Little Bluestem) Herbaceous Allianceh@_YMCSz   (A.1401CMidwestV.A.5.N.kSCOLOCHLOA FESTUCACEA SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESprangletop Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance$@^YMCSX   'A.1400CMidwestV.A.5.N.kCALAMAGROSTIS CANADENSIS SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBluejoint Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@]YMCS/ECS/SCS 6-96, MOD. M.[   A.140CWestI.A.8.N.cPSEUDOTSUGA MACROCARPA - QUERCUS CHRYSOLEPIS FOREST ALLIANCEBigcone Douglas-fir - Canyon Live Oak Forest Alliancet@\YM. SCHINDELT   A.14CLatin AmericaI.A.1.N.bMANGIFERA INDICA FOREST ALLIANCEMango Forest AllianceB@!YLACDfbaU@    1]S aCEGL004691CSCSA.289I.B.2.N.dP 9A.1418CWestV.A.5.N.kCAREX NIGRICANS SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBlack Alpine Sedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@mYD. CULVERO   8A.1417CWestV.A.5.N.kCAREX NEBRASCENSIS SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCENebraska Sedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous AllianceY@lYD. CULVERR   7A.1416CWestV.A.5.N.kCAREX LIMOSA SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMud Sedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@kYD. CULVER|L   6A.1415CWestV.A.5.N.kCAREX LASIOCARPA SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWiregrass Sedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@jYD. CULVERP   5A.1414CWestV.A.5.N.kCAREX PELLITA SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWoolly Sedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@iYD. CULVER, MOD. D. FABER-M   4A.1413CWestV.A.5.N.kCAREX BUXBAUMII SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBrown Bog Sedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@hYD. CULVERO   3A.1412CWestV.A.5.N.kCAREX AQUATILIS VAR. DIVES SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESitka Sedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance&@gYK. SCHULZZ   2A.1411CWestV.A.5.N.kCAREX MICROPTERA SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESmall-wing Sedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@fYD. CULVERP   1A.1410CWestV.A.5.N.kPOA SECUNDA SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECurly Bluegrass Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance!@eYK. SCHULZK   A.141CWestI.A.8.N.cPSEUDOTSUGA MACROCARPA FOREST ALLIANCEBigcone Douglas-fir Forest Alliance@dYM. SCHINDELynma>   0A.1409CWestV.A.5.N.kPOA PALUSTRIS SEMI-NATURAL SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEFowl Bluegrass Semi-natural Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance:@cYM.S. REID, MOD. K. SCHULZ©Z   OmrdCEGL004947CSCSA.1883III.B.2.N.dCrataegus viridis - Crataegus mollis ShrublandGreen Hawthorn - Downy Haw ShrublandHaw Successional Bottomland19 BA.1427CEastV.A.5.N.kJUNCUS DICHOTOMUS SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEForked Rush Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous AllianceM@vYECSQ   AA.1426CEastV.A.5.N.kCAREX STRIATA SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPeatland Sedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@uYD.J. ALLARD, MOD. M. PYNEM   @A.1425CWestV.A.5.N.kCAREX INTERIOR SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEInland Sedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliances@uYK. SCHULZN   ?A.1424CWestV.A.5.N.kCAREX (LACHENALII, CAPILLARIS, ILLOTA) SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Arctic Harefoot Sedge, Hair Sedge, Small-head Sedge) Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@tYD. CULVERf   A.1423CWestV.A.5.N.mELEOCHARIS (QUINQUEFLORA, ROSTELLATA) SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Few-flower Spikerush, Beaked Spikerush) Saturated Herbaceous Alliance@sYD. CULVER\   =A.1422CWestV.A.5.N.kELEOCHARIS PALUSTRIS SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMarsh Spikerush Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@rYD. CULVERT   <A.1421CWestV.A.5.N.kELEOCHARIS ACICULARIS SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCENeedle Spikerush Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous AllianceY@qYD. CULVERU   ;A.1420CWestV.A.5.N.kCAREX SCOPULORUM SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEHolm's Rocky Mountain Sedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@pYD. CULVERP   A.142CMidwestI.A.8.N.cTHUJA OCCIDENTALIS FOREST ALLIANCENorthern White-cedar Forest Alliance&oYMCSqnma=   :A.1419CWestV.A.5.N.kCAREX PRAEGRACILIS SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEClustered Field Sedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@nYD. CULVERR   ;jK6 A.1436CMidwestV.A.5.N.lTYPHA (ANGUSTIFOLIA, LATIFOLIA) - (SCHOENOPLECTUS SPP.) SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Narrowleaf Cattail, Broadleaf Cattail) - (Clubrush species) Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous Allianceb YMCS, MOD. M.S. REID   A.1435CSoutheastV.A.5.N.mSPOROBOLUS WRIGHTII SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBig Alkali Sacaton Saturated Herbaceous Alliance@YGREAT PLAINS PROGRAM 1-95O   A.1434CSoutheastV.A.5.N.lSCHOENOPLECTUS ROBUSTUS SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAlkali Bulrush Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@!YECSa   A.1433CWestV.A.5.N.lSCHOENOPLECTUS PUNGENS SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEThreesquare Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@YD. CULVER[   A.1432CWestV.A.5.N.lSCHOENOPLECTUS AMERICANUS SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEChairmaker's Bulrush Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous AllianceI@YGREAT PLAINS PROGRAM 1-95ī^   A.1431CSoutheastV.A.5.N.lPHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECommon Reed Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliancea@YD.J. ALLARD^   A.1430CEastV.A.5.N.lJUNCUS MILITARIS SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBayonet Rush Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous AllianceYECSU   A.143CMidwestI.A.8.N.cTSUGA CANADENSIS FOREST ALLIANCEEastern Hemlock Forest Alliance wYD.J. ALLARDrgfZ;   A.1429CEastV.A.5.N.lELEOCHARIS SPP. - ERIOCAULON AQUATICUM SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESpikerush species - Seven-angle Pipewort Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous AllianceX@!YECS˿k   A.1428CSoutheastV.A.5.N.lELEOCHARIS (ELONGATA, EQUISETOIDES) - RHYNCHOSPORA TRACYI SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Florida Spikerush, Horsetail Spikerush) - Tracy's Beaksedge Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliancee@vYA.S. WEAKLEY  M #Dk A.145CWestI.A.8.N.cTSUGA HETEROPHYLLA FOREST ALLIANCEWestern Hemlock Forest AllianceYM.S. REID/D. SARRwfeY:   A.1447CEastV.A.5.N.mCLADIUM MARISCOIDES SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETwig-rush Saturated Herbaceous Alliance@YK.D. PATTERSON~}qJ   A.1446CWestV.A.5.N.lTRICHOPHORUM CAESPITOSUM SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEDeerhair Bulrush Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@YD. CULVER]   A.1445CWestV.A.5.N.lGLYCERIA BOREALIS SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESmall Floating Mannagrass Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance!@YM. DAMMV   A.1444CMidwestV.A.5.N.lSCHOENOPLECTUS MARITIMUS SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESaltmarsh Clubrush Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@YMCS, MOD. M.S. REID`   A.1443CMidwestV.A.5.N.lSCHOENOPLECTUS ACUTUS - (SCHOENOPLECTUS TABERNAEMONTANI) SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEHardstem Bulrush - (Softstem Bulrush) Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous AllianceYMCS, MOD. M.S. REIDр   A.1441CMidwestV.A.5.N.lZIZANIA (AQUATICA, PALUSTRIS) SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Indian Wild Rice, Northern Wild Rice) Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@YMCS÷e   A.144CSoutheastI.A.8.N.cTSUGA CAROLINIANA FOREST ALLIANCECarolina Hemlock Forest Alliance@YK.D. PATTERSONykj^>   A.1439CMidwestV.A.5.N.lCAREX COMOSA - (CAREX DECOMPOSITA) SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEComosa Sedge - (Decomposite Sedge) Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@YMCSĸj   A.1437CSoutheastV.A.5.N.lZIZANIA (AQUATICA, TEXANA) - POTAMOGETON ILLINOENSIS SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Indian Wild Rice, Texas Wild Rice) - Illinois Pondweed Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEY~   x6s% A.146CWestI.A.8.N.cTSUGA MERTENSIANA FOREST ALLIANCEMountain Hemlock Forest AllianceYM.S. REID/D. SARRkZYY9   A.1459CSoutheastV.A.5.N.mELEOCHARIS SP. - IVA ANGUSTIFOLIA SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESpikerush species - Narrowleaf Marsh-elder Saturated Herbaceous AllianceK@YL.M. SMITH/A.S. WEAKLEYɲ]   A.1458CSoutheastV.A.5.N.mELEOCHARIS COMPRESSA - NOTHOSCORDUM BIVALVE SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEFlat Spikerush - Grace-garlic Saturated Herbaceous Alliance@YM. PYNEg   A.1457CSoutheastV.A.5.N.mDICHANTHELIUM SCOPARIUM SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBroom Witchgrass Saturated Herbaceous Alliance @YB. HOAGLANDS   A.1456CWestV.A.5.N.mDESCHAMPSIA CAESPITOSA SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETufted Hairgrass Saturated Herbaceous Alliance@YM. DAMM{M   A.1455CMidwestV.A.5.N.mCAREX SPP. SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESedge species Saturated Herbaceous Alliance @YMCS|{oD   A.1453CMidwestV.A.5.N.mCAREX LASIOCARPA SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWiregrass Sedge Saturated Herbaceous Alliance @YMCSwJ   A.1452CMidwestV.A.5.N.mCAREX LURIDA - CAREX LEPTALEA - (CAREX ATLANTICA, CAREX INTERIOR, PARNASSIA GRANDIFOLIA) SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESallow Sedge - Little Bog Sedge - (Prickly Bog Sedge, Inland Sedge, Largeleaf Grass-of-Parnassus) Saturated Herbaceous Alliance YD. FABER-LANGENDOEN 94, M7   A.1451CMidwestV.A.5.N.mCAREX CRINITA - OSMUNDA SPP. / SPHAGNUM SPP. SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEFringed Sedge - Royal Fern species / Peatmoss species Saturated Herbaceous Alliance@YMCSŹf   A.1450CSoutheastV.A.5.N.mCAREX (ATLANTICA, ECHINATA) - ERIOPHORUM VIRGINICUM - RHYNCHOSPORA CAPITELLATA - SOLIDAGO PATULA SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Prickly Bog Sedge, Star Sedge) - Tawny Cotton-grass - Northern Beaksedge - Roughleaf Goldenrod Saturated Herbaceous Alliancex@YA.S. WEAKLEY/K.D. PATTERS?&%   Z.VGCEGL006354CECSA.407I.C.3.N.aPi A.1470CWestV.A.5.N.mCAREX MICROGLOCHIN SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEFalse Uncinia Sedge Saturated Herbaceous AllianceY@YD. CULVERzI   A.147CWestI.A.8.N.cABIES BRACTEATA FOREST ALLIANCESanta Lucia Fir Forest Alliance}@YM. SCHINDELncbV7   A.1469CWestV.A.5.N.mCAREX SIMULATA SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAnalogue Sedge Saturated Herbaceous Alliance@YD. CULVER~}qE   A.1468CWestV.A.5.N.mCAREX APERTA SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEColumbian Sedge Saturated Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZ}|pC   A.1467CMidwestV.A.5.N.mCAREX OLIGOSPERMA - CAREX LASIOCARPA SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEFew-seed Sedge - Wiregrass Sedge Saturated Herbaceous Alliance@YMCS^   A.1466CMidwestV.A.5.N.mCAREX PELLITA - (CAREX NEBRASCENSIS) - SCHOENOPLECTUS SPP. SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWoolly Sedge - (Nebraska Sedge) - Clubrush species Saturated Herbaceous Alliance5@YMCSt   A.1465CMidwestV.A.5.N.mCAREX SPP. - TYPHA SPP. SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESedge species - Cattail species Saturated Herbaceous AllianceK@YMCSQ   A.1463CSoutheastV.A.5.N.mRHYNCHOSPORA OLIGANTHA - SARRACENIA SPP. - (ARISTIDA BEYRICHIANA, CTENIUM AROMATICUM) - OSMUNDA CINNAMOMEA / SPHAGNUM SPP. SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEFeather-bristle Beaksedge - Pitcherplant species - (Southern Wiregrass, Toothache Grass) - Cinnamon Fern / Peatmoss species Saturated Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYh\[O   A.1461CSoutheastV.A.5.N.mRHYNCHOSPORA ALBA SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCENorthern White Beaksedge Saturated Herbaceous Alliance@YM.P. SCHAFALE/A.S. WEAKLEM   A.1460CSoutheastV.A.5.N.mPANICUM ABSCISSUM SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECut-throat Panicgrass Saturated Herbaceous Alliancey@YA.S. WEAKLEYM  LVALU+5CEGL005272CMCSA.1414V.A.5.N.kCarex spp. - (Carex pellita, Carex vulpinoidea) Herbaceous VegetationSedge species - (Woolly Sedge, Fox Sedge) Herbaceous VegetationCentral Midwest Sedge Meadow2000-03-24GCUSD. Faber-LangendoenG. Steinauer and D. Faber-LangendoenG?00-03-24G? çh# CEGL005271CMCSA.197I.A.8.N.gPicea mariana - (Larix laricina) / Ledum groenlandicum / Sphagnum spp. ForestBlack Spruce - (Tamarack) / Labrador-tea / Peatmoss species ForestBlack Spruce - Tamarack / Labrador-tea Poor Swamp2000-06-27GCUSD. Faber-Langendoen, mod. SCG 2-02D. Faber-LangendoenG500-06-27G51/'%o" CEGL005270CMCSA.3565VII.C.4.N.aEriogonum pauciflorum - Gutierrezia sarothrae Badlands Sparse VegetationSmall-flower Wild Buckwheat - Snakeweed Badlands Sparse VegetationWild Buckwheat - Snakeweed Badlands Sparse Vegetation1999-11-05GCUSD. Faber-LangendoenD. Faber-LangendoenG4G500-01-31G4&$m% CEGL005269CMCSA.3566I.B.2.N.aElaeagnus angustifolia Semi-natural WoodlandRussian-olive Semi-natural WoodlandRussian Olive Woodland1999-11-05GCUSD. Faber-Langendoen, mod. K. Schulz 7-01D. Faber-LangendoenGW99-11-05*ѾrO#CEGL005268CMCSA.3564V.B.2.N.aEuphorbia esula Herbaceous VegetationLeafy Spurge Herbaceous VegetationLeafy Spurge Meadow1999-08-24GCUSDFLD. Faber-LangendoenGW99-08-24*}jH#CEGL005266CMCSA.3563V.A.5.N.dAgropyron cristatum - (Pascopyrum smithii, Hesperostipa comata) Semi-natural oveboracensis, Tiarella cordifolia$, and ~Viola rotundifolia$. ^Communities within this alliance are found on acidic soils that may be poorly drained. stands of this alliance occur on sandy loam and loam that averaged 115 cm deep and had a fragipan at 45-70 cm. Windthrow is the most common disturbance; surface fires and crown fires occur rarely. In the Southern Blue Ridge, these forests are found on valley flats, narrow ravines, and north- to east-facing slopes, at elevations from 1800-3500 feet (550-1060 m).HLVALVyCEGL005277CMCSA.1092IV.A.1.N.gChamaedaphne calyculata / Carex oligosperma / Sphagnum spp. Poor FenThis alliance, found in the southern Great Plains and several western states, contains bulrush wetlands dominated by ~Schoenoplectus americanus (= Scirpus americanus)$. This alliance is not well understood across its range. In cienegas in Trans-Pecos Texas (and possibly also in southern New Mexico), ~Schoenoplectus americanus$ typically dominates the stands, though ~Flaveria chlorifolia$ or ~Helianthus paradoxus$ may be locally dominant. Other species include ~Samolus ebracteatus ssp. cuneatus, Limonium limbatum$, and ~Distichlis spicata$. Most examples of this community have been hydrologically altered by use of water for irrigation. Elsewhere in Texas it occurs in permanent springs where species may include ~Schoenoplectus americanus, Eleocharis macrostachya, Fuirena simplex, Paspalum distichum, Potamogeton illinoensis$, and in outer zones, ~Andropogon gerardii$. ~Schoenoplectus americanus$-dominated marshes occur throughout Oklahoma, but are most common in the central and western portions of the state, and in the panhandle. Further study is needed to characterize this alliance.This alliance consists of non-tidal ~Phragmites$ marshes with semipermanently or, rarely, seasonally flooded hydrology, occurring either in depressions or along rivers with seasonal fluctuation in water level throughout the United States and adjacent Canada. This includes semipermanently flooded marshes, ditches, impoundments, etc., which are strongly dominated by essentially monospecific stands of ~Phragmites australis$, which is rapidly spreading in disturbed areas and excluding native vegetation. Stands may be composed entirely of ~Phragmites australis$, with few or no other vascular plants present.LVAL eCEGL005284CMCSA.1919V.A.6.N.qQuercus muehlenbergii / Schizachyrium scoparium - Bouteloua curtipendula Wooded Herbaceous VegetationChinquapin Oak / Little Bluestem - Sideoats Grama Wooded Herbaceous VegetationChinquapin Oak Limestone - Dolomite Savanna2000-12-08GCUSNelson, P./DFLP. Nelson, mod. D. Faber-LangendoenG2G300-12-06G2NLDThis alliance includes saline grasslands occurring in the lower Rio Grande Valley, characterized by ~Sporobolus wrightii$. This vegetation occurs at the base of many clay dunes (lomas). It may also form a continuous cover on low-elevation lomas with only scattered emergent shrubs. It often grades downward into vegetation dominated by ~Spartina spartinae, Spartina patens, Batis maritima$, or ~Borrichia frutescens$. Other species occurring in this community may include ~Spartina spartinae$ and emergent ~Yucca treculeana$. This grassland occurs on saline clayey substrates at the wetland/upland boundary, and the hydrology is unclear. These grasslands occur with vegetation in the III.A.1.N.c ~~Ebenopsis ebano - Phaulothamnus spinescens$ Shrubland Alliance (A.723)$$.This alliance, found in the northern Great Plains, Utah, and Nevada, is made up of graminoid-dominated communities found in saline wetlands. Medium-tall and short graminoids predominate. Woody species are very uncommon. ~Schoenoplectus pungens (= Scirpus pungens), Suaeda calceoliformis, Distichlis spicata$ (on drier margins), and ~Ruppia maritima$ are all common species. ~Chenopodium incanum, Monolepis nuttalliana$, and ~Picradeniopsis oppositifolia$ are sometimes abundant on less saline portions of the alliance. ^This alliance occurs in depressions and river valleys. The loam to sandy loam soils are deep, poorly drained and formed in alluvium (Steinauer 1989). These soils are slightly to strongly affected by soluble salt. Standing water is at or near the surface for most of the year.LVAL This alliance, found in virtually every state in the United States and probably most Canadian provinces, contains stands dominated by ~Typha angustifolia$ and/or ~Typha latifolia$, either alone or in combination with other tall emergent marsh species. Associated species vary widely; in the Midwest they include many sedges such as ~Carex aquatilis, Carex rostrata, Carex pellita (= Carex lanuginosa)$, bulrushes such as ~Schoenoplectus americanus (= Scirpus americanus), Schoenoplectus acutus (= Scirpus acutus)$, and ~Schoenoplectus heterochaetus (= Scirpus heterochaetus)$, and broad-leaved herbs such as ~Thelypteris palustris, Asclepias incarnata, Impatiens capensis, Sagittaria latifolia, Scutellaria lateriflora, Sparganium eurycarpum, Hibiscus moscheutos$, and ~Verbena hastata$. Floating aquatics such as ~Lemna minor$ may predominate in deeper zones. ^This alliance is found most commonly along lake margins and in shallow basins, and occasionally in river backwaters. Lacustrine cattail marshes typically have a muck-bottom zone bordering the shoreline, where cattails are rooted in the bottom substrate, and a floating mat zone, where the roots grow suspended in a buoyant peaty mat. ~Typha angustifolia$ can grow in deeper water compared to ~Typha latifolia$, although both species reach maximum growth at a water depth of 50 cm. ~Typha$ often occurs in pure stands, and can colonize areas recently exposed by either natural or human causes. ~Lythrum salicaria$, an exotic species from Europe, has become a common associate of many eastern ~Typha$ marshes. In the Southeast, this alliance is widespread and currently representative of a wide variety of mixed marshes with no clear dominants. Vegetation in this alliance may be natural or semi-natural and includes mixed stands of the nominal species, as well as essentially monospecific stands of ~Typha latifolia$. These monospecific stands occur especially in artificial wetlands, such as borrow pits or ponds. This alliance occurs on hydric soils in wetlands, ditche~LVALV.F=CEGL006013CECSA.348I.B.2.N.gAcer rubrum - Nyssa sylvatica - Liquidambar styraciflua - Populus heterophylla ForestRed Maple - Blackgum - Sweetgum - Swamp Cottonwood ForestCape May Lowland Swamp1997-11-26GCUSBreden, T.T. BredenG197-11-18G1ưw",CEGL006012CECSA.3016I.A.8.N.bPinus thunbergiana ForestJapanese Black Pine ForestJapanese Black Pine Forest2001-10-10GCUSLAS 8-01L.A. SneddonGD01-10-10*~|zpV<#CEGL006011CSCSA.130I.A.8.N.bPinus taeda / Liquidambar styraciflua - Acer rubrum var. rubrum / Vaccinium stamineum ForestLoblolly Pine / Sweetgum - Red Maple / Deerberry ForestSuccessional Loblolly Pine Forest1994-06-01GCUSRR 6-94, mod. SL 12-94R. Roecker, mod. S. LandaalGM00-07-06* ֵ~"  CEGL006010CECSA.507II.A.4.N.aPinus resinosa / Gaylussacia baccata - Vaccinium angustifolium WoodlandRed Pine / Black Huckleberry - Northern Lowbush Blueberry WoodlandRed Pine Woodland1997-11-26GCUSNAP 6-98, mod. SCG 2-02Northern Appalachian Planning TeamG3G597-12-01G4ǽj# CEGL006009CECSA.347I.B.2.N.gFraxinus nigra - As, ponds, lakes, and rivers, as well as on shorelines and streambanks. Inundation is commonly 3-6 dm (1-2 feet) in depth. These marshes have hydric soils and are flooded with water levels ranging from several centimeters to more than 1 m for a significant part of the growing season. Occurrences may display areas of open water, but emergent vegetation dominates (80% cover). Seasonal flooding during winter and spring or flooding during heavy rains help maintain these marshes by causing water exchange which replenishes freshwater and circulates nutrients and organic debris. Soils which support this community can be mineral or organic but are saturated, flooded, or ponded long enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions in the upper part. Vegetative diversity and density is highly variable in response to water depth, water chemistry, and natural forces. LVAL .u/rCEGL006031CECSA.1086IV.A.1.N.dPicea mariana / Kalmia angustifolia Dwarf-shrublandBlack Spruce / Sheep Laurel Dwarf-shrublandSubalpine Summit Heath1997-11-26GCUSNAP 6-98, mod. LAS 12-99, mod. SCG 3-02Northern Appalachian Planning Team, mod. L.A. SneddonG?97-12-01G? ͦW$ CEGL006030CECSA.621II.B.2.N.aQuercus muehlenbergii / PaThis alliance, found in the midwestern United States, is characterized by graminoid-dominated sinkholes. Vegetation composition and cover can be variable, depending on yearly and seasonal fluctuations in water depth. Typical dominants include ~Carex comosa, Carex decomposita, Glyceria acutiflora, Dulichium arundinaceum, Nuphar lutea, Scirpus$ spp., and ~Wolffia brasiliensis$. Shrubs, especially ~Cephalanthus occidentalis$, are sometimes present. ^Stands of this alliance are found in sinkholes and depressions of terraces and broad, level uplands, often in karst topography. The soils are very poorly drained, and surface water may be present for much of the growing season. Soils are deep peats or mucks, or sometimes mineral.This alliance includes semipermanently flooded grasslands in spring-fed rivers, with near constant water level and temperature, dominated either by ~Zizania aquatica$ (in Florida) or by the narrow endemic ~Zizania texana$ (in Texas), with various emergent and submerged aquatics including ~Potamogeton illinoensis, Ludwigia palustris, Sparganium americanum, Pontederia cordata, Sagittaria lancifolia, Sagittaria$ sp., ~Polygonum$ sp., ~Cicuta maculata var. maculata (= Cicuta mexicana), Hydrocotyle umbellata$, and filamentous green algae. The exotics ~Hydrilla verticillata$ and ~Egeria densa$ may also be present. This community is threatened by exotic species, changes in hydrology (related to groundwater pumping), sedimentation, and recreational impacts.LVAL'J'CEGL006046CECSA.251I.B.2.N.aAcer saccharum - Quercus rubra / Hepatica nobilis var. obtusa ForestSugar Maple - Northern Red Oak / Round-lobe Liverleaf ForeThis alliance, found in parts of the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence region of the United States and adjacent Canada, is characterized by freshwater marshes dominated by ~Zizania aquatica$ or ~Zizania palustris$. Further work is needed to characterize this alliance.Stands of this alliance are forests with dense to open canopies dominated by ~Tsuga caroliniana$. Trees may be wind-shorn, gnarled and twisted in exposed situations. Occurrences in gorges sometimes have a substantial admixture of ~Tsuga canadensis$. Other associated species may include ~Quercus prinus, Quercus rubra, Pinus rigida, Pinus virginiana$, and ~Pinus pungens$. The shrub stratum is dense and dominated by ericaceous species, such as ~Rhododendron maximum, Rhododendron catawbiense, Rhododendron carolinianum, Kalmia latifolia, Gaylussacia$ spp., and ~Vaccinium$ spp. The herbaceous stratum is sparse, with typical species including ~Gaultheria procumbens, Mitchella repens, Chimaphila maculata, Galax urceolata$, and ~Xerophyllum asphodeloides$. Lichens, including ~Cladina rangiferina$ and ~Cladina subtenuis$, can be abundant. Forests in this alliance occur mostly on cliffs, rocky slopes and ridges, and less commonly on more gentle slopes and flat areas in valleys. Soils are usually nutrient-poor and rocky, with much exposed rock surface. Occurrences of these forests tend to be small and have distinct boundaries. ~Tsuga caroliniana$ is an Appalachian endemic with a very limited range, scattered in the Southern Blue Ridge and occasional in the Piedmont and Ridge and Valley.LVALUCEGL006053CECSA.546II.A.4.N.bPicea rubens / Vaccinium angustifolium / Sibbaldiopsis tridentata WoodlandRed SpThis alliance is found in the midwestern and western United States and central Canada. Vegetation is characterized by medium to tall graminoids which typically range from 1 to over 2 m. The vegetation is moderately dense to dense. Some stands are heavily dominated by one or two ~Scirpus$ species while others have several graminoids common throughout the stand. The most abundant species are typically ~Schoenoplectus acutus (= Scirpus acutus), Schoenoplectus fluviatilis (= Scirpus fluviatilis)$, and ~Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (= Scirpus tabernaemontani)$. Species composition and abundance can vary from year to year depending mostly on water level fluctuations. In most years, typical species include ~Lemna$ spp., ~Phragmites australis, Schoenoplectus americanus (= Scirpus americanus)$ (in alkaline stands), ~Triglochin maritima$ (in alkaline stands), ~Typha latifolia$, and ~Utricularia macrorhiza$. ~Potamogeton$ spp. often occur in the deeper parts of stands of this alliance and where emergent species are not densely packed. Shrubs, such as ~Salix$ spp., are not common but may become established in shallow water areas. During droughts, species more tolerant of low water, such as ~Polygonum amphibium$, may invade and alter the species composition of stands of this alliance. ^Stands of this alliance are flooded for most or all of the growing season. Stands can have water from 0 (exposed soil) to approximately 1.5 m deep, but usually are less than 1 m. Within a stand, water levels can vary by up to 1 m during the year. The water can be fresh to mildly saline throughout most of this alliance's range; however, in the Nebraska Sandhills, some stands occur in moderately alkaline water. Across the range of this alliance, soils are deep, poorly drained, muck, peat, or mineral.1LVAL=~CEGL006064CECSA.929III.B.2.N.bAlnus viridis ssp. crispa - Spiraea alba / Solidago macrophylla ShrublandMountain Alder - White Meadowsweet / Largeleaf Goldenrod ShrublandAlpine Slope Shrub Thicket2003-03-20GCUSSCG 3-03S.C. GawlerG?03-03-21G?ɯm$ CEGL006062CECSA.950III.B.2.N.dAlnus incana - Cornus sericea / Clematis virginiStands of this saline emergent wetland alliance are scattered from California to New York, mostly in the northern half of the United States and the southern Prairie Provinces of Canada. This description is based on the two communities that occur in the Midwest. The dominant vegetation is medium-tall graminoids with a sparse to complete canopy. Woody species are very rare, and forbs are common in some eastern stands but rare in most of the Great Plains. Stand-to-stand species variability can be substantial, especially east of the Great Plains, where the stands tend to be smaller and more isolated. The most abundant species across the range of this alliance is ~Schoenoplectus maritimus (= Scirpus maritimus)$, often with smaller amounts of ~Schoenoplectus americanus (= Scirpus americanus), Sium suave$, and ~Typha$ spp. Species common in the Great Plains include ~Juncus balticus, Schoenoplectus acutus (= Scirpus acutus), Scolochloa festucacea$, and ~Triglochin maritima$. ~Symphyotrichum lanceolatum (= Aster lanceolatus), Atriplex patula, Eleocharis parvula$, and ~Hibiscus moscheutos$ are found from Illinois eastward. ^Stands of this alliance are flooded by shallow saline water for much of the growing season and saturated for nearly all of it. In the Great Plains these sites are typically near shallow marshes, ponds, or lakes, while in Michigan they may also occur near rivers and streams. The soils are fine-textured and vary from fine sandy loams to mucks.LVALwSrCEGL006074CECSA.624II.B.2.N.aQuercus rubra - Quercus prinus - Pinus strobus / Penstemon hirsutus WoodlandNorthern Red Oak - Rock Chestnut Oak - Eastern White Pine / Hairy Beardtongue Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG3G597-12-01G4o#CEGL006070CECSA.1340V.A.5.N.jCarex torta - Calamagrostis canadensis Herbaceous VegetationTwisted Sedge - Bluejoint Herbaceous VegetationHerbaceous Cobble Bar and Shore2003-03-25GCUSSLN 3-03S.L. NeidG?03-03-25G?û_#CEGL006069CECSA.1011III.B.2.N.fCephalanthus occidentalis / Glyceria canadensis ShrublandButtonbush / Rattlesnake Mannagrass ShrublandButtonbush Shrub Swamp2003-03-25GCUSSLN 3-03S.L. NeidG?03-03-25G?^%CEGL006068CECSA.1563V.A.7.N.pMyrica gale - Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda / Carex lasiocarpa - Cladium mariscoides Shrub Herbaceous VegetationSweet Gale - Shrubby-cinquefoil / Wiregrass Sedge - Twig-rush Shrub Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG2G398-01-12G2 # CEGL006067CECSA.1533V.A.7.N.gMorella pensylvanica / Schizachyrium littorale - Danthonia spicata ShThe vegetation in this alliance occurs in wetlands along pond and lake margins and low-gradient streams in the northwestern United States. Stands are located between 670-1810 m elevation. Stands are found on level sites in standing water. Water is present above the soil surface throughout the summer. Soils are poorly to very poorly drained and vary from mineral to organic. Mineral soils usually have a thick layer of organic matter in the upper horizon. Species diversity is low due to the wet conditions. ~Glyceria borealis$ generally forms monotypic stands with 30-90% cover. Other graminoids that may be present include ~Eleocharis acicularis, Eleocharis palustris$, and ~Glyceria striata (= Glyceria elata)$. ~Ranunculus aquatilis$ and ~Sparganium angustifolium$ are occasional forb associates.LVAL0>gCEGL006084CSCSA.1921V.A.6.N.qPinus rigida / Schizachyrium scoparium - Packera plattensis Wooded Herbaceous VegetationPitch Pine / Little Bluestem - Prairie Ragwort Wooded Herbaceous VegetationUltramafic Outcrop Barren1997-11-26GCUSECSEastern Ecology GroupG197-11-18G1{#  CEGL006082CECSA.5~~Trichophorum caespitosum - Carex livida$ Herbaceous Vegetation (CEGL001842)$$ defines this alliance. It is found in marshes and bogs in central Idaho. It occurs in bogs located in wide valley bottoms that are supported by many rivulets. This association is found on gentle slopes (1-7%). It occurs perched above the valley center along the edges or on toeslopes. The elevation ranges from 2070-2190 m. Soils are variable but tend to be comprised of organic materials. The wettest communities are organic mats floating on water or muck. Slightly drier sites have organic mats overlying saturated mineral layers, with large rocks protruding as shrubby hummocks. Still drier sites have soils with proportionately greater mineral composition. Mineral parent materials are strictly granitic, derived from Idaho Batholith and Sawtooth Batholith formations. The plant association within this alliance is classified as a semipermanently flooded temperate or subpolar grassland. ~Trichophorum caespitosum$-dominated the graminoid layer with at least 5% cover. ~Carex livida$ is generally present, with up to 75% coverage in some stands. Other herbaceous species commonly present in the Idaho study are ~Gentiana calycosa, Packera buekii (= Senecio cymbalarioides), Spiranthes romanzoffiana, Swertia perennis$, and ~Carex muricata$. Moss, including ~Sphagnum$ spp. may be prevalent on the ground surface. Small hummocks usually support stunted ~Vaccinium uliginosum (= Vaccinium occidentale)$ and ~Lonicera caerulea$ shrubs.HLVALT:]dYq CEGL006101CECSA.1456V.A.5.N.mDeschampsia caespitosa - Symplocarpus foetidus Herbaceous VegetationTufted Hairgrass - Skunk-cabbage Herbaceous VegetationInland Acidic Seep Community1997-11-26GCUSG199-03-22G1ùg# CEGL006098CECSA.585II.A.4.N.fPicea mariana / (Vaccinium corymbosum, Gaylussacia baccata) / Sphagnum sp. WoodlandBlack Spruce / (Highbush Blueberry, Black Huckleberry) / Peatmoss species WoodlandBlack Spruce Woodland Bog1997-11-26GCUSNAP 6/98, mod. LAS 12/99Northern Appalachian Planning Team, mod. L.A. SneddonG3G597-12-01G4JH@<v# CEGL006097CECSA.809III.A.3.N.aPinus rigida - Quercus ilicifolia / Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ShrublandPitch Pine - Bear Oak / Kinikinnick ShrublandNorthern Dwarf Pine Plains1997-11-26GCUSG1Q98-12-07G1i$ CEGL006095CECSA.1347V.A.5.N.jSpartina pectinata North Atlantic Coast Herbaceous VegetationPrairie Cordgrass North Atlantic Coast Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG?97-12-31G?`#CEGL006093CECSA.544II.A.4.N.bThuja occidentalis / Oligoneuron album WoodlandNorthern White-cedar / Prairie Goldenrod WoodlandNorthern White-cedar Woodland1997-11-26GCUSNAP 6/98Northern Appalachian Planning TeamG?97-12-01G?ضR#This alliance currently includes a variety of palustrine herbaceous vegetation dominated by ~Cladium mariscoides$ in combination with other grasses and sedges; shrubs typically account for less than 25% cover in these communities. This alliance contains a diversity of vegetation types, with variable species composition. Associations in this alliance include sea-level fens of the mid-Atlantic coast, high-elevation (4200 feet) fens over mafic geology in the Southern Blue Ridge, communities of floodplains, streams, and stream channels in the New Jersey Pine Barrens, certain Coastal Plain pondshore communities in Delaware, and Coastal Plain poor fens in Rhode Island and New York.,LVAL8HiQ|zpQThis alliance occurs in all the maritime-influenced regions of the Pacific Northwest, from north coastal California to the Kenai Peninsula in Alaska and eastward to the Continental Divide in northwestern Montana. Throughout the range of this alliance, much of the annual precipitation occurs as rain. Where snow does occur, it can generally be melted by rain during warm winter storms. In all settings, this type occurs where environmental conditions are moderated by the marine influence, with moderate drought and frost. Stands of the alliance generally occur on all slopes and aspects, except for wet bottomland sites. It occurs on a wide variety of soil types across its range, but growth of ~Tsuga heterophylla$ is decreased on heavy soils, or soils with poor drainage. The geographic and environmental range of this type is wide and associated vegetation is correspondingly diverse. Along with ~Tsuga heterophylla, Pseudotsuga menziesii$ commonly shares the canopy, and ~Pinus monticola, Pinus contorta, Abies grandis, Abies lasiocarpa, Taxus brevifolia$, or ~Picea engelmannii$ may be present. ~Thuja plicata$ is commonly present in these forests and can be codominant at sites which are wetter or drier than optimum for ~Tsuga heterophylla$. In the interior (northern Rockies) stands, ~Paxistima myrsinites, Vaccinium membranaceum, Acer glabrum$, and ~Spiraea betulifolia$ are common shrub species. In Cascades or Coast Range stands, ~Acer circinatum, Mahonia nervosa, Arctostaphylos nevadensis, Holodiscus discolor$, and ~Oplopanax horridus$ are common associates. The composition of the herbaceous layer reflects local climate and degree of canopy closure. In moist stands with dense tree canopies, ~Polystichum munitum, Trientalis borealis ssp. latifolia (= Trientalis latifolia), Achlys triphylla$, and ~Linnaea borealis$ are common forbs. In drier habitats, such as south-facing slopes, ~Pteridium aquilinum, Adenocaulon bicolor$, or ~Xerophyllum tenax$ become more frequent.|LVALrpzJ CEGL006109CECSA.412I.C.3.N.aTsuga canadensis - Betula alleghaniensis Lower New England / Northern Piedmont ForestEastern Hemlock - Yellow Birch Lower New England / Northern Piedmont ForestHemlock - Northern Hardwood Forest1997-11-26GCUSNAP 6/98G. Fleming and P. CoullingG4?97-12-31G4!w"  CEGL006108CECSA.126I.A.8.N.bPinus resinosa / Menziesia pThis alliance includes non-alluvial, palustrine vegetation of the unglaciated southern highlands of the eastern United States. Stands are dominated by mixtures of graminoids and forbs, with substantial ~Sphagnum$ cover and occasional shrubs. The nominal species are characteristic and nearly constant. Typical species include ~Carex atlantica, Carex echinata, Carex folliculata, Carex leptalea, Carex lurida, Eriophorum virginicum, Houstonia serpyllifolia, Lysimachia terrestris, Osmunda cinnamomea, Oxypolis rigidior, Parnassia asarifolia, Polytrichum commune, Rhynchospora alba, Rhynchospora capitellata, Scirpus atrovirens, Scirpus cyperinus, Scirpus expansus, Scirpus polyphyllus, Packera aurea (= Senecio aureus), Solidago patula var. patula$, and ~Vaccinium macrocarpon$. Typical mosses are ~Sphagnum palustre, Sphagnum affine (= Sphagnum imbricatum), Sphagnum bartlettianum, Sphagnum recurvum$, and ~Aulacomnium palustre$. Scattered shrubs are typically present, and in some cases are patchy dominants. Typical shrub species include ~Alnus serrulata, Rosa palustris, Salix sericea, Spiraea tomentosa, Ilex verticillata, Kalmia latifolia, Lyonia ligustrina var. ligustrina$, and ~Rhododendron maximum$. These seepage-fed communities occur in the unglaciated southern highlands of the eastern United States, on flat to slightly sloping topography, often associated with small streams and rivers.LVAL'CEGL006125CECSA.251I.B.2.N.aQuercus rubra - Acer saccharum - Liriodendron tulipifera ForestNorthern Red Oak - Sugar Maple - Tuliptree ForestHigh Allegheny Rich Red Oak - Sugar Maple Forest1997-11-26GCUS2/96, LS, mod. DF-L 98D. Faber-LangendoenG?97-12-31G?’a"hCEGL006124CSCSA.266I.B.2.N.aBetula alleghaniensis / Ribes glandulosum / Polypodium appalachianum This seep alliance, found in the central and upper southeastern United States, is dominated by herbaceous species but can also have a significant shrub component. Stands often occur in a forested setting and are small enough that the surrounding trees cast shade and otherwise affect the microenvironment. Some stands contain trees from the surrounding forest communities. The most abundant herbaceous species include ~Athyrium$ spp., ~Carex crinita, Carex lurida$, and other ~Carex$ spp., ~Impatiens capensis, Dryopteris carthusiana, Glyceria striata, Leersia oryzoides, Osmunda$ spp., and ~Symplocarpus foetidus$. In some stands of this alliance, ~Sphagnum$ spp. occur in patches. Although not found in every stand, they may be good diagnostic species. ~Alnus serrulata, Photinia melanocarpa (= Aronia melanocarpa)$, and ~Physocarpus opulifolius$ are common shrubs in some stands. Where trees occur, ~Acer rubrum, Betula nigra, Liriodendron tulipifera, Liquidambar styraciflua$, and ~Platanus occidentalis$ are typical. Stands of this alliance are found where groundwater flows to the surface at the edges of outwash plains, beach ridges, or at the contact between acidic gravel and bedrock. Soils are saturated sandy loams or sandy silts overlain with mucks and peats. They can be shallow to deep (40-100+ cm). There is weak nutrient input from the slightly to highly acidic (pH 3.7-6.0) groundwater. The groundwater flow is generally diffuse, but concentrated localized flows can occur, especially in the spring.LVAL This alliance is found on calcareous seepage fens and related sites in the central and southeastern United States, including Arkansas and Missouri (Ozarks), Kentucky (Interior Low Plateau), Tennessee (Interior Low Plateau, Ridge and Valley), as well as Virginia and possibly North Carolina (Southern Blue Ridge). This mixed grass or sedge fen is a complex of zoned vegetation dominated by hydrophytic plants, particularly graminoids, although shrubs are often found scattered or in thickets. Trees are sometimes present but never common. Herbaceous cover is high except in areas of marly ooze. Abundant herbaceous species include ~Andropogon gerardii, Carex interior, Carex leptalea, Carex lurida, Impatiens capensis, Lysimachia quadriflora, Rhynchospora capillacea, Oxypolis rigidior, Silphium terebinthinaceum$ (in prairie-like fens), and ~Thelypteris palustris$. Shrubs include ~Alnus serrulata, Cornus amomum, Physocarpus opulifolius, Salix caroliniana$, and ~Salix humilis$. ~Acer rubrum$ is typical where trees are present. In Missouri, several zones or types of vegetation are recognized: (1) tussocks, dominated by ~Carex interior$ and ~Carex leptalea$; (2) drier areas or margins dominated by ~Andropogon gerardii, Rudbeckia fulgida var. umbrosa$, and ~Parnassia grandifolia$; and (3) marly ooze areas dominated by ~Carex leptalea, Rhynchospora capillacea$, and ~Scleria verticillata$. In addition to the ones mentioned above, other species present in most Missouri examples include ~Carex lurida, Carex leptalea, Castilleja coccinea, Lysimachia quadriflora, Oxypolis rigidior, Pedicularis lanceolata, Physostegia virginiana, Pycnanthemum virginianum, Clinopodium arkansanum (= Calamintha arkansana)$, and ~Packera aurea (= Senecio aureus)$. Characteristic species in Missouri examples include ~Menyanthes trifoliata$ and ~Pogonia ophioglossoides$. Kentucky and middle Tennessee examples from the Interior Low Plateau contain ~Carex atlantica ssp. atlantica$ and ~Carex atlantica ssp. capillacea$ (instead of ~Carex interioLVALwn5 CEGL006288CECSA.677II.C.3.N.aPinus virginiana - Quercus prinus / Deschampsia flexuosa - Cunila origanoides WoodlandVirginia Pine - Rock Chestnut Oak / Wavy Hairgrass - Rock Oregano WoodlandCentral Appalachian Acidic Shale Woodland1997-11-26GCUSECSG. Fleming and P. CoullingG398-12-14G3#!y# CEGL006287CECSA.658II.B.2.N.fFraxinus (profunda, pennsylvanica) - (Nyssa biflora) / Polygonum arifolium Woodland(Pumpkin Ash, Green Ash) - (Swamp Blackgum) / Halberd-leaf Tearthumb WoodlandAsh-Blackgum Freshwater Tidal Swamp1997-11-26GCUSECS 12-97, mod. SLN 4-02Ear), Carex lurida, Carex leptalea ssp. harperi, Parnassia grandifolia, Juncus brachycephalus, Rudbeckia fulgida (var. umbrosa$ in Tennessee occurrences, ~Rudbeckia fulgida var. speciosa$ in the Kentucky occurrence), ~Cardamine bulbosa, Impatiens capensis, Juncus coriaceus, Juncus effusus, Lobelia puberula, Lobelia cardinalis, Oxypolis rigidior, Phlox glaberrima, Rhynchospora capitellata, Scirpus atrovirens, Scirpus cyperinus, Solidago patula var. patula$, and ~Thelypteris palustris var. pubescens$. An adjoining shrub zone is usually present, and woody species may invade the fen, including ~Alnus serrulata, Salix humilis, Salix caroliniana, Cornus amomum$, and ~Acer rubrum$. Some of these middle Tennessee examples provide habitat for ~Xyris tennesseensis$. Southern Blue Ridge examples are graminoid-dominated but also contain conspicuous forbs and mat-forming species. Dominant or characteristic species include ~Carex leptalea, Packera aurea, Rhynchospora alba, Parnassia grandifolia, Houstonia serpyllifolia$, and ~Drosera rotundifolia$. Woody species may include ~Physocarpus opulifolius$ and ~Alnus serrulata$. They are associated with ultramafic geology, influenced by magnesium-rich seepage and are found in open areas of gravel and muck associated with stream or spring heads.LVAL*PG$CEGL006300CECSA.1384V.A.5.N.kRhexia virginica - Crotalaria sagittalis Herbaceous VegetationVirginia Meadow-beauty - Arrowhead Rattlebox Herbaceous VegetationCoastal Plain Cobble - Gravel Pondshore1997-11-26GCUSG298-12-14G2ʣa#CEGL006298CECSA.1116IV.B.2.N.bVaccinium uliginosum - Rhododendron lapponicum / Juncus trifidus Dwarf-shrublandBog Blueberry - Lapland Rose-bay / Highland Rush Dwarf-shrublandAlpine Heath Meadow1997-11-26GCUSNAP 6-98, mod. SCG 3-02, mod. SCG 3-03S.C. GawlerG2G397-11-13G2 Ǵt$  CEGL006295CECSA.902III.B.2.N.aMorella pensylvanica - Prunus maritima ShrublandNorthern Bayberry - Beach Plum ShrublandNorthern Bayberry Dune ShrublThis alliance, concentrated in the north-central United States and adjacent Canada, is composed of rich and moderately rich fens. The vegetation is dominated by sedges, with ericaceous shrubs, small trees, and forbs also common. ~Carex lasiocarpa$ is a characteristic dominant in many stands. Other characteristic and often abundant graminoids include ~Calamagrostis canadensis, Carex aquatilis, Carex buxbaumii, Rhynchospora capillacea$, and ~Trichophorum caespitosum (= Scirpus cespitosus)$. Typical shrubs include ~Andromeda polifolia, Betula pumila, Kalmia polifolia, Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda (= Pentaphylloides floribunda)$, and ~Vaccinium oxycoccos$. Small ~Larix laricina$ and ~Picea mariana$ are also common. Forbs that can occur in stands of this alliance include ~Drosera rotundifolia, Equisetum fluviatile, Lobelia kalmii, Menyanthes trifoliata, Comarum palustre (= Potentilla palustris), Sarracenia purpurea$, and ~Utricularia$ spp. ~Decodon verticillatus$ is common in southern stands of this alliance. ~Sphagnum$ spp. form a nearly continuous ground layer. ^This alliance is found on shallow to deep peat, often in areas of calcareous groundwater. Some stands occur on floating peat mats. The groundwater is slightly acidic to circumneutral and minerotrophic to moderately minerotrophic.LVAL)bCEGL006308CSCSA.136I.A.8.N.cAbies fraseri / (Rhododendron catawbiense, Rhododendron carolinianum) ForestFraser Fir / (Catawba Rhododendron, Carolina Rhododendron) ForestFraser Fir Forest (Evergreen Shrub Type)1997-11-26GCUSKPK.D. PattersonG100-01-04G1ׯn"CEGL006307CECSA.571II.A.4.N.eChamaecyparis thyoides / Alnus maritima WoodlandAtlantic White-cedar / Seaside Alder Woodland1997-11-26GCUSLS 1996L.A. Sneddon 1996G?00-04-17G?S#CEGL006304CECSA.401I.C.3.N.aPinus strobus - Quercus rubra - Liriodendron tulipifera ForestEastern White Pine - Northern Red Oak - Tuliptree Forest1997-11-26GCUSLS/MA/KM 1996, mod. Central Appalachian ecoregional planning group 12/98, edited LS 12/99L.A. Sneddon, M. Anderson, and K. Metzler 1996, mod. Central Appalachian Planning Team, mod. L.A. SnG?97-12-01G?omec`"  CEGL0063This alliance, found in the glaciated north-central United States, is composed of wet, sedge-dominated communities with rich fen characteristics. Open to dense graminoids less than 1 m tall comprise the majority of the vegetation. Currently, the floristic relations between these fens are not well understood, and diagnostic species have not been identified. ~Andropogon gerardii, Carex lasiocarpa, Carex sterilis, Carex prairea, Cladium mariscoides, Eleocharis quinqueflora, Lobelia kalmii, Rhynchospora capillacea, Oligoneuron ohioense (= Solidago ohioensis), Schoenoplectus americanus (= Scirpus americanus)$, and ~Triglochin maritima$ are all abundant in parts of the alliance. Trees are rare, but shrubs occur in some stands. Among these ~Betula pumila, Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda (= Pentaphylloides floribunda)$, and ~Salix$ spp. are frequent. ^This alliance is found near calcareous seeps and springs. Most sites are on flat to gently sloping ground and occur over coarse-textured glacial deposits. Peat often develops.LVAL2'1GCEGL006320CECSA.624II.B.2.N.aBetula alleghaniensis - Quercus rubra / Polypodium virginianum WoodlandYellow Birch - Northern Red Oak / Rock Polypody WoodlandNorthern Hardwood - Oak Talus Slope Woodland1997-11-26GCUSNAP 6-98, mod. SCG 2-02Northern Appalachian Planning TeamG3G597-12-01G4#!΢j# ,CEGL006319CECSA.237III.B.2.N.aPrunus Acid seeps of southeastern Oklahoma. Stands are dominated by ~Dichanthelium scoparium$. Associated species include ~Juncus effusus, Juncus interior$, and ~Panicum anceps$. In Oklahoma, ~Eriocaulon koernickianum$, a species of concern, is associated with this habitat.This wetland alliance occurs in subalpine meadows and alpine tundra in the Rocky Mountains and in New Jersey. In the Rocky Mountains, stands are found in shallow depressions and on flat surfaces where snow accumulates in the winter and melts relatively late in the spring. Soil texture varies among stands, but soils are poorly drained and remain saturated throughout the growing season. Topographic position accounts for the poorly drained soils. ~Deschampsia caespitosa$ and ~Caltha leptosepala$ codominate the herbaceous layer. ~Pedicularis groenlandica, Polygonum bistorta$, and ~Veronica wormskjoldii$ and a number of ~Carex$ species are common associates. In the Kittattiny Mountains in New Jersey, similar vegetation occurs in a forb-dominated, acidic, seepage wetland community that is confined to a single location. On this site, seepage water is diverted to the surface by a clay fragipan. The herbaceous layer is dominated by ~Deschampsia caespitosa, Carex bromoides, Carex atlantica ssp. atlantica (= Carex atlantica var. incomperta)$, and ~Claytonia virginica var. hammondiae$. Diagnostic of this wetland alliance is the perennially saturated soils dominated or codominated by the bunchgrass ~Deschampsia caespitosa$.LVALG[q<CEGL006327CSCSA.119I.A.8.N.bPinus echinata Early-Successional ForestShortleaf Pine Early-Successional ForestShortleaf Pine Early-Successional Forest1994-11-01GCUSASW 11-94, mod. KP 5-00, mod. REE 4-02A.S. Weakley and K.D. Patterson, mod. R.E. EvansGD00-04-03* ΨrJ"CEGL006326CECSA.1561V.A.7.N.pDasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda / Carex (sterilis, hystericina, flava) Shrub Herbaceous VegetationShrubby-cinquefoil / (Sterile Sedge, Porcupine Sedge, YInland saline prairies, apparently associated with saline seepage from inland salt domes, with scattered patchy vegetation dominated by ~Eleocharis$ sp. and ~Iva angustifolia$. This alliance is known from outcrops of saline material apparently associated with inland salt domes. The clayey soils (Bonn series, a Glossic Natraqualf) are saturated to rarely flooded with saline seepage. Saline springs form artesian mudpots or 'ooze mounds' at scattered locations. The vegetation is patchy, with much bare soil. The shrub stratum consists of widely scattered individuals of ~Sabal minor$ and ~Baccharis halimifolia$. The herbaceous stratum consists of scattered patches of ~Eleocharis$ sp., ~Iva angustifolia$ (an annual), ~Distichlis spicata, Juncus$ sp., ~Bacopa monnieri$, and others. The only known occurrences are in Winn Parish, Louisiana.This herbaceous community is a zonal component of Limestone Cedar Glades in the Central Basin of Tennessee and the Moulton Valley of Alabama, as well as similar limestone glade vegetation in Kentucky. It occurs where seasonal seepage of unconfined aquifers emerges during the winter and spring, and supports a distinctive assemblage of graminoid vegetation. Examples are dominated by some combination of ~Eleocharis compressa, Schoenolirion croceum, Carex crawei$, and ~Allium cernuum$. Other species present may include ~Isoetes butleri$ and ~Hypoxis hirsuta$. Kentucky examples lack ~Schoenolirion croceum$, but this species may be a late-April aspect dominant in Tennessee and Alabama examples.eLVALsB 2CEGL006346CECSA.1429V.A.5.N.lEriocaulon aquaticum - Lobelia dortmanna Herbaceous VegetationSeven-angle Pipewort - Dortmann's Cardinal-flower Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG?97-12-01G?a#CEGL006345CECSA.1430V.A.5.N.lJuncus militaris Herbaceous VegetationBayonet Rush Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSNAP 6/98Northern Appalachian Planning TeamG?97-12-01G?ywukkI#-CEGL006344CECSA.3021VI.C.2.N.aLaminaria agardhii - Chondrus crispus Tidal Algal Nonvascular VegetationCommon Southern Kelp - Irish-moss Tidal Algal Nonvascular VegetationNew England Kelp Bed Community2002-05-14GCUSSLN 2-02S.L. NeidG?02-05-14G?ΰl$CEGL006342CECSA.1390V.A.5.N.kSpartina patens - Eleocharis parvula Herbaceous VegetationSaltmeadow Cordgrass - Dwarf Spikerush Herbaceous VegetationNortheastern Atlantic Brackish Interdunal Swale1997-11-26GCUSDH/LS 3/97, mod. SLN 2-02D. Hunt and L.A. Sneddon, mod. S.L. NeidG?97-12-01G?#!ș]# ,CEGL006341CECSA.3011VI.C.2.N.aAscophyllum nodosum - Fucus vesiculosus Tidal Algal NonvasThis alliance includes floating peat mat communities, in acidic depressions such as Carolina bays and flooded peat wetlands. Stands are dominated by ~Rhynchospora alba$. Other species present include a variety of wetland plants, including ~Calopogon tuberosus var. tuberosus$.This alliance is found in seasonally wet seeps and low spots in Florida scrub/flatwoods of the Florida peninsula. These areas are dominated by ~Panicum abscissum$, which forms a dense turf, with various other wetland herbs, and often scattered shrubs such as ~Lyonia lucida, Lyonia ferruginea, Serenoa repens, Vaccinium darrowii, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Persea borbonia$, and others. A very sparse canopy of ~Pinus elliottii$ is sometimes present. Other typical herbaceous plants include ~Andropogon capillipes, Schizachyrium scoparium var. stoloniferum, Panicum hemitomon, Ctenium aromaticum$, and ~Dichanthelium$ spp. LVALQCEGL006361CECSA.149I.A.8.N.cPicea mariana - Picea rubens / Pleurozium schreberi ForestBlack Spruce - Red Spruce / Feathermoss ForestSpruce - Fir Flats1997-12-01GCUSLAS/KM/MA 4-96, mod. MA/NAP 8-This alliance includes herbaceous bogs and wetland savannas of the southeastern Coastal Plain ranging from Texas and Oklahoma eastward to North Carolina. Such communities have been variously called hillside seepage bogs, wet prairies, muck bogs, poor fens, sandhill seeps, and other names. Examples are influenced by groundwater seepage and/or seasonally high water tables. Given the large geographic range and extensive species turnover within the Coastal Plain, associations found in this alliance are quite floristically variable. Most types are heavily dominated by wetland herbaceous species. Woody species may occur in scattered clumps and patches in most examples, with density dependent largely on fire frequency and seasonality. In some parts of the distribution of this alliance, especially the Atlantic Coastal Plain, shrubs can be very prominent, even when fire is relatively frequent. ~Rhynchospora$ spp. are especially prominent and diverse in most examples; many associations may have as many as ten ~Rhynchospora$ spp. present. Carnivorous taxa are also usually present and diagnostic, especially ~Sarracenia$ spp. ~Sarracenia$ spp. range from dominant or codominant to sparse but diagnostic, and from a single species to several present. The range of species include ~Sarracenia alata, Sarracenia leucophylla, Sarracenia psittacina, Sarracenia flava, Sarracenia purpurea (= Sarracenia purpurea var. burkii)$, and ~Sarracenia rubra$. Woody species are ~Magnolia virginiana, Smilax laurifolia, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera var. cerifera), Morella caroliniensis (= Myrica heterophylla), Morella inodora (= Myrica inodora), Cliftonia monophylla, Cyrilla racemiflora, Clethra alnifolia, Arundinaria gigantea ssp. tecta$, and ~Toxicodendron vernix$.LVALCEGL006370CECSA.1769V.C.2.N.bRuppia maritima - Schoenoplectus maritimus Herbaceous VegetationBeaked Ditch-grass - Saltmarsh Clubrush Herbaceous VegetationSalt Panne Pool1998-04-14GCUSECS, mod. SLN 2-02Eastern Ecology Group, mod. S.L. NeidG?98-04-14G?Ͻc#CEGL006369CECSA.1704V.B.2.N.gSalicornia bigelovii - Triglochin maritima Herbaceous VegetationDwarf Glasswort - Seaside Arrow-grass Herbaceous VegetationForb Panne1998-04-14OCUSG?98-04-14G?c# CEGL006368CECSA.1481V.A.5.N.nSpartina patens - Festuca rubra Herbaceous VegetationSaltmeadow Cordgrass - Red Fescue Herbaceous Vegetation1998-04-14GCUSmod. SLN 4-02Eastern Ecology Group, mod. S.L. NeidG?98-04-14G?ϪX#CEGL006367CECSA.1561V.A.7.N.pJuniperus virginiana / Betula pumila / Carex sterilis - Oligoneuron rigidum Shrub Herbaceous VegetationEastern Red-cedar / Bog Birch / Sterile Sedge - Bold Goldenrod Shrub Herbaceous Vegetation1998-01-26GCUSG1Q98-01-22G1# CEGL0This alliance is dominated by hydrophytic graminoids and found in the central United States near acid or neutral seeps. Vegetation cover is moderate to high and 1 m or less tall. Diagnostic species of this alliance are not well understood. ~Typha latifolia$ is the most common of the taller species. Among the shorter species, ~Carex$ spp., ~Equisetum hyemale, Climacium americanum, Eupatorium perfoliatum$, and ~Scirpus$ spp. are abundant. Shrubs and small trees, such as ~Populus deltoides, Salix$ spp., and ~Lindera benzoin$ (in the southeast of this alliance's range), are sometimes present. ^This alliance forms on the slopes and at the bases of hills, valleys, and bluffs. Soils are shallow to deep and formed from sandstone, glacial till, loess, and colluvium. Moderately minerotrophic groundwater saturates stands for much of the year.LVALCEGL006377CECSA.229I.B.2.N.aFagus grandifolia - Quercus alba - Quercus rubra ForestAmerican Beech - White Oak - Northern Red Oak ForestNortheastern Atlantic Coastal Oak - Beech - Tuliptree Forest1998-04-16GCUSLAS, mod. SLN 5-02L.A. Sneddon, mod. S.L. NeidG?97-12-01G?ɍY" ,CEGL006376CECSA.3002I.A.4.N.aIlex opaca / Morella pensylvanica ForestAmerican Holly / Northern Bayberry ForestMaritime Holly Forest1998-04-16GCUSDavid Hunt, NYNHP, mod. SLN 3-02D. Hunt, NYNHP, mod. S.L. NeidG198-04-16G1շtK#dCEGL006375CECSA.1911I.B.2.N.aQuerThis alliance, found in the central Great Plains, occurs where groundwater seeps to the surface. The vegetation of these seepage fens is predominantly hydrophytic graminoids which typically forms dense cover. Common herbaceous species include ~Carex hystericina, Carex pellita (= Carex lanuginosa), Carex nebrascensis, Eleocharis$ spp., ~Eupatorium maculatum, Leersia oryzoides, Scirpus$ spp., ~Thelypteris palustris$, and ~Typha latifolia$. Shrubs, primarily ~Salix$ spp., may occasionally occur. Ferns may be locally common. Species composition is variable between sites and is probably related to factors such as depth and composition of organic soils, water chemistry, and level of disturbance. Vegetation zonation is often conspicuous and related to hydrologic regime. ^Stands of this alliance are found on mid to lower slopes of hillsides and terraces in canyons and stream valleys. In eastern Nebraska, stands are associated with sandstone outcrops or loess and glacial till slopes. Soils are deep and consist of peat or muck, often mixed with sands. Peat layers range from 0.5-1.5 m deep. Fens are constantly saturated by groundwater. Mounded groundwater discharge zones are common features of these fens. Groundwater pH typically ranges from 6.0-7.5 and is not calcium-rich. The water table is usually near the soil surface.8LVAL`Fzr(This herbaceous wetland alliance occurs on lakeshores, river floodplains, and in wet meadows in western and south-central Montana, and the tidally influenced overflow plain of the Columbia River in western Oregon and Washington. Elevations extend just above the tidal influence zone in coastal habitats to 2500 m in the subalpine forests of Montana. Stands occur in low-lying areas with prolonged seasonal flooding that maintain saturated soils throughout the growing season. Soils are heavy textured, often with a thick organic layer, and are derived from alluvium. The vegetation is characterized by nearly pure stands of the perennial graminoid ~Carex aperta$ (70-90% cover) with lesser amounts of ~Agrostis$ spp., ~Poa palustris, Argentina anserina, Bidens cernua, Bidens frondosa, Ludwigia palustris, Polygonum amphibium$, and ~Erysimum cheiranthoides$. Adjacent stands include forests dominated by ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ at lower elevations and ~Abies lasiocarpa$ or ~Picea engelmannii$ in the subalpine zone, and a variety of riparian stands.This alliance, found in the north-central United States and south-central Canada, is composed of weakly minerotrophic peatlands dominated by graminoids. Species diversity is intermediate between richer fens and bogs. ~Carex lasiocarpa$ and ~Carex oligosperma$ are typically dominant. Associated species include ~Carex chordorrhiza, Eriophorum$ spp., ~Rhynchospora alba, Scheuchzeria palustris$, and ~Trichophorum caespitosum (= Scirpus cespitosus)$. ~Sphagnum$ spp. form a moderate to nearly continuous ground cover. Shrubs and small trees are common. ~Betula pumila, Chamaedaphne calyculata, Larix laricina, Ledum groenlandicum, Picea mariana$, and ~Salix$ spp. are the most abundant. ^This alliance is found in depressions on deep peat (>1.0 m) that receives minimal nutrient-rich run-off from surrounding uplands. The surface water is slightly acidic. The microtopography consists of low to intermediate hummocks and hollows.LVAL  CEGL006390CECSA.243I.B.2.N.aQuercus falcata - Quercus phellos / Ilex opaca ForestSouthern Red Oak - Willow Oak / American Holly ForestMesic Coastal Plain Oak Forest1998-05-05GCUSLAS, mod. SLN 4-02L.A. Sneddon, mod. S.L. NeidG?97-12-01G?ʸW",CEGL006389CECSA.3005I.CVegetation types within this saturated, temperate or subpolar grassland alliance occur in wet meadows from the foothills to moderate elevations in the mountains. Elevations range from 1350 m in eastern Oregon to 2700 m in Wyoming. Stands occur in wet basins on gentle slopes below seeps and on flat alluvial terraces adjacent to streams. Surface topography is usually smooth to slightly undulating. Soils are typically Histosols with organic matter accumulations 30-120 cm thick, but may be poorly drained, fine-textured mineral soils as well. Redox depletions or reduced matrices are common throughout the profile. Water tables remain at or near the soil surface during the growing season. Soils are slightly acidic to neutral (pH 6.0-7.0). The soils often quake when walked on due to cold, mucky, groundwater flowing just below the surface. ~Carex simulata$ dominates the graminoid stratum with 30-80% cover. Other graminoid species include ~Carex aquatilis, Carex utriculata, Deschampsia caespitosa$, and ~Juncus balticus$. Forb cover is sparse and includes ~Pedicularis groenlandica$ and ~Triglochin maritima$. Shrub species are uncommon, typically forming less than 5% cover. Shrub species include ~Betula nana (= Betula glandulosa), Salix wolfii$, and ~Salix planifolia$. The moss layer may be dense with up to 90% cover. Adjacent vegetation includes ~Schoenoplectus acutus (= Scirpus acutus)$ on wetter sites and ~Carex utriculata$ and ~Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda (= Pentaphylloides floribunda)$ on drier sites.wLVAL.',CEGL006397CECSA.3007V.A.7.N.pGaylussacia dumosa / Calamovilfa brevipilis Shrub Herbaceous VegetationDwarf Huckleberry / Pinebarren Sandreed Shrub Herbaceous VegetationPine Barrens Sandreed Savanna1998-05-08GCUSLesley Sneddon, Andrew WindischL.A. Sneddon and A. WindischG198-11-12G1ʭj# CEGL006395CECSA.657II.B.2.N.eAcer rubrum / Alnus incana - Ilex verticillata / Osmunda Stands of the ~~Abies bracteata$ Forest Alliance (A.147)$$ are found between 250 and 1400 m elevation in the central California Coast Ranges, most commonly near the crest of the range. Annual precipitation increases with elevation and totals approximately 80 cm, with a distinct summer dry season. This alliance occurs above the zone of summer fogs, and temperatures show more fluctuation than those at lower elevations. Stands are concentrated on steep, rough terrain that does not carry intense fire. Sites include rocky slopes, ridges, and canyons or ravines; slope aspects are typically northerly or easterly. Stands in ravines are found on stream benches or terraces, usually with concave topography and seasonally saturated soils. Soils in ravines are skeletal to deep, with loamy textures. On steep slopes and ridges the parent materials are sandstones and shales with overlying skeletal soils of various textures. These soils are well-drained and rocky. ~Abies bracteata$ is the sole, dominant, or codominant species in the canopy. The broad-leaved evergreen tree ~Quercus chrysolepis$ is important or codominant in most stands. Several other conifers, such as ~Pinus coulteri, Pinus ponderosa$, or ~Pinus lambertiana$, may be present. Broad-leaved evergreens, such as ~Arbutus menziesii$ and ~Lithocarpus densiflorus$, are often present. Shrubs are infrequent, and the herbaceous layer is sparse.LVALH$CEGL006412CECSA.1397V.A.5.N.kCarex stricta - Carex vesicaria Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous VegetationTussock Sedge - Inflated Sedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous VegetationEastern Tussock Sedge Meadow2000-08-29GCUSNAP 6-98, mod. SCG 5-02Northern Appalachian Planning TeamG?00-08-29G?!βk# CEGL006411CECSA.544II.A.4.N.bThuja occidentalis / Gaylussacia baccata - Vaccinium angustifolium WoodlandNorthern White-cedar / Black Huckleberry - Northern Lowbush Blueberry WoodlandWhite-cedar Heath Woodland2000-06-08GCUSSCG/LAS 4-00, mod. SCG 2-02S. Gawler and L.A. SneddonG?00-04-18G?%#ּn# CEGL006406CECSA.316I.B.2.N.eAcer rubrum - Fraxinus (pennsylvanica, americana) / Lindera benzoin / Symplocarpus foetidus ForestRed Maple - (Green Ash, White Ash) / Northern Spicebush / Skunk-cabbage ForestSouthern New England Red Maple Seepage Swamp1998-06-25GCUSG4G598-06-25G4 ҄" CEGL006405CECSA.302I.B.2.N.dTilia americana - Acer saccharum - Acer nigrum / Laportea canadensis ForestAmerican Basswood - Sugar Maple - Black Maple / Wood Nettle ForestRich FloodplaiVegetation in this alliance occurs in marshy depressions or calcareous fens in the subalpine and alpine areas of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado and western Montana. Types are locally abundant but considered rare. Sites typically range in elevations from 3000-3600 m. Stands are found in depressions with saturated soils, typically on the eastern slope. Sites do dry out in the summer. Soils are calcareous, derived from fine limestone gravel and sand. Vegetation within this alliance is classified as seasonally flooded, temperate or subpolar grasslands. ~Carex microglochin$ dominates the graminoid layer. Other graminoids can include ~Juncus triglumis$ and ~Juncus castaneus$. ~Polygonum viviparum (= Bistorta vivipara), Gentiana algida$, and ~Rhodiola integrifolia$ are typically found in the forb layer. Adjacent community information is not available.cLVALo'CEGL006427CECSA.1400V.A.5.N.kCalamagrostis canadensis - Doellingeria umbellata - Spartina pectinata Herbaceous VegetationBluejoint - Parasol Whitetop - Prairie CordgThis alliance includes various tidal marshes dominated by ~Spartina alterniflora$. The hydrology is usually regularly tidally flooded. In the northern part of its range, southern Maine to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, this alliance is generally limited to the zone between mean sea level and the mean high water level. The habitat occurs in protected inlets behind barrier beaches or in drowned river valleys. Peat depth ranges from a few feet, if the community formed over a mud flat, to 80 feet in drowned river valleys. ~Spartina alterniflora$ is limited to the low marsh zone by moderate salinity; it can withstand longer submergence than other salt marsh grasses, but still requires periodic exposure of the substrate. It also requires moderately high levels of iron (7-15 ppm). This community is commonly known as the 'low salt marsh,' occurring as a tall grassland strongly dominated by ~Spartina alterniflora$. There is little variation in vascular plant species composition across the range. It occurs in nearly pure stands, with occasional low growing species such as ~Spergularia salina (= Spergularia marina), Salicornia$ spp., ~Suaeda maritima$, and seaweeds such as ~Ulva lactuca$ and other algae such as ~Fucus vesiculosus$ and ~Ascophyllum nodosum$, which grow at the bases of the ~Spartina$ plants. Herbs of ~Salicornia virginica$ and ~Salicornia bigelovii$ can be quite common mixed in with the ~Spartina$, often becoming more apparent later in the growing season. ~Limonium carolinianum$ is another characteristic herb, but only as scattered individuals. More detailed information is needed on the variability of the alliance in the southern parts of its range.qLVAL6cCEGL006504CECSA.302I.B.2.N.dAcer saccharum / Ostrya virginiana / Brachyelytrum erectum Floodplain ForestSugar Maple / Eastern Hop-hornbeam / Bearded Shorthusk Floodplain ForestHigh-gradient Hardwood Floodplain Forest1999-07-02GCUSNAP 6-98, mod. SCG 5-02Northern Appalachian PlanThis alliance includes tidal sawgrass marshes, where alkaline chemistry comes from brackish water, rather than from underlying calcareous rock as in the Everglades sawgrass marshes. These communities occur inland from ~Juncus roemerianus$ or ~Typha angustifolia$ marshes.Tidal marshes dominated by ~Typha angustifolia$ and/or ~Typha domingensis$. Examples of this alliance are composed of a mixture of salt marsh and freshwater tidal marsh species. The vegetation is dense and characterized by tall graminoids such as ~Typha angustifolia$, with associates including ~Spartina cynosuroides, Phragmites australis$ or ~Schoenoplectus americanus (= Scirpus americanus), Pontederia cordata, Lilaeopsis chinensis, Hibiscus moscheutos (= Hibiscus palustris)$, and ~Pluchea odorata$. Other characteristic species include ~Hibiscus moscheutos, Spartina patens, Distichlis spicata, Schoenoplectus pungens (= Scirpus pungens), Lycopus americanus, Eleocharis palustris, Hydrocotyle umbellata, Eupatorium capillifolium, Ptilimnium capillaceum, Bidens$ spp., and ~Spartina alterniflora$. This community is typically a brackish tidal marsh occurring where water salinity ranges from 0.5-18.0 ppt. Brackish marshes are most extensive on large tidal rivers, but smaller marshes of this alliance also occur at the upper limits of larger tidal creeks. The alliance occurs along the Atlantic coast from Maine through South Carolina and along the Gulf coast in Alabama and Texas. Alabama and Texas communities occur in oligohaline tidal marshes and are dominated by ~Typha domingensis$. Further research is necessary to determine the classification, and thus the range, with confidence.NLVAL\CEGL006510CECSA.1078IV.A.1.N.bMorella pensylvanica - Empetrum nigrum Dwarf-shrublandNorthern Bayberry - Black Crowberry Dwarf-shrublandCrowberry - Bayberry Maritime Shrubland1999-07-02GCUSNAP 6-98, mod. SCG 5-02S.C. GawlerG?99-07-02G?Z$CEGL006509CECSA.349I.B.2.N.gLarix laricina / Chamaedaphne calyculata - Vaccinium corymbosum / Carex trisperma WoodlandTamarack / Leatherleaf - Highbush Blueberry / Three-seed Sedge WoodlandLarch / LeatherleaThis alliance consists of brackish to oligohaline tidal marshes dominated by ~Panicum virgatum$. Hydrology of this alliance is irregularly tidally inundated, usually occurring above ~Juncus roemerianus$ and other tidal marshes, and at the conceptual edge of tidal and upland communities. Associated species in the northern part of the alliance's range include ~Spartina pectinata, Agrostis stolonifera, Cladium mariscoides, Schoenoplectus americanus (= Scirpus americanus), Solidago sempervirens, Baccharis halimifolia$, and ~Tripsacum dactyloides$. Associates in the southern portion of the range include ~Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense, Sagittaria lancifolia$, and ~Spartina cynosuroides$.This alliance includes peaty oligohaline marshes, well away from tidal guts, with frequent to dominant ~Eleocharis fallax$ and ~Eleocharis rostellata$; these have been termed 'spikerush lawns' in very slightly brackish (oligohaline) marshes. Other characteristic species can include ~Centella erecta, Eriocaulon decangulare, Ludwigia alata, Cyperus haspan, Cladium mariscoides, Sabatia dodecandra, Eryngium aquaticum, Proserpinaca palustris, Ludwigia alata$, and ~Juncus$ spp. This alliance ranges from Maryland southwards along the southeastern Coastal Plain. Salinity is 0.5-5 ppt. Even though there is some variability in the expression of this marsh vegetation between North Carolina and Virginia examples, only one association has been described. f!z^m CEGL006434CECSA.612II.B.2.N.aQuercus alba - Quercus stellata - Quercus velutina / Cornus florida / Andropogon gerardii WoodlandWhite Oak - Post Oak - Black Oak / Flowering D A.1480CSoutheastV.A.5.N.nSPARTINA CYNOSUROIDES TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGiant Cordgrass Tidal Herbaceous Alliance@YECSvM   A.148CMidwestI.A.8.N.cPICEA GLAUCA - ABIES BALSAMEA FOREST ALLIANCEWhite Spruce - Balsam Fir Forest AllianceA@YMCS~}qH   A.1479CSoutheastV.A.5.N.nSPARTINA BAKERI - (SPARTINA PATENS) TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESand Cordgrass - (Saltmeadow Cordgrass) Tidal Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEY 9-94, MOD. A©[   A.1478CEastV.A.5.N.nSCHOENOPLECTUS PUNGENS TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEThreesquare Tidal Herbaceous Alliance @YA.S. WEAKLEY{znI   A.1477CSoutheastV.A.5.N.nPHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECommon Reed Tidal Herbaceous Alliance YA.S. WEAKLEY~}qL   A.1476CEastV.A.5.N.nPANICUM VIRGATUM TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESwitchgrass Tidal Herbaceous Alliance@YECSxuthC   A.1475CSoutheastV.A.5.N.nJUNCUS ROEMERIANUS TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBlack Needlerush Tidal Herbaceous AllianceYD.J. ALLARD, MOD. A.S. WEtJ   A.1474CSoutheastV.A.5.N.nELEOCHARIS FALLAX - ELEOCHARIS ROSTELLATA TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECreeping Spikerush - Beaked Spikerush Tidal Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEY 1-95, MOD. Gƭa   A.1473CSoutheastV.A.5.N.nCLADIUM MARISCUS SSP. JAMAICENSE TIDAL TEMPERATE HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESawgrass Tidal Temperate Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYb   A.1472CEastV.A.5.N.nTYPHA (ANGUSTIFOLIA, DOMINGENSIS) TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Narrowleaf Cattail, Southern Cattail) Tidal Herbaceous Alliancer@YECS/A.S. WEAKLEYT   A.1471CEastV.A.5.N.nSPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESaltmarsh Cordgrass Tidal Herbaceous Alliance@YD.J. ALLARDuH  W 8b.w?yCEGL007130CSCSA.136I.A.8.N.cPicea rubens - A.1496CMidwestV.A.6.N.fPINUS STROBUS - QUERCUS (ALBA, RUBRA) WOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEEastern White Pine - (White Oak, Northern Red Oak) Wooded Herbaceous AllianceR@YMCS\   A.1493CMidwestII.B.2.N.aPOPULUS DELTOIDES WOODLAND ALLIANCEEastern Cottonwood Woodland Alliance@YMCStqpd@   A.1492CMidwestV.A.6.N.cQUERCUS VELUTINA - (QUERCUS ELLIPSOIDALIS) WOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBlack Oak - (Northern Pin Oak) Wooded Herbaceous AllianceN@YMCSa   A.1491CMidwestV.A.6.N.cQUERCUS MACROCARPA - (QUERCUS ALBA) WOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBur Oak - (White Oak) Wooded Herbaceous AllianceV@YMCSZ   A.149CMidwestI.A.8.N.cPICEA MARIANA FOREST ALLIANCEBlack Spruce Forest Alliance@YMCSda`T8   A.1489CWestV.A.6.N.bJUNIPERUS OCCIDENTALIS WOODED TALL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWestern Juniper Wooded Tall Herbaceous Alliance;@YD. SARR~O   A.1488CWestV.A.6.N.bPINUS PONDEROSA WOODED TALL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPonderosa Pine Wooded Tall Herbaceous Alliance@YM.S. REIDvH   A.1487CWestV.A.6.N.bPINUS MONOPHYLLA WOODED TALL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESingleleaf Pinyon Wooded Tall Herbaceous AllianceH@YD. SARRzI   A.1485CSoutheastV.A.5.N.nZIZANIOPSIS MILIACEA TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESouthern Wild Rice Tidal Herbaceous Alliance|@YA.S. WEAKLEYxL   A.1484CEastV.A.5.N.nZIZANIA AQUATICA TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEIndian Wild Rice Tidal Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYzymC   A.1483CSoutheastV.A.5.N.nSPARTINA SPARTINAE TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGulf Cordgrass Tidal Herbaceous Alliance @YA.S. WEAKLEY 1-95, MOD. A~rJ   A.1481CEastV.A.5.N.nSPARTINA PATENS - (DISTICHLIS SPICATA) TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESaltmeadow Cordgrass - (Saltgrass) Tidal Herbaceous Alliance% YA.S. WEAKLEY 9-94, MOD. JY  : Y>h?l^CEGL007460CSCSA.369I.C.2.N.aFagus grandifolia - Magnolia g A.1520CSoutheastV.A.7.N.dSCHIZACHYRIUM SCOPARIUM SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELittle Bluestem Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYxO   A.152CWestI.A.8.N.cABIES CONCOLOR FOREST ALLIANCEWhite Fir Forest AlliancetYD. SARRc\[O6   eA.1519CSoutheastIII.A.2.N.iSERENOA REPENS / ARISTIDA BEYRICHIANA SATURATED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESaw Palmetto / Southern Wiregrass Saturated Shrubland Alliance1YA.S. WEAKLEY 12-95, MOD. ƭb    A.1517CWestV.A.7.N.bPURSHIA TRIDENTATA SHRUB TALL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBitterbrush Shrub Tall Herbaceous Alliance@YD. SARRtJ   A.151CWestI.A.8.N.cABIES CONCOLOR - ABIES X SHASTENSIS FOREST ALLIANCEWhite Fir - Shasta Red Fir Forest AllianceYM.S. REID/D. SARRvuuK   A.1506CWestV.A.6.N.gQUERCUS GARRYANA WOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEOregon White Oak Wooded Herbaceous AllianceYD. SARRwpooD   A.1505CMidwestV.A.6.N.gQUERCUS MACROCARPA WOODED MEDIUM-TALL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBur Oak Wooded Medium-tall Herbaceous Alliance@YMCSU   A.1502CWestV.A.6.N.fJUNIPERUS OSTEOSPERMA WOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEUtah Juniper Wooded Herbaceous Alliance@YD. SARR}|pI   A.1501CWestV.A.6.N.fPINUS JEFFREYI WOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEJeffrey Pine Wooded Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZvuiB   A.1500CWestV.A.6.N.fJUNIPERUS OCCIDENTALIS WOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWestern Juniper Wooded Herbaceous Alliance@YD. SARRtJ   A.150CEastI.A.8.N.cPICEA RUBENS - ABIES BALSAMEA FOREST ALLIANCERed Spruce - Balsam Fir Forest Alliancev@YECS|yxlE   A.15CLatin AmericaI.A.1.N.bSYZYGIUM JAMBOS FOREST ALLIANCERose-apple Forest Alliance; Pomarrosa Forest AllianceD@!YLACDt?    A.1499CMidwestV.A.6.N.fPINUS BANKSIANA - (PINUS RESINOSA) WOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEJack Pine - (Red Pine) Wooded Herbaceous Alliance YMCSY   i^ZC A.1530CWestV.A.7.N.eMUHLENBERGIA SETIFOLIA / ARTEMISIA BIGELOVII SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECurly-leaf Muhly / Bigelow Sagebrush Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZ_   A.153CWestI.A.8.N.cABIES GRANDIS FOREST ALLIANCEGrand Fir Forest AllianceYD. SARR/M.S. REID`ONN5   A.1529CWestV.A.7.N.ePLEURAPHIS RIGIDA / GUTIERREZIA SAROTHRAE SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBig Galleta / Snakeweed Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZ\   A.1528CWestV.A.7.N.eARTEMISIA TRIPARTITA SSP. TRIPARTITA SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEThreetip Sagebrush Shrub Herbaceous Alliance2@YD. SARR, MOD. M.S. REIDW   A.1527CWestV.A.7.N.eARTEMISIA TRIDENTATA SSP. WYOMINGENSIS SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWyoming Big Sagebrush Shrub Herbaceous AllianceYD. SARR, MOD. K.A. SCHULZY   A.1526CWestV.A.7.N.eARTEMISIA TRIDENTATA SSP. VASEYANA SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMountain Big Sagebrush Shrub Herbaceous AllianceKYD. SARR, MOD. M.S. REIDU   A.1525CWestV.A.7.N.eSPOROBOLUS CRYPTANDRUS SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESand Dropseed Shrub Herbaceous Alliance1@YK. SCHULZ}|pI   A.1524CWestV.A.7.N.eCHRYSOTHAMNUS VISCIDIFLORUS SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGreen Rabbitbrush Shrub Herbaceous AllianceF@YK. SCHULZyN   A.1523CWestV.A.7.N.ePURSHIA TRIDENTATA SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBitterbrush Shrub Herbaceous AllianceDYD. SARR~wvjE   A.1522CWestV.A.7.N.eARTEMISIA TRIDENTATA (SSP. TRIDENTATA, SSP. XERICENSIS) SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Basin Big Sagebrush, Foothill Big Sagebrush) Shrub Herbaceous AllianceYD. SARR, MOD. K.A. SCHULZ׾j   A.1521CWestV.A.7.N.eARTEMISIA TRIDENTATA SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBasin Big Sagebrush Shrub Herbaceous AllianceN@YK. SCHULZtG  D #H9"h7790CSCSA.1031III.B.3.N.aProsopis glandulosa var. glandulosa - Opunt A.1542CWestV.A.7.N.hSPOROBOLUS NEALLEYI SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGyp Dropseed Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZyxlF   A.1541CWestV.A.7.N.hMUHLENBERGIA SETIFOLIA SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECurly-leaf Muhly Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZsI   A.1540CWestV.A.7.N.hYUCCA GLAUCA SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESoapweed Yucca Shrub Herbaceous Allianceo@YM.S. REID/G.P. JONEStsg?   A.154CWestI.A.8.N.cABIES X SHASTENSIS FOREST ALLIANCEShasta Red Fir Forest AllianceYD. SARR`YXX:   A.1539CWestV.A.7.N.hPLEURAPHIS RIGIDA SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBig Galleta Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YM. SCHINDELvuiD   A.1538CWestV.A.7.N.gCERCOCARPUS MONTANUS SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMountain-mahogany Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZ~rG   A.1537CWestV.A.7.N.gRHUS TRILOBATA SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESquawbush Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZzqpdA   A.1536CWestV.A.7.N.gRHUS GLABRA SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESmooth Sumac Shrub Herbaceous AllianceYK. SCHULZnedd>   A.1535CMidwestV.A.7.N.gSARCOBATUS VERMICULATUS SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBlack Greasewood Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YMCSwM   A.1534CWestV.A.7.N.gDASIPHORA FRUTICOSA SSP. FLORIBUNDA SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEShrubby-cinquefoil Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YMCS, MOD. D. CULVERV   A.1533CEastV.A.7.N.gSCHIZACHYRIUM LITTORALE SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESeaside Bluestem Shrub Herbaceous Alliancem@YA.S. WEAKLEYtJ   A.1532CWestV.A.7.N.ePLEURAPHIS JAMESII SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEJames' Galleta Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YK.A. SCHULZzymE   A.1531CWestV.A.7.N.eARTEMISIA CANA (SSP. BOLANDERI, SSP. VISCIDULA) SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Bolander Silver Sagebrush, Mountain Silver Sagebrush) Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YD. SARR, MOD. WCSпb   h /qP$z|mnQ%<pQ$zmnQ&pQ$ A.1554CWestV.A.7.N.nSARCOBATUS VERMICULATUS INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBlack Greasewood Intermittently Flooded Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZa   A.1553CWestV.A.7.N.mBOUTELOUA ERIOPODA XEROMORPHIC SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBlack Grama Xeromorphic Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZQ   A.1552CWestV.A.7.N.mBOUTELOUA CURTIPENDULA SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESideoats Grama Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZ~}qI   A.1551CWestV.A.7.N.mPLEURAPHIS MUTICA SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETobosa Grass Shrub Herbaceous Allianceo@YK. SCHULZwvjD   A.1550CWestV.A.7.N.mPROSOPIS GLANDULOSA SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEHoney Mesquite Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZ{znF   A.155CWestI.A.8.N.cCALOCEDRUS DECURRENS - PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII FOREST ALLIANCEIncense-cedar - Douglas-fir Forest AllianceYD. SARRT   A.1549CWestV.A.7.N.mACHNATHERUM SPECIOSUM SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEDesert Needlegrass Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YM. SCHINDELtH   A.1548CSoutheastV.A.7.N.mBOUTELOUA HIRSUTA - BOUTELOUA GRACILIS - BOUTELOUA ERIOPODA SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEHairy Grama - Blue Grama - Black Grama Shrub Herbaceous Alliance`@YK.D. PATTERSONs   A.1546CWestV.A.7.N.jERICAMERIA NAUSEOSA SHRUB SHORT HERBACEOUS ALLIANCERubber Rabbitbrush Shrub Short Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZ~L   A.1545CWestV.A.7.N.jBOUTELOUA ERIOPODA MICROPHYLLOUS EVERGREEN SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBlack Grama Microphyllous Evergreen Shrub Herbaceous Alliance"@YK. SCHULZ]   A.1543CWestV.A.7.N.hACHNATHERUM HYMENOIDES SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEIndian Ricegrass Shrub Herbaceous Alliance @YK.A. SCHULZsI  r ;u9+CEGL008087CWCSA.1142V.A.1.N.cErag A.1570CWestV.A.8.N.aBOUTELOUA ERIOPODA DWARF-SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBlack Grama Dwarf-shrub Herbaceous AllianceI@YK. SCHULZvK   A.157CWestI.A.8.N.cPSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII FOREST ALLIANCEDouglas-fir Forest AllianceV@YM.S. REID, D. SARRwedX=   A.1568CWestV.A.8.N.aPOA SECUNDA DWARF-SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECurly Bluegrass Dwarf-shrub Herbaceous AllianceYK. SCHULZ}tssD   A.1567CWestV.A.7.N.eARTEMISIA NOVA SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBlack Sagebrush Shrub Herbaceous AllianceU@YD. SARR~wvjA   A.1566CWestV.A.7.N.eARTEMISIA ARBUSCULA SSP. ARBUSCULA SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEDwarf Sagebrush Shrub Herbaceous AllianceYD. SARR, MOD. D. SARR, C.~U   A.1565CWestV.A.8.N.aKRASCHENINNIKOVIA LANATA DWARF-SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWinter-fat Dwarf-shrub Herbaceous AllianceG@YK. SCHULZ{Q   A.1563CEastV.A.7.N.pMYRICA GALE / CAREX LASIOCARPA SATURATED SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESweet Gale / Wiregrass Sedge Saturated Shrub Herbaceous AllianceYECS[   A.1562CMidwestV.A.7.N.pDASIPHORA FRUTICOSA SSP. FLORIBUNDA / CAREX (FLAVA, INTERIOR, LASIOCARPA, STERILIS) SATURATED SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEShrubby-cinquefoil / (Yellow Sedge, Inland Sedge, Wiregrass Sedge, Sterile Sedge) Saturated Shrub Herbaceous Alliance2YMCS   A.1561CEastV.A.7.N.pCAREX (FLAVA, HYSTERICINA, INTERIOR, STERILIS) SATURATED SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Yellow Sedge, Porcupine Sedge, Inland Sedge, Sterile Sedge) Saturated Shrub Herbaceous Alliance6YECSk   A.156CWestI.A.8.N.cPICEA BREWERIANA FOREST ALLIANCEBrewer's Spruce Forest AllianceYK. SCHULZaXWW8   A.1557CEastV.A.7.N.oCHAMAEDAPHNE CALYCULATA / CAREX LASIOCARPA SATURATED SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELeatherleaf / Wiregrass Sedge Saturated Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YECSg  X f:P&^| A.1583CWestV.B.1.N.bMARSILEA VILLOSA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEIhi'ihlauakea Herbaceous AllianceYWCSb_^^=   A.1582CWestV.B.1.N.bIPOMOEA SPP. HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMorning-glory species Herbaceous AllianceYWCSfcbb9   A.1581CSoutheastV.B.1.N.bIPOMOEA PES-CAPRAE HERBACEOUS ALLIANCERailroad-vine Herbaceous Alliance; Bejuco de Playa Herbaceous Alliance-@YA.S. WEAKLEYD   A.1580CWestV.B.1.N.bHAWAIIAN FUMAROLE HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEHawaiian Fumarole Herbaceous AllianceYM.S. REIDmdcc>   A.158CWestI.A.8.N.cTSUGA MERTENSIANA - ABIES AMABILIS FOREST ALLIANCEMountain Hemlock - Pacific Silver Fir Forest AllianceYM.S. REID/D. SARRJ   A.1579CLatin AmericaV.B.1.N.bCHAMAESYCE MESEMBRIANTHEMIFOLIA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECoastal Beach Sandmat Herbaceous Alliance@"YLACD~U"   A.1578CSoutheastV.B.1.N.aPTERIDIUM CAUDATUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETropical Bracken Herbaceous Alliancep@YA.S. WEAKLEYuthD   A.1577CWestV.A.8.N.cDRYAS OCTOPETALA DWARF-SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEEight-petal Mountain-avens Dwarf-shrub Herbaceous Alliance @YD. SARRI   A.1576CWestV.A.8.N.cDRYAS INTEGRIFOLIA DWARF-SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWhite Mountain-avens Dwarf-shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YM. DAMMK   A.1575CWestV.A.8.N.cCALAMAGROSTIS BREWERI DWARF-SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEShorthair Reedgrass Dwarf-shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YM. SCHINDELN   A.1574CWestV.A.7.N.lARTEMISIA RIGIDA SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEScabland Sagebrush Shrub Herbaceous Alliance3@YK. SCHULZ, MOD. J. KAGAN|{oC   A.1573CEastV.A.8.N.bVACCINIUM ULIGINOSUM DWARF-SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBog Blueberry Dwarf-shrub Herbaceous AllianceYECS~{zzM   A.1571CWestV.A.8.N.aBOUTELOUA GRACILIS DWARF-SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBlue Grama Dwarf-shrub Herbaceous Alliance @YK.A. SCHULZuK  TLVAL` ~Juncus roemerianus$-dominated marshes with tidal hydrology. Associations in this alliance have a range of water chemistry, including saline, brackish, and (rarely) freshwater. This widely distributed salt marsh alliance occurs in association with low salt marshes or in brackish marshes, and is characterized by discrete, dense patches of vegetation usually strongly dominated by ~Juncus roemerianus$ with few other associates. Associates which occur at low cover may include ~Borrichia frutescens, Baccharis halimifolia, Spartina alterniflora, Distichlis spicata, Schoenoplectus robustus (= Scirpus robustus), Symphyotrichum tenuifolium (= Aster tenuifolius)$, and ~Symphyotrichum subulatum (= Aster subulatus)$. This community may occur as isolated patches within low salt marsh, or may dominate vast areas at the heads of tidal creeks that drain the marsh. Its hydrology is generally irregularly tidally flooded. Soils of this association are generally poorly to very poorly drained, often with standing water atop peat accumulations (averaging 15 cm in depth) which in turn overlie gleyed sands. Degree of tidal inundation and relative elevation control the distribution of salt marsh vegetation in general; ~Juncus roemerianus$ is typically found at lower elevation than the associated ~Spartina patens$ marshes or mixed marshes. ~Juncus roemerianus$ generally occurs on sandy substrates. The alliance may more rarely occur in freshwater, wind tidal situations. In these examples, ~Juncus roemerianus$ is the dominant, but other characteristic species may include ~Thelypteris palustris var. pubescens, Polygonum punctatum, Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense, Asclepias lanceolata, Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis, Eleocharis fallax, Boehmeria cylindrica$, and others. This species composition is indicative of the freshwater marsh conditions, as they do not occur in more brackish and saline associations in the ~Juncus roemerianus$ alliance.LVAL This alliance includes both natural and invasive fresh to brackish tidal marsh communities dominated by (often essentially monospecific) ~Phragmites australis$. Although ~Phragmites australis$ rhizomes have been noted in salt marsh sediments exceeding 3000 years in age and it is thus a native component of salt marshes in some areas of North America, the growth habit of the species in its native condition was likely to have been significantly different than the dense monotypic, invasive stands documented in this alliance. Evidence suggests that a new, more invasive genotype of ~Phragmites australis$ was introduced to the U. S. from the Old World. This new genotype, along with a continued increase in and variety of disturbances, may explain the heightened invasiveness of this species. Evidence suggests that along the Gulf Coast of Louisiana and Texas, the genotype found in invasive communities differs from the genotype found in natural, stable communities. Although invasive and natural communities of ~Phragmites australis$ are difficult to differentiate, this can be accomplished by considering the degree of disturbance at a site and observing a given stand over time to determine the degree of invasiveness. Based on observations of this nature by individuals familiar with the coastal marshes of Louisiana and Texas, apparently stable, natural communities dominated by ~Phragmites australis$ are present. However, the dominance of ~Phragmites australis$ in many tidal wetlands today often indicates human-induced disturbance, either through direct habitat manipulation or through passive introduction of reproductive material to naturally disturbed substrates. ^In many areas of the southeastern United States, it is well documented that ~Phragmites$ is recently introduced and spreading rapidly in tidal and non-tidal situations. In invasive communities, associated species are highly variable, depending on the vegetation that has been invaded. Spreading in large colonies, ~Phragmites$ may eventually dominate diDLVALPtF*<'CEGL006943CECSA.251I.B.2.N.aAcer saccharum - Betula alleghaniensis - Quercus rubra / Viburnum acerifolium ForestSugar Maple - Yellow Birch - Northern Red Oak / Mapleleaf Viburnum Forest2000-11-08OCUSG?00-11-08G?ɿv"CEGL006942CECSA.524II.A.4.N.aPinus (rigida, echinata) - Quercus (alba, velutina, stellata, falcata) / Quercus ilicifolia Woodland(Pitch Pine, Shortleaf Pine) - (White Oak, Black Oak, Post Oak, Southern Red Oak) / Bear Oak Woodland2000-11-08OCUSG?00-11-08G?#CEGL006941CECSA.524II.A.4.N.aPinus rigida - Quercus (stellata, coccinea, velutina, prinus, alba) / Quercus (marilandica, ilicifolia, prinoides) WoodlandPitch Pine - (Post Oak, Scarlet Oak, Black Oak, Rock Chestnut Oak, White Oak) / (Blackjack Oak, Bear Oak, Dwsturbed areas at coverage up to 100%. More typically, though, scattered individuals of other species may occur, such as sparse ~Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera)$ shrubs, ~Kosteletzkya virginica, Calystegia sepium, Boehmeria cylindrica, Typha angustifolia, Apocynum cannabinum, Rosa palustris, Polygonum$ sp., and ~Mikania scandens$. Vines of ~Toxicodendron radicans$ are also frequent, but typically occur at low cover. ^In areas where ~Phragmites australis$ is highly invasive, if ~Phragmites australis$ is a significant component of the vegetation but the vegetation retains sufficient species composition to retain its identity, the site is considered an unhealthy or degraded example of that vegetation type. In these same areas, if ~Phragmites australis$ cover is so high that native species have been excluded and the original community is no longer recognizable, then the occurrence falls within an invasive association within the ~~Phragmites australis$ Tidal Herbaceous Alliance (A.1477)$$. In natural communities, associated species may include ~Sagittaria platyphylla, Spartina alterniflora, Schoenoplectus americanus (= Scirpus americanus), Vigna luteola, Typha$ spp., and others.ULVALczCEGL006961CECSA.348I.B.2.N.gAcer rubrum - Magnolia virginiana / Clethra alnifolia / Carex (stricta, lurida) ForestRed Maple - Sweetbay / Coastal Sweet-pepperbush / (Tussock Sedge, Sallow Sedge) Forest2000-11-08OCUSG?00-11-08G?x"CEGL006960CECSA.0Rosa palustris / Carex (stricta, lurida) ShrublandSwamp Rose / (Tussock Sedge, Sallow Sedge) Shrubland2000-11-08OCUSG?00-11-08G?}}IϖCEGL006959CECSA.137I.A.8.N.cJuniperus virginiana ForestEastern Red-cedar Forest2000-11-08OCUSG?00-11-08G?omeccca_UU="$CEGL006958CECSA.248I.B.2.N.aQuercus prinus - Quercus rubra - Acer rubrum / Rhododendron maximumTidal marshes dominated by ~Spartina bakeri$. Other associated species include ~Kosteletzkya virginica, Ipomoea sagittata, Mikania scandens, Vicia floridana, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera)$, and ~Baccharis halimifolia$. Scattered shrubs are often present (in the absence of fire) and include ~Baccharis halimifolia, Morella cerifera, Acer rubrum, Salix caroliniana$, and ~Fraxinus caroliniana$.This alliance is characterized by seasonally wet maritime interdunal depressions, commonly known as interdunal swales. It includes irregularly flooded brackish marshes dominated or codominated by ~Schoenoplectus pungens (= Scirpus pungens)$, and peaty oligohaline marshes (salt 0.5-5 ppt) dominated by ~Schoenoplectus pungens$, sometimes with ~Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis$ as codominant. Other associated species can include ~Spartina patens, Juncus canadensis, Juncus scirpoides, Hydrocotyle umbellata$, and ~Eleocharis parvula$. The general aspect and species composition of this vegetation is variable, not only among occurrences, but also over the course of the growing season. This alliance occurs in the Atlantic Coastal Plain from North Carolina north to Massachusetts.LVAL~!2CEGL007003CSCSA.33I.A.3.N.aBursera simaruba - Swietenia mahagoni - Lysiloma latisiliquum / Nectandra coriacea - Coccoloba diversifolia ForestGumbo Limbo - West Indian Mahogany - Wild Tamarind / Lancewood - Pigeon-plum ForestInland Tropical Hardwood Hammock1995-04-01GCUSASW 4-95, mod. 2-98, mod. REE 10-02A.S. Weakley, mod. R.E. EvansG1G298-01-10G1b`XT7!CEGL007002CSCSA.33I.A.3.N.aFicus aurea - Sideroxylon foetidissimum - Bursera simaruba / Eugenia foetida - Piscidia piscipula / Hymenocallis latifolia ForestStrangler Fig - Mastic - Gumbo Limbo / Spanish Stopper - Jamaica-dogwood / Broadleaf Spiderlily ForestSouthwest FloThis alliance, found in the southern boreal region, is composed of upland conifer forests. Stands in this alliance have a closed canopy which is dominated by ~Picea glauca$ and ~Abies balsamea$. There are generally other associated tree species such as ~Acer rubrum, Betula papyrifera, Picea mariana, Populus balsamifera, Populus tremuloides$, and ~Thuja occidentalis$ (on more mesic sites). A significant tall-shrub/sapling layer is also characteristic, with a less extensive, but still present, short-shrub layer. The former is usually dominated by ~Abies balsamea, Acer spicatum, Amelanchier$ spp., ~Corylus cornuta$, and ~Picea mariana$, while the most abundant species in the latter are typically ~Diervilla lonicera, Rosa acicularis$, and ~Rubus pubescens$. The herbaceous layer is often quite poor and includes species such as ~Anemone quinquefolia, Aralia nudicaulis, Eurybia macrophylla (= Aster macrophyllus), Cornus canadensis, Clintonia borealis, Maianthemum canadense, Mitella nuda$, and ~Trientalis borealis$. Feathermosses are common to abundant on the forest floor (Sims et al. 1989, Zoladeski et al. 1995). ^Stands of this alliance are found on level to gently sloping dry-mesic to mesic sites. The soils are generally moderately well-drained, deep, loams, sands, or silts. Organic content is low (LaRoi 1967, Sims et al. 1989).0LVALI>-]CEGL007026CSCSA.55I.A.4.N.aQuercus virginiana - Quercus hemisphaerica - Pinus taeda - Quercus falcata / Ilex vomitoria ForestLive Oak - Sand Laurel Oak - Loblolly Pine - Southern Red Oak / Yaupon ForestAtlantic Coastal Fringe Evergreen Forest1997-11-26GCUSKPWentworth et al. (1993)G296-10-20G2+)!Ѓ! CEGL007023CSCSA.372I.C.2.N.aQuercus hemisphaerica - Carya glabra / Oxydendrum arboreum / Sebastiania fruticosa / Carex baltzellii ForestSand Laurel Oak - This alliance consists of irregularly tidally flooded marshes dominated by ~Spartina spartinae$. Examples of this alliance are known from the Gulf Coast of Texas to the Florida Keys, with the exception of Louisiana. It could extend south into Mexico, and could possibly exist in the Chenier Plain of Louisiana. It occurs in areas that are generally somewhat hypersaline from evaporation of seawater after storm surges or exceptionally high tides. It is distinguished from non-tidal (and usually taller) inland ~Spartina spartinae$ marshes, placed in ~~Spartina spartinae$ Saturated Herbaceous Alliance (A.1230)$$. Other species present can include ~Monanthochloe littoralis, Sporobolus virginicus, Suaeda linearis, Batis maritima, Borrichia frutescens$, and ~Distichlis spicata$.This alliance occurs as narrow, almost pure, stands of ~Spartina cynosuroides$ along tidal creeks and sloughs or on levees of oligohaline tidal marshes. Some ~Spartina cynosuroides$ communities are nearly monospecific, while others have a diverse component of other graminoids and forbs. Associated plants include ~Schoenoplectus pungens (= Scirpus pungens), Schoenoplectus robustus (= Scirpus robustus), Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (= Scirpus validus), Pontederia cordata, Peltandra virginica, Typha domingensis$, and ~Typha angustifolia$, among others. Communities in this alliance occur mainly in the mid-Atlantic states with the northern extent of distribution being southern New England.LVAL This alliance comprises "high salt marsh" vegetation dominated or codominated by ~Spartina patens$ along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts from Maine to Texas. The high salt marsh is irregularly flooded by tides and forms at slightly higher elevations than regularly flooded low marshes; they establish where peat accumulation raises the marsh surface above mean high tide. Landward the vegetation can transition to brackish marsh or upland vegetation. Vegetation of this alliance also occurs in mesohaline zones along lower reaches of tidal rivers. ^Variation in codominant species occurs across the geographic range. From the Canadian maritime provinces south to Delaware (discontinuously south to Virginia), this alliance is characterized by the dominance of ~Spartina patens, Distichlis spicata$, and ~Juncus gerardii$ and the presence of more northerly distributed marsh species such as ~Puccinellia fasciculata, Plantago maritima$, and ~Triglochin maritima$. In brackish reaches of tidal rivers, this alliance includes ~Spartina patens$-dominated vegetation that may also be characterized by the presence of ~Agrostis stolonifera, Festuca rubra, Symphyotrichum novi-belgii (= Aster novi-belgii), Hierochloe odorata, Carex paleacea$, or ~Spartina pectinata$. ^From Delaware south to Florida, this high salt marsh coastal community is dominated by ~Spartina patens$, forming meadows at slightly higher elevations in relation to the adjacent ~~Spartina alterniflora$ Tidal Herbaceous Alliance (A.1471)$$. Diagnostic species for this community are ~Spartina patens, Distichlis spicata, Borrichia frutescens, Kosteletzkya virginica$, and ~Pluchea odorata$. Shrub seedlings such as ~Baccharis halimifolia$ and ~Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera)$ may also be present. The associated ~~Juncus roemerianus$ Tidal Herbaceous Alliance (A.1475)$$ often occurs as discrete patches which may reach substantial size. ^This alliance also includes mesohaline to oligohaline marshes of the Gulf Coast of Texas and Louisiana. In these associationsLVAL`mnE2CEGL007110CSCSA.130I.A.8.N.bPinus taeda / Schizachyrium scoparium - Tephrosia virginiana ForestLoblolly Pine / Little Bluestem - Goat's-rue ForestSubmontane Loblolly Pine Modified / Successional Forest1994-11-01GCUSASW 11-94A.S. WeakleyGM01-05-22*Ϙe"CEGL007109CSCSA.130I.A.8.N.bPinus taeda / Saccharum alopecuroidum - (Andropogon spp.) ForestLoblolly Pine / Silver Plumegrass - (Bluestem species) ForestLoblolly Pine Modified / Successional Forest1994-11-01GCUSASW 11-94, mod. 12-98, mod. KP 5-00A.S. WeakleyGM01-04-02* ˟b" CEGL007108CSCSA.130I.A.8.N.bPinus taeda / Rhus copallinum Managed ForestLoblolly Pine / Winged Sumac Managed ForestWest Gulf Coastal Plain Managed Loblolly Pine Forest1994-12-01GCUSJEM 12-94J.E. Mohan, mod. R.E. EvansGM01-10-04*ĻyN"CEGL007105CSCSA.130I.A.8.N.bPinus taeda / Liriodendron tulipifera - Acer saccharum Successional ForestLoblolly Pine / Tuliptree - Sugar Maple Successional Forest1997-11-26GCUSAA 5-95M. Andreu and M. TukmanGM00-12-22*Ӽl" CEGL007102CSCSA.127I.A.8.N.bPinus strobus - Tsuga canadensis / Rhododendron maximum - (Leucothoe , ~Spartina patens$ may strongly dominate, ~Distichlis spicata, Spartina alterniflora$, and ~Spartina patens$ may codominate, ~Distichlis spicata$ may form pure stands, ~Paspalum vaginatum$ may strongly dominate, or ~Spartina patens$ and ~Vigna luteola$ may codominate. Other characteristic species include ~Juncus roemerianus, Spartina spartinae, Spartina cynosuroides$ (within its range), ~Schoenoplectus robustus, Schoenoplectus americanus, Sagittaria lancifolia, Phragmites australis$, and ~Eragrostis$ spp. Here, this alliance forms mosaics with ~Spartina spartinae$ and ~Spartina alterniflora$ marshes and saline herbaceous vegetation. ^Western states have a different alliance for inland situations dominated by ~Distichlis spicata$, the ~~Distichlis spicata$ Intermittently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance (A.1332)$$.LVAL@CEGL007143CSCSA.171I.A.8.N.eTsuga canadensis - (Pinus strobus) Temporarily Flooded ForestEastern Hemlock - (Eastern White Pine) Temporarily Flooded ForestMontane Alluvial Forest (Small River Type)1997-11-26GCUSG302-09-03G3ʠ_"CEGL007142CSCSA.437I.C.3.N.bPinus taeda Temporarily Flooded ForestLoblolly Pine Temporarily Flooded Forest1997-11-26GCUSG4?01-09-19G4~~~|zppH" CEGL007139CSCSA.144I.A.8.N.cTsuga caroliniana / Kalmia laTidal marshes, often occurring as fringing marshes, dominated by ~Zizaniopsis miliacea$, often where water levels are stabilized by daily tides or other phenomena. Other dominants that may occur include ~Zizania aquatica, Pontederia cordata, Peltandra virginica$; other common plants are ~Saccharum giganteum, Rhynchospora corniculata, Cicuta maculata$, and ~Boltonia asteroides$.This alliance contains freshwater tidal marshes dominated by tall graminoids. ~Zizania aquatica$ is usually dominant or codominant with other graminoids such as ~Typha angustifolia, Schoenoplectus fluviatilis (= Scirpus fluviatilis)$, and ~Sparganium eurycarpum$. These marshes typically occur along tidal river systems (in shallow bays, shoals, or at the mouth) within the reach of the tide, but beyond the influence of saline waters. Soils are highly variable and are composed of varying amounts of silts, silty mucks, fine peat, to very coarse sands. Other characteristic species include ~Sagittaria latifolia, Leersia oryzoides, Amaranthus cannabinus, Impatiens capensis, Bidens bidentoides, Acorus americanus$, and ~Echinochloa walteri$. In the Southeast, ~Zizania aquatica$-dominated vegetation occurs primarily as fringing marshes along tidal freshwater rivers. Communities of this alliance occur in Coastal Plain from Maine south and west to Louisiana.LVAL0ACEGL007162CSCSA.578II.A.4.N.fPinus palustris / Morella cerifera - Morella caroliniensis - Ilex coriacea WoodlandLongleaf Pine / Wax-myrtle - Evergreen Bayberry - Big Gallberry WoodlandWest Gulf Coastal Plain Longleaf Pine Flatwoods (Fire-suppressed Phase)1995-04-01GCUSJEM 4-95, mod. MP 10-97J. Mohan, mod. M. PyneGM97-12-01*KJB@*v#CEGL007157CSCSA.578II.A.4.N.fPinus elliottii var. elliottii - (Pinus palustris) / Morella cerifera - Ilex coriacea WoodlandSlash Pine - (Longleaf Pine) / Wax-myrtle - Big Gallberry WoodlandWest Gulf Coastal Plain Slash Pine Flatwoods1995-01-01GCUSJEM/LMS, mod. 9-98, mod. REE 1-01J.E. Mohan, mod. R.E. EvansGM01-01-31*DC;9Á# CEGL007156CSCSA.441I.C.These communities have been described from the Basin and Range Province of southern Idaho at between 1800 and 2200 m in elevation. The climate is semi-arid, with approximately 25-30 cm of precipitation annually. Soils are derived from gneiss, schist, quartzite, and amphibolite, and are well-drained. ~Leymus cinereus$ is known to typically occur on gravelly soils, but especially on those derived from alluvium along washes and gullies. From this it can be inferred that this alliance may occupy topographic depressions and narrow canyons where alluvial deposition has occurred. It may also occupy small alluvial fans at the base of erosional features such as rock ridges and tors. These communities are characterized by an open canopy (typically less than 25% cover) of ~Pinus monophylla$, usually in association with ~Juniperus osteosperma$. There is apparently no shrub layer. The herbaceous layer is dominated by ~Leymus cinereus$, a tall perennial bunchgrass. A number of Great Basin species probably occur in these stands, however, no other information on species composition is available.2LVAL>B `CEGL007178CSCSA.98I.A.8.C.xPinus strobus Planted ForestEastern White Pine Planted ForestWhite Pine Plantation1994-08-01GCUSASW 8-94A.S. Weakley, mod. D. Faber-LangendoThis alliance is found on the eastern side of the Continental Divide in the foothills of the Colorado Front Range. Topographic features include hogbacks, ridges, mesas and slopes. Slopes vary from gentle to somewhat steep, and aspects are often easterly, except at the higher elevations where they are southerly. Stands occupy the most xeric of the wooded sites in the eastern Front Range, a zone between grass- and shrub-dominated vegetation at lower elevations and more densely forested in more mesic and higher elevation areas. Soils are poorly developed, well-drained, very rocky and/or gravelly, loam or sandy loam in texture, and with much exposed surface rock. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by ~Pinus ponderosa$, which forms an open tree layer (10-30% cover). The understory is composed of broad-leaved deciduous shrubs, succulents, suffrutescents and graminoids. ~Cercocarpus montanus$ dominates the shrub layer, with ~Rhus trilobata$ always present in lower abundance. Succulent species, such as ~Opuntia polyacantha, Echinocereus viridiflorus$, and ~Yucca glauca$, and suffrutescent species, such as ~Artemisia frigida, Artemisia ludoviciana$, and ~Eriogonum umbellatum$, are also consistently present. The moderately dense graminoid layer is dominated by perennial bunch grasses. ~Andropogon gerardii$ is always present to codominant. Other important species include ~Elymus albicans (= Elymus lanceolatus ssp. albicans), Schizachyrium scoparium, Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata), Bouteloua hirsuta$, and ~Bouteloua curtipendula$. Diagnostic of this alliance is the open tree canopy of ~Pinus ponderosa$ with a moderately dense graminoid layer dominated by medium-tall to tall bunch grasses.LVALd(CEGL007194CSCSA.252I.B.2.N.aQuercus shumardii - Fraxinus americana - Carya myristiciformis / Viburnum dentatum / Carex cherokeensis ForestShumard Oak - White Ash - Nutmeg Hickory / Southern Arrow-wood / Cherokee Sedge ForestKeiffer Prairie Margin Oak-Ash-Hickory Forest1996-11-01GCUSJEM 3-95, mod. 11-96J.E. Mohan and W. AllenG1Q99-12-04G1YWOL5!" CEGL007192CSCSA.222I.B.2.N.aAlbizia julibrissin ForestSilktree ForestSuccessional Silktree Vegetation within this alliance is located at the mesic fringe of the steppe habitats of the interior Pacific Northwest between 600 and 1800 m elevation. Throughout this range the climate is semi-arid, with 23-36 cm of precipitation annually, the maximum occurring in winter. The temperature regime is cool summer-continental, with a wide range in diurnal temperatures and night frosts through most of the year. Summer lightning storms and associated fires are common in the environments where this type occurs and are presumably important in structuring the vegetation. Generally, soils are medium-textured, with abundant coarse fragments, often derived from volcanic parent materials or aeolian deposits. Vegetation within this alliance is usually characterized by a sparse overstory of ~Juniperus occidentalis$. ~Cercocarpus ledifolius$, a tall shrub or small tree, may also be abundant. Other shrubs which commonly occur in these woodlands are ~Purshia tridentata, Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus), Prunus virginiana, Ribes cereum$, and ~Artemisia$ spp. There is a well-developed herbaceous layer of robust perennial bunch grasses dominated by ~Leymus cinereus$, usually well over 1 m in height. Contiguous vegetation is most commonly ~Pinus ponderosa$ forests, ~Juniperus occidentalis$ woodlands, or ~Artemisia$ steppe.eLVALqWCEGL007207CSCSA.228I.B.2.N.aFagus grandifolia - Quercus alba / Acer (barbatum, leucoderme) / Solidago auriculata ForestAmerican Beech - White Oak / (Southern Sugar Maple, Chalk This alliance is found in the northern United States and southern Canada. It is not well defined in Canada, and further work may result in an extension of the range. Stands in this alliance have mostly to completely closed tree canopies. Tall and short shrubs are present to abundant. The vascular herbaceous layer is typically poorly developed, but nonvascular species, especially feathermosses, are very abundant. The canopy is composed of relatively pure stands of ~Picea mariana$ with smaller amounts of ~Abies balsamea, Betula papyrifera, Picea glauca, Pinus banksiana, Pinus strobus$ (in the southern part of this alliance's range), ~Populus tremuloides$ usually present. The shrub/sapling layer typically contains ~Abies balsamea, Picea mariana, Corylus cornuta$ (in the western part of this alliance's range), ~Diervilla lonicera$ (in the west), and numerous ericaceous shrubs such as ~Gaultheria procumbens, Kalmia angustifolia, Ledum groenlandicum$, and ~Vaccinium$ spp. The herbaceous layer contains species often found in northern dry-mesic habitats, including ~Eurybia macrophylla (= Aster macrophyllus), Cornus canadensis, Clintonia borealis$, and ~Maianthemum canadense$. There is a prominent bryophyte layer of ~Pleurozium schreberi, Hylocomium splendens$, and ~Ptilium crista-castrensis$. ^Communities of this alliance occur on nutrient-poor loamy sands, sandy loams, and silts which may be shallow to moderately deep to bedrock. Stands may become established following fire, particularly on dry sandy soils. Boulders are often present on the surface or in the upper soil horizons. Communities in this alliance are typically on flat to gently sloping topography.LVAL=@CEGL007213CSCSA.229I.B.2.N.aQuercus alba - Fagus grandifolia / Hydrangea quercifolia - Viburnum acerifolium / Carex picta - Polystichum acrostichoides ForestWhite Oak - American Beech / Oakleaf Hydrangea - Mapleleaf Viburnum / Painted Sedge - Christmas Fern ForestCumberland Plateau Mesic White Oak - Beech Forest1994-11-01GCUSASW 11-94, mod. KP 5-00A.S. Weakley and K.D. PattersonG3G401-01-04G3dMKI?"CEGL007211CSCSA.228I.B.2.N.aFagus grandifolia - Quercus nigra ForestAmerican Beech - Water Oak ForesThis alliance, found in the midwestern United States and southern Canada, is characterized by a dry-mesic and mesic prairie understory with a sparse tree canopy. The dominant herbaceous species are the graminoids ~Andropogon gerardii, Schizachyrium scoparium, Sorghastrum nutans, Sporobolus heterolepis$, and ~Hesperostipa spartea (= Stipa spartea)$. Other typical species include ~Amorpha canescens, Antennaria$ spp., ~Calamagrostis canadensis$ (in moist stands), ~Carex$ spp., ~Lespedeza capitata, Ratibida pinnata, Silphium laciniatum$, and ~Zizia aurea$. ~Quercus macrocarpa$ is a common tree throughout the range of this alliance. ~Populus tremuloides$ (in the northern portion of this alliance's range), ~Quercus alba, Quercus bicolor$, and ~Quercus stellata$, can be found in some stands. The total tree canopy may exceed 30%. The shrub layer can be absent to prominent. Where shrubs are present, ~Corylus$ spp. tend to be dominant, accompanied by species such as ~Cornus foemina, Rosa$ spp., ~Rubus allegheniensis$, and ~Symphoricarpos occidentalis$ (in the west). ^This alliance is found on a variety of sites. It occurs on lakeplains near the Great Lakes, but more commonly on rolling outwash plains, hills, and ridges. Most soils are sandy to loamy. Some, especially near the Great Lakes, can be on clay loam. This alliance is maintained by periodic fire.LVAL1|<CEGL007246CSCSA.243I.B.2.N.aQuercus falcata - Quercus stellata - Carya alba / Vaccinium spp. Coastal Plain ForesThis dry to dry-mesic herbaceous alliance is found in the Great Lakes region and northeastern Great Plains. Herbaceous species dominate this alliance, but trees and shrubs are common and can be abundant in the prolonged absence of fire. Trees and shrubs may be scattered across the landscape or clumped. The herb layer is dominated by graminoids, with forbs more prominent in shaded areas. Species found in the herb layer include ~Ambrosia psilostachya, Amphicarpaea bracteata, Artemisia ludoviciana, Andropogon gerardii, Calamovilfa longifolia, Carex pensylvanica, Carex$ spp., ~Comandra umbellata, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Sorghastrum nutans, Hesperostipa spartea (= Stipa spartea)$, and ~Schizachyrium scoparium$. The most abundant trees are ~Quercus macrocarpa$ and ~Quercus ellipsoidalis$, which have a height of 5-15 m and an open canopy (5-60%). Cover in the tall-shrub and low-shrub layers varies from 0-40%. Short-shrub species include ~Amorpha canescens, Corylus americana, Rhus glabra$, and ~Toxicodendron radicans$. ~Symphoricarpos occidentalis$ can be common on heavier soils. ^Stands of this alliance are found on well-drained, coarse-textured sandy soils derived from glacial outwash or end moraine formations. Soils range from almost pure sand, to loamy sand, to sandy loam. The soils have low fertility, organic matter, and moisture-retention capacity. Factors which affect seasonal soil moisture are strongly related to variation in this type; slope, aspect, topographic position, elevation, depth to water table, and presence or absence of less permeable soil layers are among these factors.LVAL-b%CEGL007268CSCSA.249I.B.2.N.aQuercus prinus - Carya ovata - Quercus rubra / Acer saccharum ForestRock Chestnut Oak - Shagbark Hickory - Northern Red Oak / Sugar Maple ForestChestnut Oak - Shagbark Hickory - Sugar Maple Forest1994-06-01GCUSDJA 6-94, mod. AA 5-95D.J. Allard, mod. A. AndreuG4?01-10-09G420(% f" &CEGL007267CSCSA.250I.B.2.N.aQuercus prinus - (Quercus rubra) - Carya spp. / Oxydendrum arboreum - Cornus florida ForestRock Chestnut Oak - (Northern Red Oak) - Hickory species / Sourwood - Flowering Dogwood ForestAppalachian Montane Oak Hickory Forest (Chestnut Oak Type)1997-12-01GCUSKP 10-95, mod. 12-97K.D. PattersonG4G5This alliance is composed of herbaceous communities with a scattered tree layer found on infertile sites in the Great Lakes region. The dominant herbaceous stratum is dominated by graminoid species which are adapted to the dry conditions. These include ~Carex pensylvanica, Danthonia spicata$, and ~Schizachyrium scoparium$. The tree layer is composed of both evergreen and deciduous species and typically has 10-30% canopy. ~Pinus strobus, Quercus alba, Quercus ellipsoidalis, Quercus rubra$, and ~Quercus velutina$ are all common. ~Arctostaphylos uva-ursi$ and ~Vaccinium$ spp. are typical shrubs. ^This alliance is found on flat to moderately steep slopes. Stands occur on infertile sites either with sandy soil or shallow soil over bedrock. These sites are most commonly found on outwash plains or where granite bedrock is at or near the surface.This alliance is found on dune systems in the Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada. The canopy is very open, ranging from 5-25%, with little subcanopy or shrub layer. ~Populus deltoides$ is the dominant species, though ~Tilia americana, Fraxinus pennsylvanica$, and other species may be present. The ground layer is dominated by exposed sand, with a scattered herbaceous layer. Typical associates include ~Schizachyrium scoparium, Ammophila breviligulata, Sporobolus cryptandrus$, and ~Poa compressa$.LVAL This alliance, found in the Great Lakes region, occurs on dry, sandy sites. Stands have widely spaced individual or clumps of trees with a canopy generally less than 25%. In the interior of lower Michigan the average tree height is 8 m. The herbaceous layer is dense to moderate. Shrubs are rare to abundant. Graminoids dominate the herbaceous stratum. ~Schizachyrium scoparium$ and ~Carex$ spp., especially ~Carex pensylvanica$, are widespread in stands of this alliance. ~Andropogon gerardii, Calamovilfa longifolia, Danthonia spicata, Koeleria macrantha, Poa pratensis$, and ~Hesperostipa spartea (= Stipa spartea)$ are common but rarely dominant. Forbs include ~Symphyotrichum oolentangiense (= Aster oolentangiensis), Dalea$ spp., ~Euphorbia corollata, Liatris$ spp., and ~Solidago nemoralis$. The most abundant tree species is usually ~Pinus banksiana$, but this alliance includes stands that are dominated to codominated by ~Quercus ellipsoidalis$. Other trees that can be abundant include ~Pinus resinosa, Populus grandidentata, Populus tremuloides$, and ~Quercus macrocarpa$. Common shrubs are ~Comptonia peregrina, Corylus americana, Gaylussacia baccata, Salix humilis$, and ~Vaccinium$ spp. Along the shores of the Great Lakes in Michigan, the low shrubs ~Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Juniperus horizontalis$, and ~Juniperus communis$ are often abundant, and ~Pinus strobus$ can be found in the tree layer. Semi-aquatic species can be found in low areas. ^The topography of stands of this alliance is flat to rolling. The soils are sandy, acidic, droughty, and infertile. They occur predominantly on glacial outwash or the sandy beds of former lakes. These sands have poor nutrient-retaining capability due to the continuous presence of acidic pine litter during the Holocene, low concentrations of divalent cations in the parent material, and the sandy, well-drained character of the soils. The soils are mostly entisols; some transient stands may be on Mollisols. The Entisols are usually fine to coarse sands but can be loLVALKCEGL007451CSCSA.210I.B.2.C.xPlatanus occidentalis Planted ForestSycamore Planted ForestSycamore Plantation1995-12-01GCUSASW 12-95A.S. WeakleyGC97-12-01*~|zp]F"CEGL007450CSCSA.209I.B.2.C.xLiquidambar styraciflua Planted ForestSweetgum Planted ForestSweetgum Plantation1995-12-01GCUSASW 12-95A.S. WeakleyGC97-12-01*~|r_H"CEGL007449CSCSA.353I.B.2.N.gQuercus michauxii - Quercus pagoda / Clethra alnifolia - Leucothoe axillaris ForestSwamp Chestnut Oak - Cherrybark Oak / Coastal Sweet-pepperbush - Coastal Doghobble Forest1997-11-26GCUSMPS 2-96M.P. Schafale and G. FlemingG297-12-01G2 u" CEGL007447CSCSA.352I.B.2.N.gQuercus laurifolia - Nyssa biflora / Clethra alnifolia - Leucothoe axillaris ForestDiamondleaf Oak - Swamp Blackgum / Coastal Sweet-pepperbush - Coastal Doghobble Forest1997-11-26GCUSMPS 2-96, mod. 8-96M.P. SchafaleG2G301-06-14G2u"CEGL007445CSCSA.351I.B.2.N.gNyssa biflora - Acer rubrum var. trilobum / Persea palustris ForestSwamp Blackgum - Carolina Red Maple / Swampbay Forest1995-01-01GCUSASW 1-95A.S. WeakleyGM97-08-15*ƾe"CEGL007444CSCSA.348I.B.2.N.gAcer rubrum var. trilobum - Liquidambar styraciflua - Magnolia tripetala / Osmunda regalis - (Cypripedium kentuckiense) ForestCarolina Red Maple - Sweetgum - Umbrella Magnolia / Royal Fern - (Southern Yellow Lady's-slipper) ForestOuachita Mountains Acid Forested Seep1995-12-01GCUSJC/KP 12-95, mod. ASW 11-98J. Campbell and K.D. Patterson, mod. A.S. WeakleyG3?01-01-03G3V;97-"CEGL007443CSCSA.348I.B.2.N.gAcer rubrum var. trilobum - Nyssa sylvatica / Osmunda cinnamomea amy sands. Near the Great Lakes in lower Michigan, changes in the water table can affect the floristic composition. Fire is very important in maintaining the open character of this alliance. In the prolonged absence of fire, the tree canopy fills in and stands become woodlands or forests.~LVALbBCEGL007489CSCSA.394I.C.3.N.aPinus echinata - Quercus (alba, rubra) / Vaccinium (arboreum, pallidum) / Schizachyrium scoparium - Chasmanthium sessiliflorum - Solidago ulmifolia ForestShortleaf Pine - (White Oak, Northern Red Oak) / (Farkleberry, Hillside Blueberry) / Little Bluestem - Longleaf Spikegrass - Elmleaf Goldenrod ForestInterior Highlands Shortleaf Pine - Oak Dry-Mesic Forest1995-12-01GCUSASW/KP/JC 12-95, mod. DZ/KP 12-98A.S. Weakley and K.D. Patterson, mod. D. Zollner and K.D. PattersonG3G401-01-09G3 Q"CEGL007476CSCSA.379I.C.2.N.dQuercus virginiana - Quercus nigra - Liquidambar styraciflua / Ilex opaca var. opaca / Viburnum dentatum ForestLive Oak - Water Oak - Sweetgum / American Holly / Southern Arrow-wood Forest1996-01-01GCUSLMS/ASW 1-96L.M. Smith and A.S. WeakleyG2G399-12-04G2!This alliance contains spruce-fir forest communities of northern New England and New York. The canopy may be dominated by ~Picea rubens, Abies balsamea$, or codominated by both species. Typical canopy associates include ~Betula alleghaniensis$ and ~Betula papyrifera$, with an understory of ~Sorbus americana, Acer spicatum$, and ~Acer pensylvanicum$. Common herbs of this alliance include ~Clintonia borealis, Oxalis montana, Huperzia lucidula (= Lycopodium lucidulum), Cornus canadensis, Maianthemum canadense, Oclemena acuminata (= Aster acuminatus), Coptis trifolia$, and ~Trientalis borealis$. The bryophyte layer is generally very well-developed, characterized by ~Bazzania trilobata, Brotherella recurvans, Pleurozium schreberi$, and many others. This alliance occurs primarily on acidic till derived from granites or from sandstone, at elevations near sea level up to 4500 feet.nLVALzJpCEGLStands of this alliance are widely distributed along the northern and western margins of the Great Basin, from southwestern Idaho to northeastern California, from 200 m to over 1500 m elevation. Throughout the range the climate is semi-arid, with 23-36 cm of precipitation annually. Most of the precipitation is winter rain. The temperature regime is cool summer-continental, with a wide range in diurnal temperatures and night frosts through most of the year. Summer lightning storms and associated fires are common in the environments where this type occurs and are presumably important in structuring the vegetation. Generally soils are medium-textured, with abundant coarse fragments, and derived from volcanic parent materials. In central Oregon, the center of its range, vegetation of this alliance is found on all aspects and slope positions. Vegetation within this alliance is usually characterized by a sparse overstory of ~Juniperus occidentalis$. ~Cercocarpus ledifolius$, a tall shrub or small tree, may also be common. Other shrubs which commonly occur in these woodlands are ~Purshia tridentata, Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus), Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus, Ribes cereum$, and ~Artemisia rigida, Artemisia arbuscula$ or ~Artemisia tridentata$. The herbaceous layer is usually comprised of annual and perennial grasses such as ~Pseudoroegneria spicata, Festuca idahoensis, Poa secunda, Koeleria macrantha$, and ~Stipa$ spp. Common forbs include ~Achillea millefolium, Balsamorhiza$ spp., and ~Trifolium macrocephalum$. Adjacent vegetation is most commonly ~Pinus ponderosa$ forests, ~Juniperus occidentalis$ woodlands, or ~Artemisia$ steppe.CLVALOZStands in this alliance occur in the mountains of northwestern California and southwestern Oregon. Elevations range from 380-2400 m in Oregon and 60-2900 m in California. The climate throughout most of this alliance's range is Mediterranean, with warm, dry summers and moist winters. Precipitation ranges from 60-150 cm per year, falling mostly as rain. The bulk of the rain falls between November and May. Stands occur on rolling topography with moderately steep to steep slopes (12-60%). Stands occur on all aspects, except north. Soils are well-drained, gravelly clays and clay loams with 0-25% cobbles. Average bare ground and rock cover is less than 20% each. Most commonly stands are found on serpentine, mixed-ultramafic with metavolcanics and peridotite-derived soils. Vegetation included in this alliance has a sparse canopy of trees (10-25% cover), over a sparse to dense herbaceous layer. The evergreen needle-leaved conifer ~Pinus jeffreyi$ dominates the tree layer. Other common trees include ~Arbutus menziesii, Calocedrus decurrens, Pseudotsuga menziesii$, and ~Quercus chrysolepis$. The shrub layer is sparse to moderately dense (5-60% cover). Frequent shrubs are ~Ceanothus pumilus (= Ceanothus prostratus ssp. pumilus), Ceanothus cuneatus$, and ~Arctostaphylos canescens$. The sparse to dense (1-90% cover) herbaceous layer is dominated by perennial graminoids such as the cool-season, medium-tall, bunchgrass ~Festuca idahoensis$, with ~Koeleria macrantha, Elymus glaucus$, and ~Elymus elymoides$ frequently present. Forb cover is sparse (<20%) and may include ~Achillea millefolium, Allium falcifolium, Castilleja applegatei, Eriogonum umbellatum, Eriophyllum lanatum$, and ~Phlox divaricata$.]LVAL0kU%eue`a$z|lQ<~pQ%u%eueeupt$zlQ~pQueeEeeee`c$z$lQ~pQ%ee%eeue`p$zxlQ8 ~pQeuu%eeThis alliance, found in the northern Great Plains, is a mixedgrass savanna. Mid grasses and tall grasses dominate the vegetation. Scattered and clumped trees and shrubs are always present, but both strata have less than 25% cover. ~Andropogon gerardii, Carex pensylvanica, Schizachyrium scoparium$, and ~Sorghastrum nutans$ are abundant herbaceous species. ~Quercus macrocarpa$ is the most common tree and may be the only tree species in some stands. ~Corylus$ spp. and ~Symphoricarpos occidentalis$ are typical shrubs. ^Stands of this alliance occur on sandy lacustrine and glacial outwash deposits reworked by wind, on shale, and on glacial till. Soils are relatively infertile and excessively well-drained.Vegetation within the ~~Juniperus osteosperma$ Wooded Herbaceous Alliance (A.1502)$$ is described only from the semi-arid Basin and Range Province of southern Idaho. In this region it occurs from 1800-2200 m in elevation. Average annual precipitation is 25-40 cm with a peak in early summer. Soils are rocky, well-drained, and derived from limestone parent materials. These communities are characterized by an open canopy of ~Juniperus osteosperma$, usually as the only tree species. ~Cercocarpus ledifolius$ is a common associate on thin soils near rock outcrops. Shrub associates include ~Artemisia tridentata, Artemisia nova$, and ~Krascheninnikovia lanata$. Perennial bunch grasses dominate the herbaceous layer, with ~Pseudoroegneria spicata, Leymus ambiguus$, and ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$ being the most common species. Adjacent vegetation is ~Artemisia$ shrub-steppe at the lower elevation margin and ~Cercocarpus ledifolius$ shrublands on rocky outcrops.YLVALEgn-Open glade vegetation with large areas of bare or lichen-covered rock, with only scattered herbs and shrubs. These are herbaceous grass-dominated openings with scattered shrubs restricted to microsites with slightly deeper soils. Sites may be seasonally wet, and the flora may reflect these soil and moisture conditions. This alliance currently contains communities of the high-elevation Blue Ridge uplands where soils are droughty and thin over generally flat, continuous rock.Vegetation in this alliance has only been reported from southern Idaho in a region of relatively recent 'plains' volcanic activity. The elevation where the alliance is found is roughly 1760 m. The region is semi-arid with annual precipitation ranging from 25-40 cm, falling in a bimodal pattern with winter and late spring peaks. The area is under a continental temperature regime of cold winters, hot summers, and a large diurnal variation. This alliance is found on medium-aged and older cinder cones. The weathering of these cinder deposits has proceeded far enough that water-holding capacity is increased over younger cinder deposits, which are dominated by ~Eriogonum ovalifolium$. In general, this alliance is associated with coarse, well-drained soils. A canopy of ~Purshia tridentata$ characterizes these shrublands. Other important shrubs include ~Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus), Eriogonum heracleoides, Ribes cereum, Symphoricarpos oreophilus$, and ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana$. The herbaceous layer is usually dominated by perennial bunch grasses, including ~Leymus cinereus, Pseudoroegneria spicata$, and ~Festuca idahoensis$. Associated forbs include ~Arabis holboellii, Balsamorhiza sagittata, Eriogonum umbellatum, Pteryxia terebinthina (= Cymopterus terebinthinus)$, and ~Lithospermum ruderale$. Adjacent vegetation is typically ~Artemisia$ steppe, ~Pseudoroegneria - Poa - Festuca$ grasslands, or ~Pinus flexilis$ woodlands.LVAL This open shrubland alliance consists of nearly treeless, open grassy to shrubby expanses including ~Aristida beyrichiana, Aristida spiciformis, Aristida purpurascens, Andropogon virginicus, Andropogon brachystachyus$, and ~Eragrostis$ spp. with sparse to dense cover of low, scrubby ~Serenoa repens$ and scattered patches of low shrubs including ~Quercus pumila, Asimina$ spp., ~Ilex glabra, Lyonia ferruginea, Lyonia fruticosa, Lyonia lucida, Vaccinium myrsinites$, and ~Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera)$. An occasional tree may occur (less than 2 trees/1.0 ha), typically ~Pinus elliottii var. densa$ or ~Sabal palmetto$. Other typical plants include ~Andropogon capillipes (= Andropogon virginicus var. glaucus), Axonopus fissifolius, Sorghastrum secundum, Schizachyrium scoparium var. stoloniferum (= Schizachyrium stoloniferum), Pityopsis graminifolia, Eryngium aromaticum, Liatris$ spp., ~Pterocaulon pycnostachyum, Piloblephis rigida, Lilium catesbaei, Sabatia brevifolia, Polygala$ spp., ~Solidago$ spp., and ~Hyptis alata$. This alliance is endemic to Florida and occurs within a matrix of mesic pine flatwoods in the southern portion of the state on flat, moderately to poorly drained sandy sites. These areas are seldom inundated but may flood with several centimeters of water for short periods after heavy summer rains. This alliance is threatened rangewide by urban development, use as unimproved pasture or conversion to improved pasture, agriculture, and citrus groves. Historical acreage of this alliance has greatly decreased, with few large tracts remaining and few occurrences of reasonable quality. This vegetation is closely related floristically to mesic pine flatwoods, except that it has no tree layer. The open structure and species composition is maintained by frequent fire. The natural fire frequency is thought to be more frequent than in the surrounding mesic pine flatwoods. Some sources suggest that this vegetation type may be the result of anthropogenic factors that provided an unnaturally hLVALs*BsCEGL007681CLACDA.1728V.C.1.N.aUtricularia foliosa Herbaceous VegetationLeafy Bladderwort Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCG?97-11-05G?~ttM$ CEGL007679CLACDA.1725V.C.1.N.aNymphaea odorata - Nymphoides aurea - Cabomba piauhyensis Herbaceous VegetationWhite Water-lily - Golden Floatingheart - Fishgrass Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCG?97-11-05G?Ƽs$ CEGL007678CLACDA.1724V.C.1.N.aNymphaea ampla Herbaceous VegetationDotleaf Water-lily Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCG?97-11-05G?~||||zppH$ CEGL007677CLACDA.1723V.C.1.N.aNuphar lutea ssp. advena Herbaceous VegetationBroadleaf Pond-lily Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCG?97-11-05G?{{R$CEGL007676CLACDA.1721V.C.1.N.aNelumbo lutea - Nymphaea ampla - Utricularia foliosa Herbaceous VegetationAmerican Lotus - Dotleaf Water-lily - Leafy Bladderwort Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCG?97-11-05G?Żn$CEGL007675CLACDA.1721V.C.1.N.aNelumbo lutea - Eleocharis interstincta - Nymphoides aurea Herbaceous VegetationAmerican Lotus - Giant Spikerush - Golden Floatingheart Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCG?97-11-05G?t$CEGL007674CLACDA.1719V.C.1.N.aMyriophyllum sparsiflorum Herbaceous VegetationWater-milfoil Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCG?97-11-05G?vvS$CEGL007673CLACDA.1717V.C.1.N.aMayaca fluviatilis ssp. wrightii Herbaceous VegetationWright's Flowering Bog-moss Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCG?97-11-05G?Z$CEGL007672CLACDA.1717V.C.1.N.aMayaca fluviatilis ssp. fluviatilis Herbaceous VegetationFlowering Bog-moss Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCG?97-11-05G?]$CEGL007671CSCSA.1716V.C.1.N.aEichhornia crassipes Herbaceous VegetationCommon Water-hyacinth Herbaceous VegetationWater-hyacinth Aquatic Vegetatigh fire frequency or removed biomass through logging or grazing.LVAL Forests included in this alliance occur in mountain or foothill environments from southwestern Oregon to the Colorado Plateau and southern Rocky Mountain regions. Pacific Coast stands occur at relatively low elevations (370-1500 m). In the Sierra Nevada, the Colorado Plateau regions and the southern Rocky Mountains, these forests occur at middle to high elevations (1200-3150 m). These forests occupy a variety of topo-edaphic positions, such as lower and middle slopes of ravines, upper slopes at higher elevations, along stream terraces, ridgetops, and north- and east-facing slopes that burn somewhat infrequently. Parent materials and soils are highly variable and nondefinitive for these forests. Temperature and moisture regimes appear to be the key factors in their distribution. In general, these mixed conifer forests have a moderately dense to closed canopy (>60%), with ~Abies concolor$ successfully reproducing and typically codominant in the tree canopy. The composition of other species in the tree canopy varies across the range of the alliance with ~Pinus ponderosa$ or ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ being most consistent. Other conifers may include ~Calocedrus decurrens, Pinus lambertiana, Pinus jeffreyi, Pinus monophylla, Pinus contorta, Abies magnifica, Pinus flexilis, Pinus strobiformis, Abies lasiocarpa, Picea engelmannii$, and ~Picea pungens$. Many stands, especially in southwestern Oregon and northwestern California, have a significant broad-leaved tree component and include species such as ~Arbutus menziesii, Quercus$ spp., ~Cornus nuttallii$, and ~Chrysolepis chrysophylla (= Castanopsis chrysophylla)$. ~Acer$ spp. or~Quercus gambelii$ may be present in Colorado Plateau and southern Rocky Mountain stands. The density of the understory varies with the amount of tree canopy shading. Shrub and dwarf-shrub layers may be present and vary in structure and composition. Ericaceous or cold-deciduous shrubs are most common. The herbaceous layer may be dominated by either shade-tolerant forbs, ferns or gralLVALxdCEGL007695CSCSA.235I.B.2.N.aAesculus flava - Acer saccharum - (Fraxinus americana, Tilia americana var. heterophylla) / Hydrophyllum canadense - Solidago flexicaulis ForestYellow Buckeye - Sugar Maple - (White Ash, Appalachian Basswood) / Mapleleaf Waterleaf - Zigzag Goldenrod ForestSouthern Appalachian Cove Forest (Rich Montane Type)1998-02-01GCUSKP 2-98K.D. PattersonG3G499-12-29G3}ykdb`V""dCEGL007694CSCSA.1882V.A.1.N.iDistichlis spicata - (Sporobolus virginicus) Herbaceous VegetationSaltgrass - (Saltmarsh Dropseed) Herbaceous Vegetation1998-02-09GCUSASW 2-98A.S. WeakleyG3G598-02-09G4e#!CEGL007693CSCSA.413I.C.3.N.aTsuga canadensis - Halesia tetraptera - (Fagus grandifolia, Magnolia fraseri) / Rhododendron maximum / Dryopteris intermedia ForestEastern Hemlock - Mountain Silverbell - (American Beech, Fraser Magnolia) / Great Rhododendron / Fancy Fern ForestSouthern Appalachian Acid Cove Forest (Silverbell Type)1998-02-15GCUSKP 2-98K.D. Patterson, mod. G. Fleming and P. CoullingG200-01-04G2c\ZXN"CEGL007692CSCSA.239I.B.2.N.aQuercus alba - Quercus rubra - Quercus prinus / Collinsonia canadensis - Podophyllum peltatum - Amphicarpaea bracteata ForestWhite Oak - Northern Red Oak - Rock Chestnut Oak / Richweed - May-apple - Hog-peanut ForestAppalachian Montane Oak - Hickory Forest (Rich Type)1998-02-15GCUSMPS 1-98, mod. ASW 11-02M.P. SchafaleG301-01-31G3mkcaT<:8."dCEGL007691CSCSA.1911I.B.2.N.aQuercus alba - Quercus coccinea - Quercus falcata / Kalmia latifolia - Vaccinium pallidum ForestWhite Oak - Scarlet Oak - Southern Red Oak / Mountain Laurel - Hillside Blueberry ForestApminoids. The diagnostic characters of this alliance are successful ~Abies concolor$ regeneration and codominance in the tree canopy.^LVALlCEGL007705CSCSA.1191V.A.5.N.aAndropogon gerardii - (Andropogon glomeratus, Stands of the alliance occur on mesas on the Colorado Plateau. A stand has been described from a small woodland park at 2220 m elevation on south end of Bridger Jack Mesa in southern Utah. Slopes are gentle to moderate, and aspects are generally eastern. Soil is loamy fine sand derived from eolian deposits overlaying sandstone. Stands are characterized by a moderate graminoid layer dominated by the medium-tall bunchgrass ~Leymus salinus ssp. salinus$ with a sparse shrub layer dominated by the evergreen shrub ~Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus$. Other grasses present include ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$ and patches of ~Bouteloua gracilis$. Associated shrubs and dwarf-shrubs, such as ~Amelanchier utahensis, Artemisia tridentata, Ephedra viridis, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Mahonia fremontii$, and ~Yucca baccata$, were scattered in the park. Young ~Pinus edulis$ and ~Juniperus osteosperma$ trees were also present in the stand. The forb layer was sparse This grassland stand was surrounded by a ~Juniperus$ woodland and an ~Artemisia tridentata - Ephedra viridis$ shrubland.This alliance, found in the western United States, occurs on flat to gently rolling sites, often with fine soils. Stands can be found on uplands or dry alluvial plains. The herbaceous layer is composed of moderately open to moderately dense mid grasses and short grasses. The shrub layer is typically 10-30% but may be higher in some stands. ~Pascopyrum smithii$ is the dominant species, typically accompanied by ~Bouteloua gracilis, Koeleria macrantha, Nassella viridula, Sphaeralcea coccinea$, and ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$. ~Artemisia tridentata$ is the most abundant shrub.LVAL&This alliance is found in the steppe regions in the Intermountain West of the U.S. Sites typically occur in deep, generally alluvial soils of fans, swales and draws in basins and foothills. The vegetation is characterized by a moderate to dense herbaceous layer dominated by perennial graminoids, with ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. tridentata$ or ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. xericensis$ dominating or codominating the open to moderately dense (10-40% cover) short-shrub layer (<2 m tall). The herbaceous layer generally has >20% cover of perennial graminoids and is typically dominated by bunch grasses which may form a matrix surrounding the shrubs or occur in patches. The most widespread and common species is ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$, which occurs from the Columbia Basin to the northern Rockies. Other locally important species include ~Koeleria macrantha, Elymus elymoides, Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$, and ~Poa secunda$. Associated shrubs include ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis, Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana, Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus), Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus, Grayia spinosa, Tetradymia canescens, Gutierrezia sarothrae$, and ~Artemisia frigida$. Forbs are generally of low importance and highly variable across the range of the alliance. A cryptogamic soil crust is often present and will cover the ground surface in undisturbed stands. Diagnostic of this alliance is a moderate (>20% cover) perennial graminoid layer with an ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. tridentata$- or ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. xericensis$-dominated (or codominated) shrub layer that has 10-40% cover. ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. tridentata$ and/or ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. xericensis$ must contribute at least 40% of the total shrub cover if the shrub layer is mixed.LVALt)jThis shrub steppe alliance occurs throughout the Intermountain West and forms a landscape matrix which occurs over a broad range of landforms and microhabitats. Stands are often found on the margins of ~Pinus ponderosa$ woodlands or forests, forming the transition into sagebrush vegetation. They also occur on flats to moderate slopes in foothills, on slopes of lakebeds with ash or pumice soils, stabilized dunes and on dry sites within lower forest zones as shrub-steppe inclusions in forest. Soils are generally well-drained, coarse-textured without high salinity or pH. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by a sparse shrub canopy of ~Purshia tridentata$, often with ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana$ or ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis$ as codominants. Other important or occasional shrubs include ~Ericameria nauseosa)(= Chrysothamnus nauseosus), Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus, Ribes cereum$, and ~Ceanothus velutinus$. Scattered trees may form an emergent layer of individual trees; species include ~Pinus ponderosa, Juniperus occidentalis, Juniperus osteosperma, Juniperus scopulorum$, or ~Cercocarpus ledifolius$. The herbaceous layer is usually strongly dominated by perennial bunch grasses, including ~Pseudoroegneria spicata, Festuca idahoensis, Festuca campestris, Carex pensylvanica$, and ~Carex geyeri, Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$, and ~Achnatherum occidentale (= Stipa occidentalis)$. ~Balsamorhiza sagittata$ is an important forb associate. Other forbs include several species of ~Penstemon, Erigeron, Eriogonum, Castilleja, Astragalus$, and ~Lupinus$. Diagnostic of this shrub steppe alliance is a typically sparse shrub layer (10-25% cover) dominated by ~Purshia tridentata$ over an herbaceous layer that is typically dominated by perennial bunch grasses.LVAL!CEGL007728CSCSA.316I.B.2.N.eFraxinus pennsylvanica / Leersia lenticularis - Carex lupulina ForestGreen Ash / Catchfly Cutgrass - Hop Sedge Forest1998-05-01GCUSSL 4-98S. LandaalG2G398-06-08G2ºg"CEGL007727CSCSA.279I.B.2.N.dAcer saccharinum / Leersia lenticularis - Commelina virginica ForestSilver Maple / Catchfly Cutgrass - Swamp Dayflower ForestAtlantic Coastal Plain Silver Maple Sandy Riverfront Forest1998-05-01GCUSSL 4-98S. LandaalG3?98-05-01G3ڟf"Grasslands in this alliance are described from Montana, Idaho and New Mexico. In New Mexico, the alliance occurs in the northwestern part of the state on alluvial flats at an elevation of approximately 2140 m. Climate is semi-arid with most of the highly variable annual precipitation falling during the summer as high-intensity convectional storms. Sites are nearly level. Soils are calcareous, loamy and shallow (less than 25 cm deep). Soil surface averages 65% bareground, 17% plant litter with little rock. The vegetation is dominated by the perennial bunchgrass ~Sporobolus cryptandrus$ with a sparse shrub layer usually dominated by ~Artemisia tridentata$. In New Mexico, a stand has been described where total vegetation canopy cover is 22% with ~Sporobolus cryptandrus, Artemisia tridentata$, and ~Eriogonum$ spp., a perennial forb, having canopy cover of 13%, 3% and 2%, respectively. Other common grasses include ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Pascopyrum smithii, Achnatherum robustum (= Stipa robusta), Sporobolus contractus$, and ~Bouteloua gracilis$. Other shrubs, such as ~Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus), Gutierrezia sarothrae$, and ~Atriplex$ spp., may also be present. Common forbs, such as ~Sphaeralcea coccinea$ and Asteraceae spp., contribute very little to the total cover.LVAL45 CEGL007741CSCSA.1480V.A.5.N.nSpartina cynosuroides - Panicum virgatum - Phyla lanceolata Herbaceous VegetationGiant CoThis alliance is widespread in mountainous areas across the western U.S. The alliance can form large, continuous stands on mid-elevation mountain slopes and foothills, and can extend above lower treeline as patches within montane or subalpine coniferous forests. Sites are variable and range from flats to steep slopes to ridgetops with deep to shallow rocky soil. The vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by a sparse (<25% cover on average) shrub layer of ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana$, but generally high cover of perennial graminoids (>20% total cover). Associated shrubs include ~Artemisia arbuscula, Artemisia rigida, Ribes cereum, Symphoricarpos oreophilus, Purshia tridentata, Prunus virginiana, Tetradymia canescens$, and ~Amelanchier alnifolia$. The herbaceous layer is typically abundant and dominated by perennial graminoids. The most common species is the bunchgrass ~Festuca idahoensis$, or ~Carex geyeri$, a sod-forming sedge. Other locally important species include ~Pseudoroegneria spicata, Festuca thurberi, Bromus carinatus, Elymus elymoides, Elymus trachycaulus, Koeleria macrantha, Achnatherum occidentale (= Stipa occidentalis)$, and ~Poa secunda$. Forb canopy cover and species composition are variable; species of ~Castilleja, Potentilla, Erigeron, Phlox, Astragalus, Geum, Lupinus$, and ~Eriogonum$ are characteristic, and ~Balsamorhiza sagittata, Achillea millefolium, Eriogonum umbellatum, Antennaria rosea$, and ~Geranium viscosissimum$ are common. Trees are uncommon but individuals of ~Pinus ponderosa, Cercocarpus ledifolius, Populus tremuloides, Juniperus occidentalis, Pinus albicaulis$, and ~Abies lasiocarpa$ may occasionally occur. Diagnostic of this shrub herbaceous alliance is the relatively sparse ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana$ shrub layer (<25% cover on average) with an abundant graminoid layer.LVALThis dry steppe alliance is widespread across the northern part of the western U.S. and southwestern Canada from the Columbia River Basin across the Great Basin to the Rocky Mountains and northwestern Great Plains. Stands occur on flat to steeply sloping upland sites. Soils are variable but tend to be well-drained. The vegetation is characterized by a moderate to dense herbaceous layer dominated by perennial graminoids with ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis$ dominating or codominating the open to moderately dense (10-40% cover) short-shrub layer (<2 m tall). The herbaceous layer generally has >20% cover of perennial graminoids which forms the matrix surrounding the shrubs or occurs in patches. The most widespread and common species are ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$, which occurs from the Columbia Basin to the northern Rockies, and ~Pascopyrum smithii$, which is more common in the northwestern Great Plains. Associated shrubs include ~Artemisia frigida, Atriplex gardneri, Ericameria nauseosa, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Sarcobatus vermiculatus$, and species of ~Chrysothamnus$ or ~Tetradymia$. Trees are uncommon, but individuals of various conifers may occasionally occur. The herbaceous layer is typically abundant and dominated by perennial graminoids. Other locally abundant grass associates include ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata), Achnatherum thurberianum (= Stipa thurberiana), Elymus lanceolatus, Carex filifolia, Bouteloua curtipendula, Bouteloua gracilis, Koeleria macrantha, Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$, and ~Leymus ambiguus$. Forbs form a minor and highly variable portion of this vegetation. Mosses and lichens may also be important. Diagnostic of this alliance is a moderate to abundant (>20% cover) perennial graminoid layer with an ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis$-dominated (or codominated) shrub layer that has 10-40% cover. ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis$ must contribute at least 40% of the total shrub cover (relative cover) if the shrub layer is mixed.LVAL"CEGL007753CSCSA.947III.B.2.N.dSalix interior / Phragmites australis Temporarily Flooded ShrublandSandbar Willow / Common Reed Temporarily Flooded ShrublandLower Rio Bravo/Rio Grande Riparian Willow Shrubland1998-08-06GCUSTXCDC 7-98Texas CDCG?98-08-06G?աg$CEGL007752CSCSA.283I.B.2.N.dCeltis laevigata - Ulmus crassifolia - (Fraxinus berlandieriana) / Rivina humilis - Chromolaena odorata ForestSugarberry - Cedar Elm - (Rio Grande Ash) / Pigeonberry - Crucita Forest1998-07-28GCUSASW/BC 7-98A.S. Weakley and B. CarrG1G298-12-11G1 ؐ" This alliance is distributed from the Columbia Basin east to the northern Rockies. Climates range from semi-arid in intermountain basins to subhumid in higher elevations of the Rocky Mountains. Stands occur on flat to steeply sloping upland sites. Soil texture is loam, sandy loam, or clay loam, but is highly variable. Vegetation is characterized by an open, conspicuous shrub layer with herbaceous species having equal or greater coverage. ~Artemisia tripartita$ typically has 10-25% cover. ~Artemisia frigida, Artemisia tridentata ssp. tridentata, Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana, Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus, Krascheninnikovia lanata, Purshia tridentata$, or ~Tetradymia canescens$ may also be common. The herbaceous stratum is typically dominated by graminoids and of moderate to moderately high cover (25-70%). ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$ and ~Festuca idahoensis$ are the most common associates. Other locally abundant graminoid species include ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata), Festuca campestris, Carex filifolia, Bouteloua curtipendula, Bouteloua gracilis$, and ~Koeleria macrantha$. Forbs form a minor and highly variable portion of this vegetation. Recurrent species include ~Achillea millefolium, Camelina microcarpa, Balsamorhiza sagittata, Sphaeralcea coccinea, Erigeron$ spp., ~Opuntia$ spp., and ~Phlox$ spp.TLVAL`@GCEGL007761CSCSA.1031III.B.3.N.aProsopis glandulosa var. glandulosa / Spartina spartinae ShrublandHoney Mesquite / Gulf Cordgrass Shrubland1998-07-28GCUSBC/ASW 7-98B. Carr and A.S. WeakelyG3?01-06-12G3g%dCEGL007760CSCSA.1909III.B.3.N.aAcacia rigidula - Leucophyllum frutescens - Hechtia glomerata ShrublandChVegetation included in this alliance occurs extensively in Grand Canyon National Park in northwestern Arizona from 1160-1430 m of elevation. The climate is semi-arid, and total mean annual precipitation is approximately 25-30 cm. Flat to gently rolling sites of all aspects occur in Toroweep Valley and Tuckup Canyon. The substrate is derived from basalt lava flow or consolidated alluvium. Soils are shallow and cobbly. The vegetation is dominated by graminoids with sparse sclerophyllous evergreen and deciduous shrubs and dwarf-shrubs, all less than 1 m in height. Total vegetation canopy cover is less than 50%. The graminoid layer is a mixture of perennial and annual grasses codominated by the perennial grass ~Pleuraphis rigida (= Hilaria rigida)$ and the annual exotic grass ~Bromus tectorum$. Other characteristic grasses include ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$ and species of ~Aristida, Bouteloua, Muhlenbergia$, and ~Stipa$. The dwarf-shrub ~Gutierrezia sarothrae$ dominates the woody layer. Other characteristic shrubs and dwarf-shrubs include ~Atriplex canescens, Lycium pallidum, Krascheninnikovia lanata$, and ~Ephedra viridis$. Succulents may include the cacti ~Opuntia whipplei, Opuntia phaeacantha, Opuntia erinacea, Coryphantha$ spp., and the rosette ~Yucca baccata$. Other common annual forbs are ~Plantago ovata (= Plantago insularis), Eriogonum inflatum, Cleome lutea$, and the exotic ~Salsola kali$.LVAL(\eCEGL007768CSCSA.1919V.A.6.N.qSchizachyrium scoparium - Sporobolus compositus - Fimbristylis puberula var. puberula Wooded Herbaceous VegetationLittle Bluestem - Tall Dropseed - Hairy Fimbry Wooded Herbaceous VegetationUpper West Gulf Coastal Plain Dry Calcareous (Blackland) Prairie1998-08-06GCUSSimon/Zollner 5-98S. Simon and D. ZollnerG1G298-12-14G1ec[W@.,* #CEGL007767CSCSA.499Stands included in this Chihuahuan Desert alliance have been reported from rocky sites in the foothills of south-central New Mexico. Climate is semi-arid. Mean annual precipitation is about 24 cm. Summers are hot and winters have periods of freezing temperatures. The elevations range from 1900-2100 m. Stands are found on moderate to steep slopes, ridges of foothills and mesa escarpments on any aspect. The extremely rocky substrate is often derived from limestone. The soils are shallow, lithic, silty or clay loams with an average of 80% of the ground cover rock or gravel. The soils are relatively mesic because the limited precipitation is held in the fine-textured soil above the shallow bedrock and below rocky ground cover. Adjacent vegetation consists of Chihuahuan desertscrub at lower elevations dominated by ~Larrea tridentata$ and montane woodlands and shrublands at higher elevations. Stands included in this Chihuahuan Desert alliance have been described in the foothills and on mesa escarpments surrounding the Tularosa Basin in south-central New Mexico. Stands have a sparse woody layer dominated by the microphyllous evergreen shrub ~Artemisia bigelovii$. The sparse to moderately dense herbaceous layer is 0.5-0.8 m tall and dominated by the perennial warm-season bunchgrass ~Muhlenbergia setifolia$. Other associated perennial grasses include ~Bouteloua curtipendula, Bouteloua eriopoda, Bouteloua hirsuta$, and ~Muhlenbergia pauciflora$. Scattered forbs may also be present.^LVALj#uCEGL007783CSCSA.320I.B.2.N.eCrataegus rufula ForestRufous Mayhaw ForestRufous Mayhaw Pond1998-09-10GCUSMP 9-98M. PyneG2G399-03-29G2{tmki_M9"CEGL007782CSCSA.283I.B.2.N.dCeltis laevigata - Ulmus crassifolia - (Fraxinus spp.) / Celtis pallida / Elymus virginicus ForestSugarberry - Cedar Elm - (Ash species) / Granjeno / Virginia Wild Rye Forest1998-09-10GCUSBC 9-98B. CarrG3G498-12-11G3Є"eCEGL007780CSCSA.1912I.B.2.N.aQuercus muehlenbergii - Liquidambar This alliance occurs across the northern portions of the Great Basin in Oregon and Idaho, and into southwestern Montana, as well as the mountains of Nevada. Stands are found on inactive elevated stream and river terraces and on upland areas with sandy soils. This vegetation has a sparse shrub layer (<25%) composed primarily of the characteristic shrub ~Artemisia cana (ssp. bolanderi$ or ~ssp. viscidula)$, but ~Artemisia tridentata$ (usually ~ssp. vaseyana$ but occasionally ~ssp. tridentata$) are common in some stands. The herbaceous layer is dominated by graminoids, generally with >20% cover, and often with more cover than the shrub layer. Important understory associates include ~Festuca idahoensis, Poa fendleriana ssp. fendleriana, Poa cusickii, Muhlenbergia richardsonis, Elymus caninus, Koeleria macrantha (= Koeleria nitida), Achnatherum occidentale, Carex praegracilis$, and ~Elymus trachycaulus$. Common exotic associates include ~Poa pratensis, Taraxacum officinale$, and ~Agrostis stolonifera$. Among the forbs that are typically found are ~Achillea millefolium, Symphyotrichum campestre var. bloomeri (= Aster campestris var. bloomeri)$, and ~Cirsium foliosum$. The vegetation in the alliance includes non-wetland plant associations dominated by ~Artemisia cana ssp. bolanderi$ or ~Artemisia cana ssp. viscidula$ with typically less than 25% total shrub cover and an abundant herbaceous cover of medium stature.;LVALGJCEGL007797CSCSA.1820V.D.2.N.iSedum pulchellum - Clinopodium arkansanum - Sporobolus vaginiflorus Herbaceous VegetationWidow's-cross - Low Calamint - Poverty Dropseed Herbaceous VegetationWechThis alliance has been described from the southern Colorado Plateau in northwestern New Mexico and adjacent Arizona. Climate is semi-arid. The elevation ranges from 1500-1860 m, but stands likely occur over a wider elevational and geographical range. Sites occur on a variety of landforms including mesas, plains, alluvial flats and fans, floodplains, and hillslopes. Soils are shallow, poorly developed and alkaline. Soil textures range from fine sandy loam to silty clay loam to clay. The ground surface has high cover of bare ground (to 90%) with little litter or rock cover. The vegetation is dominated by a sparse to moderately dense herbaceous layer of perennial grasses that is characterized by ~Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii)$ with a open short-shrub canopy (10-25% cover). ~Pleuraphis jamesii$ typically grows as a bunchgrass, but under favorable conditions may produce a sod. It dominates the herbaceous layer growing in nearly pure stands or is codominated by ~Sporobolus airoides$ or ~Sporobolus cryptandrus$. Other common perennial grasses such as ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Elymus elymoides, Muhlenbergia torreyi, Schedonnardus paniculatus$, or ~Bouteloua gracilis$ may occur in small amounts (less than half the cover of ~Pleuraphis jamesii$). Forb cover is sparse and typically includes ~Sphaeralcea coccinea$ and ~Astragalus$ spp. The open short-shrub layer is often dominated by ~Atriplex obovata$ or ~Gutierrezia sarothrae$, but may include other shrubs and dwarf-shrubs such as ~Artemisia bigelovii, Atriplex canescens, Atriplex confertifolia, Ericameria nauseosa, Ephedra$ spp., ~Krascheninnikovia lanata, Opuntia$ spp., or ~Yucca$ spp., with less than 25% total cover.LVALtdCEGL007803CSCSA.1924VII.C.2.N.cEleocharis spp. - Schoenoplectus spp. - Fimbristylis spp. - Juncus spp. Southeastern Coastal Plain Inland Salt Flat Sparse VegetationSpikerush species - CluDune grasslands dominated by ~Schizachyrium littorale (= Schizachyrium scoparium ssp. littorale)$. This alliance occurs on deep well-drained sands of old leveled interdunes. It usually occurs within the influence of offshore winds and salt spray. Although highly variable in species composition, the typical expression of this alliance is characterized by a predominance (25-50% cover) of bunch grasses including ~Schizachyrium littorale, Andropogon virginicus, Panicum amarum var. amarulum, Ammophila breviligulata, Dichanthelium scoparium$, and ~Dichanthelium acuminatum$. Generally one or two of these species will dominate while the others occur as more infrequent, scattered clumps. Occasionally ~Spartina patens$, growing in a dry 'wispy' condition, will form the dominant graminoid cover. Shrubs of ~Morella pensylvanica (= Myrica pensylvanica)$ are sparse, and stunted ~Baccharis halimifolia$ and ~Diospyros virginiana$ are even less frequent. Dense tangles of ~Toxicodendron radicans$ are very characteristic of this alliance as they sprawl over the bareground and sparse vegetation. ~Rubus argutus$ is also scattered throughout. Much of the remaining dry sands are exposed with sparsely distributed herbs. Characteristic herb species include ~Cirsium horridulum, Solidago sempervirens, Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (= Gnaphalium obtusifolium), Nuttallanthus canadensis, Euthamia caroliniana (= Euthamia tenuifolia), Oenothera humifusa$, and ~Diodia teres$. This vegetation is related to maritime grasslands of New England and New York. Further analysis is required to determine the classification, and thus the range, with confidence.ILVALUI'%"CEGL007810CSCSA.279I.B.2.N.dAcer saccharinum - Betula nigra / Cephalanthus occidentalis ForestSilver Maple - River Birch / Buttonbush ForestSilver Maple - River Birch / Buttonbush Forest1998-12-07GCUSSL 11-98S. LandaalG3Q01-01-04G3d"CEGL007809CSCSA.329I.B.2.N.eQuercus palustThis alliance, found in the Rocky Mountains and western and northwestern Great Plains, is found in a dry to xeric landscape. Only one community within this alliance is found in the Midwest, and this description is based largely on that community. Stands in this alliance are found on sites that are more mesic than most of the surrounding area. Most of these sites are gentle to moderately steep, north-facing slopes, although other aspects are possible. The soils are shallow to deep and sandy loam to loam. There may be an impermeable layer of scoria, gravel, or sandstone beneath many of these sites. Some communities within this alliance have substantial amounts of exposed rock. Stands within this alliance are typically dominated by herbaceous species with a shrub canopy of 10-25%. Dominant herbaceous species are typically 0.5-1 m tall, while shrubs are closer to 0.5-0.7 m tall. The most abundant herbaceous species are mid grasses, such as ~Deschampsia caespitosa, Festuca idahoensis, Festuca altaica (= Festuca scabrella), Schizachyrium scoparium$, and short graminoids, such as ~Bouteloua gracilis, Carex$ spp., and ~Danthonia intermedia$ (in the western part of this alliance's range). Other graminoids that may be found with these species are ~Calamovilfa longifolia$ (in the east), ~Koeleria macrantha, Pascopyrum smithii$ (in the east), ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$, and ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$. ~Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda (= Pentaphylloides floribunda)$ is the most common shrub across this alliance's range with lesser amounts of ~Rhus aromatica$ and ~Symphoricarpos occidentalis$. In the eastern portion of its range ~Juniperus horizontalis$ is common to codominant.!LVAL-.CEGL007822CSCSA.348I.B.2.N.gAcer rubrum var. trilobum - Nyssa sylvatica / Rhexia mariana var. interior ForestCarolina Red Maple - Blackgum / Midwestern Meadow-beauty ForestSandstone Seepage Forest/Woodland1998-11-30GCUSASW 11-98A.S. WeakleyG2?98-11-30G2Ӳs" CEGL007821CSCSA.1200V.A.5.N.aSchizachyrium littorale - Paspalum plicatulum Texas Sand Sheet Herbaceous VegetationSeaside Bluestem - Brownseed Crowngrass Texas Sand Sheet Herbaceous Vegetation1998-12-14GCUSWest Gulf Prairies and Marshes Team 12-98West Gulf Prairies and Marshes TeamG?98-12-14G?+)!w# dCEGL007820CSCSA.1905V.B.2.N.b(Ribes cynosbati) / Deschampsia flexuosa - Dryopteris marginalis - Dennstaedtia punctilobula Herbaceous Vegetation(Eastern Prickly Gooseberry) / Wavy Hairgrass - Marginal Woodfern - Hay-scented Fern Herbaceous Vegetation1998-11-30GCUSASW 11-98A.S. WeakleyG2?98-12-14G2/-%" # This alliance is locally restricted in the northern Great Plains to saline sites. It is dominated by herbaceous species, but the presence of shrubs sets it apart from similar types found on saline soil. Total vegetation cover is open to moderate, with bare soil common. ~Distichlis spicata$ and ~Puccinellia nuttalliana$ dominate the herbaceous layer, accompanied by ~Symphyotrichum ericoides (= Aster ericoides), Grindelia squarrosa, Hordeum jubatum, Pascopyrum smithii, Plantago$ spp., and ~Salicornia rubra$ (on more saline inclusions). ~Sarcobatus vermiculatus, Artemisia frigida$, and ~Artemisia tridentata$ form a sparse shrub layer only rarely exceeding 25%. ^This alliance is found on terraces, floodplains, swales and other low sites where drainage is poor. The soils are moderately to strongly saline, fine-textured, and moderately deep to deep. Although periodic flooding is rare, stands of this alliance receive more water than the surrounding uplands through runoff.LVALX9xA*dCEGL007834CSCSA.1906III.A.2.N.iMorella cerifera - Panicum hemitomon Flotant Marsh ShrublandWax-myrtle - Maidencane Flotant Marsh ShrublandGulf Coast Flotant Marsh1998-12-08GCUSLMS 12-98, mod. REE 7-02L.M. Smith after Sasser et al. (1986)G2G302-09-03G2ζa%CEGL007833CSCSA.501II.A.4.N.aJuniperus ashei / Cotinus obovatus / Carex eburnea - Rudbeckia missouriensis WoodlandAshe's Juniper / American Smoketree / Bristleleaf Sedge - Missouri CThis alliance is concentrated in Montana but is also found in adjacent states. The vegetation is dominated by herbaceous species with a conspicuous component of ~Rhus trilobata$. Average cover is moderate with bare ground and rock exposed. The shrubs occur in patches 0.5-1 m tall and with fairly complete cover over small areas. The total canopy cover of shrubs, however, is approximately 10-25% (Mueggler and Stewart 1978, Hansen and Hoffman 1988). In addition to ~Rhus trilobata$ there are small amounts of ~Artemisia tridentata, Chrysothamnus$ spp., ~Prunus virginiana, Ribes$ spp., and ~Symphoricarpos occidentalis$. Shorter shrubs, such as ~Artemisia frigida, Rosa$ spp., and ~Yucca glauca$ are also present. The herbaceous stratum is dominated by graminoids, such as ~Bouteloua gracilis, Calamovilfa longifolia, Carex inops ssp. heliophila, Carex filifolia, Festuca idahoensis, Pseudoroegneria spicata, Pascopyrum smithii, Schizachyrium scoparium$, and ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$. Forbs that may occur in communities within this alliance include ~Artemisia dracunculus, Symphyotrichum ericoides (= Aster ericoides), Dalea purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia, Heterotheca villosa var. villosa, Gaura coccinea$, and ~Sphaeralcea coccinea$. ^Communities in this alliance are not extensive; they are usually found in patches or strips on gentle to moderate slopes (Hansen and Hoffman 1988, MTNHP 1988). The soils are shallow and rocky and may be sandy loam, loamy sand, or loam (Hansen and Hoffman 1988, Thilenius et al. 1995).:LVALF*~~CEGL007848CSCSA.321I.B.2.N.eLiquidambar styraciflua - Acer rubrum - (Nyssa biflora) / Woodwardia virginica ForestSweetgum - Red Maple - (Swamp Blackgum) / Virginia Chainfern Forest1998-12-29GCUSASW 12-98A.S. WeakleyG2G398-12-29G2ĺw"CEGL007847CSCSA.323I.B.2.N.eNyssa biflora - (Liquidambar styraciflua) / Itea virginica / Saururus cernuus ForestSwamp Blackgum - (Sweetgum) / Virginia-willow / Lizard's-tail ForestSmall BlackwatShrublands included in this alliance are found on breaks and foothill, mountain and canyon slopes throughout much of the western U.S. Sites are variable but are generally xeric and rocky with moderate to very steep south-facing slopes. Soils are typically shallow and well-drained with abundant rock outcrops. Soil texture is variable. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by a sparse shrub layer 1-2 m tall dominated by ~Cercocarpus montanus$. Occasional trees, such as ~Juniperus deppeana, Pinus edulis, Quercus gambelii$, and ~Quercus grisea$, may be present. Associated shrubs and dwarf-shrubs include ~Agave parryi, Ageratina herbacea, Dasylirion wheeleri, Ericameria laricifolia, Mimosa aculeaticarpa var. biuncifera, Nolina microcarpa, Robinia neomexicana, Symphoricarpos oreophilus, Yucca baccata$, and the shrubby cacti species ~Opuntia engelmannii$ and ~Opuntia imbricata$. The herbaceous layer is sparse to moderately dense and usually dominated by perennial grasses such as ~Muhlenbergia$ spp., ~Bothriochloa barbinodis, Bouteloua$ spp., ~Schizachyrium cirratum$, and ~Achnatherum lobatum (= Stipa lobata)$. Forbs may be diverse and include ~Artemisia$ spp., ~Eriogonum$ spp., ~Hedeoma plicata, Heliomeris$ spp., ~Mirabilis$ spp., and ~Viguiera dentata$. Diagnostic of this alliance is a relatively sparse shrub canopy (10-25% cover) dominated by ~Cercocarpus montanus$ and an abundant herbaceous layer dominated by perennial graminoids.lLVALx8N CEGL007861CSCSA.412I.C.3.N.aBetula alleghaniensis - (Tsuga canadensis) / Rhododendron maximum / Leucothoe fontanesiana ForestYellow Birch - (Eastern Hemlock) / Great Rhododendron / Mountain Doghobble ForestBlue Ridge Hemlock - Northern Hardwood Forest2001-09-28GCUSKP/CU 1-99, mod. RW 11-02G. Fleming and P. CoullingG3G4Q99-01-28G3QOGB( ԃ"eCEGL007860CSCSA.1931V.C.2.N.aOrontium aquaticum - Schoenoplectus (etuberculatus, subterminalis) - Eriocaulon decangulare - Juncus trigonocarpus Herbaceous VegetationGolden Club - (Swamp Bulrush, Water Bulrush) - Ten-angle Pipewort - Redpod Rush Herbaceous VegetationBlackwater Coastal Plain Small Stream Beaverpond1999-01-07GCUSASW 12-98A.S. WeakleyG2?01-01-17G2pnfcWNLJ@#eCEGL007859CSCSA.1931V.C.2.N.aOrontium aquaticum - Schoenoplectus subterminalis - Eriocaulon aquaticum Herbaceous VegetationGolden Club - Water Bulrush - SevenThis shrub herbaceous alliance of the Mojave and Colorado deserts occurs on flat ridges, lower slopes, and stabilized sand dunes. ~Pleuraphis rigida (= Hilaria rigida)$ stands occur from 75-1400 m of elevation. Yearly precipitation totals are between 0 and 25 cm. There is much year-to-year variation in precipitation. The summers are extremely hot. Winter temperatures, particularly at higher elevations, can get quite cold. ~Pleuraphis rigida$ is the sole or dominant graminoid in the herbaceous layer. Other grasses may include ~Bouteloua eriopoda, Dasyochloa pulchella (= Erioneuron pulchellum), Bromus madritensis, Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii)$, and ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$. Emergent shrubs make up 3-5% cover, and could include ~Larrea tridentata$ and/or ~Yucca brevifolia$. This alliance intergrades with stands of ~Larrea tridentata$ and/or ~Yucca brevifolia$.LVALAia>CEGL007876CSCSA.744III.A.2.N.bRhododendron carolinianum - Rhododendron catawbiense - Leiophyllum buxifolium ShrublandCarolina Rhododendron - Catawba Rhododendron - Sand-myrtle ShrublandSouthern Appalachian Heath Bald1999-02-16GCUSKP 2-99K.D. PattersonG199-02-16G1 ޿{$ CEGL007874CSCSA.802III.A.2.N.iViburnum nudThis alliance includes stands of herbaceous vegetation with a sparse shrub layer growing on sandstone outcrops and sandy soils in the northwestern Great Plains. Elevations range from 1100-1850 m. In the western Great Plains, precipitation occurs mostly in the spring. Summers are hot and dry, except for locally occurring, high-intensity convective storms. Stands typically occur along ridgetops and upper slopes, on sandstone or scoria outcrops and probably on stabilized sand dunes as well. Soils in some cases are residual and relatively deep, with genetic horizons. Texture varies from nearly pure sand on the surface to medium-textured and medium-coarse-textured at depth. Stands of this alliance contain an open to moderately dense (at least 10% cover), low-shrub layer above a species-rich herbaceous layer. Dominance of the shrub layer by ~Yucca glauca$ is characteristic (cover ranging from 5-15%). ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis$ and ~Artemisia cana ssp. cana$ may be present but are sparse and contribute little cover. In the herbaceous layer, ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$ and ~Calamovilfa longifolia$ are the most abundant and constant species, and ~Bouteloua gracilis, Schizachyrium scoparium$, and ~Carex filifolia$ often are present but contribute much less cover than do ~Hesperostipa$ or ~Calamovilfa$. ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$ is dominant in some stands. Forbs are common but contribute little cover; ~Artemisia frigida$ has the highest constancy, but no forbs are characteristic of the alliance. Litter covers can be high, up to 50% of the ground surface, and bare soil covers the rest of the ground surface.XLVALdQCEGL007906CSCSA.291I.B.2.N.dQuercus michauxii - Liquidambar styraciflua - Quercus texana - Quercus lyrata ForestSwamp Chestnut Oak - Sweetgum - Nuttall Oak - Overcup Oak ForestWest Gulf Coastal Plain Mixed Oak Bottomland Forest1999-07-22GCUSLMS 7-99L.M. SmithG?99-07-22G? v" CEGL007904CSCSA.378I.C.2.N.dMagnolia virginiana - Nyssa (biflora, sylvatica) - Acer rubrum / Morella caroliniensis / Woodwardia areolata ForestSweetbay - (Swamp Blackgum, BlackStands included in this Chihuahuan Desert alliance have been reported from rocky sites in the foothills of south-central New Mexico. Climate is semi-arid. Mean annual precipitation is about 24 cm. Summers are hot and winters have periods of freezing temperatures. The elevations range from 1900-2100 m. Stands are found on moderate to steep slopes, ridges of foothills and mesa escarpments on any aspect. The extremely rocky substrate is often derived from limestone. The soils are shallow, lithic, silty or clay loams with an average of 80% of the ground cover rock or gravel. The soils are relatively mesic because the limited precipitation is held in the fine-textured soil above the shallow bedrock and below rocky ground cover. Adjacent vegetation consists of Chihuahuan desertscrub at lower elevations dominated by ~Larrea tridentata$ and montane woodlands and shrublands at higher elevations. Stands have a sparse woody layer of xeromorphic drought-deciduous and evergreen rosette shrubs such as ~Fouquieria splendens$ or ~Dasylirion wheeleri$. The sparse to moderately dense herbaceous layer is 0.5-0.8 m tall and is dominated by the perennial warm-season bunchgrass ~Muhlenbergia setifolia$. Other associated perennial grasses include ~Bouteloua curtipendula, Bouteloua eriopoda, Bouteloua hirsuta$, and ~Muhlenbergia pauciflora$. Scattered forbs may be also present. More information is needed to fully describe this alliance.&LVALA4~Stands of this alliance occur on mesas, hillslopes, sand dunes, and along drainage channels on the Colorado Plateau and Great Basin. Elevation ranges from 1530-1920 m. Climate is semi-arid. Slopes vary from 0-30% depending on landform. All aspects are possible. The soil ranges from sand to sandy loam derived from aeolian deposits overlaying sandstone. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by a moderately dense graminoid layer (25-40% cover) dominated by the medium-tall bunchgrass ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$, with a sparse (10-25% cover) xeromorphic short-shrub layer typically dominated by ~Ephedra viridis$ or ~Ephedra torreyana$ mixed with occasional ~Artemisia bigelovii, Atriplex canescens, Ericameria nauseosa, Eriogonum corymbosum, Gutierrezia sarothrae$, or ~Parryella filifolia$. ~Bouteloua gracilis, Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata), Muhlenbergia porteri, Pleuraphis jamesii, Sporobolus airoides$, or ~Sporobolus cryptandrus$ may be present to codominant. Forbs have sparse cover.This minor alliance includes grasslands that occur on plains and basins with gypsiferous soil in southern New Mexico. Elevations range from 1160-1500 m. Climate is semi-arid to arid with most of the highly variable precipitation falling in late summer and early fall. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 20-25 cm. Sites are nearly level. This has been described as a Gypsum Grassland. Stands occur on Holloman and Yesum Series soils, which are shallow to moderately deep, fine sandy loams, slightly calcareous, gypsiferous, mildly alkaline and saline. The diagnostic species are the perennial grass ~Sporobolus nealleyi$, which dominates the herbaceous layer, and a sparse shrub layer dominated by ~Fouquieria splendens$. There is very little information available about these stands. Adjacent vegetation includes Chihuahuan desertscrub dominated by ~Larrea tridentata$, coppice dunes dominated by ~Prosopis glandulosa$, and sparsely vegetated gypsum dunes.LVALw-CEGL007950CSCSA.283I.B.2.N.dUlmus crassifolia - Celtis laevigata - (Ulmus rubra) / Carex digitalis - Geum canadense ForestCedar Elm - Sugarberry - (Slippery Elm) / Slender Wood Sedge - Canada Avens ForestUpper West Gulf Coastal Plain Circumneutral Cedar Elm Floodplain Forest1999-12-15GCUSRE/RT 12-99, mod. MP 5-02R.E. Evans and R. TurnerG2G300-12-08G2fd\X@'%#Ҁ"CEGL007947CSCSA.394I.C.3.N.aPinus echinata - (Pinus taeda) - Quercus falcata / Dichanthelium sphaerocarpon ForestShortleaf Pine - (Loblolly Pine) - Southern Red Oak / RounThe single plant association in this alliance is described from Grand Canyon National Park in northwestern Arizona. The climate is semi-arid. Total mean annual precipitation is approximately 50 cm along the western south rim. About half of the precipitation falls as snow in winter and half as rain in July to August. Sites occur on the top of the Grand Wash Cliffs (elevation 1430-1580 m) where pockets of soil accumulate in level swales. Soil is silty loam derived from Kaibab Limestone. Vegetation is dominated by graminoids with sparse microphyllous evergreen and deciduous shrubs and dwarf-shrubs, all less than 1 m in height. Total vegetation ground cover is 15-30%. The various short- and midgrass species tend to occur in patches. Characteristic species include ~Bouteloua eriopoda, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Krascheninnikovia lanata, Atriplex canescens$, and ~Sphaeralcea$ spp. Other prominent species are ~Aristida purpurea var. fendleriana, Coleogyne ramosissima, Pleuraphis rigida (= Hilaria rigida), Scleropogon brevifolius, Lycium andersonii$, Asteraceae spp., ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$, and ~Dasyochloa pulchella (= Erioneuron pulchellum)$. The various short- and midgrass species tend to have a patchy distribution, whereas the shrubs and dwarf-shrubs are scattered throughout.ILVALUdCEGL007963CSCSA.1198V.A.5.N.aQuercus falcata - Carya illinoinensis / Silphium integrifolium - Panicum anceps - (CareVegetation included in this minor alliance has only been described from alluvial flats within the Rio Puerco basin in northwestern New Mexico. Elevation ranges from 2100-2200 m. Climate is semi-arid with most of the highly variable precipitation falling in July and August. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 22-32 cm within the Rio Puerco watershed. Sites are flat to gently sloping occurring on all aspects. Soils are calcareous, shallow to moderately deep, and poorly developed with pH greater than 8.2. Soil textures range from silty loams to silty clay loams. Bare ground and litter cover ranged from 35-54% and 16-24%, respectively, for three sampled transects. Stands have a conspicuous sparse woody layer (<2 m tall) that is primarily composed of the microphyllous evergreen shrub ~Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus)$. Overall, the stands are dominated by moderately dense cover of the short sod grass ~Bouteloua gracilis$, with ~Pascopyrum smithii$ also present in smaller amounts. Other shrubs and dwarf-shrubs that may be present are ~Artemisia tridentata, Gutierrezia sarothrae$ or ~Ericameria parryi (= Chrysothamnus parryi)$. Other herbaceous species may include grasses such as ~Sporobolus cryptandrus, Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii), Aristida purpurea, Elymus elymoides, Schedonnardus paniculatus$, and ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$. Perennial forbs are sparse. The only forbs listed were species of ~Grindelia$ and ~Sphaeralcea$. Annual forbs and grasses may be present seasonally. Canopy cover values from three transects show ~Ericameria nauseosa$ (5-9%), ~Bouteloua gracilis$ (24-37%), ~Pascopyrum smithii$ (2%), and total vegetation (24-37%).LVAL  CEGL007974CSCSA.1692V.B.2.N.fOsmunda regalis - Osmunda cinnamomea - Eupatorium perfoliatum - Utricularia sp. Herbaceous Vegetation [Provisional]Royal Fern - Cinnamon Fern - Common Boneset - Bladderwort species Herbaceous VegetationUpper West Gulf Coastal Plain Herbaceous Sandhill Seep1999-12-20OCUSSimon/Zollner 10-99S. Simon and D. ZollnerG3?00-11-08This shrub herbaceous alliance of the Mojave Desert grows in very xeric conditions with hot summers and occasional freezes in the winter. This alliance requires well-drained rocky or sandy soils. The alliance was formerly widespread, but overgrazing has decimated stands. Remaining stands occur from 600-1000 m elevation, on flat ridges, lower slopes, valleys, and washes. Stands of this shrub herbaceous alliance of the Mojave Desert are dominated by ~Achnatherum speciosum (= Stipa speciosa)$, which is the sole, dominant or important plant in the herbaceous layer. Species composition varies between stands, but ~Achnatherum speciosum$ is the unifying species. Other graminoids which may be present include ~Nassella lepida, Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Nassella cernua, Poa secunda$, and ~Elymus elymoides$. Emergent shrubs, such as ~Hymenoclea salsola$ or ~Larrea tridentata$, compose 10-25% cover in the shrub layer.This alliance includes open grasslands with scattered xeromorphic desert shrubs, occurring in the Chihuahuan Desert region. These grasslands are typically dominated by ~Bouteloua hirsuta, Bouteloua gracilis, Bouteloua eriopoda$, and other desert grasses. Associated dominants can include ~Acacia neovernicosa, Larrea tridentata$, and ~Yucca faxoniana$.FLVALR;CEGL007985CSCSA.2This alliance occurs in Trans-Pecos Texas, southern New Mexico, and southeastern Arizona. Sites include sandy plains, bajadas, mesas and terraces along intermittent drainages. They are generally flat or gently sloping, occurring on all aspects. Substrate is usually sandy or gravelly alluvium. Soils are generally coarse-textured. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by a sparse shrub cover (less than 25%) dominated by the xeromorphic deciduous shrub ~Prosopis glandulosa$. Graminoid cover is greater than shrub cover and usually over 25%. The diversity of other species can vary greatly. Shrub associates may include ~Atriplex canescens, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Krascheninnikovia lanata, Lycium$ spp., and ~Parthenium incanum$. Succulents, such as ~Opuntia leptocaulis, Opuntia imbricata, Opuntia phaeacantha, Nolina microcarpa, Yucca baccata$, and ~Yucca elata$, are often present. Characteristic perennial grasses may include ~Aristida purpurea, Bouteloua curtipendula, Bouteloua eriopoda, Bouteloua gracilis, Pleuraphis mutica (= Hilaria mutica), Muhlenbergia porteri, Muhlenbergia richardsonis, Panicum obtusum, Sporobolus flexuosus$, and ~Sporobolus wrightii$. Annual grass cover is usually sparse and may include ~Aristida adscensionis, Bouteloua barbata$, and ~Dasyochloa pulchella (= Erioneuron pulchellum)$. Forb cover is also sparse, but it can be relatively diverse. Common forbs may include species of ~Chenopodium, Croton, Eriogonum, Euphorbia, Solanum$, and ~Zinnia$. Diagnostic of this alliance is the sparse shrub canopy (10-25% cover) that is dominated by ~Prosopis glandulosa$ with a sparse to moderately dense herbaceous layer that is dominated by perennial bunch grasses.LVAL3V CEGL007999CSCSA.288I.B.2.N.dPlatanus occidentalis - Betula nigra - Celtis laevigata - Fraxinus pennsylvanica / Arundinaria gigantea Temporarily Flooded ForestSycamore - River Birch - Sugarberry - Green Ash / Giant Cane Temporarily Flooded ForestOzark Elm - Ash - Sugarberry Forest2000-01-21GCUSMP 1-00, mod. KThis grassland alliance occurs on flats and slopes of mesas and mountains within the Chihuahuan and Sonoran deserts and has been described from extreme southwestern New Mexico and south-central Arizona. Soils are sandy to gravelly silt loams. Vegetation included in this alliance is often distributed in patches and is characterized by a sparse to moderately dense graminoid layer dominated by ~Pleuraphis mutica (= Hilaria mutica)$ with a sparse shrub layer. The herbaceous layer is potentially diverse. Other characteristic graminoids may include species such as the annuals ~Aristida adscensionis, Bouteloua barbata, Chloris virgata, Eragrostis pectinacea, Eriochloa lemmonii$, and ~Panicum hirticaule$, and the perennials ~Bouteloua eriopoda, Cyperus esculentus, Eragrostis intermedia, Muhlenbergia porteri, Panicum obtusum$, and ~Tridens muticus$. The shrub layer consists of clumps and stringers of ~Larrea tridentata$ and ~Prosopis glandulosa$ or ~Prosopis velutina$. Other common shrubs may include ~Parkinsonia microphylla, Fouquieria splendens, Lycium berlandieri, Menodora scabra$, and ~Zinnia acerosa (= Zinnia pumila)$. Scattered forbs include species such as ~Allionia incarnata, Amaranthus palmeri, Hoffmannseggia glauca, Solanum elaeagnifolium, Kallstroemia parviflora$, and ~Talinum aurantiacum$. Scattered cacti, such as ~Opuntia engelmannii, Opuntia imbricata, Opuntia macrorhiza (= Opuntia leptocarpa), Opuntia spinosior$, and ~Echinocereus pectinatus$, may also be present. Diagnostic of this alliance is the ~Pleuraphis mutica$-dominated herbaceous layer with a significant shrub layer (>10% cover), and the lack of flooding.LVAL?Q]Vegetation in this alliance is dominated by short sod grasses with a sparse xeromorphic shrub layer 1-3 m tall. Grasslands in this Chihuahuan Desert alliance are dominated by the perennial shortgrass ~Bouteloua eriopoda$, with a sparse xeromorphic shrub canopy of one or more of the following shrubs: ~Ayenia microphylla, Dasylirion wheeleri, Ephedra torreyana, Ephedra trifurca, Parthenium incanum$, and/or ~Yucca elata$.Vegetation in this Chihuahuan Desert alliance generally occurs on steep rocky slopes of mountains and mesas. Soils are generally rocky loams and range from shallow to moderately deep. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by a perennial bunchgrass-dominated herbaceous layer with moderately sparse cover (10-25%) of shrubs. The herbaceous layer is dominated or codominated by the medium-tall perennial bunchgrass ~Bouteloua curtipendula$. Other common graminoid species may include ~Bothriochloa barbinodis, Koeleria macrantha, Lycurus phleoides, Muhlenbergia pauciflora, Muhlenbergia tenuifolia, Piptochaetium fimbriatum$, and ~Achnatherum lobatum (= Stipa lobata)$. The diverse forb layer is dominated by mat-forming species of ~Selaginella$ and includes species of ~Artemisia, Heliomeris, Mirabilis, Sida$, and ~Viguiera$. The succulent ~Dasylirion wheeleri$ is the diagnostic species of the potentially diverse shrub layer. Other characteristic shrubs may include ~Ageratina herbacea, Cercocarpus montanus, Ericameria laricifolia, Garrya wrightii, Quercus turbinella, Robinia neomexicana, Yucca baccata$, and ten other shrubs. Cacti include ~Opuntia imbricata$ and ~Opuntia phaeacantha$. Scattered trees at higher elevations are often present, such as ~Juniperus deppeana, Pinus edulis$, and ~Quercus$ spp. Diagnostic of this alliance is a ~Bouteloua curtipendula$-dominated herbaceous layer with a sparse shrub layer with ~Dasylirion wheeleri$ present.LVAL)e'VCEGL008044CWCSA.467II.A.1.N.aNestegis sandwicensis Montane Mesic WoodlandOlopua Montane Mesic Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG197-12-01G1|zzzxvllO#CEGL008043CWCSA.466II.A.1.N.aMetrosideros polymorpha Subalpine Dry Woodland'Ohi'a Subalpine Dry Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG397-12-01G3~|||zxnnQ#CEGL008042CWCSA.466II.A.1.N.aMetrosideros polymorpha Montane Dry Woodland'Ohi'a Montane Dry Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG3This alliance is found in the northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountain foothills. The vegetation typically has moderate to dense cover. Medium-tall (0.5-1.5 m) shrubs are scattered throughout; their total canopy cover is 10-25%. The shrub layer is dominated by ~Sarcobatus vermiculatus$, with ~Atriplex confertifolia, Artemisia tridentata$, and ~Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus$ in smaller amounts. ~Symphoricarpos occidentalis$ and ~Rhus aromatica$ are sometimes found in more mesic microhabitats within this community. Herbaceous cover is sparse beneath the shrubs and moderate to dense in between. The dominant species are typically 0.5-1 m tall. The most abundant species is ~Pascopyrum smithii$, usually accompanied by ~Bouteloua gracilis, Bromus japonicus, Bromus tectorum$, and ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$. Few forbs are found in this community. ~Achillea millefolium$ and ~Opuntia polyacantha$ are the only species with high constancy. Overall species diversity in this community is low. ^Stands in this alliance are found on flat to gently sloping alluvial fans, terraces, lakebeds, and floodplains. ~Sarcobatus vermiculatus$ has been found in association with ~Pascopyrum smithii$ only on the most arid parts of southwestern Saskatchewan. The soil is usually deep clay, silty clay, sandy clay, or loam, although coarse soils are possible. They are saline or alkaline, but salt crusts on the surface are absent (Thilenius et al. 1995). Parent material is usually alluvium. Flooding during the spring is possible.,LVAL8>TCEGL008077CWCSA.1074IV.A.1.N.bSesbania tomentosa Lowland Dry Dwarf-shrubland'Ohai Lowland Dry Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG197-12-01G1}ssR$CEGL008076CWCSA.1073IV.A.1.N.bLipochaeta spp. Coastal Dry Dwarf-shrublandNehe species Coastal Dry Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG397-12-01G3wwO$CEGL008075CWCSA.1072IV.A.1.N.bChamaesyce celastroides CoThis alliance contains peatland communities, slightly enriched by minerotrophic groundwater and dominated by sedges with a sparse cover of shrubs. These 'poor fens' tend to occur in flat basins with deep peat, often as part of a larger bog complex. They may intergrade floristically with communities in the IV.A.1.N.g ~~Chamaedaphne calyculata$ Saturated Dwarf-shrubland Alliance (A.1092)$$ (bogs), as well as with the 'intermediate fens' in the ~~Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda / Carex (flava, interior, lasiocarpa, sterilis)$ Saturated Shrub Herbaceous Alliance (A.1562)$$. In contrast with these two alliances, however, communities in this alliance have both a strong component of bog acid-tolerant shrubs such as ~Chamaedaphne calyculata, Andromeda polifolia var. glaucophylla (= Andromeda glaucophylla), Ledum groenlandicum$, and ~Carex limosa$, as well as species indicative of local nutrient enrichment such as ~Carex lasiocarpa, Cladium mariscoides, Menyanthes trifoliata$, and ~Muhlenbergia glomerata$. In addition, Coastal Plain types of this alliance tend to contain species such as ~Eleocharis equisetoides$ and ~Rhexia virginica$. Other species likely to be present include ~Triadenum virginicum$ and ~Peltandra virginica$. Communities in this alliance are known by a variety of common names such as 'poor fen,' 'acidic fen,' 'Coastal Plain fen' and 'Coastal Plain quagmire.' Communities of this alliance occur in most states of the Northeast, and likely beyond.LVAL This alliance brings together a suite of spring-fed herbaceous vegetation occurring on shallow peat and irrigated by base-rich surface discharge or groundwater. The vegetation has a consistent set of characteristic species but a locally variable set of associates, many of which are uncommon within the region. Occurrences are generally small, local and restricted to a rather particular set of conditions. The prominent architectural elements of this alliance include a well-developed herbaceous layer dominated by short cespitose sedges, a ground layer of bulky "brown" mosses, and clumped or scattered shrubs (generally restricted to micro-hummocks). Typically there is no clear dominant species allowing for a highly variable compositional and structural aspect from occurrence to occurrence. Under undisturbed conditions the relative proportion of shrubs to herbs appears to reflect the hydrologic regime with shrubs becoming abundant in drier examples (or in drier, slightly raised, areas within a single example. In many examples the open herbaceous character of the vegetation appears to be maintained by grazing or burning which limits much of the shrub layer. ^The herbaceous layer in these communities is generally defined by a number of cespitose sedges: ~Carex hystericina, Carex leptalea, Carex interior, Carex flava, Carex sterilis$ (~Carex hystericina$ appears cespitose although it actually has short rhizomes). None of these sedges form the large tussocks typical of ~Carex stricta$ or the extensive rhizomatic mats of ~Carex lasiocarpa$ both of which may also be present. ~Carex lacustris$ may develop into large patches in wetter depressions within the community. The compact form and the microtopographical relief developed by the cespitose sedges allows for the development of a diverse herbaceous forb component. ^The grasses ~Muhlenbergia glomerata, Glyceria striata$, and ~Bromus kalmii$ are all common and widespread in this vegetation type generally being inconspicuously interspersed with the sedges. TheLVAL  rhizomatic marsh fern ~Thelypteris palustris$ is characteristic, and in lower New England occurrences it is often the most abundant herb forming an interlocking network of plants right at the ground level. ~Equisetum fluviatile$ and ~Equisetum arvense$ are almost always present and may be dominant in some occurrences. Likewise ~Eleocharis acicularis, Eleocharis elliptica, Eleocharis erythropoda$, and ~Eleocharis rostellata$ are common and occasionally locally dominant. Other herbs characteristic of the entire alliance include ~Packera aurea (= Senecio aureus), Parnassia glauca, Spiranthes romanzoffiana, Symplocarpus foetidus, Drosera rotundifolia, Iris versicolor, Lobelia kalmii, Lycopus uniflorus$, and ~Thalictrum pubescens$. In late summer, the short sedges and herbs are overtopped by a variety of tall coarse herbs such as ~Eupatorium maculatum, Eupatorium perfoliatum, Solidago rugosa, Solidago patula, Solidago uliginosa$, and ~Lythrum salicaria$ imparting a scruffy, weedy look to the appearance of these communities. ^In (apparently) undisturbed examples the moss layer forms a luxuriant ground cover (up to 100%) and is typically rich and varied in species. ~Campylium stellatum, Drepanocladus revolvens, Calliergonella cuspidata, Aulacomnium palustre, Climacium$ spp., ~Tomentypnum nitens, Philonotis fontana$, and ~Bryum pseudotriquetrum$ are all commonly found. In less pristine settings, however, the moss cover is often patchy and comprised mainly of the three species ~Campylium stellatum, Drepanocladus revolvens$, and ~Calliergonella cuspidata$. ^Some form of shrub component is almost always present, even in very graminoid appearing examples, although colonization may be restricted to small raised hummocks (a few centimeters is adequate). The cespitose, short shrub ~Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda (= Pentaphylloides floribunda)$ is perhaps the most characteristic species of the alliance although it is rarely present in the northern Appalachian examples. The ecology of this species is not welLVALbCEGL008427CSCSA.394I.C.3.N.aPinus echinata - Quercus alba / Vaccinium pallidum / Hexastylis arifolia - Chimaphila maculata ForestShortleaf Pine - White Oak / Hillside Blueberry / Arrowleaf Heartleaf - Striped Wintergreen ForestAppalachian Shortleaf Pine - Mesic Oak Forest2000-06-12GCUSKP/AW 5-00K.D. Patterson and A.S. WeakleyG3G400-06-12G3[YQM.$" "CEGL008426CSCSA.142I.A.8.N.cThuja occidentalis - Pinus strobus - Tsuga canadensis / Carex eburnea ForestNorthern White-cedar - Eastern White Pine - Eastern Hemlock / Bristleleaf Sedge ForestSouthern Appalachian Northern White-cedar Slope Forest1996-10-01GCUSASW/KP 10-96, mod. GPF 04-00A.S. Weakley and K.D. Patterson,l understood. In the western U.S. it occurs in dry mountainous soils and calcareous outcrops while in the east it is more or less restricted to wet springy places. It does not thrive in extremely wet soils (Jeglum 1971). Some managers have suggested that it may be a key species in providing bog turtle habitat while others have attempted to eradicate it from sites where it is believed to shade-out orchid populations. ~Rhamnus alnifolia$ is another characteristic and much more spreading short shrub, which may be quite extensive in some examples. Additionally tall branching shrubs such as ~Cornus sericea, Salix discolor, Salix bebbiana, Salix candida, Salix lucida, Salix serissima$, and others are very typical and often form a fringe around the lower slope of the fen. With alterations in local hydrology or grazing regime it is likely that many examples will succeed to shrub thickets dominated by these species. This alliance includes mineral soil or shallow peat seepage communities influenced by calcareous water and generally dominated by cespitose sedges, herbaceous species with scattered shrubs.LVALF This alliance is currently found in the upper Midwest of the United States and in Ontario, Canada. Stands are a variable combination of shrubs and herbs on minerotrophically rich mucks, often called fens. The shrub layer is low (0.5-1 m layer) and varies from scattered to dense cover over a dense herbaceous layer. Patterning within large fens may occur, leading to recognizable zones, such as sedge flats, which occur around the spring discharge, fen meadows, which occur in the adjacent saturated zone as a variable combination of shrubs and herbs, and tall-shrub fens, which occur on more elevated portions or edges of the fen. The central fen meadow is described here. The most consistent shrub dominant is ~Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda (= Pentaphylloides floribunda)$, but other shrubs include ~Salix discolor, Physocarpus opulifolius, Rosa palustris, Toxicodendron vernix$, and ~Cornus amomum$. Typical herbaceous associates include a variety of sedges that vary across the range of the alliance, including ~Carex sterilis, Carex flava, Carex interior, Carex lasiocarpa$, and ~Carex stricta$. In the Midwest portion of the range, many prairie species may be typically associated, including ~Andropogon gerardii, Sorghastrum nutans, Sporobolus heterolepis, Oligoneuron ohioense (= Solidago ohioensis)$, and others. In the more northeastern portion of the range, northern species such as ~Alnus serrulata, Drosera rotundifolia$, and ~Photinia melanocarpa (= Aronia melanocarpa)$ may be present. ^Dominance by ~Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda$ may be because of low fire probability, which historically may have occurred in fire-protected areas, e.g., where poorly vegetated areas with spring runs served as natural firebreaks. Soils are saturated mucks, neutral to alkaline, marly, and with excessive water-retaining capacity.LVAL wdCEGL008451CSCSA.2001I.B.2.C.xQuercus acutissima Planted ForestSawtooth Oak Planted ForestSawtooth Oak Wildlife Planting2000-07-18GCUSMP 7-00M. PyneGC00-07-18*}_D#CEGL008450CSCSA.130I.A.8.N.bPinus taeda - Quercus (falcata, hemisphaerica, nigra) - Liquidambar styraciflua / Rhus copallinum - Vaccinium stamineum ForestLoblolly Pine - (Southern Red Oak, Sand Laurel Oak, Water Oak) - Sweetgum / Winged Sumac - Deerberry ForestSuccessional Loblolly Pine - Oak Forest2000-08-28GCUSM. PyneGM00-07-06*RQIG@@><2 "CEGL008449CECSA.545II.A.4.N.bJuniperus virginiana var. virginiana - Pinus virginiana - Quercus stellata / Amelanchier stolonifera / Danthonia spicata - Melica mutica WoodlandEastern Red-cedar - Virginia Pine - Post Oak / Running Serviceberry / Poverty Oatgrass - Two-flower Melicgrass WoodlandAppalachian Gorge Evergreen/Deciduous Riverside Flatrock Woodland2000-08-30GCUSMP after Vanderhorst 8-00M. Pyne after Vanderhorst 2000G2?00-08-25G2zxvl+#dCEGL008447CSCSA.1987V.B.2.N.gSagittaria lancifolia - Glottidium vesicarium - Solidago sempervirens - Lythrum lineare Herbaceous VegetationLanceleaf Arrowhead - Bagpod - Seaside Goldenrod - Saltmarsh Loosestrife Herbaceous VegetationBulltongue - Bagpod FrinThis alliance occurs in the western Great Plains and southwestern United States. It is predominantly found in the West, and little is known about its expression in the Midwest. Short graminoids provide most of the vegetation cover, although a sparse short-shrub layer is what distinguishes this alliance from other vegetation types. ~Bouteloua gracilis$ is a typical abundant herbaceous species, while ~Krascheninnikovia lanata$ is characteristic of the shrub stratum. Exposed mineral soil is common. ^Stands of this alliance occur on fine-textured and often saline or alkaline soil.LVAL w0CEGL008458CSCSA.604II.B.2.N.aFraxinus americana - Carya ovata / Frangula carThis widespread shrub herbaceous alliance is known from cold, dry areas of the Intermountain West, as well as in dry alpine and subalpine habitats of the Sierra Nevada. Perennial grasses are prominent with ~Artemisia arbuscula ssp. arbuscula$ dominating the open to moderately dense low-shrub layer. Stands typically occur on shallow, rocky, poorly drained soils on a variety of landforms; from flats and depressions to slopes, ridges or alpine fell-fields. Soils are usually shallow, rocky clays, often with an impenetrable layer at less than 60 cm depth. Poor drainage often leads to perched water tables in the spring, which may control the distribution of the vegetation in this alliance and explain its patchy distribution. The vegetation is characterized by a moderate to dense herbaceous layer dominated by perennial graminoids. Dominant to common grass species include ~Achnatherum thurberianum (= Stipa thurberiana), Festuca idahoensis, Leymus salinus ssp. salmonis, Pascopyrum smithii, Poa secunda, Pseudoroegneria spicata$, and ~Elymus elymoides$ (in areas in poor condition). ~Agoseris glauca, Allium$ spp., ~Antennaria rosea, Balsamorhiza sagittata, Castilleja angustifolia, Phlox hoodii$, and ~Phlox longifolia$ are common forbs species. Shrub associates include ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis, Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana, Artemisia nova, Chrysothamnus$ spp., ~Ephedra viridis, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Juniperus occidentalis, Juniperus osteosperma, Purshia tridentata$, and ~Tetradymia canescens$. Diagnostic of this alliance is a moderate (>20% cover) perennial graminoid layer with an ~Artemisia arbuscula ssp. arbuscula$-dominated low-shrub layer that has 10-40% cover. At least 40% of the total shrub cover is ~Artemisia arbuscula ssp. arbuscula$.LVAL{.CEGL008466CSCSA.229I.B.2.N.aFagus grandifolia - Quercus rubra / Ostrya virginiana - Acer (barbatum, leucoderme) / Actaea racemosa - Sanguinaria canadensis ForestAmerican Beech - Northern Red Oak / Eastern Hop-hornbeam - (Southern Sugar Maple, Chalk Maple) / Black Cohosh - BAssociations in this alliance occur at intermediate elevations (1500-2500 m) in the Intermountain and Rocky Mountain West. The climate is semi-arid with 20-30 (45) cm of annual precipitation. The greatest proportion of the precipitation falls as summer rain, which favors the growth of the herbaceous vegetation in this alliance. The temperature regime is continental, with cold winters, warm summers, large diurnal ranges, and a short frost-free season. Soils are typically young, shallow, coarse-textured, and often derived from calcareous parent materials. In the Columbia River Basin, the vegetation in this alliance occupies the driest habitats of the ~Artemisia$ series. The shrublands occupy well-drained slopes and ridges and often grow with other ~Artemisia$ spp. on deeper soils. The vegetation in this alliance is characterized by the presence of the dwarf-shrub ~Artemisia nova$, typically with sparse (10-25%) cover. Associated shrub species may include ~Atriplex confertifolia, Krascheninnikovia lanata, Gutierrezia sarothrae$, and ~Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus$. The ground layer is dominated by a dense matrix of perennial bunch grasses that generally exceed the height of the shrubs. The most important species in the associations of this alliance are ~Festuca idahoensis$ and ~Leymus salinus ssp. salmonis$. Forbs generally have a low cover and frequency. Occasional species include ~Balsamorhiza sagittata, Phlox hoodii, Collinsia parviflora, Sphaeralcea coccinea$, and ~Castilleja angustifolia$. At the edges of intermountain basins, the shrublands are usually contiguous with ~Atriplex confertifolia$.LVALTdCEGL008473CSCSA.1996I.B.2.N.eQuercus alba - Nyssa sylvatica Seasonally Flooded Forest [Provisional]White Oak - Blackgum Seasonally Flooded ForestWhite Oak - Blackgum Seasonally Flooded Forest2001-02-14OCUSMP 1-01M. PyneG?01-01-31G?ŗi#dCEGL008472CSCSA.2005V.B.2.N.dPolygonum cuspidatum Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous VegetationJapanese Knotweed Temporarily Flooded HerbaThis alliance includes evergreen forests dominated by ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ occurring from Vancouver Island south through the Cascades and Coastal Ranges of northern California, through the Great Basin and Rocky Mountains, to extreme western Texas and northern Mexico. In the Pacific ranges the dominant species is ~Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii$, while ~Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca$ is the dominant in forests of the Rocky Mountains, south to Mexico. Currently this alliance includes 49 associations, occurring in 12 states or provinces. Associated species vary with geographic location but can include in the canopy/subcanopy ~Arbutus menziesii, Acer circinatum, Acer glabrum, Acer grandidentatum, Amelanchier alnifolia, Quercus arizonica, Quercus gambelii, Quercus hypoleucoides$, and ~Quercus rugosa$. Typical shrubs and herbs include ~Arctostaphylos patula, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Arnica cordifolia, Bromus ciliatus, Calamagrostis rubescens, Carex geyeri, Festuca$ spp., ~Gaultheria shallon, Holodiscus discolor, Jamesia americana, Juniperus communis, Juniperus osteosperma, Linnaea borealis, Mahonia$ spp., ~Muhlenbergia$ spp., ~Osmorhiza berteroi, Paxistima myrsinites, Physocarpus$ spp., ~Purshia tridentata, Spiraea betulifolia, Symphoricarpos$ spp., ~Thalictrum$ spp., and ~Vaccinium $ spp. In western Texas, this alliance is restricted to upper canyons and slopes at high elevations (6000-8000 feet) in the mountains of the Trans-Pecos, where important associates include ~Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum, Pinus strobiformis$ (Guadalupe Mountains), and ~Cupressus arizonica$ (Chisos Mountains).LVALs^HThis alliance is reported from the Tularosa Basin of southern New Mexico and the Colorado Plateau in southwestern Utah and northern Arizona. Elevations range from 1200-2700 m. Climate is semi-arid. Sites include valley bottoms, plains, hillslopes, mesa tops, sand sheets and dunes. Soils range from loamy sand to silt texture and are derived from alluvium and colluvium from sandstone and other parent materials. The vegetation is dominated by a sparse to moderately dense graminoid layer of the perennial shortgrass ~Bouteloua gracilis$ with an open (10-25% cover) dwarf-shrub layer. ~Hesperostipa comata, Pleuraphis jamesii$, or ~Sporobolus airoides$ may codominate the graminoid layer in some stands. Other associated grasses are ~Achnatherum hymenoides, Bouteloua curtipendula, Hesperostipa neomexicana, Muhlenbergia montana, Poa fendleriana$, and ~Sporobolus cryptandrus$. ~Artemisia bigelovii$ or ~Gutierrezia sarothrae$ are commonly present and may dominate the open dwarf-shrub layer. Other dwarf-shrubs and shrubs may include ~Arctostaphylos patula, Artemisia tridentata, Ephedra torreyana, Ephedra viridis, Ericameria nauseosa, Quercus gambelii, Tetradymia canescens$, and ~Yucca$ spp. An occasional ~Pinus edulis$ or ~Juniperus$ spp. tree may be present in higher elevation stands.One stand in this alliance was reported from White Sands Missile Range in the Tularosa Basin of southern New Mexico. Elevations range from 1200-2700 m at White Sands Missile Range. The climate is arid. Mean annual precipitation is 22 cm with over half occurring during the late summer monsoon season often as high-intensity convection storm. Grasslands in this Chihuahuan Desert alliance are dominated by the perennial shortgrass ~Bouteloua eriopoda$. There is also a sparse dwarf-shrub layer dominated by ~Artemisia bigelovii$. More detailed description information was not available.LVALoQ< pQ$zoQ=\ pQE5EE5%`u$zoQ> pQ%uU5eEEU@I$zDoQ?!pQue%eeEupt$zoQ@X!pQU%EEEUEE`d$zoQA!pQuE5eePR$z@oQB"pQUE%EEEEE`d$zoQCT"pQueeE%@.$zoQD"pQEE%UU%E% A$zABBBEMMNRSX[__hlmpz !"$&+/144: >?CKUU[]]^_`bbgjpvted during the cooler, wetter months, but are extremely dry and hard during summer droughts.>LVALLB!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!   '34CGThis alpine vegetation type apparently has been described only from three stands at about 10,700 feet elevation on Carter Mountain along the eastern edge of the Absaroka Mountains in northwestern Wyoming. These communities occur on the lower portions of relatively steep, leeward slopes where snow accumulation is thought to be moderate. The vegetation consists of a single stratum of scattered forbs, graminoids, and cushion plants up to 20 cm tall, with ~Antennaria microphylla$ and ~Artemisia scopulorum$ contributing 25% of the standing crop of herbage. Other forbs of any abundance include ~Achillea millefolium, Oxytropis parryi, Cerastium arvense$, and ~Lomatium cous (= Lomatium montanum)$. Graminoids contribute about 24% of the standing crop, and the most abundant taxa are ~Poa$ spp., ~Koeleria macrantha, Festuca rubra$, and ~Carex elynoides$.This alliance, dominated by exotic species, can be found along the immediate coast of California from north to south. Stands are widespread on bluffs, disturbed land, and sand dunes. This low-stature perennial forb vegetation forms a continuous canopy less than 50 cm in height. This is a highly invasive, exotic alliance, dominated by members of three genera: ~Mesembryanthemum, Malephora$, and/or ~Carpobrotus$, commonly referred to as 'iceplant.' The native shrubs ~Ambrosia chamissonis, Eriogonum latifolium$, and/or ~Abronia latifolia$ may be present as emergents. ~Poa douglasii$ may also be present. Disturbance aids the spread of this exotic alliance. Iceplant stands are being removed in several areas to restore native vegetation. However, these species are now so common in California, they must be recognized as components of the state's vegetation.LVAL This alliance consists of moderate- to high-elevation rocky summit communities of the southern and central Blue Ridge (metamorphic rock portions of the southern and central Appalachians), on various rock types, including amphibolite, metabasalt (greenstone), gneiss, and others. There are several globally rare communities contained in this alliance. More common vegetation in this alliance will have ~Saxifraga michauxii$ as a characteristic component; other species are variable, but may include ~Saxifraga virginiensis, Saxifraga micranthidifolia, Carex$ spp., ~Schizachyrium scoparium$, and others. Examples at high elevation exhibit a sparse vegetative cover of grasses, forbs and shrubs rooted in rock fissures and occur in a matrix of ~Picea rubens - Abies fraseri$ Forest. On rock outcrops of highly fractured felsic to mafic bedrock (over 1980 m), typical species include ~Carex misera, Abies fraseri, Menziesia pilosa, Heuchera villosa, Rhododendron catawbiense, Saxifraga michauxii, Sorbus americana, Oclemena acuminata (= Aster acuminatus), Solidago glomerata$. Other characteristic species are ~Minuartia groenlandica$ and ~Polypodium appalachianum$. On rock outcrops of felsic Anakeesta slate in the Great Smoky Mountains (from 1646-1987 m), typical species include ~Saxifraga michauxii, Carex misera, Calamagrostis cainii, Rhododendron carolinianum, Solidago glomerata, Oclemena acuminata, Abies fraseri$, and ~Leiophyllum buxifolium$. Other characteristic species are ~Gentiana linearis$ and ~Calamagrostis cainii$. At low to middle elevations (1256-1713 m) in the southern Appalachians on outcrops of mafic rock, or on felsic rock where perennial seepage exists, the sparse vegetation consists of graminoids, forbs, and shrubs. It is surrounded by deciduous forests dominated by ~Quercus rubra, Acer rubrum var. rubrum$, and occasionally ~Tsuga caroliniana$. Typical species here include ~Saxifraga michauxii, Coreopsis major, Schizachyrium scoparium, Kalmia latifolia, Dichanthelium acuminatum, Danthonia spicata$,LVAL2 @  @ @ and ~Paronychia argyrocoma$. Other characteristic species include ~Campanula divaricata, Solidago bicolor$, and ~Allium cernuum (= Allium allegheniense)$. On amphibolite, metabasalt, metagabbro, or metagraywacke bedrock from 1350-1870 m elevation within a matrix of ~Quercus rubra$ Forest or high elevation grasslands and shrublands, the vegetation includes ~Saxifraga michauxii, Danthonia spicata, Krigia montana, Carex misera, Angelica triquinata, Athyrium filix-femina ssp. asplenioides, Rhododendron catawbiense$, and ~Heuchera villosa$. Other characteristic species are ~Sanguisorba canadensis, Sibbaldiopsis tridentata, Hylotelephium telephioides (= Sedum telephioides), Houstonia purpurea var. montana, Geum radiatum, Solidago spithamaea$, and ~Huperzia appalachiana$. In the central Blue Ridge mountains of Virginia, at elevations of 850-1200 m, this alliance occurs on greenstone (metabasalt, a mafic metamorphic rock). Characteristic herbaceous species include ~Hylotelephium telephioides, Solidago simplex var. randii, Heuchera pubescens, Deschampsia flexuosa, Houstonia longifolia (= Houstonia longifolia var. compacta), Dennstaedtia punctilobula, Campanula divaricata, Agrostis perennans, Carex pensylvanica, Saxifraga michauxii, Arabis lyrata, Allium allegheniense$?, ~Phlox subulata ssp. brittonii, Sibbaldiopsis tridentata, Liatris turgida, Huperzia appalachiana, Polypodium appalachianum, Gymnocarpium appalachianum$, and ~Oclemena acuminata$. Shrubs include ~Physocarpus opulifolius, Sorbus americana, Betula alleghaniensis, Quercus rubra, Ribes rotundifolium, Diervilla lonicera, Hamamelis virginiana, Ilex montana, Kalmia latifolia, Menziesia pilosa$, and ~Abies balsamea$. Rare alpine disjunct species are sometimes present, including ~Juncus trifidus$ and ~Trisetum spicatum$.LVAL_                                            j`Yp` Yp` YpaYpa Ypa Ypa!Ypa!Ypa!Ypa!YpbYpbYpbYpbYpb YpbYpg!Ypg!Ypg!Zp`5Zp`This alliance occurs in the alpine tundra in the mountains of Colorado. Stands are found in the lower alpine zone between 3300-3410 m elevation on stable scree slopes, usually on southeast-facing slopes in warm, moist microsites. The ground is covered with rock and is snow covered in the winter. In this alliance ~Athyrium americanum$ is the dominant species. ~Ligusticum tenuifolium$ is a constant associate. ~Chamerion angustifolium (= Epilobium angustifolium), Mertensia ciliata, Carex ebenea$, and ~Luzula parviflora$ are often present in the herbaceous layer. Moss cover is very sparse due to the ~Athyrium americanum$ leaf litter that covers the ground surface.This alliance is found in the alpine tundra of the Colorado Rocky Mountains between 2500 and 4000 m in elevation. Soils are typically skeletal and prone to disturbance from frost heaving or burrowing animals. The soil surface is often stripped of fine-textured soil particles, leaving a gravel pavement. This alliance is associated with relatively shallow snowbeds, which result in moist, but not water-logged, soils during the growing season. The vegetation is dominated by ~Artemisia arctica$, which ranges from 25-60% cover. Other frequent forb associates include ~Trifolium parryi, Trifolium dasyphyllum, Lewisia pygmaea, Ranunculus adoneus, Polygonum bistortoides, Draba crassifolia, Cerastium arvense, Minuartia obtusiloba (= Arenaria sajanensis)$, and ~Sibbaldia procumbens$. Graminoid associates include ~Carex brunnescens, Luzula spicata, Poa fendleriana, Poa alpina, Deschampsia caespitosa$, and ~Festuca brachyphylla$.CLVALQvQ ЂpQEHr$z1vQ \ЂpQr$z0vQ ЂpQEHr$zx>vQ тpQEHrThese herbaceous communities are found scattered in alpine fell-field environments in the mountains of central Idaho. They are typically found on small, gently sloped ridgecrest sites between approximately 3170-3355 m elevation. Some sites resemble stabilized talus more than fell-field. Substrates are rocky, poorly developed with little soil development. Stands have a sparse herbaceous layer of low-growing, prostrate, mat-forming forb species and a few graminoids that grow between the exposed rocks. ~Ivesia gordonii$ is dominant or codominant with ~Eriogonum caespitosum$ or ~Minuartia obtusiloba$. Associated species may include ~Agoseris glauca, Minuartia obtusiloba (= Arenaria obtusiloba), Eriogonum ovalifolium, Oxytropis parryi, Poa cusickii ssp. epilis (= Poa epilis), Potentilla diversifolia, Phlox pulvinata, Smelowskia calycina$, and ~Trisetum spicatum$. The moss ~Selaginella densa$ is often present.This alliance occurs in the alpine tundra on windblown summits and ridges in the mountains of central Colorado. Stands are found above 3900 m on cold, dry microsites in rock crevices and on outcrop ledges primarily on southwest-facing slopes. Soils are young and poorly developed due to low soil temperature, low soil moisture during the summer, and a short growing season. The majority of the ground surface is covered with rock. ~Claytonia megarhiza$ is the dominant species. ~Draba fladnizensis, Draba lonchocarpa, Sagina saginoides, Silene acaulis, Festuca brachyphylla, Poa alpina$, and ~Poa lettermanii$ are common associates. A cryptogam layer is present with ~Hypnum revolutum, Bryoerythrophyllum recurvirostre$, and ~Physconia muscigena (= Physcia musigena)$ the most constant species.vLVAL%r` $zwQ. <؂pQEHeeEue%r`l$zDwQ/ ؂pQEHueueuer`n$zwQ0 ؂pQEH%%5eeer`r$zwQ1 8قpQEHue%uu%r` $z@wQ2 قpQEHȃeee%eer`n$z@7vQ قpQEHЃeueuee` $z7vQ 4ڂpQeh؃ueueee`r$z7vQ ڂpQEHe%euu% o$z<8vQ ڂpQEHeeeeue`e$z8vQ 0ۂpQEHeu%eue`l$z8vQ ۂpQEHeue%%ups$z