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" # $ %e() As VarianVOn Error GoTo _( 'Pull the " vcurrent as of" dafrom&tblMetaQ,es l'(Thi imported 4@EcoARTEa.mdb and should be up/d with each refresh.tDim hP, RspRecordseqMaxK 9, K&Se"t&= CrDb, (= .OHpen+(" w") 1= 0M0o UnH.EOF eqonly 1 row,  make su&PA_max e,=![/Z]ICIf5> #ThenA(E^IfRs.MoveNexNLoopFNothingFFHÄExittrrƙ:C@/.Number <@> 30244en 'don't w@ to e­if haveŋlin ksC:m@{m@ETC2%0e53 888,,,,,,," @/0m@Vvm@Distribution2%0e5@ AAA5555555+ @m@Vvm@ALLIANCE_Historic2%0e5@ FFF:::::::0 @I9m@3vm@ALLIANCE2%0e5 @ ===1111111' @  /˽m@/˽m@utilities2%0e52222222222( ʽm@ ʽm@Copyright2%0e52222222222(  v m@v m@UserDefined2%0e54444444444*  v m@Vغm@SummaryInfo2%0e5@ @@@4444444* @  m@ m@SysRel2%0e5//////////%  m@ m@Scripts2%0e50000000000&  m@ m@Reports2%0e50000000000&  m@ m@Modules2%0e50000000000&  v m@v m@MSysRelationships22222222220 v m@um@MSysQueries,,,,,,,,,,* v m@um@MSysACEs))))))))))' v m@v m@MSysObjects,,,,,,,,,,* v m@=]zںm@MSysDb2%0e5@ ;;;///////% @v m@v m@Relationships.........., v m@v m@Databases**********( v m@v m@Tables''''''''''% VCN 2    TableNameRefresh?Note  PrimaryKey3.N.bGRAYIA SPINOSA - EPHEDRA VIRIDIS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESpiny Hop-sage - Mormon-tea Shrubland AllianceYM.S. REID}||N   A.1055CSoutheastIII.C.2.N.fZENOBIA PULVERULENTA - CYRILLA RACEMIFLORA SATURATED WOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEHoneycups - Titi Saturated Wooded Shrubland Alliance@KYM.P. SCHAFALE/A.S. WEAKLEȯn    A.1054CSoutheastIII.C.2.N.eZENOBIA PULVERULENTA - LYONIA LUCIDA - ILEX (CORIACEA, GLABRA) SATURATED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEHoneycups - Shining Fetterbush - (Big Gallberry, Little Gallberry) Saturated Shrubland Alliance@KYA.S. WEAKLEY/M.P. SCHAFAL{    A.1053CSoutheastIII.C.2.N.cJUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA - LEPTOPUS PHYLLANTHOIDES INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEEastern Red-cedar - Maidenbush Intermittently Flooded Shrubland AllianceT@KYJ. CAMPBELL/D. ZOLLNERx    em@em@Copyright(((((((((((  em@em@UserDefined***********  em@em@SummaryInfo***********  em@em@AccessLayout+++++++++++ em@em@SysRel%%%%%%%%%%% em@em@Scripts&&&&&&&&&&& em@em@Reports&&&&&&&&&&& em@em@Modules&&&&&&&&&&& em@em@Forms$$$$$$$$$$$ em@em@MSysRelationships22222222220 em@em@MSysQueries,,,,,,,,,,* em@em@MSysACEs))))))))))' em@em@MSysObjects,,,,,,,,,,* em@em@MSysDb2%0e5//////////% em@em@Relationships.........., em@em@Databases**********( em@em@Tables''''''''''% S{qg@brs}ujhiwd`w`a`vfvgruovordxmfv ufm`wjrpvijsvufsruwv vbujswv v}vufm w`amfvov}v`bfvov}vrakfbwvov}vtxfujfvov}vufm`wjrpvijsv`bbfvvm`}rxw ov}vdavxoo`u}jpgrxvfudfgjpfdCWestIV.A.1.N.aSADLERIA CYATHEOIDES - METROSIDEROS POLYMORPHA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEAmaumau Fern - 'Ohi'a Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSa   A.1066CWestIV.A.1.N.aOSTEOMELES ANTHYLLIDIFOLIA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE'Ulei Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSolkkM   A.1065CWestIV.A.1.N.aMETROSIDEROS POLYMORPHA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE'Ohi'a Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSmjiiJ   A.1063CSoutheastIV.A.1.N.aLEIOPHYLLUM BUXIFOLIUM DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESand-myrtle Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@RYA.S. WEAKLEY/K.D. PATTERS~rN   A.1062CEastIV.A.1.N.aHUDSONIA TOMENTOSA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWoolly Beach-heather Dwarf-shrubland Alliance\@QYA.S. WEAKLEY/L.E. MORSE~rE   A.1061CSoutheastIV.A.1.N.aCHRYSOMA PAUCIFLOSCULOSA DWARF-SHRUBLA @@2LVALtH@@ @ brs}ujhiwxwjmjwjfvd`w`a`vfvgruovordxmfv ufm`wjrpvijsvufsruwv vbujswv v}vufm w`amfvov}v`bfvov}vrakfbwvov}vtxfujfvov}vufm`wjrpvijsv`bbfvvm`}rxw ov}vdavxoo`u}jpgrxvfudfgjpfd ANGUSTIFOLIA) SEASONALLY FLOODED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCELeatherleaf - (Sheep Laurel) Seasonally Flooded Dwarf-shrubland Alliance0@dYMCSx   A.1090CSoutheastIV.A.1.N.fHYPERICUM BRACHYPHYLLUM SEASONALLY FLOODED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCECoastal Plain St. John's-wort Seasonally Flooded Dwarf-shrubland AllianceV@dYA.S. WEAKLEYĸb   A.109CWestI.A.8.N.aSEQUOIA SEMPERVIRENS - PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII FOREST ALLIANCERedwood - Douglas-fir Forest Alliance@cYJ. KAGAN, MOD. K. SCHULZyT   A.1089CWestIV.A.1.N.eCASSIOPE MERTENSIANA TEMPORARILY FLOODED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWestern Moss Heather Temporarily Flooded Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@bYM. DAMM[   A.1088CSoutheastIV.A.1.N.eHYPERICUM REDUCTUM TEMPORARILY FLOODED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEPineland St. John's-wort Temporarily Flooded Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@bYA.S. WEAKLEY^   A.1087CEastIV.A.1.N.eHUDSONIA TOMENTOSA TEMPORARILY FLOODED DWAusually. Delete all fields after SaOpt6. Also delete unused non-ICEC records.Delete all fields except ProvCode and ProvNameDelete all fields after AssocStatus and before Archive_dateDelete all fields after RoundedGrank, plus Level, System, SubformationName, Acronym, UsCrosswalked, and GcrosswalkedDelete all fields after AllianceStatus and before Archive_dateDelete FormationKey, AllianceDesc, System, Edition, AllianceOrigin, and Updateuj]G A.1106CWestIII.A.5.N.aARTEMISIA PYGMAEA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEPygmy Sagebrush Shrubland Alliance@nYD. SARRunma?   A.1105CWestIII.A.4.N.aARTEMISIA NOVA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBlack Sagebrush Shrubland AlliancemYD. SARRrkj^<   A.1104CWestIV.A.2.N.aKRASCHENINNIKOVIA LANATA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWinter-fat Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@lYK. SCHULZ{znK   A.1103CWestIII.A.5.N.aARTEMISIA BIGELOVII SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBigelow Sagebrush Shrubland AlliancejYK.A. SCHULZ}rqeA   A.1102CWestIV.A.2.N.aAMBROSIA DUMOSA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWhite Burrobush Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@iYK. SCHULZwvjB   A.1101CSoutheastIV.A.2.N.aTIQUILIA HISPIDISSIMA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCERough Tiquilia Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@iYD. DIAMOND, MOD. K. SCHULtM   A.1100CWestIV.A.2.N.aHELIOTROPIUM ANOMALUM DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEHinahina Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSmjiiH   A.110CWestI.A.8.N.aSEQUOIA SEMPERVIRENS FOREST ALLIANCERedwood Forest AllianceF@hYM. SCHINDELk`_S<   jA.11CLatin AmericaI.A.1.N.bTHESPESIA GRANDIFLORA FOREST ALLIANCEMaga Forest Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYrfeYE    A.1099CWestIV.A.2.N.aCHENOPODIUM OAHUENSE DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE'Aweoweo Dwarf-Shrubland AllianceYWCSlihhG   A.1098CWestIII.A.5.N.aARTEMISIA ROTHROCKII SHRUBLAND ALLIANCERothrock's Sagebrush Shrubland Alliance@gYM. SCHINDELvuiB   A.1097CWestIV.A.2.N.aARGYROXIPHIUM SANDWICENSE DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIATNCCsReg tblMetaDatesalways SUBSECTDelete Update field'StatusSOURCESO@SECTDelete Update field$PROV.@PatternETC_Historic;@ ETC_ConsecoregETCt@Distribution Alliance_Historic>@ALLIANCEN@ ;@ @  `mmj`pbf`mmj`pbf,ijvwrujbdjvwujaxwjrpfwbfwb,brpvfbrufhfwb,ijvwrujbs`wwfupsurzvfbwvrxubfv vw`wxv vxavfbw wamofw`d`wfv wpbbvufh tInfoShort RmtInfoLongLvLvPropLvModuleLvExtrasetni   Id ParentIdName        j qƽm@Im@Status2%0e5@ ;;;///////% @: 1m@ԁm@Pattern2%0e5@ <<<0000000& @dm@m@ETC_CONSECOREG2%0e5>@ CCC7777777- @m@um@@Tables to Refresh after each exchange2%0e5p@ [[[OOOOOOOE @ 9Ym@9Ym@AccessLayout2%0e5*@ @ MAA5555555+ @v m@v m@Forms2%0e5..........$  v˽m@v˽m@{F1103EC6-DDC9-4082-B422-44D671CEAC1F}2%0e5OOOOOOOOOOE nVCUSN SZSSS                   AllianceKeyAllianceStatusLeadresp FormationCode AllianceNum AllianceNameAllianceNameTrans AllianceDescAssocDefEdauthor  AllianceNum FormationCode PrimaryKeyENTA - LYONIA LUCIDA - ILEX (CORIACEA, GLABRA) SATURATED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEHoneycups - Shining Fetterbush - (Big Gallberry, Little Gallberry) Saturated Shrubland Alliance@KYA.S. WEAKLEY/M.P. SCHAFAL{    A.1053CSoutheastIII.C.2.N.cJUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA - LEPTOPUS PHYLLANTHOIDES INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEEastern Red-cedar - Maidenbush Intermittently Flooded Shrubland AllianceT@KYJ. CAMPBELL/D. ZOLLNERx    em@em@Copyright(((((((((((  em@em@UserDefined***********  em@em@SummaryInfo***********  em@em@AccessLayout+++++++++++ em@em@SysRel%%%%%%%%%%% em@em@Scripts&&&&&&&&&&& em@em@Reports&&&&&&&&&&& em@em@Modules&&&&&&&&&&& em@em@Forms$$$$$$$$$$$ em@em@MSysRelationships22222222220 em@em@MSysQueries,,,,,,,,,,* em@em@MSysACEs))))))))))' em@em@MSysObjects,,,,,,,,,,* em@em@MSysDb2%0e5//////////% em@em@Relationships.........., em@em@Databases**********( em@em@Tables''''''''''% [1E#mb A.1131CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.bANDROPOGON BICORNIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBarbas de Indio Herbaceous AllianceNLACDqmllI"   A.1130CSoutheastV.A.1.N.aPENNISETUM PURPUREUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEElephantgrass Herbaceous Alliance'@YA.S. WEAKLEYtsgF   A.113CWestI.A.8.N.aTSUGA MERTENSIANA - ABIES AMABILIS GIANT FOREST ALLIANCEMountain Hemlock - Pacific Silver Fir Giant Forest AllianceYD. SARR/K. SCHULZP   A.1129CWestIV.B.3.N.aSALVIA DORRII DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEGray Ball Sage Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@YM.S. REID}tsg@   A.1128CWestIII.B.3.N.aPICROTHAMNUS DESERTORUM SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBud Sagebrush Shrubland Alliance@YM.S. REID, MOD. J. KAGAN,rqeE   A.1127CWestIII.B.3.N.aARTEMISIA PEDATIFIDA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBirdfoot Sagebrush Shrubland AllianceYK. SCHULZ}tsgB   A.1126CWestIV.B.3.N.aERIOGONUM CORYMBOSUM?@< Gg<0)2 A.1192CMidwestV.A.5.N.aANDROPOGON GERARDII - (SORGHASTRUM NUTANS) HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBig Bluestem - (Yellow Indiangrass) Herbaceous Alliance YMCRiverside thickets dominated by dense stands of ~Gynerium sagittatum$.Human-altered grasslands dominated by ~Cyperus heterophyllus$, along gravelly montane and submontane creeks and rivers in Cuba.Montane wet meadows in Martinique.Herbaceous vegetation dominated by the exotic grass ~Urochloa maxima (= Panicum maximum)$. This vegetation now covers large parts of Puerto Rico, particularly in southwestern Puerto Rico.Tall bunch grasslands dominated by ~Leptochloopsis virgata$.Maritime grasslands dominated by ~Cenchrus myosuroides$, occurring in southwestern Puerto Rico.Alpine tundra community of exposed wind-blown areas where snow cover is slight or absent.Forests on hill slopes, dominated by ~Thespesia grandiflora (= Montezuma speciosissima)$. These forests are often nearly monospecific, and are particularly prevalent following disturbance.Mixed deciduous-evergreen shrublands of the central Appalachian Mountains, ranging south into the Cumberlands of Kentucky, dominated by various mixtures of shrubs, especially ~Kalmia latifolia$ and ~Gaylussacia baccata$.This alliance includes planted stands of ~Pinus virginiana$ with little understory, but they may have admixtures of other native or off-site pines (e.g., ~Pinus echinata, Pinus strobus, Pinus taeda$). These are cultivated forests and are not considered natural or near-natural vegetation. They are maintained as plantations for the harvest of forest products. Stands have suffered some damage from the Southern Pine Beetle (~Dendroctonus frontalis$). Stands are planted in the Inner Coastal Plain for Christmas tree production.Disturbed areas, especially in lowland coastal zones, dominated by the exotic ~Terminalia catappa$.These are disturbed successional forests, with ~Cecropia schreberiana$ and ~Ochroma pyramidale$ as major components.LVAL"jMonodominant community dominated by ~Paspalidium geminatum var. paludivagum$, of semipermanently flooded zones of freshwater lakes.This alliance consists of calcareous wetlands characterized by, and dominated or codominated by, ~Schoenus nigricans$.Tropical marshes dominated by ~Phragmites australis$.These communities are located in the moderate to high-elevation (1200-3000 m) seep habitats of the Cascade Range where deep snow accumulations are common. They usually occur in shallow but deeply sloping ravines that receive moisture from snowmelt or groundwater discharge throughout the growing season. Often the ravines where these communities occur are also avalanche tracts. The wet soils and/or avalanche disturbance act to discourage colonization by coniferous trees and allow full sunlight to reach the ground at these sites. Soils are often composed of unstable talus, but may also be similar in structure to adjacent forest soils. A dense tall-shrub cover of ~Alnus viridis ssp. sinuata$ characterizes these communities. ~Acer circinatum$ and/or ~Alnus incana$ may be codominant in the tall-shrub layer in some stands. ~Acer glabrum, Spiraea douglasii$, and ~Sorbus scopulina$ may also be present. Low cold-deciduous or ericaceous shrubs may be abundant, including ~Rubus spectabilis, Rubus parviflorus, Oplopanax horridus, Paxistima myrsinites$, and ~Vaccinium$ spp., particularly west of the Cascade crest. A lush herbaceous layer is usually present, including forbs such as ~Aconitum columbianum, Veratrum viride, Senecio triangularis, Urtica dioica, Osmorhiza berteroi (= Osmorhiza chilensis), Achillea millefolium$, and large ferns, including ~Athyrium filix-femina$ and ~Polystichum munitum$. Adjacent vegetation is usually montane or subalpine coniferous forest dominated by ~Abies amabilis, Tsuga mertensiana, Pinus contorta, Picea engelmannii$, or other forest species.LVAL1.sa9= A.1215CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cIMPERATA CYLINDRICA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECogongrass Herbaceous Allianceg@This alliance includes tropical and subtropical freshwater marshes dominated by ~Schoenoplectus californicus (= Scirpus californicus)$.This widespread alliance occurs throughout much of the western U.S. at elevations from 1320-2800 m. Sites include valley bottoms on swales, banks, and occasionally terraces of stream channels which receive surface water for extended periods of time, especially during the early part of the growing season. Stands adjacent to the stream channel receive moisture from overland and lateral stream flows, and are often associated with beaver ponds. Stands occur on terraces that have a continually high water table. Vegetation in the alliance is also located adjacent to seeps on gently sloping toeslopes, and occasionally in bogs or fens. Soils generally have a deep organic layer with some minerals, fine sands, loams, and clays and gravel or cobbles below. Communities within this shrubland alliance are characterized by a moderately dense to dense ~Salix boothii$-dominated tall-shrub layer. Other shrubs may codominate, including ~Salix geyeriana, Salix planifolia$ or ~Salix drummondiana$. ~Salix wolfii$ may occasionally form a relatively sparse, low-shrub layer. Other shrubs may include ~Lonicera involucrata, Betula nana (= Betula glandulosa)$, and~Ribes$ spp. The moderately dense to dense herbaceous layer is dominated by graminoids and includes ~Carex aquatilis, Carex utriculata, Carex nebrascensis, Deschampsia caespitosa, Juncus balticus$, and ~Trisetum wolfii$. Forb cover is sparse to moderately dense. Common forbs are ~Symphyotrichum foliaceum (= Aster foliaceus), Hedysarum sulphurescens, Geum macrophyllum, Mertensia ciliata, Trollius laxus$, and ~Urtica dioica$. Diagnostic of this wetland alliance is a ~Salix boothii$-dominated or -codominated tall shrubland that is flooded for extended periods during the growing season.nLVAL\\ GY A.1231CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cSPOROBOLUS SIThis alliance consists of seminatural vegetation dominated by the introduced grass ~Pennisetum ciliare (= Cenchrus ciliaris)$. It is abundant in the South Texas Plains (Tamaulipan Mezquital) region of southern Texas.Tidally flooded grasslands dominated by ~Sporobolus virginicus$. Stands may also contain ~Paspalum vaginatum$.Littoral grasslands dominated by ~Bothriochloa pertusa$, with scattered shrubs of ~Capparis flexuosa, Lantana involucrata, Rauvolfia nitida, Coccoloba uvifera$, and ~Sesuvium portulacastrum$.This alliance includes subtropical marsh vegetation dominated (usually essentially monospecific) by ~Zizaniopsis miliacea$. Its overall distribution, associates, and abundance are poorly understood at this time.This alliance includes tropical marshes dominated by ~Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (= Scirpus tabernaemontani)$.Communities within this uncommon alliance occur in cold bogs, fens, or wet meadows, often where alkaline or marl soils are present. Stands are restricted to anchored organic mats along pond and lake margins. They range in elevation from 1475-2805 m. Soils are characterized by organic horizons greater than 1 m. Water tables normally remain at or near the soil surface throughout the growing season. Communities within this alliance are defined as seasonally flooded cold-deciduous shrublands. They are dominated by ~Salix candida$, a short shrub that can reach heights of 3 m, but usually is less than 1 m. The short-shrub layer is characterized by scattered clumps of ~Salix candida$ over a dense (25-60%) stand of ~Carex utriculata, Carex simulata, Schoenoplectus acutus (= Scirpus acutus)$, and ~Carex aquatilis$. The forb layer is sparse and consists of ~Triglochin maritima, Menyanthes trifoliata$, and ~Polygonum amphibium$. Adjacent upslope communities are typically ~Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda (= Pentaphylloides floribunda)$ with ~Deschampsia caespitosa$.LVAL<n\D?: A.1246CWestV.A.5.N.dPLEURAPHIS RIGIDA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBig Galleta Herbaceous Alliance@YM. SCHINDELuji]>   A.1245CWestV.A.5.N.dFESTUCA ARIZONICA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEArizoBamboo thickets dominated by the naturalized ~Bambusa vulgaris$, generally very dense and nearly monospecific in the 10- to 25-meter tall canopy.This alliance includes shortgrass grasslands of rocky slopes and flats in western Texas, Mexico, and possibly southern New Mexico, strongly dominated by ~Bouteloua ramosa$.Vegetation dominated by ~Schizachyrium cirratum$ on rocky, mountain slopes and in canyons of the Trans-Pecos of western Texas.Communities found within the ~~Salix commutata$ Seasonally Flooded Shrubland Alliance (A.1003)$$ are found in the subalpine zone. Stands are confined to narrow riparian zones along upper reaches of streams and to elongated openings in higher elevation forests. Stands are typically found at moderate to high elevations between 2065 and 2220 m. Microtopography is usually hummocky to undulating. Slopes range from 2-4%. Soils in the Idaho stands are wet to saturated at the surface by flowing groundwater for most or all of the growing season. Soils are poorly to very poorly drained due to accumulation of organic material. Vegetation stands within this alliance are classified as seasonally flooded cold-deciduous shrublands. ~Salix commutata$ dominates the shrub canopy with cover of >25%. ~Salix planifolia$ and ~Lonicera caerulea$ may also be present. ~Carex scopulorum$ dominates the herbaceous layer with ~Calamagrostis canadensis$. ~Galium trifidum$ has high constancy, and some stands contain a complement of wet site forbs such as ~Aconitum columbianum$ and ~Caltha leptosepala ssp. howellii (= Caltha biflora)$. Adjacent communities may be herbaceous bogs dominated by ~Eleocharis quinqueflora (= Eleocharis pauciflora)$. In some stands, a fringe of ~Vaccinium uliginosum (= Vaccinium occidentale)$ separates the bog from the willow stands.bLVAL\%thX;3d A.1271CWestThis alliance consists of seasonally flooded (non-tidal) wetlands dominated by ~Spartina patens$, occurring from northeastern United States south and west to Tamaulipas, Mexico.This alliance is reported from the Upper Midwest region of the United States. Stands are dominated by tall sedges. ~Carex lacustris$ is the characteristic sedge. ^This alliance includes temporarily flooded riverbanks, as along the Rio Grande in Texas and adjacent Mexico, dominated by the exotic ~Arundo donax$.Communities within the ~~Salix drummondiana$ Seasonally Flooded Shrubland Alliance (A.1004)$$ occur on alluvial terraces adjacent to mountain rivers and streams. Occurrences occupy gentle undulating surfaces with slopes ranging from 5-30%. They range in elevation from 2135-3300 m. These communities are often associated with beaver activity. They are typically located adjacent to beaver ponds, lakes, seeps and springs, and on alluvial terraces adjacent to mountain rivers and streams. Soils are usually peaty with organic matter accumulation. Soil textures range from silt to clay loam. Water tables are usually at or near the surface. Gleyed soil is common at any depth. Soil texture is fine-loamy, loamy-skeletal, and sandy. The soils classify as Cryaquolls and Cryaquepts. Vegetation types within this alliance are classified as seasonally flooded, cold-deciduous shrublands. ~Salix drummondiana$ dominates the tall-shrub layer with open, corridor-like canopies with a dense graminoid layer in the understory. ~Salix monticola, Salix planifolia$, and ~Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda (= Pentaphylloides floribunda)$ are often present in the shrub layer. The graminoid layer is typically dominated by ~Carex utriculata$ with cover of 50-75%. Forb cover is relatively low. Species can include ~Geum macrophyllum$ and ~Epilobium ciliatum$ with 1-10% cover. ~Pinus contorta$ and ~Populus tremuloides$ forests occur on adjacent hillslopes.LVALq/%7} A.1298CWestV.A.5.N.gCAREX SICCATA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEDry-spike Sedge Herbaceous Alliance;@Short forests and thickets composed of the exotic ~Syzygium jambos$.This alliance is provided to accommodate inland salt flats, known only from Virginia, which are dominated by ~Juncus gerardii$ and ~Schoenoplectus robustus (= Scirpus robustus)$.Short graminoid vegetation of semipermanently flooded zones of coastal plain pondshores.Forests dominated or codominated by the exotic ~Mangifera indica$.Communities within the ~~Salix eastwoodiae$ Seasonally Flooded Shrubland Alliance (A.1005)$$ are scattered throughout the high-elevation, late snowmelt areas. They are found within glacial valley bottoms (e.g., seeps, toeslopes, benches, and stream benches), wet mountain meadows, and streambanks with gentle slopes (3%). Elevations range from 2300-3200 m. Sites that support these communities contain surface waters that collect in rivulets or are fed by seeps with water flowing at or near the surface. Soils are characterized by organic surface horizons. Textures of the underlying mineral horizons range from silty clay loam to loam sand. Vegetation types within this alliance are characterized as cold-deciduous seasonally flooded shrublands. They are dominated by ~Salix eastwoodiae$. ~Salix planifolia, Salix boothii$, and ~Betula nana (= Betula glandulosa)$ also occur in the shrub layer. Total shrub cover varies from 30 to over 75%. ~Carex scopulorum, Carex aquatilis$, and ~Carex utriculata$ are usually dominant in the understory with at least 40% cover. ~Carex cusickii (= Carex obovoidea)$ and ~Carex luzulina$ are frequent and abundant. ~Calamagrostis canadensis$ is a dominant graminoid in their Idaho stands. Forb cover is low with ~Mertensia ciliata, Saxifraga odontoloma$, and ~Thalictrum occidentale$. Adjacent upland communities are dominated by ~Pinus monticola, Pinus contorta$, and ~Abies concolor$.LVAL8@' A.1324CWestV.A.5.N.hJUNCUS DRUMMONDII HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEFern thickets on high elevation landslides and other disturbances, dominated or codominated by ~Sticherus bifidus$.Rocky shores of limestone or sandstone, with moderately dense to very sparse pockets of shrubby and herbaceous plants. ~Chamaesyce mesembrianthemifolia$ and ~Fimbristylis thermalis$ are characteristic and frequently dominant in stands of this type.Communities within this temporarily flooded, cold-deciduous shrubland alliance occur from the foothills to high elevations in the mountains of the western United States. Elevation ranges from 1320-2900 m. Landforms include broad benches and alluvial terraces of streams, springs, and seeps. Stands often develop on abandoned and sediment-filled beaver ponds. Soils are composed of deep, fine-textured alluvium over subsurface soils of various textures and origin. Surface textures are silt to silty clay loam with mottling near the surface. Soils have a high water-holding capacity. Organic matter may accumulate on the surface. The communities are characterized by a tall-shrub layer dominated by ~Salix geyeriana$. Occasional codominants include ~Salix monticola, Salix boothii, Salix lemmonii$, or ~Salix eriocephala$. Some stands have shorter willows in the understory, including ~Salix wolfii$ and ~Salix planifolia$. Other shrub species include ~Lonicera utahensis, Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda (= Pentaphylloides fruticosa)$, and ~Ribes$ spp. ~Calamagrostis canadensis, Calamagrostis stricta, Poa palustris, Deschampsia caespitosa, Carex aquatilis$, and ~Carex utriculata$ are the dominant graminoid species with 10-60% cover. The forb layer is minor with 10-20% cover and includes ~Geum macrophyllum, Pyrola asarifolia, Galium trifidum$, and ~Epilobium ciliatum$. ~Populus tremuloides, Pinus contorta$, and ~Pinus ponderosa$ forests occur on surrounding hillslopes.LVAL@vG1 A.1345CSoutheastV.A.5.N.jPHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECommon Reed Temporarily Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@4YA.S. WEAKLEYZ   A.1344CSoutheastVLow intertidal marshes, characterized by sparse to more dense vegetation of ~Sagittaria subulata$ and ~Limosella australis$.Forests dominated by ~Clusia minor, Henriettea squamulosum$, and ~Ocotea leucoxylon$.Vegetation in this alliance occurs on flats in upper reaches of artificial impoundments and is dominated by monospecific stands of ~Ludwigia grandiflora$ ~sensu lato$ (= ~Ludwigia uruguayensis$ includes ~Ludwigia hexapetala$), an apparently exotic species.This vegetation occurs in disturbed wetland areas. Stands are dominated by ~Colocasia esculenta$, with ~Cyperus$ spp.This alliance consists of marshes dominated by ~Sagittaria lancifolia$. These marshes occur in shallow freshwater with little variation in water level.Communities within this cold-deciduous, seasonally flooded shrubland alliance occur on alluvial terraces adjacent to mountain rivers and streams. They occupy broad floodplains (0-6% slope), stream and river edges, ditches, seeps, and moist alluvial terraces. Stands are associated with beaver ponds or lakes. Elevations range from 1100-3600 m. The soils are typically peaty Histosols. Soils texture ranges from sandy clay loam to silt. These soils are saturated early in spring and often remain moist throughout the growing season. The tall-shrub canopy is continuous and dominated by ~Salix lutea$ with varying amounts of ~Salix exigua, Salix bebbiana$, and ~Salix boothii$. The short-shrub layer cover is typically 25% or greater and consists of ~Ribes aureum, Ribes inerme$, and ~Rosa woodsii$. The graminoid layer ranges from sparse to dense canopy cover. Major herbaceous species include ~Calamagrostis canadensis, Carex utriculata, Calamagrostis stricta$, and ~Carex microptera$. Adjacent upland communities include ~Pinus contorta$ and ~Populus tremuloides$.LVALg0]qT5 A.1388CSoutheastV.A.5.N.kSPARGANIUM AMERICANUM SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAmerican Bur-reed Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@XYA.S. WEAKLEYZ   A.1387CMidwesBroad, flat, seasonally flooded basins within maritime dunes, vegetation dominated by ~Bacopa monnieri$.Communities within the ~~Salix planifolia$ Seasonally Flooded Shrubland Alliance (A.1008)$$ are common and abundant in the upper montane and subalpine zones (above 1525 m) throughout the western United States. They occur in wide, wet valleys on snowmelt-fed swales. They also occur in narrow valleys with sinuous streams and wet floodplains associated with beaver ponds. Snowmelt is the primary source of moisture during the growing season. Soils have an organic peat top layer over mineral silty clays, heavy silty clay loams, silty loams, sandy loams, or loamy sands. Mottling is often evident. The water table at several stands is usually near the surface throughout the growing season and may be perched by a clay horizon. Still other stands occur on deep, dark clay loams with high organic content or a fibric or hemic layer on top. Soil pH levels are acidic, ranging from 4.8-7.8. ~Salix planifolia$ dominates the shrub layer with at least 70% cover. Other willows can include ~Salix monticola, Salix wolfii, Salix boothii, Salix geyeriana$, and ~Salix drummondiana$. The undergrowth is dominated by graminoids and can include ~Carex aquatilis, Carex utriculata, Calamagrostis canadensis$, and ~Deschampsia caespitosa$. Forb cover is typically less than 20% of the total undergrowth cover and may include ~Caltha leptosepala, Cardamine cordifolia$, and ~Pedicularis groenlandica$. Adjacent riparian and wetland vegetation includes ~Carex aquatilis, Carex utriculata$, or ~Calamagrostis canadensis$ wet meadows. ~Salix brachycarpa$ shrublands occur on higher ground. At higher elevations, ~Abies lasiocarpa - Picea engelmannii$ or ~Pinus contorta$ forests occur on adjacent hillsides.]LVAL4kEq j? &A.1399CMidwestV.A.5.N.kLEERSIA ORYZOIDESubmerged aquatic vegetation of white-sand wetlands of western Cuba, essentially monodominant with ~Cabomba piauhyensis$. Vegetation dominated by the submerged ~Cabomba piauhyensis$ in lakes and ponds.Communities within this cold-deciduous shrubland alliance occur in moderately narrow to wide valleys and glacial basins in saturated peat wetlands and on floodplains with lateral seepage of groundwater. Valley slopes range from 3-7%, and stream channels that run through the valleys vary from deep, narrow, and sinuous to shallow, broad, and gently meandering. Beavers are often active within the stands. Some stands occur on seeps, which remain wet throughout the growing season. Elevation ranges from 1950-3350 m. Soils vary from highly organic or peat to mineral based. Soil textures include silty clay loams, silty loams, and sandy clay loams with mottling. Some stands occur on deep sandy clays, often with a high organic content, while other stands occur on shallow silty clays over gravels and rocks. The shrub layer is typically dominated by at least 70% cover of ~Salix wolfii$. Other willow species may include ~Salix planifolia, Salix boothii, Salix monticola$, and ~Salix brachycarpa$. ~Betula nana (= Betula glandulosa)$ also occurs on wetter sites. The graminoid undergrowth is generally dense and rich, dominated by ~Carex aquatilis, Carex utriculata, Deschampsia caespitosa, Carex nebrascensis$, and ~Carex microptera$. Forb cover varies from sparse (<10%) to moderately dense (60%) and is generally diverse. Forb species include ~Caltha leptosepala, Ligusticum tenuifolium, Swertia perennis, Pedicularis groenlandica$, and ~Thalictrum alpinum$. At higher elevations, adjacent hillsides are often covered with ~Abies lasiocarpa - Picea engelmannii$ or ~Pinus contorta$ forests, ~Festuca thurberi$ subalpine meadows, or alpine tundra. At lower elevations, ~Artemisia tridentata$ scrub is often present on adjacent hillslopes.f _+bVri /A.1408CWestV.A.5.N.kDE A.1017CMidwestIII.B.2.N.gDASIPHORA FRUTICOSA SSP. FLORIBUNDA - MYRICA GALE - (CAREX LASIOCARPA) SATURATED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEShrubby-cinquefoil - Sweet Gale - (Wiregrass Sedge) Saturated Shrubland Alliance,@,YMCSс   A.1016CMidwestIII.B.2.N.gCORNUS SERICEA - PHOTINIA MELANOCARPA - TOXICODENDRON VERNIX SATURATED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCERed-osier Dogwood - Black Chokeberry - Poison-sumac Saturated Shrubland Alliance.@,YMCSw   A.1015CSoutheastIII.B.2.N.gBACCHARIS HALIMIFOLIA SATURATED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEGroundsel-tree Saturated Shrubland Alliance@+YA.S. WEAKLEY 12-95, MOD. }R    A.1014CSoutheastIII.B.2.N.gALNUS SERRULATA SATURATED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESmooth Alder Saturated Shrubland AllianceG@*YD.J. ALLARD 8-94, MOD. A.uL    A.1013CEastIII.B.2.N.fDECODON VERTICILLATUS SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESwamp-loosestrife Semipermanently Flooded Shrubland Alliance@(YECS[   A.1012CSoutheastIII.B.2.N.fFORESTIERA ACUMINATA SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESwamp Privet Semipermanently Flooded Shrubland Alliances@(YL.M. SMITH/A.S. WEAKLEY/J_    A.1011CMidwestIII.B.2.N.fCEPHALANTHUS OCCIDENTALIS SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEButtonbush Semipermanently Flooded Shrubland Alliance+)YD.J. ALLARDb   A.1010CEastIII.B.2.N.eMORELLA (CERIFERA, PENSYLVANICA) - VACCINIUM FORMOSUM SEASONALLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE(Wax-myrtle, Northern Bayberry) - Southern Highbush Blueberry Seasonally Flooded Shrubland Alliance@(YECSv   A.101CWestI.A.8.N.aSEQUOIADENDRON GIGANTEUM FOREST ALLIANCEGiant Sequoia Forest Alliance'YM. SCHINDELuji]@   A.1009CWestIII.B.2.N.eSALIX WOLFII SEASONALLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWolf Willow Seasonally Flooded Shrubland Alliance@%YD. CULVER~M  cLVALomrThis forest alliance occurs along the western slope of California's Sierra Nevada. Giant sequoias are limited by temperature in the upper elevations, and by deficient soil moisture at lower elevations. Elevations typically range from 1370-2130 m. Groves in the northern portion of the range tend to occur on southern aspects; those in the southern portion tend to occur on northern aspects. Most groves occur on granitic-based residual soils, alluvium or glacial outwash. Sequoias grow best in deep, well-drained, sandy loams with perennial soil moisture. Vigorous individuals can thrive in shallow, rocky soils if underground water is available. Soil moisture seems to be the limiting factor in the extent of a grove or stand of sequoias. Vegetation included in this forest alliance is characterized by the presence of ~Sequoiadendron giganteum$. This alliance intergrades with the typical mixed conifer forest of the region, and the subcanopy beneath the sequoias is composed of those species. Groves are often dominated by ~Abies concolor$, with emergent individuals of ~Sequoiadendron giganteum$, though at lower elevations ~Calocedrus decurrens (= Libocedrus decurrens)$ may dominate, and at higher elevations ~Abies magnifica$ may dominate. Other tree species from the mixed conifer forest include ~Quercus kelloggii, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus jeffreyi, Pinus contorta var. murrayana, Pinus ponderosa$, and ~Pinus lambertiana$. Shrubs may be infrequent to common and include ~Chrysolepis sempervirens (= Castanopsis sempervirens), Chamaebatia foliolosa, Ceanothus$ spp., ~Arctostaphylos patula, Rhododendron occidentale, Ribes$ spp., ~Rosa$ spp., and ~Rubus$ spp. Stand structure and composition vary considerably with elevation, latitude, exposure, soil moisture, and time since most recent fire or disturbance. Diagnostic of this forest alliance is the presence of large ~Sequoiadendron giganteum$ in the upper tree canopyLVAL@Dk A.145CWestI.A.8.N.cTSUGA HETEROPHYLLA FOREST ALLIANCEWestern Hemlock Forest AllianceYM.S. REID/D. SARRwfeY:   A.14Communities dominated by ~Decodon verticillatus$ are known from several New England states. These communities occur in association with the wettest portions of ~Sphagnum$ bog mats in southern New England, and on the shores of ponds and rivers. The status of these communities as an alliance remains in question. Further research is needed to determine the floristic relationship with similar vegetation. Communities of this alliance occur throughout the Eastern Region.This alliance contains swamp shrublands dominated by ~Forestiera acuminata$, often with ~Planera aquatica$ and ~Cephalanthus occidentalis$. These shrublands most commonly occur in bottomland sloughs as regeneration following cutting or natural blowdowns. There is very little to no herbaceous layer because standing water is present throughout much of the growing season.This alliance includes shrub wetlands of mid-Atlantic barrier islands. The two most characteristic shrubs are ~Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera)$ and ~Vaccinium corymbosum$. ~Rosa palustris$ and ~Morella pensylvanica (= Myrica pensylvanica)$ are two other common shrub associates. Unlike the ~Morella cerifera$ wetland alliance, this alliance is of generally shorter stature and total shrub cover; and, although quite variable, is usually considerably more open. Herbaceous composition is variable, but ~Panicum virgatum, Andropogon virginicus, Schizachyrium scoparium$, and other grasses are common. Other herbs include ~Juncus$ spp., ~Pluchea foetida, Triadenum virginicum, Drosera intermedia$, and ~Osmunda regalis$. Standing water is commonly found in the spring, but water levels may drop substantially toward the end of the summer. The southern range limit of this alliance is not well known, but it is confined to barrier islands from Delaware south.LVAL.VG A.1470CWestV.A.5.N.mCAREX MICROGLOThis alliance, which occurs throughout the eastern half of the United States and southern Ontario, Canada, contains semipermanently flooded stands dominated by ~Cephalanthus occidentalis$. Stands vary from dense, tall-shrub thickets to open shrublands. Tree canopy cover may reach 25% in some stands, with tree associates including ~Acer saccharinum$ and ~Quercus palustris$ in the North to ~Taxodium distichum$ in the South. Standing water may cover the ground layer. ~Cephalanthus occidentalis$ is often the sole dominant in stands of this alliance, particularly in deeper (>0.5 m depth) zones of groundwater basins or lake borders on deep organic soils. Occasional shrub associates in the northern parts of its range include any number of ~Salix$ spp. or ~Cornus$ spp., ~Viburnum dentatum, Rosa palustris, Ilex verticillata$, and ~Vaccinium corymbosum$. Floating aquatics, such as ~Lemna$ spp., can be common in deepwater habitats, whereas a variety of forbs and graminoids are associates under less flooded conditions. These include ~Boehmeria cylindrica, Scutellaria lateriflora, Sium suave$, and ~Bidens tripartita, Glyceria$ spp., ~Leersia oryzoides, Polygonum$ spp., and a wide variety of ~Carex$ spp. ^This shrubland vegetation occupies shallow water depressions, oxbow ponds, sinkhole ponds, and backwater sloughs of stream and river floodplains throughout swampy forested areas in the eastern United States. Inundation is usually continuous throughout the year, but these sites can become dry in mid or late summer or during periods of prolonged drought. ~Cephalanthus$ appears to be very tolerant of extended periods of inundation which, by slowing canopy closure of trees and maintaining higher light levels, may favor this shrub. Soils can vary in texture from clays to sands, with organic horizons overlying these soils.LVALdw?y A.1496CMidwestV.A.6.N.fPINUS STROBUS - QUERCUS (ALBA, RUBRA) WOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEEastern White Pine - (White Oak, Northern Red Oak) Wooded HerThis alliance consists of tropical and subtropical ~Nymphaea odorata$ communities.This alliance consists of tropical and subtropical ~Nuphar lutea$ communities.American lotus mat, characterized by the dominance of the emergent, large-leaved ~Nelumbo lutea$, and the presence of other emerged and submersed aquatic plants in both eutrophic and oligotrophic freshwater lakes.Characteristic communities of the centers of small white-sand lakes in western Cuba, dominated by ~Myriophyllum sparsiflorum$.Floating or rooted (by stranding) aquatic vegetation of tropical areas, occurring in more oligotrophic situations than ~~Eichhornia crassipes$ Herbaceous Vegetation (CEGL007671)$$.This alliance includes non-alluvial, palustrine vegetation strongly dominated by ~Alnus serrulata$, and often, but not always, with substantial ~Sphagnum$ cover. Occurrences of this alliance can have small to moderately large herbaceous openings, as well, but where open herbaceous patches are large and well-developed, communities in V.A.5.N.m should be considered. Communities in this alliance are saturated shrublands with ~Alnus serrulata$ as a strong dominant component, but other shrub species may be present. This alliance is found throughout the Southeast, but is currently defined only for the Cumberland Plateau, Ridge and Valley, and the Piedmont. Associations in this alliance lack the montane floristics of associations in the III.C.2.N.e ~~Alnus serrulata - Salix sericea - Rhododendron (catawbiense, maximum)$ Saturated Shrubland Alliance (A.1880)$$. Vegetation at Fort Benning, Georgia (East Gulf Coastal Plain - Upper East Gulf Coastal Plain transition region), on the upper ends of beaver ponds which are inclusions in a ~Nyssa biflora$ saturated forest apparently belong here.LVALM^Z A.1530CSubmerged or partially submerged plant community in deep water of dystrophic or eutrophic lakes with neutral to alkaline fresh water, with ~Utricularia foliosa$ as the dominant.This alliance, found in the eastern Midwest and northeastern United States and probably many of the eastern Canadian provinces, contains tall-shrub swamps dominated by ~Vaccinium corymbosum$. Further work is needed to characterize this alliance. ^These tall shrublands can occur at margins of kettles in glaciated regions, and in basins or at the heads of streams throughout the range. Soils are usually deep peats or mucks, and the water is often acidic.This alliance, ranging from Arkansas, Louisiana and Texas, includes natural and successional saturated wetlands dominated by ~Baccharis halimifolia$. It includes associations in both coastal and interior settings on saline/calcareous soils with a saturated hydrology. Interior settings include saline/calcareous natural areas, as well as weedy saline old fields. Coastal settings include shrublands dominated by ~Baccharis halimifolia$ that invade old fields and saline and non-saline prairies in the absence of fire. In these settings, ~Spartina spartinae, Andropogon virginicus, Andropogon glomeratus, Setaria parviflora (= Setaria geniculata)$, and ~Solidago sempervirens$ are often present in the herb stratum. A natural saline prairie association, found on outcrops of saline material from inland salt domes, has a shrub stratum dominated by ~Baccharis halimifolia$ with ~Crataegus berberifolia$ and ~Sideroxylon lanuginosum$. The herb stratum includes ~Eleocharis$ sp., ~Tridens strictus, Euthamia leptocephala, Ptilimnium$ sp., ~Tradescantia occidentalis, Nothoscordum bivalve, Eupatorium serotinum, Polygonum aviculare, Atriplex cristata (= Atriplex pentandra)$, and ~Heliotropium curassavicum$.LVAL /qPThis shrub fen alliance is found in the western Great Lakes region. It is dominated by low shrubs, sometimes with greater than 60% cover. Graminoids less than 1 m tall and mosses make up the remainder of the vegetation. The most abundant shrubs are ~Chamaedaphne calyculata, Myrica gale, Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda (= Pentaphylloides floribunda)$, and sometimes ~Salix$ spp. Typical herbaceous species include ~Calamagrostis canadensis, Carex aquatilis, Carex lasiocarpa$, and ~Carex rostrata$. ~Sphagnum$ spp. are common but not as abundant as in poorer shrub fens. ^This alliance is found on lakeshores and streamsides where wave action is limited. It occurs on peat. The ground is saturated for at least part of the growing season, although this alliance is somewhat drier than most other shrub fens.This shrub fen alliance occurs between the Ohio River and the southern Great Lakes. The vegetation is dense and dominated by shrubs, although herbaceous species are also abundant. Dominant shrubs are ~Alnus incana, Photinia melanocarpa (= Aronia melanocarpa), Cornus$ spp. (e.g., ~Cornus amomum, Cornus obliqua$, and ~Cornus sericea), Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda (= Pentaphylloides floribunda), Rhamnus lanceolata, Salix discolor$, and ~Viburnum lentago$. Common herbaceous species include ~Carex$ spp., ~Cypripedium reginae, Filipendula rubra, Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (= Scirpus tabernaemontani), Solidago patula$, and ~Thelypteris palustris$. Stands that are more prairie-like also contain ~Andropogon gerardii, Silphium terebinthinaceum$, and ~Sorghastrum nutans$. Peat forms in some stands. ^Stands of this alliance occur where calcareous groundwater seeps to the surface, often at the base of gravelly moraines or other glacial features. These sites are gently to moderately sloping. The minerals that are in the groundwater often form areas of marl.  hM%Z_Q0 A.1032CWestIII.B.3.N.aGLOSSOPETALON SPINESCENS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESpiny Greasebush Shrubland Alliance]@6YK. SCHULZvuiF   A.1031CWestIII.B.3.N.aPROSOPIS GLANDULOSA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEHoney Mesquite Shrubland Alliance@2YGREAT PLAINS PROGRAM 1-95onbA   A.103CWestI.A.8.N.aABIES CONCOLOR GIANT FOREST ALLIANCEWhite Fir Giant Forest Alliance5YD. SARRohg[<   A.1029CSoutheastIII.B.3.N.aACACIA FARNESIANA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEHuisache Shrubland Alliance@4YA.S. WEAKLEY/L.M. SMITH 4lk_D    A.1026CSoutheastIII.B.2.N.hBORRICHIA FRUTESCENS TIDAL SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESeaside Oxeye Tidal Shrubland Alliance@4YA.S. WEAKLEYsM    A.1025CSoutheastIII.B.2.N.hBORRICHIA ARBORESCENS TIDAL SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWest Indian Seaside Oxeye Tidal Shrubland Alliance@2YA.S. WEAKLEYN    A.1024CSoutheastIII.B.2.N.hALNUS (INCANA, SERRULATA) TIDAL SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE(Speckled Alder, Smooth Alder) Tidal Shrubland Alliance3YA.S. WEAKLEY, MOD. L.A. SR    A.1023CEastIII.B.2.N.hBACCHARIS HALIMIFOLIA - IVA FRUTESCENS TIDAL SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEGroundsel-tree - Maritime Marsh-elder Tidal Shrubland Alliance@2YD.J. ALLARD, MOD. A.S. WEZ   A.1022CEastIII.B.2.N.gMYRICA GALE SATURATED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESweet Gale Saturated Shrubland AllianceYECSnkjjC   A.1021CMidwestIII.B.2.N.gBETULA PUMILA - (SALIX SPP.) SATURATED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBog Birch - (Willow species) Saturated Shrubland Alliance^@1YMCSW   A.1020CEastIII.B.2.N.gALNUS INCANA SATURATED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESpeckled Alder Saturated Shrubland AllianceR@0YECS|{oD   A.102CWestI.A.8.N.aABIES AMABILIS GIANT FOREST ALLIANCEPacific Silver Fir Giant Forest Alliance9.YM.S. REID/D. SARRqpd<   A.1018CEastIII.B.2.N.gVACCINIUM CORYMBOSUM SATURATED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEHighbush Blueberry Saturated Shrubland Alliance@+YECS{L  LVAL /This giant conifer forest alliance occurs in montane habitats of the Pacific mountain ranges. These forests occupy a broad elevational band in the Cascades, extending from approximately 800-1500 m. In the Olympic Mountains and northward through British Columbia, elevations range from sea level to 1200 m. The climate is cool and wet with annual precipitation totals generally exceeding 200 cm, and deep (1-3 m) snow accumulations. A consistent winter snowpack of moderate duration along with frequent winter rains (rain on snow events) is one of the driving factors in occurrence of these forests. Podzolization is the dominant soil development process, and organic soil layers are generally well-developed. Stands typically occupy moderate to steep middle and upper mountain slopes and are often contiguous with the low-elevation ~Tsuga heterophylla$ and/or ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ forests and higher subalpine forests of ~Tsuga mertensiana$ and ~Chamaecyparis nootkatensis$. In this typically mixed conifer forest, ~Tsuga heterophylla$ is usually codominant with ~Abies amabilis$ in the overstory; however, ~Pseudotsuga menziesii, Abies procera$, or ~Tsuga mertensiana$ may all be present in the canopy, depending upon elevation, moisture, geographic location, and site history. ~Abies amabilis$ is the most shade-tolerant conifer and is dominant in all age classes. ~Chamaecyparis nootkatensis$ may be frequent in the upper elevations of the alliance and is occasionally codominant. Associated shrubs are primarily ericaceous. ~Oplopanax horridus, Vaccinium$ spp. are particularly widespread with ~Rhododendron albiflorum$ and ~Menziesia ferruginea$ common in higher elevation stands and ~Mahonia nervosa, Acer circinatum$, or ~Gaultheria shallon$ in low-elevation stands. The herbaceous layer is generally dominated by shade-tolerant species with northern affinities, including ~Linnaea borealis, Cornus canadensis, Clintonia uniflora$, and many others. Diagnostic of this forest alliance is the presence of a giant upper tree LVAL dN A.1739CSoutheastV.C.1.N.bTHALASSIA TESTUDINUM PERMANENTLY FLOODED - TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETurtle-grass Permanently Flooded - Tidal Herbaceous Alliance@=YA.S. WEAKLEY, MOD. J. TEAīb   A.1737CSoutheastV.C.1.N.bRUPPIA MARITIMA PERMANENTLY FLOODED - TIDAL TROPICAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBeaked Ditch-grass Permanently Flooded - Tidal Tropical Herbaceous Alliance"@=YSCSf   A.1736CSoutheastV.C.1.N.bHALOPHILA ENGELMANNII PERMANENTLY FLOODED - TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETufted Sea-grass Permanently Flooded - Tidal Herbaceous Alliancem@=YA.S. WEAKLEY, MOD. J. TEAɰc   A.1734CSoutheastV.C.1.N.bHALODULE BEAUDETTEI PERMANENTLY FLOODED - TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEShoal-grass Permanently Flooded - Tidal Herbaceous Alliance0@<YA.S. WEAKLEY, MOD. J. TEA©a   A.1732CSoutheastV.C.1.N.bCYMODOCEA FILIFORMIS PERMANENTLY FLOODED - TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEManatee-grass Permanently Flooded - Tidal Herbaceous Alliance(@<YA.S. WEAKLEY, MOD. J. TEAŬb   A.1731CSoutheastV.C.1.N.aVALLISNERIA AMERICANA PERMANENTLY FLOODED TROPICAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETape-grass Permanently Flooded Tropical Herbaceous Alliancel@0YSCSd   A.173CWestI.A.8.N.eCHAMAECYPARIS LAWSONIANA TEMPORARILY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEPort Orford-cedar Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance.;YM.S. REID/D. SARRT   A.1728CLatin AmericaV.C.1.N.aUTRICULARIA FOLIOSA PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELeafy Bladderwort Permanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@+YLACD]"   A.1727CSoutheastV.C.1.N.aPISTIA STRATIOTES PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWater-lettuce Permanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@/YA.S. WEAKLEYW   A.1725CSoutheastV.C.1.N.aNYMPHAEA ODORATA PERMANENTLY FLOODED TROPICAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWhite Water-lily Permanentcanopy (>50 m tall) that is dominated or codominated by ~Abies amabilis$.@LVALB$ZEThis is technically not an alliance. It is a placeholder for a group of sparsely vegetated associations that do not have adequate vegetation descriptions, but do share certain substrate characteristics.This is technically not an alliance. It is a placeholder for a group of sparsely vegetated associations that do not have adequate vegetation descriptions, but do share certain substrate characteristics.This is technically not an alliance. It is a placeholder for a group of sparsely vegetated associations that do not have adequate vegetation descriptions, but do share certain substrate characteristics.This is technically not an alliance. It is a placeholder for a group of sparsely vegetated associations that may or may not have adequate vegetation descriptions, but do share certain substrate characteristics.This alliance consists of mats of the succulent ~Salicornia bigelovii$.Disturbed areas, dominated by ~Cleome spinosa$, found in Puerto Rico and possibly other areas in the West Indies.Submerged aquatic freshwater communities dominated by ~Vallisneria americana (= Vallisneria neotropicalis$).This alliance includes shrub swamps in which ~Alnus incana$ is dominant or characteristically present. These alder shrub swamps occur in numerous settings such as in upland marsh borders, at the edges of red maple swamps, or in acidic colluvium at bases of slopes. Typically they occur in saturated mineral soil with no significant peat deposits, although a few types do occur on shallow peat. Typical shrub associates include ~Salix$ spp., ~Myrica gale$, or ~Rosa palustris$. Saplings of ~Acer rubrum$ may be present. Typical herbaceous associates include ~Decodon verticillatus, Osmunda regalis, Thelypteris palustris, Galium$ spp., ~Typha latifolia, Peltandra virginica, Rhododendron viscosum$, and ~Carex stricta$. Communities of this alliance occur throughout the Eastern Region, and range into the Midwestern Region and the Southeastern Region.LVAL"rQ A.1820CSoutheastV.D.2.N.iSEDUM PULCHELLUM SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWidow's-cross Saturated Herbaceous Alliancev@PYK.D. PATTERSOIgneous talus at moderate to high elevations in mountain ranges of Trans-Pecos Texas. ~Pericome caudata$ is the primary species present, sometimes joined by 'strays' from adjacent communities.This alliance, found in the northeastern and midwestern United States and south-central Canada, is composed of poor and moderately rich shrub fens. Shrubs less than 2 m tall and graminoids comprise the majority of the vegetation. Short trees are found in some stands. ~Betula pumila, Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda (= Pentaphylloides floribunda), Salix discolor, Salix petiolaris$, and other ~Salix$ spp. are found throughout this alliance's range. In the northern part of its range, ~Andromeda polifolia, Chamaedaphne calyculata$, and ~Vaccinium oxycoccos$ can be common in poor fen examples. Typical graminoids include ~Calamagrostis canadensis, Carex$ spp. (including ~Carex pellita (= Carex lanuginosa), Carex lasiocarpa, Carex interior, Carex nebrascensis$, and ~Carex oligosperma$), and ~Eriophorum$ spp. Some of the forbs of this alliance include ~Doellingeria umbellata (= Aster umbellatus), Euthamia graminifolia, Eleocharis$ spp., ~Menyanthes trifoliata$ (in the North), ~Sarracenia purpurea$, and ~Thelypteris palustris$. ~Sphagnum$ spp. are ubiquitous in this alliance. When trees do occur, they are almost always ~Larix laricina$ and ~Picea mariana$ in the North and ~Fraxinus pennsylvanica$ in the Great Plains. Other tree species may be found in stands further east. ^This alliance is found where surface waters are slightly acidic to slightly alkaline with moderate nutrient levels. It is usually on peat but can be on mineral soils. The soil is saturated for much of the year and may flood periodically. In Nebraska, Tolstead found the water table to be within 15-30 cm and flooding to be less than 2 m deep.LVAL#>M1|This is technically not an alliance. It is a placeholder for a group of sparsely vegetated associations that do not have adequate vegetation descriptions, but do share certain substrate characteristics.This alliance includes shrublands dominated by ~Prosopis glandulosa$. Shrublands in this alliance can cover extensive areas, invading open grasslands and often forming thickets. The shrublands extend up to 4500 feet elevation. Associated species can include ~Atriplex canescens, Bouteloua curtipendula, Bouteloua gracilis, Muhlenbergia porteri, Sporobolus airoides, Sporobolus flexuosus$, and ~Buchloe dactyloides$.Tidal areas dominated by ~Borrichia arborescens$ that are part of zoned vegetation that grades up from mangrove swamps. The vegetation in this alliance occurs above the mean high water level. Other species that may be present include ~Batis maritima, Salicornia$ spp., ~Distichlis spicata$, and others. Seaward this vegetation grades into ~Juncus roemerianus$ marsh. In North America, this vegetation is restricted to Florida, and reaches its best development in Dade County and south.This alliance includes maritime scrub communities typically dominated by ~Iva frutescens$ or ~Baccharis halimifolia$ or both, growing in association with salt marshes. These communities occur primarily in estuarine margin situations, especially on the sound sides of barrier islands. Characteristically, these communities form an ecotone between salt marsh and upland vegetation or in areas within the salt marsh having slightly higher elevations and lower salinity levels than the surrounding marsh. Storm-induced disturbance causes periodic die-back of the shrubs restricting the extent of their spread. Characteristic species include ~Baccharis halimifolia, Iva frutescens, Rosa carolina, Spartina patens$, and ~Panicum virgatum$.?LVALKpD5$E ATidal freshwater, or perhaps also oligohaline, shrublands dominated by ~Alnus serrulata$ and/or ~Alnus incana$. In some examples one or both of these may be characteristically dominant or nearly so. Other examples may be more semi-open with a mixed canopy of ~Alnus$ with other shrubs such as ~Cornus amomum, Rosa palustris$, and ~Ilex verticillata$. Other woody plants which may be present include ~Sambucus canadensis, Salix$ spp., ~Amorpha fruticosa, Cephalanthus occidentalis$, and ~Toxicodendron radicans$. More northern examples may contain ~Viburnum recognitum$ and ~Spiraea alba var. latifolia (= Spiraea latifolia)$. This alliance occurs along tidal freshwater reaches of rivers. One association is recognized along the south Atlantic Coast to South Carolina and possibly elsewhere. This can occur as a fringing shrubland, zonal between ~Zizania aquatica$ tidal marshes and tidal cypress - gum forests. Less commonly it occupies large patches in freshwater marshes. Other species characteristic of tidal situations often occur, including ~Rosa palustris$ and ~Zizania aquatica$. Another association is recognized in coastal areas with tidally influenced river systems from Maine to Virginia. Flood waters are typically slightly acid (pH less than 5) and soils are usually mineral without significant peat deposits. In these examples, ~Carex stricta$ may also be present and there is a great deal of micro-relief (tussocks and furrows) leading to high species diversity. Some shrub associates include ~Decodon verticillatus$ and ~Toxicodendron vernix$; some herbaceous associates are ~Osmunda regalis, Thelypteris palustris, Galium$ spp., ~Typha latifolia, Peltandra virginica, Mikania scandens, Symphyotrichum novi-belgii (= Aster novi-belgii), Boehmeria cylindrica, Impatiens capensis, Triadenum walteri, Asclepias incarnata, Carex emoryi, Carex atlantica ssp. atlantica (= Carex incomperta), Eriophorum virginicum, Platanthera clavellata$, and ~Xyris torta$.LVAL9]qA A.1859CWestVII.C.1.N.bPINUS PONDEROSA SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCEPonderosa Pine Sparsely Vegetated Alliance@WYM.S. REID}|pF   A.1858CSoutheastVII.C.1.N.bVITIS ROTUNDIFOLIAThis alliance includes sparse to dense shrub thickets on coastal dunes and shell ridges along the western Louisiana and upper Texas coasts. It is dominated by thorny shrubs, including ~Acacia farnesiana (= Acacia minuta ssp. minuta), Opuntia stricta var. dillenii, Lycium carolinianum var. quadrifidum, Zanthoxylum clava-herculis$, and ~Yucca aloifolia$. ~Celtis laevigata$ is often present as a small tree. The herb layer contains various dune herbs, but is usually dominated by ~Spartina patens$, with ~Astragalus leptocarpus$ being common. It grades through widely scattered shrubs to herb-dominated dune vegetation. This alliance is commonly grazed, and the abundance of thorny and spiny species may be partly the result of grazing pressure.This alliance includes tidal areas in upper marsh edges and flats dominated by ~Borrichia frutescens$. It occurs at spatial scales ranging from narrow bands to flats in excess of 500 ha; it often occurs either just below ~Iva frutescens$ or ~Baccharis halimifolia$, or just above ~Juncus roemerianus$ or ~Spartina alterniflora$. Other characteristic species include ~Spartina patens, Iva frutescens ssp. frutescens, Iva frutescens ssp. oraria$, and ~Limonium carolinianum$. In Texas, the composition of this low-diversity, irregularly tidally flooded shrubland is variable and can include ~Spartina spartinae, Sporobolus virginicus, Monanthochloe littoralis, Sarcocornia perennis, Limonium carolinianum, Lycium carolinianum var. quadrifidum, Rayjacksonia phyllocephala$, and ~Batis maritima$. Here, these communities often occur just above the lower tidal flat communities ~~Batis maritima - Sarcocornia perennis$ Dwarf-shrubland (CEGL003956)$$ or ~~Sarcocornia perennis - Batis maritima - Distichlis spicata$ Dwarf-shrubland (CEGL002278)$$.)LVAL5;$Xh$This giant conifer forest alliance occurs in the lower montane zone of southwestern Oregon at elevations of 1000-1800 m. The climate is cool and wet with moderate to deep snow accumulations. Summers are usually dry, and soil moisture is dependent upon winter snowpacks. Stands are generally associated with somewhat moist, topographically protected microhabitats, which are less fire-prone than surrounding areas. Soils are usually deep and comprised of deep ash deposits and organic layers in the Cascades, and fractured granitics in the south. These forests are often mixed with several codominant conifers in the overstory. ~Abies concolor$ is usually dominant and is always present in the regeneration layer. Depending upon elevation, moisture, geographic location, and site history, one to many other conifers may be present or codominant, including ~Pseudotsuga menziesii, Abies procera, Abies grandis, Abies amabilis, Abies magnifica, Tsuga heterophylla, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Calocedrus decurrens, Picea breweriana, Pinus contorta, Pinus monticola$, or ~Pinus ponderosa$. Hardwoods, including ~Lithocarpus densiflorus, Arbutus menziesii, Quercus kelloggii$, and ~Chrysolepis chrysophylla$, may form an open subcanopy. ~Lithocarpus densiflorus$ trees may also occur as small stands or scattered individuals throughout these forests. Associated tall shrubs are typically ericaceous, but may include cold-deciduous species. Common shrubs may include ~Quercus sadleriana, Mahonia nervosa, Acer circinatum, Arctostaphylos$ spp., ~Mahonia nervosa, Gaultheria shallon, Holodiscus discolor, Rhododendron macrophyllum, Rosa gymnocarpa, Symphoricarpos mollis$, and ~Ribes$ spp. The herbaceous layer is variable and includes a diverse mixture of forbs, ferns and graminoids. Diagnostic of this forest alliance is the presence of a giant upper tree canopy (>50 m tall) that is dominated or codominated by ~Abies concolor$ typically with an ~Abies concolor$-dominated tree regeneration layer.LVAL?* dA.1881CSoutheastV.B.2.N.hPOLYGONUM SPP. (SECTION PERSICARIA) SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESmartweed species Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous AlliancehYSCThis is technically not an alliance. It is a placeholder for a group of sparsely vegetated associations that do not have adequate vegetation descriptions, but do share certain substrate characteristics.These sparse shrublands occur along the rims of the Snake River and Imnaha River canyons in Idaho and eastern Oregon. Elevations range from 550-900 m, and the climate is temperate, continental. Mean annual precipitation is approximately 25-30 cm. Precipitation primarily occurs in the winter as snow or rain. This moisture is stored in the soil and in fractures in the highly weathered bedrock, and utilized during the usually dry summers. Stands are typically found on steep upper canyon slopes, but may occur on the lower canyon slopes. Sites are predominantly on hot, dry southwestern aspects although the alliance may occur on all aspects. Soils are shallow, well-drained loams or sandy loams with a high percentage of rock fragments (greater than 35% by volume and 40% ground cover), and derived from loess and various bedrock types. Vegetation included in this minor alliance has a sparse woody layer (usually less than 1 m tall) that is dominated by the xeromorphic shrub ~Glossopetalon spinescens$ (15-23% cover). The herbaceous layer is also relatively sparse (typically 10-20% cover). It is dominated by the perennial bunchgrass ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$. Other characteristic species include the annual grass ~Vulpia myuros$ and forbs such as ~Achillea millefolium, Cerastium arvense, Erigeron pumilus, Opuntia polyacantha$, and ~Phacelia heterophylla$. Moss and lichen cover is moderate and averages 22% cover. Exotic species, namely ~Bromus tectorum, Bromus japonicus$, and ~Bromus briziformis$, are often present. Adjacent stands include grasslands dominated by ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$ on sites with deeper soils.mLVAL3Jb:This is technically not an alliance. It is a place-holder for a group of sparsely vegetated associations that do not have adequate vegetation descriptions, but do share certain substrate characteristics.Inland dune characterized by large expanses of exposed sand. Exposure of sand in the primarily forested landscape is a result of anthropogenic activity (poor farming practices), or in some cases as a result of past alluvial flooding.This is technically not an alliance. It is a placeholder for a group of sparsely vegetated associations that do not have adequate vegetation descriptions, but do share certain substrate characteristics.This alliance occurs on alluvial terraces along the drainages that dissect the upper bajadas and lower canyons in central and south-central Arizona and in southwestern New Mexico. Stands are restricted to the corridors of intermittent streams by the arid upland environment. Sites are typically flat to gently sloping with northern and eastern aspects. Substrates are generally well-drained, coarse-textured soils. This relatively mesic shrubland alliance utilizes moisture from the water table and is dependent on intermittent flows or occasional flooding of washes to supplement soil moisture and maintain groundwater levels. Vegetation included in this alliance has a sparse to dense upper canopy of deciduous shrubs that is dominated by ~Celtis laevigata var. reticulata$. Other tall shrubs may include~Prosopis velutina$ or~Quercus grisea$. A sparse to moderately dense understory of short and dwarf-shrubs is usually present, including~Celtis pallida, Lycium$ spp.,~Rhus trilobata, Mimosa$ spp., and many others. The herbaceous component is usually a sparse layer of mixed perennial graminoids and forbs, but seasonally may have dense cover of annual species. Diagnostic of this riparian shrubland alliance is the dominance of the tall shrub ~Celtis laevigata var. reticulata$. kXTA13 dA.1914 A.1045CWestIII.B.3.N.bGRAYIA SPINOSA INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESpiny Hop-sage Intermittently Flooded Shrubland Alliance@EYM.S. REID/D. SARRS   A.1044CWestIII.B.3.N.bCHILOPSIS LINEARIS INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEDesert-willow Intermittently Flooded Shrubland Alliance@DYK. SCHULZW   A.1043CWestIII.B.3.N.aPROSOPIS VELUTINA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEVelvet Mesquite Shrubland Alliance@CYK. SCHULZwnma?   A.1042CWestIII.B.3.N.aPROSOPIS PUBESCENS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEAmerican Screwbean Shrubland Allianceb@BYK. SCHULZ{rqe@   A.1041CWestIII.B.3.N.aSARCOBATUS VERMICULATUS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBlack Greasewood Shrubland AllianceOAYK. SCHULZ~uthE   A.1040CWestIII.B.3.N.aRHUS MICROPHYLLA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCELittleleaf Sumac Shrubland AllianceR@YK. SCHULZwnma>   A.104CWestI.A.8.N.aCHAMAECYPARIS LAWSONIANA FOREST ALLIANCEPort Orford-cedar Forest Alliance >YM.S. REID/D. SARRnma@   A.1039CWestIII.B.3.N.aPSOROTHAMNUS POLYDENIUS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCENevada Smokebush Shrubland Alliance#@=YK. SCHULZ~uthE   A.1038CWestIII.B.3.N.aGRAYIA SPINOSA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESpiny Hop-sage Shrubland Alliance@<YM.S. REID/D. SARR{ji]<   A.1037CWestIII.B.3.N.aACACIA NEOVERNICOSA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEViscid Acacia Shrubland Alliance@;YK. SCHULZwnmaA   A.1036CWestIII.B.3.N.aACACIA GREGGII SHRUBLAND ALLIANCECatclaw Acacia Shrubland Alliance@:YK. SCHULZsji]<   A.1035CWestIII.B.3.N.aALOYSIA WRIGHTII SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWright's Beebrush Shrubland AllianceL@9YK. SCHULZxonb>   A.1034CWestIII.B.3.N.aHYMENOCLEA MONOGYRA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESingle-whorl Cheesebush Shrubland Alliance@9YK. SCHULZxwkA   A.1033CWestIII.B.3.N.aCELTIS LAEVIGATA VAR. RETICULATA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCENetleaf Hackberry Shrubland Alliance@7YK. SCHULZ~rN  LVAL^OJf= dA.1934CLatin AmericaI.A.1.N.cALCHORNEA LATIFOLIA - SOLANUM ACROPTERUM FOREST ALBeach vegetation, with scattered ~Cakile lanceolata$.Shrublands in this Chihuahuan Desert alliance occur on lower foothills of mountains and piedmont hills and ridges in southern New Mexico, western Texas, and southeastern Arizona. Elevation ranges from 1280-1930 m. Soils on the footslopes of hills are coarse, loamy, and shallow. On hills and ridges, the soils are clayey and shallow, covered by rocky colluvium. Stands have a sparse to dense cover of shrubs 1-2 m tall, dominated by ~Aloysia wrightii$ with the understory dominated by ~Perityle staurophylla$. No other information is available on the species composition of this alliance.Shrublands in this southwestern alliance occur along drainages that dissect bajadas and mesas in the Chihuahuan and Sonoran deserts. Elevations range from 640-1030 m. Stands are restricted by the arid climate to arroyo riparian zones and adjacent floodplains. The alluvial soils are generally sandy often with cobbles and boulders. These shrublands utilize moisture from the water table and are dependent on the intermittent flows and flooding of the channel to supplement soil moisture and maintain the groundwater levels. The sparse to moderately dense shrub layer is dominated by ~Hymenoclea monogyra$ usually with significant densities of ~Baccharis sarothroides$. ~Ambrosia ambrosioides$ is also typically present in lesser amounts. Less frequent or abundant shrubs include ~Acacia greggii, Parkinsonia microphylla, Celtis pallida, Eriogonum fasciculatum, Olneya tesota$, and ~Prosopis velutina$. The herbaceous layer is typically sparse. Two common herbs are ~Mentzelia pumila$ and ~Polanisia dodecandra ssp. trachysperma (= Polanisia trachysperma)$. Adjacent vegetation includes stands of ~Prosopis$ spp. bosques or desertscrub dominated by ~Larrea tridentata$ or ~Prosopis$ spp.KLVAL0+am=nThis is technically not an alliance. It is a placeholder for a group of sparsely vegetated associations that do not have adequate vegetation descriptions, but do share certain substrate characteristics.This is technically not an alliance. It is a placeholder for a group of sparsely vegetated associations that do not have adequate vegetation descriptions, but do share certain substrate characteristics.This is technically not an alliance. It is a placeholder for a group of sparsely vegetated associations that do not have adequate vegetation descriptions, but do share certain substrate characteristics.Hypersaline salt pannes dominated by ~Sesuvium verrucosum$, occurring in the Trans-Pecos region of western Texas.This is technically not an alliance. It is a placeholder for a group of sparsely vegetated associations that do not have adequate vegetation descriptions, but do share certain substrate characteristics.Shrublands included in this Sonoran Desert alliance occur on upland flats above bajada and arroyo shrublands. Elevation ranges from 480-760 m. Climate is arid and hot with half to two-thirds of the 18-32 cm of annual precipitation falling during the summer monsoon season. Substrates are alluvium derived from granite and schist. Soils are shallow, gravelly clay and clay loams. The dominant shrub is ~Acacia greggii$. Other characteristic species are ~Parkinsonia microphylla, Opuntia acanthocarpa, Larrea tridentata, Ericameria laricifolia, Krameria grayi, Acacia constricta$, and ~Prosopis velutina$. The dominance of ~Acacia greggii$ and the lack of ~Lycium exsertum$ and ~Ambrosia deltoidea$ are key characteristics that separate these shrublands from the more common ~Ambrosia deltoidea$-dominated bajada shrublands. The herbaceous layer is typically sparse and includes seasonally present annual forbs such as ~Lasthenia californica$. Adjacent vegetation is composed of shrublands usually dominated by ~Ambrosia deltoidea$.LVAL.C= gA.1977CLatin AmericaI.A.7.N.dPINUS TROPICALIS - ILEX MICROWRIGHTIOIDES FOREST ALLIANCETropical Pine - Ilex Forest Alliance4@YWEST INThorn-scrub on rocky hillsides, following disturbance. May vary structurally towards woodland or savanna structure.This shrubland, dominated by ~Lantana camara$, is a disturbance type, following fire.Pine woodland with canopy dominated by ~Pinus caribaea var. caribaea$ on the ferritic soils and serpentine outcrops of western Cuba (Cajlbana hills).This is technically not an alliance. It is a placeholder for a group of sparsely vegetated associations that do not have adequate vegetation descriptions, but do share certain substrate characteristics.Shrublands in this Chihuahuan Desert alliance occur on hills and alluvial slopes from Trans-Pecos Texas and New Mexico to southeastern Arizona and adjacent Mexico. Stands have sparse to dense cover of shrubs 1-2 m tall, dominated by ~Acacia neovernicosa$. It may occur in nearly pure stands of ~Acacia$ at middle elevations, but generally the shrub layer is very diverse. Other characteristics shrubs include ~Aloysia wrightii, Atriplex canescens, Dasylirion wheeleri, Ericameria laricifolia, Flourensia cernua, Parthenium incanum, Prosopis glandulosa$, and ~Yucca baccata$. Grasses are generally sparse, but ~Bouteloua curtipendula, Muhlenbergia porteri, Stipa$ spp., and a few shortgrass species may grow abundantly, especially at higher elevation sites. At middle elevations, grasses are more patchy, often found growing under shrubs. At lower elevations, ~Larrea tridentata$ and other Chihuahuan desertscrub species intermix. Cacti, such as ~Opuntia imbricata, Opuntia phaeacantha$, and ~Mammillaria$ spp. are also common. This alliance occurs on lower foothills of mountains and piedmont hills and ridges at elevations from 1280-1930 m. Soils on the footslopes of hills are coarse loamy and shallow, while those on hills and ridges are clayey and shallow, covered by rocky colluvium.;LVAL2Ih+kTBRainforest community usually occurring below 400 m altitude, on yellowish-red mountain soils, with essentially monospecific 30- to 35-m tall upper canopy layer of ~Carapa guianensis$, with second and third species-rich canopy layers.Vegetation in this alliance occurs throughout the lower to middle elevations (600-1600 m) of the Great Basin and the eastern Mojave Desert, usually on mountain slopes or alluvial fans bordering intermountain basins. The climate is arid to semi-arid with precipitation ranging from 15-30 cm annually. Winter precipitation dominates in the western area, with summer rain becoming more important eastward. Soils are highly variable, but are generally coarse-textured and well-drained, and often alkaline. The vegetation is more drought-tolerant than ~Artemisia tridentata$-dominated communities and typically occurs where local climate or salty soils create high moisture stress. This alliance is characterized by a sparse to moderately dense shrub layer of ~Grayia spinosa$. Other shrub species are species of Mojavean or Great Basin affinities. Species found in southern stands include ~Menodora spinescens, Picrothamnus desertorum (= Artemisia spinescens), Ephedra nevadensis, Atriplex confertifolia, Atriplex canescens, Coleogyne ramosissima$, and ~Larrea tridentata$. Occasionally, scattered individuals of ~Yucca brevifolia$ may be emergent through the shrub layer. The herbaceous layer in these xeric southern stands is typically sparse with ~Achnatherum speciosum (= Stipa speciosa), Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii), Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Navarretia$ spp., and ~Eriogonum$ spp. being common associates. Northward, and at higher elevations, the Mojavean element drops out, and common shrub associates include ~Artemisia nova, Artemisia tridentata, Ephedra viridis, Chrysothamnus$ spp., and ~Prunus andersonii$. Herbaceous associates include ~Elymus elymoides, Poa secunda, Stipa$ spp., and ~Festuca$ spp.LVALgwE@.$zQF<epQEUEEe%%u$zQGepQResaca bottoms and other intermittently or temporarily flooded areas dominated by ~Acacia farnesiana (= Acacia minuta ssp. minuta), Parkinsonia aculeata, Mimosa pigra$, and ~Sesbania drummondii$.Tall evergreen forests of Hispaniola dominated by ~Mora abbotti$, occurring below 800 m altitude in areas with an average yearly rainfall of more than 2400 mm.Submontane forest community codominated by ~Laplacea haematoxylon$, occurring (at present) slightly above 600 m elevation in Jamaica, on dark-brown soils derived from shales or volcanic bedrocks.Tropical submontane rainforests dominated by ~Hyeronima nipensis$, on acid ferralitic soils derived from serpentine bedrocks, in eastern Cuba.Tree-fern forests of Puerto Rico, dominated by ~Cyathea arborea$ and other tree ferns, including ~Cnemidaria horrida$.This shrubland alliance is found in drainage bottoms in the Great Basin. Elevation ranges from 670-2250 m. Sites include sandy alluvial flats, plains and washes, typically are flat to undulating, and occur on all aspects. The soils are well-drained, moderately deep and coarse-textured with a sandy surface over sandy loams. Soils are derived from sandy/gravelly alluvium. Stands have a sparse woody layer dominated by the xeromorphic, deciduous, subdesert shrub ~Psorothamnus polydenius$. Other common shrubs and dwarf-shrubs present may include ~Atriplex canescens, Krascheninnikovia lanata, Tetradymia glabrata$, and occasional ~Artemisia tridentata$. The herbaceous layer ranges from sparse to possibly moderately dense, but no cover values are available. Frequent graminoids are ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Elymus elymoides$, and the exotic annual ~Bromus tectorum$. Common forbs consist of ~Phacelia$ spp., ~Abronia fragrans, Gayophytum ramosissimum, Mentzelia multiflora, Cleome lutea, Navarretia$ sp., and ~Sphaeralcea coccinea$.LVAL ?This coniferous forest alliance occurs in a very restricted range in the Klamath/Siskiyou mountain region of northern California and southern Oregon, but shows wide ecological amplitude within that range. Winters are cool and wet; summers are warm and dry. Coastal stands are usually associated with penetration of ocean fog events, and are particularly well-developed on moist toeslopes and valley bottoms of coastal river drainages. Disjunct inland stands occur at up to 2000 m elevation in the southern Cascades and inner Klamath Mountains where stands occur in moist microhabitats, often in association with streams or springs. Soils are often moist, coarse-textured, ultra-mafic soils with perched water tables derived from alluvium or colluvium. These mixed conifer forests are characterized by ~Chamaecyparis lawsoniana$ codominant in the tree canopy. ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ is codominant or common in most stands. Additional codominants include ~Tsuga heterophylla$ in northern stands and ~Picea sitchensis$ in coastal stands. Other conifers present may include ~Abies concolor, Abies magnifica, Taxus brevifolia, Picea breweriana$, and ~Chamaecyparis nootkatensis$. Northern stands often have a broad-leaved tree subcanopy of ~Acer macrophyllum, Chrysolepis chrysophylla (= Castanopsis chrysophylla), Lithocarpus densiflorus$, or ~Alnus rubra$, and a tall-shrub stratum of ~Acer circinatum, Rhododendron macrophyllum, Vaccinium parvifolium$, or ~Gaultheria shallon$. Shorter shrubs may include ~Leucothoe davisiae, Mahonia nervosa, Paxistima myrsinites, Chimaphila umbellata, Rubus ursinus, Vaccinium membranaceum$, or ~Rosa gymnocarpa$. Herbaceous layers commonly have shade-tolerant species such as ~Polystichum munitum, Clintonia uniflora, Goodyera oblongifolia, Linnaea borealis$, and ~Oxalis oregana$. The tree canopies of southern interior stands may include ~Lithocarpus densiflorus, Arbutus menziesii, Calocedrus decurrens$, and ~Umbellularia californica$. Ericaceous and other shrubs such as ~Quercus sadleriana, LVALIp jf A.2564CWestV.A.5.N.dELYMUS GLAUCUS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBlue Wild Rye Herbaceous AllianceY]]\\;   A.2563CWestIII.B.2.N.eSALIX ORESTERA SEASONALLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEGrayleaf Sierran Willow Seasonally Flooded Shrubland AllianceYO   A.2562CWestIII.B.2.N.eSALIX MELANOPSIS SEASONALLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEDusky Willow Seasonally Flooded Shrubland AllianceYQ   A.2561CWestI.A.8.N.cABIES MAGNIFICA - ABIES CONCOLOR FOREST ALLIANCECalifornia Red Fir - White Fir Forest AllianceYxxwwI   A.2560CWestI.A.8.N.bABIES CONCOLOR - PINUS LAMBERTIANA FOREST ALLIANCEWhite Fir - Sugar Pine Forest AllianceYrrqqK   ,A.256CSoutheastI.B.2.N.aROBINIA PSEUDOACACIA FOREST ALLIANCEBlack Locust Forest AllianceO@YD.J. ALLARDuji]A   A.2559CWestI.A.8.N.bPINUS PONDEROSA - CALOCEDRUS DECURRENS FOREST ALLIANCEPonderosa Pine - Incense-cedar Forest AllianceY~~}}O   A.2558CWestI.B.2.N.bQUERCUS KELLOGGII FOREST ALLIANCEBlack Oak Forest AllianceYWCSWTSS:   A.2557CWestIII.A.4.N.aARTEMISIA CANA (SSP. BOLANDERI, SSP. VISCIDULA) SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE(Bolander Silver Sagebrush, Mountain Silver Sagebrush) Shrubland Alliance~@YS. RUST, D. TART, D. SARR̳]   A.2556CWestV.A.7.N.eARTEMISIA TRIPARTITA SSP. RUPICOLA SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWyoming Threetip Sagebrush Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@YG. JONESU   A.2555CWestV.A.7.N.eARTEMISIA TRIDENTATA SSP. SPICIFORMIS SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESpiked Big Sagebrush Shrub Herbaceous Alliance@ND. TART, M.S. REIDX   A.2554CWestV.A.7.N.eARTEMISIA CANA SSP. CANA SHRUB HERBACEOUQuercus vacciniifolia$, and ~Morella californica (= Myrica californica)$ dominate the shrub layer. Important herbs may include ~Xerophyllum tenax$, in addition to the species above. Diagnostic of this forest alliance is ~Chamaecyparis lawsoniana$ codominant in the tree canopy.LVALo> A.2579CWestIII.B.2.N.gSALIX FARRIAE SATURATED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEFarr's Willow Saturated Shrubland AlliaShrublands in this Chihuahuan alliance occur on upland and basin sites in southern New Mexico. Elevation ranges from 1250-1500 m. The climate is semi-arid with approximately two-thirds of the highly variable annual precipitation falling July through October. These shrublands are found on several landforms and substrates including gullied ancient river terraces. These 'badlands' were composed of decomposed rhyolite tuff and alluvium. Ground cover was 30% bare ground, 15% gravel, 5% rock, 45% litter, 2% basal vegetation, and 3% moss. This stand grades into ~Larrea tridentata$-dominated plains below and semi-desert grasslands at higher elevations. Communities in this alliance are described from sandy sites in the Tularosa Basin and Sacramento foothills, and on silty soils on upland piedmont swales. Sites are flat to moderately sloping, often with a cooler northwest aspect. There is a sparse to moderately dense short-shrub layer, dominated by the xeromorphic deciduous shrub ~Rhus microphylla$. The herbaceous layer is very sparse in some stands to luxuriant in others, and is typically dominated by perennial bunch grasses. One stand contained shrub canopy covers of 15%, 5%, and 1% for ~Rhus microphylla, Fallugia paradoxa$, and ~Parthenium incanum$, respectively, with scattered ~Nolina microcarpa, Yucca baccata$, and ~Yucca elata$. Graminoid canopy cover was sparse with 2% ~Bouteloua curtipendula$, and lesser cover of ~Aristida purpurea var. longiseta, Bouteloua eriopoda$, and ~Bouteloua hirsuta$. Forbs were also sparse with 1% canopy cover each of ~Pectis filipes$ and ~Croton$ spp., and <1% total canopy cover of 10 other forb species. Stands of ~Rhus microphylla$ have been reported with dense graminoid understories of ~Sporobolus wrightii$ or ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$, along with other sand-adapted and sand-tolerant species.LVALok-vs@ A.2590CWestI.A.8.N.fPINUS MONTICOLA SEASONALLY FLOODED FOREST ALLIANCEWestern White Pine Seasonally FlooThis widespread shrubland alliance has been described from badlands in the northern Great Plains, silt dunes around pluvial lakes in the Great Basin, and alluvial plains in north-central New Mexico. Sites are nearly flat to steep and are located on contouring microbenches on middle or lower slopes with generally southern aspects. The microbenches are the result of differential erosion of shale layers. Lowland sites may receive overland flow during intense summer thunderstorms, but drain and are not considered flooded. However, some sites have high water tables. Soils are generally fine-textured, poorly drained, calcareous, alkaline and saline. Soils from some sites have large amounts of rock. The soil surface is mostly bare ground often with white salt crust. Shrublands included in this alliance are dominated by ~Sarcobatus vermiculatus$. Other characteristic shrubs and dwarf-shrubs may include ~Artemisia tridentata, Atriplex canescens, Atriplex confertifolia, Chrysothamnus$ spp., ~Grayia spinosa, Gutierrezia sarothrae$, or ~Suaeda moquinii$. The herbaceous layer is absent to moderately sparse (<25%) and composed of scattered perennial grasses, such as ~Pseudoroegneria spicata, Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii), Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Sporobolus cryptandrus$, and ~Bouteloua gracilis$. Annual grasses, especially the exotics ~Bromus tectorum$ and ~Bromus japonicus$, may be present. Forbs are sparse except on disturbed, weedy sites. Forb species may include ~Eriogonum pauciflorum, Suaeda calceoliformis, Thelypodium sagittatum, Halogeton glomeratus$, and ~Lepidium perfoliatum$. Occasionally cacti, small trees or yucca may be present in New Mexican stands. Diagnostic of this alliance is the ~Sarcobatus vermiculatus$-dominated shrub layer in a shrubland that has a relatively shallow water table, but is not flooded.LVAL:L j\u A.2603CWESTV.A.5.N.gCAREX HELLERI HERBACEOUSThis alliance includes pastures and other disturbed areas, including many roadsides, dominated by ~Dichanthium annulatum$, either as the result of seeding (pasture improvement) or exotic invasion.This woodland alliance occurs in a blackland prairie landscape and occurs in deep mesic soils on level terrain, typically as relatively narrow communities adjacent to ephemeral streams.Inland saline and gypseous shrub communities characterized by ~Varilla texana$ and ~Castela erecta$.This shrubland alliance occurs in floodplains of a large river basin in the Chihuahuan Desert. It possibly occurs in sites along the lower Colorado River in California and Arizona, but more survey is need. Sites are typically upper terraces along perennial streams. Slope is level to gentle. ~Prosopis pubescens$ is able to reach deep groundwater; however, the presence of ~Distichlis spicata$ usually indicates a relatively shallow water table of less than 1.5 m. Spring floods may or may not reach individual stands every year. Soils are derived from alluvium. Some sites have moderate to high soil salinity. Vegetation included in this desert riparian alliance is characterized by a tall-shrub canopy dominated by the broad-leaved deciduous thorny shrub ~Prosopis pubescens$, which may reach heights of 10 m. Canopy cover of this species is highly variable, but typically between 30-60%. There is a sparse short-shrub layer, also composed of broad-leaved deciduous species, including ~Baccharis salicifolia, Lycium andersonii, Rhus trilobata, Suaeda suffrutescens$, and ~Pluchea sericea$. The most common species in the herbaceous layer are the perennial grasses ~Distichlis spicata$ and ~Sporobolus airoides$. There is also a component of weedy, annual forbs, many of them introduced. Diagnostic of this alliance is the dominance of ~Prosopis pubescens$ in the shrub canopy.LVALX]_LB A.2616CWESTVII.A.2.N.aPENSTEMON NEWBERRYI SPARSELCommunities dominated by a 4- to 5-m tall ~Conocarpus erectus$ tree layer, at the inner side of the mangrove belt, mostly in lagoons with concentrated saltwater.This shrubland alliance occurs in the Chihuahuan and Sonoran deserts. Sites include sandy plains, mesas, bajadas, drainage terraces and channels, floodplains and rocky slopes. Although ~Prosopis velutina$ is deep rooted, it typically occurs on sites with shallow water tables, especially along arroyos. Sites are generally flat or on gentle to moderate south-facing slopes. Substrates are generally coarse-textured, but may include gravelly clay loams. Some sites are moderately saline. Shrublands included in this alliance are dominated by the shrub/small tree ~Prosopis velutina$. ~Acacia greggii$ and~Celtis laevigata var. reticulata$ are frequent riparian scrub codominants. These shrublands often have high shrub diversity and may include ~Acacia constricta, Chilopsis linearis, Ericameria laricifolia, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Hymenoclea salsola, Isocoma tenuisecta, Juniperus monosperma, Larrea tridentata, Mimosa aculeaticarpa var. biuncifera (= Mimosa biuncifera)$, and ~Rhus$ spp. The herbaceous layer has sparse to moderate cover of medium-tall and short perennial grasses. Characteristic perennial grasses include ~Aristida$ spp., ~Bouteloua curtipendula, Bouteloua eriopoda, Dasyochloa pulchella (= Erioneuron pulchellum), Elymus elymoides, Hilaria belangeri, Muhlenbergia porteri$, and ~Sporobolus$ spp. Annual grasses are present, but have sparse cover. Forbs are also sparse, but may include species of ~Datura, Mentzelia, Polanisia$, and ~Rumex$. Succulents are often present and may include ~Agave$ spp., ~Ferocactus wislizeni, Opuntia$ spp., ~Yucca baccata$, or ~Yucca elata$ depending on geography. Diagnostic of this alliance is the dominance of ~Prosopis velutina$ in the shrub layer.LVAL`XYk D& gA.271CSoutheastI.B.2.N.aQUERCUS ALBA MONTANE FOREST ALLIANCEWhite Oak Montane Forest AllianceYD.J. ALLARD, MOD.onbA   A.27CLatin AmericaI.A.1.N.dCLUSIA PLUKENETII FOREST AThis alliance consists of sparsely vegetated saline flats in interior situations of the southeastern coastal plain.This alliance includes shrublands occurring along ephemeral, intermittently flooded streams in the southwestern United States, dominated by ~Chilopsis linearis$. Shrublands within this southwestern desert alliance occur within and along drainages that dissect bajadas, mesas and plains in the Chihuahuan, Sonoran, Colorado, Mojave and southern Great Basin deserts usually below 1600 m in elevation. Specific sites are known from western Texas, southern Nevada, southern California, and the Mexican state of Coahuila. They also occur in southern New Mexico and Arizona, and Sonora, Mexico. They are restricted by the arid climate to arroyo riparian zones and adjacent floodplains. The best examples of this community are in the lower portions of the arroyo where the streambed widens. This community is dependent on the intermittent flows/flooding of the channel to supplement soil moisture. In western Texas, these shrublands occur on cobble beds of intermittently flooded streams. These communities have a 2- to 5-m tall woody layer that is dominated by the xeromorphic, cold-deciduous shrub ~Chilopsis linearis$. Other characteristic shrubs may include ~Acacia greggii, Baccharis salicifolia (= Baccharis glutinosa), Baccharis pteronioides, Brickellia laciniata, Fallugia paradoxa, Hymenoclea monogyra, Indigofera lindheimeriana, Platanus occidentalis$, or ~Salix nigra$. The usually sparse herbaceous layer is dominated by annual grasses such as ~Bouteloua barbata$. In southern Nevada, stands are surrounded by Mojavean desertscrub dominated by ~Larrea tridentata$ or ~Coleogyne ramosissima$. In western Texas, stands are surrounded by Chihuahuan desertscrub dominated by ~Larrea tridentata$.LVAL :u A.286CMidwestI.B.2.N.dFRAXINUS PENNSYLVANICA - ULMUS AMERICANA - CELTIS (OCCIDENTALIS, LAEVIGATA) TEMPORARILY FLOODED FORETropical montane rainforests of Jamaica on limestone-derived soils, over 900 m elevation, with ~Alchornea latifolia, Solanum acropterum, Calyptronoma occidentalis, Piper discolor$, and other species.Herbaceous communities dominated by ~Carex barrattii$.This alliance is found in the transition zone between the Mojave Desert and the Great Basin in eastern California and southern Nevada at elevations from 1000-1800 m. Stands occur in areas with low topographic relief, such as ephemeral drainages and playa margins. Some sites may experience short-term flooding following precipitation or snowmelt. The affinity of this vegetation for basins and drainages may have more to do with winter cold-air drainage than soil moisture or other edaphic characteristics. Soils are generally medium-textured and often somewhat alkaline. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by a sparse to moderately dense shrub layer of ~Grayia spinosa$, usually in association with ~Lycium andersonii$ or ~Lycium pallidum$. Other shrub species include ~Atriplex canescens, Ephedra nevadensis, Krascheninnikovia lanata, Picrothamnus desertorum (= Artemisia spinescens)$, and ~Tetradymia axillaris$. The herbaceous layer is usually very sparse and is composed of perennial bunch grasses, including ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$ and ~Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii)$, with scattered forbs. Frequent perennial forbs include ~Calochortus kennedyi, Castilleja applegatei ssp. martinii (= Castilleja chromosa), Lomatium mohavense$, and ~Astragalus$ spp. Annual grasses and forbs include ~Bromus rubens, Oxytheca perfoliata, Eriogonum deflexum, Mentzelia$ spp., and ~Camissonia$ spp. Diagnostic of this desert alliance is the dominance of ~Grayia spinosa$ in the shrub layer with over 25% cover.LVAL=X- ,A.3006CEastVI.A.1.N.cSPHAGNUM CUSPIDATUM - CLADOPODIELLA FLUITANS SATURATED NONVASCULAR ALLIANCEToothed Peatmoss - Cladopodiella Moss Saturated Nonvascular AllianceZ@YL. SNEDDONe   ,A.3005CEThis widespread shrubland alliance occurs on lowland sites in plains, mountain valleys and intermountain basins throughout the arid and semi-arid western United States. Sites are generally flat, poorly drained and intermittently flooded with a shallow or perched water table often within 1 m depth such as alkali flats around playas and floodplains along stream channels. Substrates are generally shallow, calcareous, fine-textured soils derived from alluvium. Soils are alkaline and typically moderately saline. Shrublands included in this alliance are dominated or codominated by ~Sarcobatus vermiculatus$. Other shrubby codominants include ~Picrothamnus desertorum (= Artemisia spinescens), Artemisia tridentata, Atriplex confertifolia, Atriplex gardneri, Chrysothamnus$ spp., or ~Grayia spinosa$. In more saline environments, ~Nitrophila occidentalis$ and ~Suaeda moquinii$ may be present. If present, the sparse to moderate herbaceous layer is dominated by perennial grasses, such as ~Distichlis spicata$ and ~Pascopyrum smithii$, or the perennial bunch grasses ~Elymus elymoides, Hordeum jubatum, Leymus cinereus$, and ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$ will dominate. Perennial forbs are typically sparse and often include ~Grindelia squarrosa, Iva axillaris$, and ~Sphaeralcea coccinea$. Annual grasses, especially the exotic ~Bromus$ spp., may be present to abundant. Forbs are common on disturbed sites. Weedy annual forbs may include the exotics ~Descurainia$ spp., ~Helianthus annuus, Halogeton glomeratus, Lactuca serriola$, and ~Lepidium perfoliatum$. Diagnostic of this alliance is the ~Sarcobatus vermiculatus$-dominated shrub layer in a shrubland that has a relatively shallow water table and may be flooded intermittently during the growing season. G +;-XH ,A.3018CEastV.A.5.N.nACORUS CALAMUS TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESweetflag Tidal Herbaceous Alliance@!YS.L. NEIDzqp A.1057CWestIII.C.3.N.bGRAYIA SPINOSA - EPHEDRA VIRIDIS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESpiny Hop-sage - Mormon-tea Shrubland AllianceYM.S. REID}||N   A.1055CSoutheastIII.C.2.N.fZENOBIA PULVERULENTA - CYRILLA RACEMIFLORA SATURATED WOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEHoneycups - Titi Saturated Wooded Shrubland Alliance@KYM.P. SCHAFALE/A.S. WEAKLEȯn    A.1054CSoutheastIII.C.2.N.eZENOBIA PULVERULENTA - LYONIA LUCIDA - ILEX (CORIACEA, GLABRA) SATURATED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEHoneycups - Shining Fetterbush - (Big Gallberry, Little Gallberry) Saturated Shrubland Alliance@KYA.S. WEAKLEY/M.P. SCHAFAL{    A.1053CSoutheastIII.C.2.N.cJUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA - LEPTOPUS PHYLLANTHOIDES INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEEastern Red-cedar - Maidenbush Intermittently Flooded Shrubland AllianceT@KYJ. CAMPBELL/D. ZOLLNERx    A.1052CWestIII.C.2.N.aABIES LASIOCARPA - ACER GLABRUM SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESubalpine Fir - Rocky Mountain Maple Shrubland Alliance@JYK. SCHULZM   A.1050CEastIII.C.2.N.aKALMIA LATIFOLIA - GAYLUSSACIA BACCATA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEMountain Laurel - Black Huckleberry Shrubland Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYT   A.105CWestI.A.8.N.aPICEA SITCHENSIS GIANT FOREST ALLIANCESitka Spruce Giant Forest Alliance~IYM.S. REID/D. SARR~ml`>   A.1049CSoutheastIII.C.2.N.aJUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA - RHUS AROMATICA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEEastern Red-cedar - Fragrant Sumac Shrubland Alliance @HYJ.R. ALLISON/A.R. SCHOTZ/X    eA.1047CLatin AmericaIII.C.1.N.bCOLUBRINA ELLIPTICA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESoldierwood Shrubland AllianceYLACDmihhJ$   A.1046CWestIII.B.3.N.bSARCOBATUS VERMICULATUS INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBlack Greasewood Intermittently Flooded Shrubland AllianceFYK. SCHULZ\  LVAL7ERainforest vegetation dominated or codominated by ~Magnolia pallescens$, on the exposed summits and ridges of the Cordillera Central (Hispaniola), between 1100 and 1600 m elevation, on reddish or yellowish acidic montane soils.Montane rainforests dominated or codominated by ~Magnolia hamorii$ on the exposed summits of Sierra de Bahoruco Oriental (Hispaniola), between 950 and 1500 m elevation.Tropical montane rainforests dominated or codominated by ~Bonnetia cubensis$, on rather poor acid ferralitic soils, in the serpentine plateaus of eastern Cuba between 800 and 900 m elevation.This alliance, encompassing shrubland zones of calcareous glades and rocky cliffs, is a zonal component of these systems; it occupies deeper soil zones around herbaceous-dominated flatrock glades or exposed areas at the tops of cliffs. It may occur as islands in herbaceous-dominated areas or as a marginal zone varying from 5-30 m in width. Examples are known from the limestone glades of the Central Basin of Tennessee, limestone outcrops of the Alabama Cumberland Plateau, dolostone glades associated with the Cahaba River in Bibb County, Alabama, the Moulton Valley glade systems of northern Alabama, or rocky limestone cliffs in central Kentucky. Characteristic shrubs include ~Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana, Rhus aromatica var. aromatica, Frangula caroliniana, Forestiera ligustrina, Berchemia scandens, Hypericum frondosum, Sideroxylon lycioides$, and stunted individuals of ~Acer saccharum, Quercus muehlenbergii, Quercus shumardii$ (in Tennessee examples), ~Quercus austrina$ (in Bibb County, Alabama, examples), ~Fraxinus americana$, and ~Ulmus alata$. Typically grades into open, herbaceous-dominated glades or into woodlands or forests commonly dominated by ~Quercus muehlenbergii, Quercus stellata, Fraxinus americana, Fraxinus quadrangulata$, and/or ~Celtis laevigata$.rLVAL~KQo A.341CWestThis giant conifer forest alliance is found within the maritime climate-influenced region of the Pacific Northwest, from northern California to southern Alaska, usually within 50 km of tidewater and below 1000 m in elevation. Stands typically occur on coastal terraces, but extend up river valleys and seaward slopes of coastal mountains. Stands occur on moderate to steep slopes with shallow to moderately deep soils and on stabilized coastal dunes with sandy soils. Forests included of this alliance are dominated by ~Picea sitchensis$, but ~Tsuga heterophylla$ and ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ may codominate the canopy, especially at the most inland sites. Other common trees include ~Thuja plicata, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis$ in northern stands, ~Abies grandis, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana$, or ~Sequoia sempervirens$ in southern stands, and ~Pinus contorta$ on semi-stabilized dunes along the coast of Oregon and northern California. Broad-leaved trees include the shade-tolerant ~Acer macrophyllum$, which may form a sparse subcanopy in older stands, and the seral species ~Alnus rubra$ and ~Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa$ in disturbed stands. An ericaceous tall-shrub layer is common, with ~Vaccinium parvifolium$ or ~Menziesia ferruginea$ abundant at moist sites, and ~Rhododendron macrophyllum, Vaccinium ovatum$, or ~Gaultheria shallon$ more important at drier sites. ~Rubus spectabilis$ is common and persistent following disturbance, and the low-shrub ~Oplopanax horridus$ is common at very wet sites. The herbaceous layer is dominated by mesic, shade-tolerant ferns and forbs such as ~Polystichum munitum, Oxalis oregana, Maianthemum dilatatum, Blechnum spicant$, and ~Athyrium filix-femina$. Mosses and lichens are abundant on logs, snags, trees, or the ground surface. Diagnostic of this forest alliance is the presence of a giant upper tree canopy (>50 m tall) that is dominated by ~Picea sitchensis$.OLVAL7]\\6ijHumid montane rainforests of eastern Cuba forming a vegetation belt between 800 and 1600 m on mountain yellow tropical soils. Prevalent trees in these forests are ~Ocotea ekmanii$ and ~Magnolia cubensis ssp. cubensis$.These shrublands have been described from subalpine avalanche paths in mountains of Glacier National Park in northwestern Montana, but are likely throughout the northern Rocky Mountains. Elevations in northwestern Montana range from 950-2200 m. Stands are located on the lower portions of avalanche tracks and in the runout zones. Slopes range from 15-60%. These communities can occur on any aspect, but are more common where unstable snowpack conditions frequently occur, such as southeastern aspects where snow cornices develop because of prevailing northwesterly winds, and south- to southwest-facing slopes because of suncrust formation. Stands may be more common west of the Continental Divide where snowpack is heavier. Sites are often mesic because avalanche paths are often in stream gullies. Substrate is variable depending on parent materials, but is typically shallow and rocky. Vegetation is characterized by a moderately dense, woody canopy of dwarfed and damaged conifers and small, deciduous trees/shrubs. This canopy is codominated by ~Abies lasiocarpa$ and ~Acer glabrum$. Other common woody plants include ~Paxistima myrsinites, Alnus viridis ssp. sinuata, Alnus incana, Sorbus scopulina$, and on drier sites ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$. Where avalanches occur annually or more often, conifers are rare and brushy deciduous trees and shrubs are common. Where avalanches are less frequent, stands dominated by conifers less than 4 m tall develop. The herbaceous layer is moderately dense to dense and composed of a mixture of graminoids, forbs, mosses and ferns. Diagnostic of this alliance is the avalanched-disturbed, tall-shrub layer composed of dwarfed and damaged ~Abies lasiocarpa$ and ~Acer glabrum$ trees and shrubs.LVAL!1b A.3542CMidwestV.C.2.N.aMYRIOPHYLLUM SPP. PERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWater-milfoil species Permanently Flooded Herbaceous AllianceYMCSThese are deciduous (actually mixed) high pocosins of the Coastal Plain of the Carolinas. This alliance is characterized by scattered ~Pinus serotina$ over dense deciduous and evergreen shrubs. Dominant shrubs include ~Zenobia pulverulenta, Cyrilla racemiflora, Lyonia lucida$, and ~Kalmia cuneata$. The deciduous component is typically the major portion of the shrub cover. It is placed in a mixed evergreen-deciduous formation because the shrubs are both deciduous and evergreen.Low pocosins of Outer Coastal Plain peat domes. ~Zenobia pulverulenta, Lyonia lucida, Ilex glabra, Ilex coriacea$, and sometimes ~Cyrilla racemiflora$ are characteristic species and usually codominant in various combinations. This alliance includes mixed evergreen-deciduous low pocosins of peat domes (ombrotrophic blanket bogs) of the Outer Coastal Plain of North Carolina. In these examples, the shrub height (0.5-2 m) is maintained primarily by extremely poor nutrient status, and secondarily by occasional fire. These typically have very scattered, stunted (less than 5 m tall) ~Pinus serotina$ (less than 10% cover). Other characteristic species include ~Ilex coriacea, Lyonia lucida$, and ~Woodwardia virginica$.This alliance includes mixed evergreen-deciduous shrublands on exposed bedrock in the highest portions of riverine scour zones. Species present include ~Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana, Leptopus phyllanthoides (= Andrachne phyllanthoides), Quercus nigra$, and ~Ilex vomitoria$. The shrub vegetation is maintained by flash flooding events. These areas are scoured by floods that reach 5 m or more above normal summer pools. This vegetation is currently defined only from the Ouachita Mountain region of eastern Oklahoma. More information is needed to better define the range of this alliance.LVALN=i(~ A.375CSoutheastI.C.2.N.aQUERCUS VIRGINIANA - QUERCUS PAGODA FOREST ALLIANCELive Oak - Cherrybark Oak Forest AllianMontane cloud forests of Hispaniola, with ~Magnolia pallescens$ and other tree species dominating the canopy, on the exposed summits and ridges of Cordillera Central, over 1700 m elevation.Montane cloud forests codominated by ~Didymopanax tremulus$ and ~Podocarpus aristulatus$, on the highlands of Hispaniola, between 1600 and 2200 m elevation.A shrubland in this alliance was described from the east-facing slope of Bishop's Cap Peak (elevation 1465 m) in southwestern New Mexico. It occurred on ledges below limestone cliffs in a habitat common in other limestone areas in the northern Chihuahuan Desert, and may occur elsewhere. Climate is arid to semi-arid with hot summers. Freezing temperatures may occur during the winter. Mean annual precipitation is approximately 28 cm. Precipitation can vary greatly from year to year with drought not uncommon. Annual precipitation has bimodal distribution with about a third of the annual precipitation occurring in late winter and two-thirds in July through October. The summer rain often occurs as high-intensity convective storms. The most arid season is late spring and early summer. The rocky, calcareous, alkaline soils are derived from limestone. The vegetation is moderately dense (50% cover), and is dominated by xeromorphic deciduous and microphyllous evergreen shrubs to 2 m tall. Stands are codominated by ~Lycium berlandieri$ and ~Larrea tridentata$ with 15% and 11% canopy cover, respectively. Other common shrubs include ~Atriplex canescens, Aloysia wrightii, Ephedra aspera, Flourensia cernua$, and ~Menodora scabra$ with 5.7%, 5.4%, 2%, 2% and 0.6% canopy cover, respectively. The herbaceous layer is usually sparse. The grass ~Muhlenbergia porteri$ and the forb ~Bahia absinthifolia$ are common perennials. Annuals are seasonally present. T;"`DJ1 A.1070CWestIV.A.1.N.aWIKSTROEMIA SPP. DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEAkia species Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSlihhC   A.107CWestI.A.8.N.aPSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII - TSUGA HETEROPHYLLA FOREST ALLIANCEDouglas-fir - Western Hemlock Forest AllianceSYD. SARRR   A.1069CWestIV.A.1.N.aVITEX ROTUNDIFOLIA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEKolokolo Kahakai Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSronnE   A.1068CWestIV.A.1.N.aSCAEVOLA CORIACEA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEDwarf Naupaka Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSnkjjD   A.1067CWestIV.A.1.N.aSADLERIA CYATHEOIDES - METROSIDEROS POLYMORPHA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEAmaumau Fern - 'Ohi'a Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSa   A.1066CWestIV.A.1.N.aOSTEOMELES ANTHYLLIDIFOLIA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE'Ulei Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSolkkM   A.1065CWestIV.A.1.N.aMETROSIDEROS POLYMORPHA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE'Ohi'a Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSmjiiJ   A.1063CSoutheastIV.A.1.N.aLEIOPHYLLUM BUXIFOLIUM DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESand-myrtle Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@RYA.S. WEAKLEY/K.D. PATTERS~rN   A.1062CEastIV.A.1.N.aHUDSONIA TOMENTOSA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWoolly Beach-heather Dwarf-shrubland Alliance\@QYA.S. WEAKLEY/L.E. MORSE~rE   A.1061CSoutheastIV.A.1.N.aCHRYSOMA PAUCIFLOSCULOSA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWoody-goldenrod Dwarf-shrubland Alliancey@PYA.S. WEAKLEYxP   A.1060CWestIV.A.1.N.aBIDENS SPP. DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBeggarticks species Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSnkjj>   A.106CWestI.A.8.N.aPSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII - LITHOCARPUS DENSIFLORUS FOREST ALLIANCEDouglas-fir - Tanoak Forest AllianceNYD. SARR{W   A.1059CWestIV.A.1.N.aARTEMISIA AUSTRALIS DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEOahu Wormwood Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSpmllF   A.1058CWestIII.C.3.N.bLYCIUM BERLANDIERI - LARREA TRIDENTATA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESilver Desert-thorn - Creosotebush Shrubland Alliance@LYK. SCHULZT  LVAL OThis forest alliance occurs in the maritime-influenced mountains of northern California and southern Oregon. This region has mild winter temperatures, hot summers, and receives winter rain followed by summer drought. Drought stress is ameliorated somewhat by fogs in coastal stands. These forests occur along low- to moderate-elevation (0-1300 m) mountain slopes and valley margins, with an increasing affinity for moist topographic positions away from the coast and southward. These forests are characterized by a tall (50 m), open canopy of ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$. Other coniferous trees that may be present in the upper tree layer include ~Sequoia sempervirens, Pinus lambertiana, Pinus ponderosa$, and ~Chamaecyparis lawsoniana$, depending upon location and stand history. The hardwood subcanopy is dominated by ~Lithocarpus densiflorus$. Other sclerophyllous or broad-leaved cold-deciduous trees. such as ~Umbellularia californica, Chrysolepis chrysophylla (= Castanopsis chrysophylla), Cornus nuttallii, Arbutus menziesii, Quercus chrysolepis$. and ~Acer macrophyllum$. may be present. The needle-leaved evergreen ~Taxus brevifolia$ may also be part of the subcanopy, particularly in moist ravines. The tall-shrub layer is usually species-rich, well-developed, and includes species such as ~Gaultheria shallon, Rhododendron occidentale, Quercus sadleriana, Vaccinium uliginosum, Vaccinium ovatum, Acer circinatum, Symphoricarpos albus, Lonicera hispidula, Toxicodendron diversilobum$, and ~Corylus cornuta var. californica$. The herbaceous layer is usually sparse and dominated by shade-tolerant forbs such as ~Achlys triphylla, Trientalis borealis ssp. latifolia (= Trientalis latifolia), Asarum caudatum, Trillium ovatum, Oxalis oregana$, and ~Maianthemum stellatum$. Common graminoids include ~Festuca occidentalis, Elymus glaucus, Bromus vulgaris, Luzula parviflora$, and ~Xerophyllum tenax$. Diagnostic of this forest alliance is an open upper tree canopy dominated by ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ with a sclerophyllous subcaLVAL ZWlP[e A.554CWestII.A.4.N.bCHAMAECYPARIS NOOTKATENSIS WOODLAND ALLIANCEAlaska Yellow-cedar Woodland AllianceYK. SCHULZtkjjE   A.553CWestII.A.4.N.bABIES CONCOLOR WOODLAND ALLIANCEWhite Fir Woodland AllianceYYD. SARRha`T9   A.552CWestII.A.4.N.bPSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII WOODLAND ALLIANCEDouglas-fir Woodland AllianceYK. SCHULZsji]@   A.551CMidwestII.A.4.N.bPICEA GLAUCA WOODLAND ALLIANCEWhite Spruce Woodland AllianceJ@YMCShedX:   A.550CWestII.A.4.N.bTSUGA MERTENSIANA WOODLAND ALLIANCEMountain Hemlock Woodland AllianceYWCSb_^^<   A.55CSoutheastI.A.4.N.aQUERCUS VIRGINIANA - (SABAL PALMETTO) FOREST ALLIANCELive Oak - (Cabbage Palmetto) Forest Alliance,YD.J. ALLARD, MOD. SCS~Q   A.549CWestII.A.4.N.bTSUGA HETEROPHYLLA WOODLAND ALLIANCEWestern Hemlock Woodland AllianceL@YK. SCHULZtkj^=   A.547CWestII.A.4.N.bPICEA SITCHENSIS WOODLAND ALLIANCESitka Spruce Woodland AllianceYWCS]ZYY;   A.546CEastII.A.4.N.bPICEA RUBENS WOODLAND ALLIANCERed Spruce Woodland Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYl`_S7   A.545CMidwestII.A.4.N.bJUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA WOODLAND ALLIANCEEastern Red-cedar Woodland Alliance@YD.J. ALLARD}rqeB   A.544CEastII.A.4.N.bTHUJA OCCIDENTALIS WOODLAND ALLIANCENorthern White-cedar Woodland Alliance@YD.J. ALLARD{poc=   -A.543CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS MONOPHYLLA - (JUNIPERUS OSTEOSPERMA) WOODLAND ALLIANCESingleleaf Pinyon - (Utah Juniper) Woodland AllianceF@YD. SARRU   ,A.542CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS LEIOPHYLLA WOODLAND ALLIANCEChihuahuan Pine Woodland AllianceYK. SCHULZrih\;   +A.541CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS JEFFREYI WOODLAND ALLIANCEJeffrey Pine Woodland Alliance,@YM. SCHINDELodcW9   *A.540CWestII.A.4.N.aPINUS FLEXILIS WOODLAND ALLIANCELimber Pine Woodland Allianopy of ~Lithocarpus densiflorus$.LVALH92D A.567CWestII.A.4.N.dPICEA PUNGENS TEMPORARILY FLOODED WOODLAND ALLIANCEBlue Spruce Temporarily Flooded Woodland Alliance Pine forest with canopy dominated by ~Pinus caribaea var. caribaea$, on the ferritic soils of western Cuba (Cajlbana hills).Oak forests of west Cuba on deep, brownish-yellow soils derived from the "San Cayetano" slatey sandstone, rarely on white-sand areas.Seasonal evergreen forests of the regularly flooded alluvial plains and low, temporarily flooded basins at the edge of swamps in Cuba. This community depends upon the existence of a seasonal tropical climate with 2-4 dry months.Submontane forest community with ~Calophyllum antillanum (= Calophyllum calaba)$ and ~Calyptronoma occidentalis$, occurring between 500 and 800 m elevation in Jamaica, on yellowish-brown soils derived from limestone bedrocks.Lowland seasonal evergreen forest community dominated or codominated by ~Manilkara bidentata ssp. surinamensis$, occurring below 400 m altitude in areas of high rainfall in Puerto Rico. ~Dacryodes excelsa$ is not present in this vegetation type.Evergreen shrublands of sugar sands from southern Mississippi to Panhandle Florida, north to Georgia, and possibly to South Carolina. Most typically, this alliance occurs in coastal dune sands of the East Gulf Coastal Plain. It occupies stabilized dunes, usually strongly dominated by ~Chrysoma pauciflosculosa$, usually with a mixture of ~Conradina canescens$. Other characteristic species include ~Ceratiola ericoides, Galactia microphylla, Polygonella gracilis, Polygonella polygama (= var. polygama), Paronychia erecta$, and ~Schizachyrium maritimum$. ~Cladonia leporina$ is a typical lichen component. The ideal long-term natural successional pathway is from grasslands dominated by ~Schizachyrium maritimum$, to dwarf-shrublands dominated by ~Chrysoma pauciflosculosa$, to shrublands dominated by ~Ceratiola ericoides$; this pathway is often interrupted by hurricane events, however.LVAL.6\ j A.58CSoutheastI.A.4.N.gCLIFTONIA MONOPHYLLA SATURATELowland pine vegetation very rich in endemics, with a closed canopy strongly dominated by ~Pinus cubensis$, on deep, acidic ferritic soils.Submontane pine forests with canopy dominated by ~Pinus caribaea var. caribaea$, on slatey sandstone, in western Cuba.This alliance consists of sandy or rocky areas dominated by ~Hudsonia tomentosa$. This alliance is largely confined to maritime interdunes. This alliance occurs on well-drained sands of back dunes and interdunes, and is documented from Assateague Island; it is a maritime dwarf-shrubland characterized by ~Hudsonia tomentosa$, a species adapted to sand burial. ~Hudsonia tomentosa$ is dominant, occurring as discrete patches that may coalesce into a dense mat on older, more stabilized dunes. A number of other shrubs, such as ~Morella pensylvanica (= Myrica pensylvanica), Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Pinus taeda$ saplings, and ~Prunus maritima$, may occur but are low in abundance and cover. ~Morella pensylvanica$ shrubs and ~Pinus taeda$ saplings are almost non-existent but can occur as scattered individuals. Herbaceous vegetation is also quite sparse (less than 5% cover) but may include scattered individuals of ~Panicum amarum var. amarulum, Panicum amarum var. amarum, Solidago sempervirens, Nuttallanthus canadensis, Lechea maritima, Ammophila breviligulata, Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (= Gnaphalium obtusifolium), Schizachyrium littorale (= Schizachyrium scoparium ssp. littorale), Dichanthelium acuminatum, Oenothera humifusa, Cyperus grayi, Artemisia stelleriana, Chamaesyce polygonifolia$, and ~Diodia teres$. ~Toxicodendron radicans$ is a common vine. Scattered vines of ~Smilax rotundifolia$ and canes of ~Rubus argutus$ are occasional. The unstable substrate is influenced by wind-deposited sand and supports no soil development; large patches of sparsely vegetated or unvegetated sand are common.LVALV zT0 A.591CWestIIPlant associations in this alliance are typically located just above treeline in high mountains of the Pacific Northwest. The climate is cold with deep snow accumulations, a short growing season, and annual precipitation exceeding 150 (500) cm. Elevations typically range from 1700-2400 m in the Cascades. This alliance occurs on well-drained, moderately steep slopes. Aspects are typically southern or western in the northern Cascades, but tend to be northerly on Mount Rainier. Soils are composed of varied parent materials, but are usually young and poorly developed. Plant associations in this alliance form distinctive fell-field communities above treeline. These dwarf-shrub communities are dominated by ~Empetrum nigrum$ with a mixture of forbs and graminoids interspersed. ~Phyllodoce glanduliflora$ and ~Vaccinium scoparium$ may also occur in the shrub layer, but are usually not abundant. ~Lupinus arcticus ssp. subalpinus$ is the most characteristic forb species, and ~Carex spectabilis$ is the most abundant graminoid species. Other common herbaceous associates include ~Erigeron aureus, Pedicularis contorta, Oreostemma alpigenum (= Aster alpigenus), Solidago simplex var. spathulata (= Solidago spathulata), Festuca brachyphylla$, and ~Luzula spicata$. Adjacent vegetation is usually ~Tsuga mertensiana$- or ~Abies lasiocarpa$-dominated parklands, dry montane grasslands, wet sedge meadows, or rock and ice on higher elevation alpine slopes.Associations in this alliance occur as fairly sparse to essentially continuous mats in thin soils around high-elevation rock outcrops in the Southern Blue Ridge (largest occurrences to 1-2 hectares). This shrubland has a matted krummholz structure and occurs in northern parts of North Carolina. Dense ~Leiophyllum$ occurs also in New Jersey and North Carolina Coastal Plain, but probably only as part of woodland communities.LVAL TThis coniferous forest alliance occurs at low elevations (0-1500 m) within the maritime-influenced region of the Pacific Northwest, generally west of the Cascade Mountains. Stands are best represented on lower mountain slopes of the coastal ranges with high precipitation, long frost-free periods, and low fire frequencies. Sites include upper slope and ridgetop positions, moist, rich sites such as ravines or north-facing slopes, or in depressions, swales and east- or west-facing slopes. Slopes are gentle to moderately steep. Soil types are variable, but growth is decreased on heavy soils or soils with poor drainage. These forests are characterized by a mixed canopy of ~Tsuga heterophylla$ and ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$, often with trees exceeding 50 m in height and a complex, multi-tiered structure of multiple age classes. ~Thuja plicata$ may codominate on valley bottom sites with poorly drained soils, and ~Tsuga heterophylla$ is generally the dominant regenerating tree species. However, young stands may lack ~Tsuga heterophylla$ or ~Thuja plicata$. Other common tree associates include ~Abies grandis, Picea sitchensis, Pinus monticola$, and in southwestern Oregon ~Pinus lambertiana, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Calocedrus decurrens$, and occasionally ~Pinus ponderosa$. A subcanopy of ~Acer macrophyllum, Chrysolepis chrysophylla (= Castanopsis chrysophylla), Lithocarpus densiflorus, Umbellularia californica$, and/or ~Taxus brevifolia$ may also be present. The moderately dense shrub layer is commonly composed of ~Acer circinatum, Mahonia nervosa, Rhododendron macrophyllum, Gaultheria shallon, Holodiscus discolor, Vaccinium ovatum$, and ~Oplopanax horridus$. The herbaceous layer is dominated by shade-tolerant forbs and ferns, including ~Pteridium aquilinum, Polystichum munitum, Trientalis borealis ssp. latifolia (= Trientalis latifolia), Oxalis oregana, Achlys triphylla, Chimaphila umbellata, Linnaea borealis$, and many others. Diagnostic of this alliance is an upper tree canopy dominated by ~Tsuga heterophLVAL}UCW? A.702CWestIII.A.1.N.aMETROSIDEROS POLYMORPHA / DICRANOPTERIS LINEARIS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE'Ohi'a / Uluhe Shrubland AllianceYWCS~~]   A.700CLatin AmericaIII.A.1.N.aEUGENIA BORINQUENSIS - TABEBUIA RIGIDA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEGuayabota de Sierra - Roble de Sierra Shrubland Alliance@2YA.S. WEAKLEY\#   A.70CWestI.A.5.N.aPRITCHARDIA HILLEBRANDII FOREST ALLIANCELo'ulu Lelo Shrubland AllianceYWCSa^]]?   dA.7CLatin AmericaI.A.3.N.aCEIBA PENTANDRA - ROYSTONEA SPP. FOREST ALLIANCEKapoktree - Royal Palm species Forest Alliance@3YK. LINDSAY/B. HORWITH}O   A.699CWestIII.A.1.N.aDICRANOPTERIS LINEARIS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEUluhe Shrubland AllianceYWCS_\[[C   A.698CLatin AmericaIII.A.1.N.aDALBERGIA ECASTAPHYLLUM SHRUBLAND ALLIANCECoin-vine Shrubland AllianceNLACDnjiiM#   A.697CLatin AmericaIII.A.1.N.aCROTON LUCIDUS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEFirebush Shrubland AllianceNLACDd`__D#   A.696CLatin AmericaIII.A.1.N.aCOLUBRINA SPP. SHRUBLAND ALLIANCENakedwood species Shrubland Alliance@xNLACDyuthD#   A.695CSoutheastIII.A.1.N.aCOLUBRINA ASIATICA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEAsian Snakebark Shrubland Allianceo@3YA.S. WEAKLEYsrfD   A.694CLatin AmericaIII.A.1.N.aCLUSIA MINOR - CLUSIA CLUSIOIDES SHRUBLAND ALLIANCECupey Trepador - Cupeillo Shrubland AllianceYLACDV#   A.693CSoutheastIII.A.1.N.aCAESALPINIA BONDUC VINE-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEYellow Nicker Vine-Shrubland Alliance@wYA.S. WEAKLEY{znI   A.692CSoutheastII.C.3.N.cPINUS ELLIOTTII - TAXODIUM ASCENDENS SATURATED WOODLAND ALLIANCESlash Pine - Pond-cypress Saturated Woodland AllianceD4YA.S. WEAKLEY^   A.690CWestII.C.3.N.bPICEA SITCHENSIS - POPULUS BALSAMIFERA SSP. TRICHOCARPA SEASONALLY FLOODED WOODLAND ALLIANCESitka Spruce - Black Cottonwood Seasonally Flooylla$ and ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$.U,6V{ A.730CSoutheastIII.A.1.N.fSCHINUS TEREBINTHIFOLIUS SEASONALLY FLOODE A.1084CWestIV.A.1.N.bPHYLLODOCE GLANDULIFLORA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEYellow Mountain-heath Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@^YK. SCHULZyK   A.1083CWestIV.A.1.N.bPHYLLODOCE EMPETRIFORMIS DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEPink Mountain-heath Dwarf-shrubland Alliance2]YD. SARRwK   A.1082CWestIV.A.1.N.bERIOGONUM OVALIFOLIUM VAR. DEPRESSUM DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCECushion Wild Buckwheat Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@\YD. SARRW   A.1081CWestIV.A.1.N.bCASSIOPE MERTENSIANA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWestern Moss Heather Dwarf-shrubland Alliancek@[YD. SARRtG   A.1080CMidwestIV.A.1.N.bJUNIPERUS HORIZONTALIS DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCECreeping Juniper Dwarf-shrubland Alliance YYMCS, MOD. M.S. REIDuL   A.108CWestI.A.8.N.aPSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII GIANT FOREST ALLIANCEDouglas-fir Giant Forest AllianceWYM.S. REID/D. SARRqpdC   A.1079CWestIV.A.1.N.bARCTOSTAPHYLOS UVA-URSI DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEKinikinnick Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@VYD. SARR{znJ   A.1078CWestIV.A.1.N.bEMPETRUM NIGRUM DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBlack Crowberry Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@RYD. SARR~wvjB   A.1077CWestIV.A.1.N.bTRIBULUS CISTOIDES DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCENohu Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSfcbbE   A.1076CWestIV.A.1.N.bTETRAMOLOPIUM ROCKII DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEDune Tetramolopium Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSvsrrG   A.1075CWestIV.A.1.N.bSIDA FALLAX DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE'Ilima Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSa^]]>   A.1074CWestIV.A.1.N.bSESBANIA TOMENTOSA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE'Ohai Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSgdccE   A.1073CWestIV.A.1.N.bLIPOCHAETA SPP. DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCENehe species Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSkhggB   A.1072CWestIV.A.1.N.bCHAMAESYCE CELASTROIDES DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE`Ekoko Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSmjiiJ  LVAL7( e0. A.759CWestIII.A.2.N.cARCTOSTAPHYLOS GLAUCA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBPalm-dominated community with ~Acoelorraphe wrightii$, in the white-sand areas of Cuba.High-altitude montane pine forests with monospecific canopy of ~Pinus occidentalis$, in the central range of Hispaniola.Low-altitude pine forests of the hillsides of Isle of Pines (Cuba), dominated by ~Pinus tropicalis$ with substantial participation of ~Pinus caribaea$.These communities are typically located in the subalpine and lower alpine zones of mountains in the Pacific Northwest. The climate is cold and snowy with severe winds, snow abrasion, and a short growing season. Annual precipitation is often over 200 cm in the Cascades. These communities typically occur on droughty, exposed south-facing mountain slopes where snow blows off or melts relatively early. Elevations typically range from 1700-2400 m in the Cascades and up to 2600 m in the Rocky Mountains. Soils are composed of varied parent materials, including granitics, limestone, and basalt, but are usually skeletal and well-drained. These are dense dwarf-shrub communities strongly dominated by ~Arctostaphylos uva-ursi$, with a sparse mixture of forb and graminoid associates. In the Cascades, ~Empetrum nigrum$, another ericaceous shrub, may codominate stands. ~Minuartia obtusiloba$ is a characteristic forb associate in both Cascade and Rocky Mountain stands. Other common herbaceous associates across the range include ~Sedum lanceolatum, Achillea millefolium, Carex rupestris, Polygonum bistortoides, Festuca brachyphylla$, and ~Carex scirpoidea ssp. pseudoscirpoidea$. ~Carex spectabilis$ becomes a conspicuous graminoid associate in stands west of the Cascade crest. Adjacent vegetation is usually parkland or krummholz composed of ~Tsuga mertensiana, Pinus albicaulis, Larix lyallii$, or ~Abies lasiocarpa$, dry alpine grasslands, sedge wetlands, or bare rock and ice.LVAL XThis giant conifer forest alliance occurs in maritime climate-influenced mountains from northern California to southern British Columbia. This region has mild winter temperatures, hot summers, and receives winter rain followed by summer drought. Drought stress is ameliorated somewhat by fog events in coastal stands and by summer rains in the north. Sites include mountain slopes and valley margins, with an increasing affinity for moist topographic positions away from the coast and southward. Elevations range from 0-1300 m. These forests are characterized by a multi-tiered canopy of ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$, which is typically over 50 m in height. Other coniferous trees, such as ~Sequoia sempervirens, Abies concolor, Tsuga heterophylla, Thuja plicata, Pinus lambertiana, Pinus ponderosa$, and ~Chamaecyparis lawsoniana$, may be present in the upper tree layer, depending upon location and stand history. Common associates in the subcanopy are broad-leaved deciduous and evergreen trees, such as ~Umbellularia californica, Lithocarpus densiflorus, Chrysolepis chrysophylla (= Castanopsis chrysophylla), Cornus nuttallii, Betula papyrifera, Quercus garryana, Quercus kelloggii, Acer macrophyllum$, and ~Taxus brevifolia$. The forest understory is usually well-developed and species-rich, and can be dominated by either shrubs or a mixture of ferns and forbs. Common shrubs include ~Gaultheria shallon, Toxicodendron diversilobum, Rhododendron macrophyllum, Quercus sadleriana, Holodiscus discolor, Mahonia nervosa, Acer circinatum, Symphoricarpos albus, Lonicera hispidula$, and ~Corylus cornuta var. californica$. The herbaceous layer is usually dominated by shade-tolerant forbs and ferns, including ~Achlys triphylla, Trientalis borealis ssp. latifolia (= Trientalis latifolia), Asarum caudatum, Trillium ovatum, Oxalis oregana, Polystichum munitum, Adiantum pedatum, Maianthemum stellatum$, and many others. Common graminoid species include ~Festuca occidentalis, Elymus glaucus, Bromus vulgaris, Luzula parviflora$, and ~XLVAL+nYT.5 A.887CLatin AmericaIII.B.1.N.aLEUCAENA LEUCOCEPHALA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWhite Leadtree Shrubland AllianceNLACDqmllK#   A.886CWestIII.B.1.N.aGOSSYPIUM TOMENTOSUM SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEMa'o Shrubland AllianceYWCS\YXXA   A.885CWestIII.A.5.N.eCARNEGIA GIGANTEA WOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESaguaro Cactus Wooded Shrubland Alliance@YK. SCHULZzymE   A.884CWestIII.A.5.N.eYUCCA BREVIFOLIA WOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEJoshua Tree Wooded Shrubland AllianceG@YM. SCHINDEL, MOD. K. SCHUvuiD   A.883CWestIII.A.5.N.cPARKINSONIA MICROPHYLLA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEYellow Paloverde Shrubland Alliance@YK. SCHULZ}tsgD   A.882CWestIII.A.5.N.cPARKINSONIA FLORIDA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBlue Paloverde Shrubland Alliance@YK. SCHULZwnma@   A.881CWestIII.A.5.N.cYUCCA SCHIDIGERA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEMojave Yucca Shrubland Alliance@YM. SCHINDELtih\=   A.880CSoutheastIII.A.5.N.cOPUNTIA STRICTA - ACANTHOCEREUS TETRAGONUS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEFlorida Prickly-pear - Barbed-wire Cactus Shrubland Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEY\   A.88CSoutheastI.A.7.N.aCASUARINA (EQUISETIFOLIA, CUNNINGHAMIANA, GLAUCA) FOREST ALLIANCE(Australian-pine, Cunningham Beefwood, Brazilian Beefwood) Forest Alliance@YD.J. ALLARD]   A.879CWestIII.A.5.N.cOPUNTIA LITTORALIS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCECoastal Prickly-pear Shrubland AllianceO@YM. SCHINDEL~srf?   A.878CSoutheastIII.A.5.N.cOPUNTIA IMBRICATA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCECane Cholla Shrubland Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYznmaC   A.877CWestIII.A.5.N.cOPUNTIA BIGELOVII SHRUBLAND erophyllum tenax$. Mosses and lichens can be abundant, covering trees, logs, or the forest floor. Diagnostic of this forest alliance is a tree canopy over 50 m tall that is dominated by~Pseudotsuga menziesii$.LVAL ZThis alliance is found in the northern Great Plains and in the Great Lakes region. The dominant vegetation is dwarf-shrubs and graminoids and these often provide 80-100% canopy. Few of the plants in communities of this alliance grow taller than 1 m; many are 0.5 m or less. In the northern Great Plains, the most abundant species is the creeping shrub ~Juniperus horizontalis$. This species can cover 80% of the ground. ~Schizachyrium scoparium$ and ~Carex inops ssp. heliophila$ are typically the most abundant graminoids. In most stands these three species provide the great majority of the canopy. Other shrubs that may be present are ~Symphoricarpos occidentalis, Rosa arkansana, Rhus aromatica$, and ~Artemisia frigida$. Associated graminoids include ~Calamovilfa longifolia, Carex duriuscula (= Carex eleocharis), Carex filifolia, Elymus lanceolatus, Koeleria macrantha, Muhlenbergia cuspidata$, and ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$. Forbs are present but do not usually contribute greatly to the canopy. Common forbs are ~Pulsatilla patens ssp. multifida (= Anemone patens), Campanula rotundifolia, Dalea purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia, Galium boreale, Linum perenne, Packera plattensis (= Senecio plattensis)$, and ~Thermopsis rhombifolia$. ^This alliance is found on moderate to steep, rarely gentle, slopes. These are usually north-facing in the United States but south-facing in southern Canada. The soils are clay loams, silty loams, and sandy loams. Parent materials are siltstone, claystone, sandstone, and glacial till. ^In the Great Lakes region, on sand dunes the dwarf-shrubs form an open to closed mat layer. Dominant shrubs include ~Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Juniperus communis$, and ~Juniperus horizontalis$. ~Hudsonia tomentosa$ may also be present, along with a variety of other deciduous shrubs. On alvars the dominant shrubs are ~Juniperus horizontalis$, and/or ~Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda (= Pentaphylloides floribunda)$. Other characteristic species include ~Schizachyrium scoparium, CarexLVALX]TJ@* A.918CWestIII.B.2.N.aELAEAGNUS COMMUTATA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEAmerican Silverberry Shrubland Alliance@YMCS, MOD. M.S. REIDtsg@   A.917CWestIII.B.2.N.aCRATAEGUS DOUGLASII SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBlack Hawthorn Shrubland Alliance@YD. SARRunma@   A.916CWestIII.B.2.N.aAMELANCHIER UTAHENSIS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEUtah Serviceberry Shrubland Alliance@YD. SARRzsrfB   A.915CWestIII.B.2.N.aACER GLABRUM SHRUBLAND ALLIANCERocky Mountain Maple Shrubland Alliance@YK. SCHULZvml`9   A.914CMidwestIII.B.2.N.aBETULA OCCIDENTALIS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWater Birch Shrubland Alliance@YMCSqnmaC   A.913CWestIII.B.2.N.aAMELANCHIER ALNIFOLIA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESaskatoon Serviceberry Shrubland Alliance\@YD. SARRxwkB   A.912CMidwestIII.B.2.N.aPRUNUS PUMILA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESand Cherry Shrubland Alliance@YMCSkhg[=   A.911CSoutheastIII.B.2.N.aVITIS AESTIVALIS VINE-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESummer Grape Vine-Shrubland Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYxwkG   A.91CSoutheastI.A.8.C.xPICEA ABIES PLANTED FOREST ALLIANCENorway Spruce Planted Forest Alliance@~YM.P. SCHAFALE/A.S. WEAKLEqpd?   A.909CEastIII.B.2.N.aSMILAX SPP. - TOXICODENDRON RADICANS VINE-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEGreenbrier species - Poison-ivy Vine-Shrubland Alliance@YECSV   A.908CSoutheastIII.B.2.N.aRUBUS (ARGUTUS, TRIVIALIS) SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE(Southern Blackberry, Southern Dewberry) Shrubland Alliance@YM.J. RUSSO 2-97, MOD. M. L   A.907CSoutheastIII.B.2.N.aQUERCUS SINUATA VAR. BREVILOBA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWhite Shin Oak Shrubland AllianceI@YB. HOAGLAND~}qP richardsonii, Carex scirpoidea, Pinus banksiana, Thuja occidentalis, Danthonia spicata, Oligoneuron album (= Solidago ptarmicoides), Packera paupercula (= Senecio pauperculus), Clinopodium arkansanum (= Calamintha arkansana)$, and ~Tetraneuris herbacea (= Hymenoxys herbacea)$.LVAL>MD>  C A.930CSoutheastIII.B.2.N.bRUBUS ALLEGHENIENSIS - RUBUS CANADENSIS SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEAllegheny Blackberry - Smooth BlackbeOpen pine woodlands of western Cuba, on white-sand soils and hard slate rocks, with a canopy dominated by ~Pinus tropicalis$.Palm-dominated community with ~Colpothrinax wrightii$, in the white-sand areas of Cuba.These communities are typically located in subalpine or low alpine habitats on high mountains of the Pacific Northwest, often in association with subalpine parkland. The climate is cold and snowy with annual precipitation exceeding 150 cm and a snow-free period of only 3-4 months. Elevations typically range from 1400-2500 m. These communities occur in areas of level or concave glacial topography, with late-lying snow, and subirrigation from surrounding slopes. In exceptionally wet areas, they may occur on convex slopes with better drainage. Soils are moist, but well-drained, strongly acid, and often with substantial peat layers. Some stands are found on deep deposits of volcanic ash. Within these communities ~Cassiope mertensiana$ is the dominant shrub, but ~Phyllodoce empetriformis$ is often common. ~Vaccinium deliciosum, Ledum glandulosum, Phyllodoce glanduliflora$, and ~Kalmia microphylla$ may also be shrub associates. The herbaceous layer is usually a lush mixture of forbs and graminoids, especially sedges, including, ~Erigeron$ spp., ~Luetkea pectinata, Antennaria lanata, Oreostemma alpigenum (= Aster alpigenus), Pedicularis ornithorhyncha, Castilleja parviflora, Deschampsia caespitosa, Erythronium$ spp., ~Juncus parryi, Luzula piperi, Carex spectabilis, Carex nigricans$, and ~Polygonum bistortoides$. These communities usually grade into herbaceous meadows dominated by ~Carex$ spp. at their wetter margin, and, in stands below treeline, into woodlands of ~Tsuga mertensiana, Abies lasiocarpa$, and/or ~Pinus albicaulis$ at their drier margins, and alpine fell-fields, rock, or ice on higher elevation alpine slopes.YLVALNkP QThis community occurs in hard-packed sand areas behind dunes. Characteristic species are ~Chamaesyce blodgettii (= Euphorbia blodgettii), Cassia lineata, Ambrosia hispida, Heliotropium nanum, Erithalis$, and ~Ipomoea imperati$.Monotypic stands dominated by ~Rhachicallis americana$. Occurs in extensive tidal flat areas.Mid-altitude pine woodland with essentially monospecific canopy of ~Pinus occidentalis$.This alliance occurs in southern Idaho in a semi-arid, continental region of relatively recent 'plains' volcanic activity. The area receives an average annual precipitation of 43 cm, with a peak in winter, during which most precipitation falls as snow. Temperatures are typically hot in summer and cold in winter. Communities in this alliance are early seral 'pioneer' types on barren volcanic cinders. The cinders are excessively drained and extremely hot in summer, presenting a very harsh microclimate for vascular plants. The volcanic activity necessary to generate substrate for this alliance is very limited and suitable habitat is rare. This is a very sparsely vegetated, dwarf-shrubland alliance. Total cover of all plant layers is typically less than 5% in midsummer, though cover may be higher in the spring due to the presence of annuals. The most important species is ~Eriogonum ovalifolium var. depressum$, a cespitose, evergreen dwarf-shrub, which forms mats 3-4 dm across. This species rapidly develops a deep root system (up to 1.2 m deep), allowing it to colonize the light, porous cinders. Several perennial forbs are common into July, including ~Phacelia hastata, Cryptantha interrupta, Machaeranthera canescens, Chaenactis douglasii, Stephanomeria spinosa$, and ~Stephanomeria minor (= Stephanomeria tenuifolia)$. The annuals ~Mimulus nanus$ and ~Mimulus suksdorfii$ are present during the spring and early summer before soil moisture is depleted, as are the perennials ~Allium simillimum$ and ~Lewisia rediviva$.LVAL+k,a A.951CEastIII.B.2.N.dBETULA NIGRA TEMPORARILY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCERiver Birch Temporarily FlooThis dwarf-shrubland alliance is found in alpine and subalpine parklands in high mountains of the Pacific Northwest and northern Rocky Mountains. The climate is cold and snowy with a snow-free period of only 3-4 months. Elevations typically range from 1400 m in the Olympic Mountains to over 3200 m in the mountains of southwestern Montana. These snowbed communities occur in protected, lee slope areas of level or concave glacial topography where late-lying snow and subirrigation from surrounding slopes saturates the sites. In exceptionally wet areas, sites include convex slopes with better drainage. Soils are always strongly acid, usually with substantial peat layers. These dwarf-shrublands often form part of a subalpine parkland mosaic just below the upper treeline. ~Phyllodoce empetriformis$ is the dominant shrub, but ~Cassiope mertensiana$ is usually present and often abundant. Shrub associates may include ~Vaccinium deliciosum, Vaccinium scoparium$, or ~Kalmia microphylla$. The herbaceous layer is usually a lush mixture of forbs and graminoids, especially sedges, and often includes ~Erigeron$ spp., ~Luetkea pectinata, Antennaria lanata, Sibbaldia procumbens, Pedicularis ornithorhyncha, Castilleja parviflora, Deschampsia caespitosa, Erythronium$ spp., ~Carex spectabilis, Carex nigricans, Juncus drummondii$, and ~Polygonum bistortoides$. These communities usually grade into herbaceous meadows dominated by ~Carex$ spp. at their wetter margin and into woodlands of ~Tsuga mertensiana, Abies lasiocarpa$, and/or ~Pinus albicaulis$ at their drier margins. Such changes are generally related to only minor changes in microelevation, and woodland, dwarf-shrubland, and herbaceous meadow communities may be strongly intermingled. Diagnostic of this alliance is a dwarf-shrubland layer dominated by ~Phyllodoce empetriformis$.LVAL!@? A.962CWestIII.B.2.N.dRHAMNUS ALNIFOLIA TEMPORARILY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEAlderleaf Buckthorn Temporarily Flooded ShrubA vicariant unit of the ~~Nymphoides aurea$ Permanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance (A.1969)$$, in the eutrophic water of the limestone pits of western Cuba. The differential dominant species is ~Nymphoides grayana$.Submerged or slightly emerged rooted vegetation dominated by ~Potamogeton$ spp., often forming dense communities in slow-moving eutrophic freshwaters.Free-floating freshwater vegetation formed by Lemnaceae and small water ferns, covering the surface of lakes, ponds, and slow streams.Communities dominated by species of ~Utricularia$, free-floating or partly rooted in shallow water of dystrophic or oligotrophic white-sand lakes with neutral to acidic freshwater.Permanently or semipermanently saturated herbaceous community, usually in standing or slow-moving water.Stands included in this alliance occur in alpine areas in the Washington Cascade Mountains. Elevations range from 1920-2135 m. This vegetation is found on depressions to gentle slopes with any aspect. Sites are moist areas that receive moisture from surrounding higher ground from melting snowdrifts or small streams. Some stands were found on the base of a lobe of soil formed by solifluction. Soils are poorly drained and derived from thick accumulations of pumice parent material. Mean bare ground was about 13%. Stands typically have a dense evergreen dwarf-shrub layer that is dominated by ~Phyllodoce glanduliflora$. The herbaceous layer is moderately dense to dense, and is codominated by the perennial forbs ~Oreostemma alpigenum (= Aster alpigenus), Lupinus sellulus var. lobbii$, and the perennial graminoid ~Carex spectabilis$. Other consistent species include ~Cassiope mertensiana, Potentilla flabellifolia$, and ~Antennaria lanata$. This is a relatively species-poor community.LVALA] {/A A.986CWestIII.B.2.N.eALNUS INCANA SEASONALLY FLOODED SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESpeckled Alder Seasonally Flooded Shrubland Alliance~@YM. DAMMLMarine seagrass beds dominated by ~Limnobium laevigatum$, in shallow sublittoral zone of sandy beaches.Emergent aquatic vegetation dominated by the yellow swamp lily ~Limnocharis flava$, in the shallow eutrophic waters of slow-running rivers.Vegetation in this alliance occurs in the alpine tundra in the Rocky Mountains. The climate regime is continental, with long, cold winters and short summers with frequent afternoon thunderstorms. Strong westerly winds are common in the winter and spring. Stands are found between 3350 and 3750 m elevation. Stands are usually located on the eastern side of the Continental Divide on flat to gently sloping ridges and summits. The ridgetops are subject to extremely high winds and are blown free of snow in winter. The ground is covered with rocks that have been stabilized for a long period of time. The sites are called fell-fields and differ from talus or scree which are located on steeper slopes and are unstable and often moving. The soils are poorly developed, have little organic matter, and are classified as Inceptisols (Cryochrepts). The majority of the species are cushion- or mat-forming and spread horizontally over the ground surface to form a dense cover of foliage. ~Paronychia pulvinata, Silene acaulis, Minuartia obtusiloba$, and ~Trifolium nanum$ are the dominant species. ~Festuca brachyphylla, Geum rossii, Luzula spicata, Polygonum bistortoides$, and ~Selaginella densa$ are common vascular plant associates. The cryptogam layer has a high diversity of mainly lichen species. ~Candelariella aurella, Cornicularia aculeata$, and ~Allocetraria madreporiformis (= Dactylina madreporiformis)$ are the most common lichens, and ~Polytrichum piliferum$ is the most common moss species. Adjacent communities are often dominated by ~Carex rupestris$ or ~Polemonium viscosum$.3 h;~%S @ @ @ @ @ A.1094CEastIV.A.1.N.gVACCINIUM MACROCARPON SATURATED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCELarge Cranberry Saturated Dwarf-shrubland Alliance8@dYECSR   A.1093CWestIV.A.1.N.gMETROSIDEROS POLYMORPHA SATURATED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE'Ohi'a Saturated Dwarf-Shrubland AllianceYWCS~}}T   A.1092CEastIV.A.1.N.gCHAMAEDAPHNE CALYCULATA SATURATED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCELeatherleaf Saturated Dwarf-shrubland Alliance-eYECS/MCST   A.1091CMidwestIV.A.1.N.fCHAMAEDAPHNE CALYCULATA - (KALMIA ANGUSTIFOLIA) SEASONALLY FLOODED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCELeatherleaf - (Sheep Laurel) Seasonally Flooded Dwarf-shrubland Alliance0@dYMCSx   A.1090CSoutheastIV.A.1.N.fHYPERICUM BRACHYPHYLLUM SEASONALLY FLOODED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCECoastal Plain St. John's-wort Seasonally Flooded Dwarf-shrubland AllianceV@dYA.S. WEAKLEYĸb   A.109CWestI.A.8.N.aSEQUOIA SEMPERVIRENS - PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII FOREST ALLIANCERedwood - Douglas-fir Forest Alliance@cYJ. KAGAN, MOD. K. SCHULZyT   A.1089CWestIV.A.1.N.eCASSIOPE MERTENSIANA TEMPORARILY FLOODED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWestern Moss Heather Temporarily Flooded Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@bYM. DAMM[   A.1088CSoutheastIV.A.1.N.eHYPERICUM REDUCTUM TEMPORARILY FLOODED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEPineland St. John's-wort Temporarily Flooded Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@bYA.S. WEAKLEY^   A.1087CEastIV.A.1.N.eHUDSONIA TOMENTOSA TEMPORARILY FLOODED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWoolly Beach-heather Temporarily Flooded Dwarf-shrubland Alliance=@aYECSY   A.1086CEastIV.A.1.N.dKALMIA ANGUSTIFOLIA - LEDUM GROENLANDICUM DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESheep Laurel - Labrador-tea Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@aYECS\   A.1085CWestIV.A.1.N.cPARONYCHIA PULVINATA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCERocky Mountain Nailwort Dwarf-shrubland Alliance4@_YM. DAMMwG  LVAL 'B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!Subalpine microphyllous shrublands of Cuba.High-altitude mixed pine forests with canopy codominated by ~Pinus tropicalis, Magnolia pallescens$, and other broad-leaved tree species, on the exposed summits and ridges of Cordillera Central (Hispaniola), over 1700 m elevation.Submontane pine - oak mixed forests with canopy codominated by ~Pinus caribaea var. caribaea$ and ~Quercus oleoides ssp. sagraeana$, on the slatey sandstones of western Cuba.This alliance contains a single community of sandy beaches on the Saco River in Maine and New Hampshire. Annual early spring floods of short duration, rather than aeolian processes, maintain this community. ~Hudsonia tomentosa var. intermedia$ dominates this vegetation occurring on sandy river beaches of point bars.This alliance contains alpine and boreal dwarf-shrublands and other communities known as "boreal heathlands," characterized by a very open canopy of black spruce, generally at high elevations and on acidic bedrock. The canopy is characterized by stunted and widely spaced ~Picea mariana$, sometimes in association with ~Picea rubens, Betula papyrifera var. cordifolia (= Betula cordifolia), Sorbus americana$, and ~Abies balsamea$. The shrub layer, characterized by ericaceous species such as ~Ledum groenlandicum, Kalmia angustifolia, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Vaccinium uliginosum, Rhododendron canadense$, as well as ~Empetrum nigrum$, is generally quite dense, but may be patchy and interspersed with expanses of bare or lichen-covered bedrock. Herbaceous species, such as ~Paronychia argyrocoma (= var. albimontana)$ and ~Juncus trifidus$, are usually confined to crevices. This alliance occurs at high elevations, usually just above tree line, in Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York. It is also likely to occur in Canada.qLVALB!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!The vegetation in this alliance is found in the alpine tundra in mountain ranges of southwestern Montana. The alliance occurs in a narrow elevation band between 2800 and 2900 m on north- and east-facing slopes in snowbed habitats, or areas that accumulate snow in the winter and release snow slowly during the growing season. The vegetation is often located on solifluction lobes, which receive moisture from upslope, subsurface drainage. Consequently, soils are cold and nearly saturated for most of the growing season. Soils are derived from metamorphic and igneous rock types and are slightly acidic. Soil texture tends to be sandy clay. ~Cassiope mertensiana$ stands usually form a mosaic with ~Carex nigricans$ and ~Juncus drummondii$ snowbed communities. ~Salix arctica$ and ~Carex scirpoidea$ communities occur on adjacent unsaturated sites. ~Cassiope mertensiana$, a low-spreading, evergreen shrub, and ~Salix arctica$, a deciduous shrub, dominate the dwarf-shrub canopy. ~Carex paysonis, Carex scirpoidea, Geum rossii$, and ~Potentilla diversifolia$ are common herbaceous species that grow beneath the shrubs and in openings in the shrub canopy.Moist depressions (such as interdune swales and upland depressions in xeric sandhills) dominated by ~Hypericum reductum$. In southeastern North Carolina, examples of this alliance are found in upland depressions of extremely xeric sandhills. In these examples, ~Hypericum reductum$ dominates the shrub layer, while other scattered shrubs such as ~Lyonia mariana$ and ~Gaylussacia dumosa (= var. dumosa)$ may be present. ~Aristida stricta$ and ~Andropogon$ spp. are the dominant herbs. In this landscape, ~Aristida stricta$ is restricted to this community, apparently because of the extremely xeric conditions of the surrounding sandhills. Examples are also known from interdune swales in the Panhandle of Florida, and from limesink or karst ponds in southern Alabama.LVAL5^B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!BThis alliance currently represents seasonally flooded ponds and wet swales in the Gulf Coast Prairie and Marshes region of Texas, although this type could occur elsewhere.Forests (varying to woodland structure) of the exotic ~Casuarina equisetifolia$, generally in maritime situations, on beach sands.Pine forest plantations with ~Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis$ dominating the canopy.These giant mixed-conifer forests are restricted to the coastal fog belt in the extreme southwestern part of Oregon and northern California, with scattered sites south to the central coast. Elevations are below 500 m in elevation in Oregon and 900 m in California. Stands occupy steep slopes and ridges of coastal mountains on any aspect. In southwestern Oregon they also occur on moist toeslopes and valleys. These stands generally occur in the upper part of the coastal fog belt, inland of the very wet coastal stands of nearly pure ~Sequoia sempervirens$. Soils are shallow and well-drained. These giant conifer forests are found in the coastal fog zone of southwestern Oregon and northwestern California. The canopy of these forests is dominated by ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ and ~Sequoia sempervirens$ trees that often exceed 60 m in height. There is almost always a subcanopy of ~Lithocarpus densiflorus$, usually between 10-30 m tall, occasionally codominant with ~Umbellularia californica$. ~Lithocarpus densiflorus$ (1-70%) also dominates the shrub layer with both ~Rhododendron macrophyllum$ (2-60%) and ~Vaccinium ovatum$ (10-70%). ~Gaultheria shallon$ and ~Mahonia nervosa$ are common, and in moist pockets ~Polystichum munitum$ and ~Oxalis oregana$ can be found. In wetter northern stands, ~Polystichum munitum, Oxalis oregana$, and ~Clintonia andrewsiana$ dominate the herbaceous layer. Other forbs include ~Lotus crassifolius, Arnica cordifolia$, and ~Xerophyllum tenax$.sLVALzBB!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!B!This alliance consists of shrublands and low forests dominated by ~Prosopis tamaulipana$, with lesser amounts of ~Ebenopsis ebano (= Pithecellobium ebano)$. It occurs in Tamaulipas, Mexico.This alliance, found in parts of the northeastern United States, contains vegetation found in maritime dune-swale communities and mountain bogs of Central Appalachians (beyond the range of ~Chamaedaphne calyculata$), as well as cranberry bogs in Ohio. Further information is needed to characterize this alliance.This alliance, found in the Great Lakes area, is a wetland dominated by herbs and shrubs. ~Chamaedaphne calyculata$ is typically the dominant short shrub. Herbaceous species present include ~Carex oligosperma, Calamagrostis canadensis, Calamagrostis stricta, Eleocharis$ spp., ~Phalaris arundinacea, Scirpus$ spp., ~Eriocaulon aquaticum$, and ~Juncus$ spp. ~Sphagnum$ spp. are common nonvascular species. Often species with Coastal Plain affinities are present in stands of this alliance, especially south of the tension zone. ^This alliance is located along lakeshores or in depressions. It always occurs on sandy glacial lakeplains and outwash plains. Soils range from loamy sand and peaty sand to peaty muck and are strongly acid to very strongly acid. The water level fluctuates seasonally and from year to year.This alliance consists of seasonally flooded flats (characteristically interspersed with cypress domes) in central and southern peninsular Florida, and possibly southern Georgia and the Panhandle of Florida. ~Hypericum brachyphyllum$ is the dominant dwarf-shrub. The herb stratum is typically very well-developed and diverse, and includes abundant graminoid species, especially ~Rhynchospora$ spp., ~Scleria$ spp., and ~Fuirena$ spp. Additional associates include ~Andropogon capillipes, Amphicarpum muehlenbergianum, Panicum hemitomon, Panicum verrucosum, Eupatorium leptophyllum$, and ~Xyris$ sp.LVAL                                                           This alliance is found in the northern regions of the midwestern and northeastern United States as well as many regions of Canada in what are typically referred to as 'bogs.' In the peatlands of North Carolina, some elements are part of the pocosin landscape. The ground layer is dominated by ericaceous dwarf-shrubs (>25%). In the north, scattered and stunted (less than 10 m tall) ~Picea mariana$ and ~Larix laricina$ may be present, but tree cover is less than 25%. The ground layer is dominated by ~Chamaedaphne calyculata$, with ~Kalmia polifolia$ and ~Andromeda polifolia var. glaucophylla (= Andromeda glaucophylla)$ typical associates in sub-boreal and boreal regions. Other characteristic species in these regions are ~Drosera rotundifolia$ and ~Sarracenia purpurea$. The ground layer has a continuous mat of sphagnum mosses, usually dominated by ~Sphagnum magellanicum, Sphagnum fuscum$, or ~Sphagnum angustifolium$. In the southern portion of the range, vegetation of this alliance is found in mucky peat-burns or other openings which form a mosaic with various shrublands (e.g., ~Cyrilla racemiflora - Zenobia pulverulenta$ Shrubland) in low, medium, or high pocosins (including ombrotrophic blanket bogs) of the outer Coastal Plain of North Carolina. Other characteristic species include ~Eriophorum virginicum, Calamovilfa brevipilis, Carex striata var. striata, Utricularia subulata, Lysimachia asperulifolia, Peltandra virginica, Vaccinium macrocarpon, Rhynchospora alba, Polygala brevifolia$, and ~Nymphaea odorata$. Stands of this alliance occur both in areas that are truly ombrotrophic (receiving nutrients from rainfall only), with pH <4.2, and areas that are somewhat influenced by groundwater. In the north, this alliance often develops in areas on ~Picea mariana$ bogs that become too wet to support black spruce.wLVAL,This alliance includes stands of ~Phyllostachys aurea$ which have either been planted or naturalized. These stands occur in upland settings on a variety of soil types.Vegetation within this alliance is associated with moist subalpine and alpine meadows, snowbeds, lake margins, and other low-gradient depressions of the northern Rockies and Pacific mountain ranges from 1600-4000 m in elevation. These habitats are cold and snowy, with snowfields lingering into June or later. Soils are frigid, derived from bedrock or aggraded alluvium, usually high in organic matter, and strongly acid. These communities are often associated with hummocky topography, which provides a juxtaposition of saturated and somewhat drained microhabitats. Water tables are often at or near the surface for much of the growing season and organic decomposition is slow. A dominant dwarf-shrub layer of ~Kalmia microphylla$ typifies these communities. Other ericaceous shrubs, including ~Phyllodoce empetriformis, Phyllodoce breweri, Ledum glandulosum$, and ~Vaccinium$ spp., are common associates. Dwarf ~Salix$ spp. may also be present. The herbaceous layer is typically dominated by graminoids, of which Carices usually predominate. ~Carex scopulorum, Carex aquatilis, Carex canescens$, and ~Carex pellita (= Carex lanuginosa)$ are especially common. Grasses, such as ~Deschampsia caespitosa, Danthonia intermedia$, and ~Phleum alpinum$, may also be locally abundant. Mesic forbs are usually scattered through the graminoid matrix, including ~Symphyotrichum spathulatum (= Aster occidentalis), Pedicularis groenlandica, Caltha leptosepala, Gentiana$ spp., ~Dodecatheon$ spp., and ~Epilobium$ spp. Adjacent vegetation types are typically subalpine coniferous forests dominated by ~Abies, Tsuga$, or ~Picea$ spp., wet ~Carex$ meadows, wet heaths dominated by ~Cassiope mertensiana$ and/or ~Phyllodoce empetriformis$, or alpine fell-fields.LVAL 0?k jaXp`aXpForests on montane slopes dominated by ~Prestoea acuminata var. montana (= Prestoea montana)$.Laurel forests of montane situations in the Lesser Antilles. The concept and name may need some modification with additional information from more islands.Old fields and waste areas colonized by ~Albizia julibrissin$ with dense to rather sparse cover. Stands are mostly 3-7 m tall.Plantations of ~Taxodium distichum$, grown for timber.Plantations of ~Populus deltoides$, grown for hardwood pulp for the manufacture of paper products.Plantations of ~Platanus occidentalis$, grown for hardwood pulp for the manufacture of paper products.Stands of this alliance are dominated by ~Cyrilla racemiflora$ and ~Micropholis$ spp.Plantations of ~Liquidambar styraciflua$, grown for hardwood pulp for the manufacture of paper products.Vegetation in this alliance occurs in the upper reaches of artificial impoundments, as well as in slow-moving water of streams in the Coastal Plain, and is dominated by monospecific stands of ~Alternanthera philoxeroides$, an exotic species.This dwarf-shrubland occurs on slopes and ridges in the subalpine regions of California. It is generally present in the zone between meadow and forest, growing on gravelly, carbonate-rich soils. Elevations range from 2000-3100 m. The nominal species' growth occurs mainly early to mid summer, with flowering in late summer. The species is dormant in the fall, winter, and early spring due to cold. ~Artemisia rothrockii$ is the sole or dominant shrub in the canopy. Other shrubs present may include ~Ericameria discoidea, Ericameria suffruticosa, Penstemon heterodoxus$, and ~Monardella odoratissima$. Emergent conifers, such as ~Pinus balfouriana, Pinus contorta var. murrayana$, and ~Pinus albicaulis$, may be present.JLVALy\^ @ @ @ @ @ Saturated wetland of the New Jersey pine barrens. ~Calamovilfa brevipilis$ dominates this vegetation; scattered shrubs are most commonly ~Gaylussacia dumosa$, but other associated shrubs include ~Gaylussacia baccata, Lyonia mariana, Kalmia angustifolia$.Mixed hemlock - hardwood forest occurring along stream drainages and in wetland / upland ecotonal areas.Forests at low elevations in the north-central and northwestern limestone karst hills of Puerto Rico. Forest dominated by ~Clusia rosea$ and ~Manilkara bidentata ssp. surinamensis$.Palm forests of the Lesser Antilles dominated by ~Syagrus amara$.This alliance includes both upland sites and alluvial, streamside stands. Stands are found on all aspects and slopes as well as raised stream terraces and benches. Stands usually occur on soils derived from sandstone or schist. Stands are found between 10 and 600 m, and grow in areas which are inundated during the summers with coastal fog. Winters are quite wet, with precipitation averaging more than 150 cm/year. Nearly all the rain falls between November and May, though fog drip continues to provide moisture through the otherwise dry summer months. Stands of this alliance are characterized by ~Sequoia sempervirens$, which is an important or dominant species in the canopy. Other trees present may include ~Acer macrophyllum, Arbutus menziesii, Umbellularia californica, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Abies grandis, Lithocarpus densiflorus$, and ~Tsuga heterophylla$. On deeper, moister soils, redwood is the only canopy tree; on steeper slopes with shallower soils, redwood shares the canopy with other trees. Shrubs and forbs may be infrequent or common, and can include ~Vaccinium ovatum, Pteridium aquilinum, Polypodium californicum, Woodwardia fimbriata, Vicia sativa ssp. nigra, Blechnum spicant, Iris douglasiana, Mahonia nervosa, Marah fabaceus, Oxalis oregana, Carex globosa, Gaultheria shallon, Polystichum munitum$, and ~Trillium ovatum$.LVALx{                                                              This community type occurs as a distinct zone along fresh reaches of tidal rivers in the Coastal Plain. ~Nelumbo lutea$ forms a thin band of vegetation along the river in water that is 2-3 m deep at low tide.This alliance accommodates tidally flooded ~Taxodium distichum$ forests.This alliance includes forests dominated by naturalized ~Pinus thunbergiana$ and occurring in the northeastern coastal region and likely beyond.Floodplain forest of smaller rivers and headwaters.This sparse, desert sand dune alliance occurs on active to partially stabilized desert sand dunes in the northern Sonoran Desert, between 88 and 305 m (290-1000 feet) elevation. ~Ambrosia dumosa$ and ~Pleuraphis rigida (= Hilaria rigida)$ codominate, though a number of other dune-adapted, shrubby perennial plants may occur. Occasionally common are ~Ephedra trifurca, Croton californicus, Croton wigginsii, Eriogonum deserticola$, and ~Psorothamnus emoryi$.A semi-evergreen dwarf desert shrubland on gypsum-influenced soils of the Trans-Pecos in western Texas, with ~Tiquilia hispidissima (= Coldenia hispidissima)$ as a constant component. ~Anulocaulis gypsogenus, Artemisia filifolia, Bouteloua breviseta, Bouteloua trifida, Ephedra torreyana, Gaillardia multiceps, Krameria lanceolata, Mentzelia humilis, Mentzelia humilis, Nama carnosum, Nerisyrenia linearifolia, Sartwellia flaveriae, Selinocarpus$ spp., ~Sporobolus airoides, Sporobolus nealleyi, Thelesperma megapotamicum, Yucca elata, Yucca torreyi$, along with several cactus species, are typical associates. Substrate ranges from wind-blown gypsum dunes to nearly bare gyp deposits, and plant species composition varies accordingly. These shrublands occur within a matrix of xeromorphic shrubland and may form landscape mosaics with other gyp-tolerant associations in alternately wet and dry habitats.LVAL kStands included in this dwarf-shrubland alliance are found on the Colorado Plateau and in southeastern Colorado. Sites include gentle to moderately steep shale hillslopes and mesas in Arizona and breaks and shale plains in the shortgrass steppe west to the foothills near the Colorado Front Range. Soils are typically shallow, well-drained, calcareous loams, clay loams, and clays derived from limestone, sandstone, shale and alluvium. The soil surface has high cover of bare soil and rock. The vegetation is characterized by a sparse to moderately dense dwarf-shrub layer that is dominated or codominated by ~Artemisia bigelovii$. Dwarf-shrub associates from the shortgrass steppe include ~Yucca glauca, Krascheninnikovia lanata, Frankenia jamesii$, and ~Glossopetalon spinescens var. meionandrum$, which may be present to codominant. On the Colorado Plateau, stands may be codominated by ~Ephedra$ spp., ~Eriogonum corymbosum, Parryella filifolia$, or ~Purshia stansburiana$. ~Gutierrezia sarothrae$ and species of ~Atriplex$ and ~Yucca$ are common in most stands. Scattered ~Juniperus$ spp. trees are occasionally present. A sparse to moderate graminoid layer is usually present. Dominant grasses include ~Aristida purpurea, Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Bouteloua gracilis, Hesperostipa neomexicana (= Stipa neomexicana), Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii), Sporobolus cryptandrus$, or less commonly ~Pascopyrum smithii$. On the Colorado Plateau forbs are generally sparse. However, cushion plants are common on shortgrass steppe slopes. Other forbs, such as ~Astragalus missouriensis, Heterotheca villosa, Melampodium cinereum, Picradeniopsis oppositifolia, Stanleya pinnata$, and ~Zinnia grandiflora$, are usually present. Exotic annuals, such as ~Bromus japonicus, Bromus tectorum, Salsola kali$, and ~Descurainia sophia$, may be present to common depending on disturbance, and amount and season of precipitation. Diagnostic of this alliance is the ~Artemisia bigelovii$-dominated or codominated dwarf-LVAL @@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@@ @@@@@@@@@@@ `WZXW{ZXX{ZXY{ZXZ{ZX[{ZX\{ZX]{ ZX^|ZX_|ZY|ZYV|ZYW|ZYX|ZYY|ZYZ|ZY[|ZY\| ZY]}ZY_}ZZ}ZZW}ZZY}ZZZ}ZZ[}ZZ\}ZZ]}Z[} Z[V~Z[W~Z[X~Z[Y~Z[[~Z[\~Z[]~Z[^~Z[_~Z\~ Z\VZ\WZ\YZ\[Z\\Z\]Z\^Z\_Z]Z]V Z]WZ]XZ]YZ]ZZ][Z]\Z]]Z]^Z]_Z^ Z^V Z^WZ^YZ^ZZ^[Z^]Z^^Z^_Z_Z_WZ_X Z_Y Z_\ Z__[[V[VV[VW[VX[V[[V\[W[W] [W_ [X [XV [XW[XX[XY[XZ[X[[X\[X][X^[X_[Y [YV [YW[YX[YY[YZ[Y[[Y\[Y][Y^[Y_[Z [ZV [ZW [ZX [ZY[Z[[Z\[Z^[Z_[[[[V[[W[[X[[Y [[Z [[][\[\W[\X[\Y[\[[\\[\][\^[] []V []W[]Y[]Z[][[]\[]][]^[]_[^[^V [^W [^X [^Y [^Z[^[[^\[^][^^[^_[_[_V[_W[_X [_Y [_^ [__ \ \V \VV \VW \VX \VY \VZ \V[ \V\ \V] \V^ \V_ \W \WV \WW \WY \WZ \W[ \W] \W_ \X \XV \XW \XY \XZ \X[ \X\ \X] \X^ \X_ \Y \YV \YW \YX \YY \YZ \Y[ \Y\ \Y] \Y^ \Y_ \Z \ZV \ZW \ZX \ZY \ZZ \Z[ \Z\ \Z] \Z^ \Z_ \[ \[V \[W \[X \[Y \[Z \[[ \[] \[_ \\ \\V \\W \\X \\Y\\Z\\[\\\\\]\\^shrub layer.LVAL" @ @ @ @@ @ @ @@  @ @ @ @@ @ @ @ Freshwater swamps associated with rivers, dominated by ~Pterocarpus officinalis$.This minor alliance includes dwarf-shrublands scattered across the interior western U.S. Stands occur on plateaus, plains, mesas, hillslopes, alkaline flats around playas and along drainages. Some habitats are intermittently flooded wetlands. Sites are typically flat to gently sloping occurring on any aspect, but stands have also been reported from moderately steep slopes. Soils are calcareous, moderately alkaline and sometimes saline. Soil texture is typically stony, sandy loam, but may be coarser textured. The ground cover is mostly bare soil. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by a sparse to moderately dense dwarf-shrub layer dominated by ~Krascheninnikovia lanata$. Other woody species may include scattered ~Artemisia frigida, Artemisia nova, Artemisia tridentata, Chrysothamnus$ spp., ~Gutierrezia sarothrae, Opuntia polyacantha, Rhus trilobata$, and ~Yucca glauca$. In the Mojave Desert ~Larrea tridentata, Lycium andersonii, Ambrosia dumosa$, and ~Atriplex polycarpa$ may also be present. The herbaceous layer has sparse to moderately dense cover dominated by graminoids with scattered perennial forbs. Graminoids, such as ~Poa secunda, Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata), Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii), Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$, and ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$, are most abundant. Perennial forbs may include ~Phlox hoodii, Sphaeralcea coccinea, Sphaeralcea munroana, Achillea millefolium, Astragalus purshii, Calochortus macrocarpus$, and ~Erigeron$ spp. Annuals may be seasonally present to abundant depending on precipitation and disturbance. Exotic annuals can be abundant. Diagnostic of this alliance is the ~Krascheninnikovia lanata$-dominated dwarf-shrub canopy with over 25% cover.bLVALn @@@@@@@@@  Associations within this alliance occur at intermediate elevations (1500-2500 m) in the Intermountain and Rocky Mountain West, a region of semi-arid, continental climate regime. Soils are typically young, shallow, coarse-textured, and often derived from calcareous parent materials. ~Artemisia nova$ associations occur on well-drained slopes and ridges and often grow with other ~Artemisia$ associations on deeper soils. In the Columbia River Basin, the vegetation in this alliance occupies the driest habitats of all the ~Artemisia$-dominated alliances. This alliance is characterized by the dominance of the dwarf-shrub ~Artemisia nova$, which must contribute at least 40% of the total shrub cover in any stand, and by cover of perennial graminoids that is typically less than 20%. Associated shrub species that occur in stands of this alliance include ~Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus, Atriplex confertifolia, Artemisia tridentata, Artemisia arbuscula, Artemisia cana, Symphoricarpos oreophilus, Grayia spinosa, Purshia tridentata$, and ~Gutierrezia sarothrae$. The ground layer is dominated by perennial bunch grasses which may exceed the height of the shrubs, but typically have <20% total cover. Recurrent species include ~Pseudoroegneria spicata, Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Achnatherum speciosum (= Stipa speciosa), Achnatherum thurberianum (= Stipa thurberiana), Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata), Elymus elymoides, Poa secunda$, and ~Koeleria macrantha$. In southern stands, ~Bouteloua gracilis$ and ~Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii)$ may also be important. Common forbs include ~Balsamorhiza sagittata, Senecio integerrimus, Packera multilobata (= Senecio multilobatus), Stenotus armerioides, Heterotheca villosa, Phlox hoodii, Sphaeralcea coccinea$, and ~Castilleja angustifolia$. At the edges of intermountain basins, this alliance is usually contiguous with ~Atriplex confertifolia$ shrublands.mLVALk'@  @ @@ @@ @@ @@ @@Semi-deciduous forests of Martinique (and possibly of wider occurrence in the Lesser Antilles), with a mixture of drought-deciduous and evergreen species in the canopy.Seasonal forests of Martinique, at elevations of 10-500 m, formerly occupying large portions of the island.Wetland short forests (generally 3-8 m tall), dominated by ~Thespesia populnea$, typically associated with mangroves, often adjoining them on the inland side, and generally not tidally flooded, except by storm floods.These communities occur in relatively dry areas of the sagebrush desert of Nevada (and probably Utah), from 1200-1800 m in elevation. Precipitation averages 15-20 cm annually, with a significant proportion arriving as snow. Growing-season drought is characteristic. Soils are usually shallow and often unique, including Green River Shale, heavy clays, or calcareous outcrops or gravels. These communities often harbor regionally rare plant species. This alliance is characterized by a sparse dwarf-shrub layer of ~Artemisia pygmaea$, with other shrubs scattered through the stands. Only one association is presently described for this alliance, from central Nevada. In addition to ~Artemisia pygmaea$, that association included ~Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus, Atriplex confertifolia, Ephedra nevadensis$, and ~Artemisia nova$ in the shrub layer. According to the authors, none of these associated shrubs are constant or characteristic of these communities. A sparse graminoid layer was usually present, including ~Elymus elymoides$ and ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$. Forbs include ~Sphaeralcea coccinea, Eriogonum caespitosum$, and ~Astragalus$ spp. Adjacent vegetation types are most often dominated by ~Artemisia nova$, which often forms the vegetation matrix surrounding these unique communities. Other contiguous vegetation types include ~Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus$ or ~Atriplex confertifolia$ shrublands.LVALoTC}l[J9(~m\K:)p_N#R!b0WA.20H19This alliance is dominated by ~Magnolia virginiana$ and ~Nyssa$ spp. Known vegetation in this alliance is dominated by ~Magnolia virginiana$ and tall, straight ~Nyssa ogeche$.This minor dwarf-shrubland alliance occurs in portions of the Snake and Imnaha river canyons in Idaho and eastern Oregon and Washington. Precipitation primarily occurs in the winter as snow or rain. This moisture is stored in the soil profile and utilized during the typically dry summers. Stands are typically found on highly weathered basalt outcrops in the canyons. Sites are very hot and dry, occurring on moderate to steep slopes with southern or western aspects. Soils are very shallow, coarse-textured, and well-drained with a high percentage of rock fragments. The soil surface has a high cover of pea-sized gravel and sand with cobbles. Parent material is colluvium and residuum derived from a unique, highly fractured, hydrothermally altered basalt lava. Chemically, this substrate is alkaline with low organic matter and high cation-exchange capacity of calcium and soluble sodium. Vegetation included in this alliance has a sparse woody layer that is dominated by the dwarf-shrub ~Eriogonum microthecum$. Some stands may have ~Eriogonum strictum$ instead of, or in addition to, ~Eriogonum microthecum$. The herbaceous layer is also sparse and composed of a relatively even mixture of forbs and grasses. Other characteristic species include forbs, such as ~Physaria oregona, Achillea millefolium, Chaenactis douglasii, Erysimum capitatum (= Erysimum asperum), Oenothera caespitosa, Phacelia heterophylla, Polygonum douglasii$, and the grass ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$. Moss and lichen are nearly absent, likely because of the instability of the slopes. Exotic species, namely ~Bromus tectorum$, often make up a significant portion of the vegetation cover in these stands.LVAL@k2wE[K;+P^#T `A.3552H1999-03-22A.1855duplicate recordM.J. Russo>4?A.3549H1999-02-01ATropical forests dominated by ~Dacryodes excelsa$ and ~Sloanea berteriana$, in Puerto Rico.This alliance occurs in the northern Chihuahuan Desert and Colorado Plateau from western Texas, south-central and northwestern New Mexico, and northeastern Arizona. Climate is semi-arid to arid. Elevation ranges from 1530-1830 m. Stands are known from valley bottoms, alluvial flats, lower to upper hillslopes, often in a 'badlands' landscape. Soils are generally shallow, poorly developed, and alkaline. Textures range from fine sandy loam to silty clay loam and clay in New Mexico and Arizona. In western Texas, substrates are silt loams and clay soils that may be saline or gypseous. Parent materials include alluvium and colluvium derived from igneous or sedimentary materials such as basalt, shale, and clay. There is high cover of bare soil. Typically, areas have been severely degraded by erosion. The vegetation is characterized by a sparse to locally moderately dense dwarf-shrub layer (10-60% cover) that is dominated or codominated by ~Atriplex obovata$. Shrub associates may include scattered ~Atriplex confertifolia, Ericameria nauseosa, Isocoma drummondii, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana, Opuntia$ spp., or ~Suaeda$ spp. The herbaceous layer ranges from moderately dense to absent, and is usually dominated by perennial grasses such as ~Sporobolus airoides$. Other associated species may include ~Achnatherum hymenoides, Sporobolus cryptandrus, Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii), Bouteloua gracilis, Elymus elymoides$, and the scattered cacti ~Opuntia polyacantha$ and ~Opuntia imbricata$. Where this alliance is known to occur in Texas, ~Suaeda mexicana$ and ~Coryphantha ramillosa$ are often present, and after rains, annuals such as ~Tidestromia carnosa$ may be locally abundant.lLVALN'~sc2ZJPa0nrbRB2"xhA.476HA.475Tropical submontane forests dominated by ~Dacryodes excelsa, Sloanea massonii, Talauma dodecapetala, Licania ternatensis$, and other few species, in the Lesser Antilles.Seasonally saturated "pineyards" of the Bahamas, on limestone rocks, with essentially monospecific canopy of ~Pinus caribaea var. bahamensis$.Plantation forests (generally with a rather open canopy) of the exotic ~Cocos nucifera$, generally occurring in maritime situations, such as beach sands.Shrublands in this alliance are found on lower hillslopes and alkaline flats on Colorado Plateau portions of northwestern New Mexico, western Colorado and Utah. Climate is semi-arid with most of the highly variable precipitation falling in July and August as high-intensity thunderstorms. Mean annual precipitation is approximately 23 cm. Elevation ranges from 1300-1820 m. Sites are nearly flat to moderately steep, and have soils typically derived from Mancos Shale. Soils are moderately deep, strongly saline, moderately alkaline, fine-textured (clayey), poorly developed and typically have high erosion rates. Stands have very sparse to moderate cover (5-30%) of woody vegetation that is dominated by the halophytic, evergreen dwarf-shrub ~Atriplex corrugata$. Sparse stands are often completely dominated by this plant. Stands typically have very low species diversity. Depending on soil salinity and moisture, other plants may be present, including the shrubs ~Tetradymia spinosa, Picrothamnus desertorum (= Artemisia spinescens)$, and ~Krascheninnikovia lanata$. The herbaceous layer is very sparse. Scattered perennial forbs, such as ~Xylorhiza glabriuscula$ and ~Sphaeralcea grossulariifolia$, and the perennial grass ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$ have been reported. Annuals are seasonally present and may include ~Eriogonum inflatum, Plantago tweedyi$, and the exotics ~Bromus tectorum, Malcolmia africana$, and ~Salsola kali$.LVAL sThis giant forest alliance occurs within the maritime-influenced region of the Pacific Northwest from Oregon to British Columbia, Canada, primarily west of the crest of the Cascades and outside major coastal fog influence. Climate is moderate with only mild drought and frost, generally on sites which are moist to very wet. Elevation ranges from sea level to approximately 1000 m. Soil types are variable across its range, but most commonly with fine-textured, bottomland soils, usually with low nutrient concentrations. ~Thuja plicata$ trees appear to be quite tolerant of stagnant winter water tables. These forests are characterized by a multi-tiered tree canopy of ~Thuja plicata$ that is typically codominated by ~Tsuga heterophylla$ and over 50 m in height. ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ and ~Abies grandis$ may also be present. With increasing stand age, ~Thuja plicata$ becomes more prominent in the canopy. Most commonly the canopy includes other tree species, but can become monotypic on swampy sites. Broad-leaved cold-deciduous trees, such ~Acer macrophyllum, Alnus rubra, Cornus nuttallii$, and ~Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa$, often form a sparse subcanopy, particularly in gaps in the upper canopy. In southern Oregon stands, additional subcanopy tree species may include ~Chrysolepis chrysophylla (= Castanopsis chrysophylla), Arbutus menziesii$, and ~Lithocarpus densiflorus$. The shrub layer is commonly composed of ~Linnaea borealis, Gaultheria shallon, Rhododendron macrophyllum$, and ~Mahonia nervosa$. The herbaceous layer is usually dominated by shade-tolerant / moisture-loving forbs and ferns such as ~Achlys triphylla, Oxalis oregana, Viola sempervirens, Trillium ovatum, Trientalis borealis ssp. latifolia (= Trientalis latifolia), Polystichum munitum, Blechnum spicant$, and ~Athyrium filix-femina$. Late successional stands typically have very large trees, huge amounts of woody debris, and better developed understories. Diagnostic of this forest alliance is a tree canopy over 50 m tall that is codoLVAL@ f9m9s9x9{9ated (usually essentially monospecific) by ~Caesalpinia bonduc$, occurring in subtropical and tropical areas. This vegetation is generally the result of natural or human disturbance.Stands are dominated by ~Bucida buceras$, with ~Savia sessiliflora, Krugiodendron ferreum$.This alliance consists of mesquite woodlands (usually with open canopy, but sometimes with an essentially closed canopy), dominated by ~Prosopis glandulosa$.These heath dwarf-shrublands are found in the subalpine meadows in the Cascade Mountains in northwestern Washington. Elevations range from 1460-1920 m. Climate is maritime-influenced with deep snowpacks. Stands occur in nearly level basins to very steep slopes (over 100%) on hills and ridges. Sites are moist to mesic, and are typically near where snow accumulates or on poorly drained substrates. Aspects are generally cool, and stands do not occur on south- or west-facing slopes. Soils are variable. Stands have a dense dwarf-shrub layer that is dominated or codominated by the cold-deciduous dwarf-shrub ~Vaccinium deliciosum$. ~Vaccinium membranaceum$ or ~Phyllodoce empetriformis$ codominates some of these stands. Other common woody plants include ~Cassiope mertensiana$ and ~Luetkea pectinata$. The relatively sparse herbaceous layer is dominated by perennial forbs, including ~Antennaria lanata, Castilleja parviflora, Erythronium montanum, Ligusticum grayi, Lupinus latifolius, Pedicularis$ spp., ~Polygonum bistortoides, Potentilla flabellifolia, Valeriana sitchensis$, and ~Veronica cusickii$. Sparse graminoid cover of ~Carex nigricans, Carex spectabilis$ or ~Festuca viridula$ is often present. Nonvascular plants, such as mosses and lichens, are common and may have high cover. Total vegeminated by ~Thuja plicata$.kLVALdy@AThis alliance consists of small to large tidal flats dominated by ~Batis maritima$, typically with saltwater-tidal irregularly flooded hydrology. Other species can include ~Sarcocornia perennis, Sporobolus virginicus, Borrichia frutescens, Suaeda linearis, Lycium carolinianum, Spartina spartinae, Monanthochloe littoralis, Sesuvium portulacastrum$, and ~Blutaparon vermiculare$. This alliance occurs especially in salt panne situations, where tidal saltwater evaporates, augmenting salinity. This is a subtropical alliance, which ranges northwards into the warmest portions of the temperate southeastern United States. Its occurrence in the South Atlantic Coastal Plain is uncertain. This community may occur in areas up to at least 100 hectares.This dwarf-shrubland alliance occurs in western Colorado and eastern Utah, Wyoming and Montana on mesas, plateaus, plains, low hills and eroded 'badlands.' Sites are nearly flat to moderately steep with moderately deep to deep, usually saline, alkaline soils. Soils are typically fine-textured and often have high erosion rates because of poor infiltration and high runoff. The soil surface is often mostly barren. Stands have a very sparse to moderately dense cover of dwarf-shrubs that is dominated by ~Atriplex gardneri$. ~Picrothamnus desertorum (= Artemisia spinescens)$ and ~Artemisia tridentata$ are codominants in some stands. Other shrubs and dwarf-shrubs may include ~Atriplex$ spp., ~Krascheninnikovia lanata, Sarcobatus vermiculatus, Suaeda$ spp., and ~Tetradymia spinosa$. The herbaceous layer, if present, may be dominated by graminoids or forbs. Common species include ~Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii), Leymus salinus, Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Pascopyrum smithii, Eriogonum pauciflorum, Xylorhiza venusta$, or ~Monolepis nuttalliana$. Diagnostic of this dwarf-shrubland alliance is the dominance or codominance of ~Atriplex gardneri$.LVALK fpdfojStands are dominated by ~Prosopis pallida$; ~Bucida buceras$ may be present.Stands are dominated by ~Bursera simaruba$. Common shrubs include ~Pilosocereus royenii, Thouinia striata var. portoricensis, Plumeria alba, Croton lucidus, Pictetia aculeata, Comocladia dodonaea$.These forests are characterized by ~Picea engelmannii$ as the dominant tree species in the upper forest canopy, and by riparian situations.This alliance includes communities dominated by heaths or heathlike shrubs (typically blueberries, ~Vaccinium angustifolium, Vaccinium myrtilloides, Vaccinium pallidum (= Vaccinium vacillans))$ and commonly referred to as 'heath barrens.' In general, these communities are small and patchy and restricted to two broad habitat types: (a) bedrock outcrops, ledges, summits of igneous or metamorphic rock, or (b) depressions on level outwash plain or valley floor frost pockets. Soils are shallow accumulations of organic material on bedrock habitats, or rapidly drained and nutrient-poor sands on outwash plains. In addition to ~Vaccinium$, the communities typically contain other shrubs such as ~Gaylussacia baccata$ and ~Arctostaphylos uva-ursi$ along with scattered herbaceous plants such as ~Deschampsia flexuosa, Schizachyrium scoparium, Carex pensylvanica, Piptatherum pungens (= Oryzopsis pungens), Rubus hispidus, Euthamia graminifolia, Solidago canadensis, Lycopodium dendroideum$, and ~Lycopodium digitatum$. Mosses and lichens usually are present. Scattered individuals of ~Picea mariana, Pinus strobus, Prunus serotina, Larix laricina, Abies balsamea, Picea rubens, Betula papyrifera var. cordifolia$, and/or ~Sorbus americana$ may occur where soil has accumulated. This alliance includes communities which are known locally as 'heath barrens' and 'acidic rocky summits.'sLVAL+Y@AThis alliance includes patchy woodlands often consisting of scattered clonal mottes of ~Sapindus saponaria$. These woodlands occur on rocky limestone uplands, on moist soils along streams, and in disturbed areas.Lowland rainforests dominated by ~Diospyros revoluta, Mammea americana$, and ~Manilkara bidentata ssp. surinamensis$, occurring at low elevations in Puerto Rico (rare).Planted orchards of ~Carya illinoinensis$.Vegetation in this alliance occurs in the alpine tundra in Colorado. The climate regime is continental, with long, cold winters and short summers with frequent afternoon thunderstorms. Strong westerly winds are common in the winter and spring and distribute snow on the leeward side of the mountains. Large areas of late-lying snowpatches are located on the eastern slope. Stands are found between 3220 and 3580 m elevation on gentle- to moderate-gradient slopes. Stands are located in the lower alpine just above treeline in areas where snow accumulates in the winter and melts relatively late in the summer. The soils are poorly developed, may have a high organic matter content, and are classified as Inceptisols (Cryumbrepts or Cryochrepts). The soil profile has A and B horizons; the B horizon is moderately thick. The average surface pH is 5.0, indicating leached soils. The vegetation in the alliance is found in snowbed habitats, areas where snow accumulates in the winter and melts relatively late in the summer. ~Vaccinium caespitosum$ and ~Vaccinium scoparium$ dominate the dwarf-shrub canopy. A number of herbaceous species occur in the understory. ~Carex rossii (= Carex brevipes), Danthonia intermedia, Gentiana calycosa, Geum rossii, Hieracium gracile, Penstemon whippleanus, Poa reflexa$, and ~Viola adunca$ are the most common species. The cryptogam layer is dominated by lichens; ~Cladonia pyxidata$ and ~Catapyrenium cinereum (= Dermatocarpon cinereum)$ are the most common.LVAL,qgThis alliance consists of vine thickets dominated (usually essentially monospecific) by ~Caesalpinia bonduc$, occurring in subtropical and tropical areas. This vegetation is generally the result of natural or human disturbance.Stands are dominated by ~Bucida buceras$, with ~Savia sessiliflora, Krugiodendron ferreum$.This alliance consists of mesquite woodlands (usually with open canopy, but sometimes with an essentially closed canopy), dominated by ~Prosopis glandulosa$.These heath dwarf-shrublands are found in the subalpine meadows in the Cascade Mountains in northwestern Washington. Elevations range from 1460-1920 m. Climate is maritime-influenced with deep snowpacks. Stands occur in nearly level basins to very steep slopes (over 100%) on hills and ridges. Sites are moist to mesic, and are typically near where snow accumulates or on poorly drained substrates. Aspects are generally cool, and stands do not occur on south- or west-facing slopes. Soils are variable. Stands have a dense dwarf-shrub layer that is dominated or codominated by the cold-deciduous dwarf-shrub ~Vaccinium deliciosum$. ~Vaccinium membranaceum$ or ~Phyllodoce empetriformis$ codominates some of these stands. Other common woody plants include ~Cassiope mertensiana$ and ~Luetkea pectinata$. The relatively sparse herbaceous layer is dominated by perennial forbs, including ~Antennaria lanata, Castilleja parviflora, Erythronium montanum, Ligusticum grayi, Lupinus latifolius, Pedicularis$ spp., ~Polygonum bistortoides, Potentilla flabellifolia, Valeriana sitchensis$, and ~Veronica cusickii$. Sparse graminoid cover of ~Carex nigricans, Carex spectabilis$ or ~Festuca viridula$ is often present. Nonvascular plants, such as mosses and lichens, are common and may have high cover. Total vegetation cover is generally 100%.LVALI_ @ @CECX005705CMCSCOMPLEXNorthern Prairie Pothole WetlanShrublands dominated by ~Gymnanthes lucida$, 2-5 m in height. In Puerto Rico these are developed in thin soils over limestone, in hills in north-central and northwestern Puerto Rico. ~Eugenia monticola$ is often codominant.Wind-sculpted scrub on summits of higher peaks in Martinique, dominated by the Martinique endemics ~Rondeletia martinicensis, Miconia martinicensis$, and others. These shrublands are associated with cloud forests.Dry shrublands in near-coastal areas of Martinique.Abandoned pastures and fields dominated by the shrub ~Piper aduncum$.Shrublands dominated by ~Colubrina$ spp. Other characteristic species include ~Oplonia spinosa, Comocladia dodonaea, Reynosia uncinata, Bromelia pinguin$.This alliance includes alpine dwarf-shrublands generally characterized by ~Vaccinium uliginosum$. Typically they occur above timberline on exposed, windswept mountain summits, ridges, and bedrock-dominated tablelands. They are usually part of a mosaic of communities associated with these alpine areas and remain saturated for much of the growing season by atmospheric moisture. Other species associated with this alliance include ~Ledum groenlandicum, Betula nana (= Betula glandulosa), Empetrum nigrum, Rhododendron lapponicum, Salix uva-ursi$, and the herbs ~Juncus trifidus, Carex bigelowii, Sibbaldiopsis tridentata (= Potentilla tridentata)$, and ~Minuartia groenlandica$. The communities are variously referred to as `alpine ridge community' or `alpine shrublands.' Bliss (1963) provides descriptions of vegetation of this alliance occurring in the White Mountains of New Hampshire. These communities are restricted to alpine areas in Maine, New York, Vermont and New Hampshire. This alliance likely occurs in Canada, and may share floristic affinities with alpine alliances of Europe [see Bliss (1963) for discussion].LVALYjThis alliance consists of seasonally flooded, non-tidal mangrove communities dominated by shrub-sized ~Conocarpus erectus$. The geographic extent of this alliance, its relationships, and its environmental parameters are poorly understood at this time.This alliance consists of shrublands dominated by ~Savia bahamensis$. This alliance occurs in limestone rockland areas and apparently results from clearing (as for farming) in former rockland hammock sites.Communities within this alliance occur in alpine meadows or on high mountain peaks. They range in elevation from 2900-4000 m. Landforms that support these communities are typically of gentle topography, with northerly aspects. They occur where snow lingers into the spring and summer, in places such as lees of cliffs and boulders, secondary slopes, and shallow depressions. Some stands also occur on moist gravel slopes and terraces or along stony margins of streams or lakes, thriving among coarse rock margins with almost no soil. Communities within this alliance are defined as cold-deciduous dwarf-shrublands. They are dominated by ~Salix arctica$, which forms a thick canopy with a mat-forming growth form seldom rising more than 5 cm above the ground. ~Salix reticulata$ occasionally is found as a codominant in the dwarf-shrub layer. These shrubs occur with a mix of forbs and graminoids, including ~Carex pyrenaica, Geum rossii, Polygonum bistortoides, Sibbaldia procumbens, Erigeron melanocephalus, Agrostis rossiae$, and ~Juncus drummondii$. Several bryophyte and lichen species have been reported from Longs Peak, Colorado. On James Peak, Colorado, ~Salix arctica$ did not receive any competition and dominated with a mat-forming growth form. In the Sangre de Cristo Mountains in New Mexico there was a conspicuous absence of cushion plants associated with ~Salix arctica$ communities.LVAL}<Communities within the ~~Salix reticulata$ Dwarf-shrubland Alliance (A.1119)$$ are found on rocky slopes in alpine areas on level to moderately steep, exposed, southern slopes. Elevation ranges from 1950 m to 2400 m. The soils are extremely rocky and often show indications of frost action (i.e., unsorted nets, frost-boils). Snowmelt is relatively early, generally occurring between mid-May and early June. This alliance is a cold-deciduous dwarf-shrubland. The dwarf-shrub layer is dominated by ~Salix reticulata$, a mat-forming, creeping alpine shrub that forms continuous cover (>75%). The herbaceous layer forms a sparse to moderately dense cover (10-25%). Species include ~Festuca brachyphylla, Carex scirpoidea, Oxytropis campestris, Erigeron aureus$, and ~Lupinus lepidus$. Total cover of the shrub and herbaceous layers is often over 75%. ~Selaginella densa$ is a constant associate in stands in the North Cascades, as are a variety of lichens and mosses. Information on adjacent plant communities is unavailable.Plant associations within the ~~Salix cascadensis$ Dwarf-shrubland Alliance (A.1118)$$ occur in alpine areas. Landforms supporting these associations are alpine meadows and talus slopes of all aspects ranging from 1900-3630 m in elevation. The soils are dry due to rocky content and subsequent good drainage. Plant associations that occur within this alpine alliance are classified as cold-deciduous, dwarf-shrubland dominated by ~Salix cascadensis$. ~Salix cascadensis$ is a mat-forming plant (<0.5 m) that forms a closed canopy with few forbs and graminoids. The forb layer includes ~Erigeron aureus$ and ~Minuartia obtusiloba (= Arenaria obtusiloba)$ in the North Cascades. The prominent graminoids are ~Festuca brachyphylla ssp. brachyphylla (= Festuca ovina var. brevifolia)$ and ~Carex phaeocephala$. Information on adjacent vegetation was not available.YLVALeg!This giant forest alliance occurs within the maritime climate-influenced region of the Pacific Northwest from northern California to southern Alaska, primarily west of the Cascade Crest. Stands of this alliance are best represented in areas of the coastal ranges with high precipitation, frequent fog, long frost-free periods, low fire frequencies, with only moderate drought and the majority of the annual precipitation arriving as rain. Annual precipitation is among the highest in temperate North America. Soils can vary widely, but growth is decreased on heavy soils or soils with poor drainage. These forests are characterized by a multi-tiered, mixed-species canopy over 50 m in height that is dominated by ~Tsuga heterophylla$. ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ is usually present and may approach 1000 years or more in age. ~Thuja plicata$ is commonly present in these forests and can be common on valley bottom sites with poorly drained soils. A secondary forest stratum of ~Acer macrophyllum$ or ~Taxus brevifolia$ may be present, especially at moist sites. In southern Oregon stands, ~Lithocarpus densiflorus$ or ~Chrysolepis chrysophylla (= Castanopsis chrysophylla)$ often occur. The tall-shrub layer may be dominated by ~Acer circinatum, Acer glabrum, Mahonia nervosa, Rhododendron macrophyllum, Rhododendron albiflorum, Vaccinium ovalifolium, Vaccinium membranaceum, Vaccinium ovatum, Gaultheria shallon, Holodiscus discolor, Rubus spectabilis$, or ~Oplopanax horridus$. The herbaceous layer is highly variable, often dominated with a rich mix of shade-tolerant, mesic forbs or ferns species such as ~Polystichum munitum, Oxalis oregana, Trientalis borealis ssp. latifolia (= Trientalis latifolia), Achlys triphylla, Gymnocarpium dryopteris$, and ~Linnaea borealis$. However, young stands are often understory depauperate. Diagnostic of this forest alliance is an upper tree canopy over 50 m tall that is dominated by~Tsuga heterophylla$.pLVAL|iAv!This vegetation occurs in saturated sites in coastal and montane areas in the Pacific Northwest. Elevations range from sea level to 1770 m. The climate is maritime-influenced. Stands are never extensive where it occurs, and it was probably always a rare component of the vegetation. Sites include saturated depressions in deflation plains in coastal dune complexes, on the margins of lakes and streams, in swales, near seeps, and in basins underlain by hardpan (often iron cemented), which cause a perched water table. These sites are flooded during the winter, then dry out by midsummer, but still have a shallow water table. Winter flooding and summer droughts are critical for this community. Soils are shallow to deep, relatively cold and poorly drained. Soil texture ranges from sand in the dune stands to finer-textured, organic muck. Vegetation included in this alliance occurs in saturated areas in coastal and montane areas in Oregon, California, and likely in Washington. Stands have a moderately dense to dense woody layer dominated by the cold-deciduous dwarf-shrub ~Vaccinium uliginosum$. Other shrubs and dwarf-shrubs include ~Salix geyeriana, Salix hookeriana, Salix lemmonii, Spiraea splendens (= Spiraea densiflora)$, and ~Spiraea douglasii$. The herbaceous layer is also moderately dense to dense and is dominated by the perennial graminoids ~Carex aquatilis var. dives$ or ~Deschampsia caespitosa$. Other common graminoids are ~Carex obnupta$ and ~Agrostis$ spp. Forb cover is sparse and may include ~Sanguisorba menziesii, Argentina egedii$ or ~Veronica scutellata$. Ferns such as ~Pteridium aquilinum$ may be present. Moss species such as ~Sphagnum mendocinum$ may be present to moderately dense. Scattered ~Pinus contorta$ or ~Picea sitchensis$ trees (<10% cover) may also be present. Adjacent vegetation includes montane conifer forests and wetlands dominated by other shrub or herbaceous species.LVAL-`CEGL000058CWCSA.105I.A.8.N.aPicea sitchensis / Oxalis oregana ForestSiThis is a limited alliance found in the northwestern Great Plains. It is dominated by dense colonies of ~Ceanothus velutinus$. Stands are not extensive. ^Stands of this alliance occur on dry hillsides, often with thin soil.This alliance consists of disturbance vegetation dominated by shrubs including ~Sophora secundiflora$ and ~Diospyros texana$.Tidal shrublands dominated by ~Suriana maritima$. Other characteristic species include ~Gundlachia corymbosa, Borrichia arborescens$, and ~Conocarpus erectus$.Natural salinas on the southwest (dry) coast of Puerto Rico, with high salt concentrations, dominated by shrubby ~Conocarpus erectus$.This alliance includes forests of the West Indies and southern Florida dominated by ~Avicennia germinans$ and occurring in non-tidal, inland basin situations.Communities within the ~~Salix arctica$ Saturated Dwarf-shrubland Alliance (A.1124)$$ occur on subalpine meadows or on high mountain peaks in Nevada. They range in elevation from 2800 to over 3500 m. Landforms that support these associations are typically gentle to moderate in slope and have northerly aspects. They occur where snow lingers into the spring and summer in places such as lees of cliffs and boulders, secondary slopes, and shallow depressions. Soils are probably wet throughout the growing season, as ~Caltha leptosepala$ is always associated with wet soils. Communities within this alliance are defined as cold-deciduous dwarf-shrublands. They are dominated by ~Salix arctica$, which forms a thick canopy with a mat-forming growth form seldom rising more than 1 dm above the ground. ~Salix reticulata$ occasionally is found as a codominant in the dwarf-shrub layer. The herbaceous layer commonly includes ~Caltha leptosepala, Erigeron peregrinus, Polygonum bistortoides$, and ~Pedicularis groenlandica$. No other information on species composition is available.nLVAL<ii0CEGL000145CWCSA.118I.A.8.N.bPinus contorta / Ceanothus velutinus ForestLodgepole Pine / Tobacco-brush Forest1997-11-26GCUSG496-02-01G4~|rrM"CEGL000144CWCSA.118I.A.8.N.bPinus contorta / Carex rossii ForestLodgepole Pine / Ross' Sedge Forest1997-11-26GCUSG594-02-23G5ywwwusiiF"CEGL000143CWCSA.118I.A.Plantation stands of ~Pinus resinosa$, with monospecific and even-aged canopy.Pine plantations dominated by ~Pinus clausa$ (usually monospecific).Planted forests dominated by monospecific and even-aged stands of ~Picea rubens$.Forests dominated by the exotic species ~Picea abies$. In the southeastern United States, this occurs as experimental plantations.This alliance includes forests of the West Indies and southern Florida dominated by ~Laguncularia racemosa$ and occurring in non-tidal, inland basin situations.Wetlands, mostly in bottomlands, dominated by the exotic ~Ligustrum sinense$ with little or no canopy. Shrub density often is such that there is no herbaceous layer development.The ~~Salix reticulata$ Saturated Dwarf-shrubland Alliance (A.1125)$$ is found in the alpine of mountains of western Montana on mesic, level to moderately steep, northern slopes. Elevations where the alliance is found are typically over 2500 m. Stands typically carpet active solifluction slopes, and are subirrigated from late-persisting snow fields lying above the stands. The soils are saturated much of the growing season, and appear to be low in coarse fragment content, with clay textures. The dwarf-shrub layer is dominated by ~Salix reticulata$, a mat-forming, creeping alpine shrub that may form continuous cover. Other shrubs that may be present to common include ~Salix rotundifolia$ or ~Salix arctica$. The herbaceous layer forms a sparse to moderately dense cover. Forbs are dominated by ~Caltha leptosepala$, with up to 25% cover. Graminoid species include ~Carex haydenii, Carex nova, Carex scirpoidea, Deschampsia caespitosa$, and ~Luzula spicata$. LVALtMK=YThis alliance consists of ruderal vegetation dominated and characterized by ~Melinis repens (= Rhynchelytrum repens)$. This alliance occupies a wide range of disturbed areas, such as old fields, vacant lots, roadsides. This alliance is widespread in the Neotropics, and may occur as well in the Paleotropics.This alliance consists of areas dominated by ~Pennisetum purpureum$ (native of Africa), extensive in southern Florida and elsewhere in the tropics, where ~Pennisetum purpureum$ invades abandoned farmland and other disturbed areas. Once established, this can be a long-persistent vegetation type.This semi-arid dwarf-shrubland alliance has been described from shale breaks in Utah, and is likely to occur elsewhere on the Colorado Plateau and in southwestern Wyoming. Stands are located on eroded shale outcrops on gentle to moderately steep slopes typically with southwesterly aspects. Substrate is a shallow, sandy clay loam to clay soil. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by a sparse to moderately sparse dwarf-shrub layer that is dominated or codominated by the dwarf-shrub ~Eriogonum corymbosum$. Codominant dwarf-shrubs may include ~Eriogonum effusum$ and ~Krascheninnikovia lanata$. Occasional shrubs and small trees to 3 m tall, such as ~Atriplex canescens, Atriplex confertifolia, Amelanchier utahensis, Artemisia tridentata$, and ~Juniperus osteosperma$, may be present. The herbaceous layer has typically sparse cover of perennial, cool-season bunch grasses such as ~Leymus salinus (= Elymus salinus), Elymus elymoides, Elymus lanceolatus, Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Pascopyrum smithii, Poa secunda, Pseudoroegneria spicata$, or ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$. Annual forbs, such as ~Chenopodium leptophyllum, Gilia leptomeria$, and grasses may be present seasonally. The exotic annual grass ~Bromus tectorum$ was present in some stands. Diagnostic of this shrubland alliance is total vegetation cover over 25% that is dominated by ~Eriogonum corymbosum$.dqRKT3 @ @ @ @ @ @ @  A.1106CWestIII.A.5.N.aARTEMISIA PYGMAEA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEPygmy Sagebrush Shrubland Alliance@nYD. SARRunma?   A.1105CWestIII.A.4.N.aARTEMISIA NOVA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBlack Sagebrush Shrubland AlliancemYD. SARRrkj^<   A.1104CWestIV.A.2.N.aKRASCHENINNIKOVIA LANATA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWinter-fat Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@lYK. SCHULZ{znK   A.1103CWestIII.A.5.N.aARTEMISIA BIGELOVII SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBigelow Sagebrush Shrubland AlliancejYK.A. SCHULZ}rqeA   A.1102CWestIV.A.2.N.aAMBROSIA DUMOSA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEWhite Burrobush Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@iYK. SCHULZwvjB   A.1101CSoutheastIV.A.2.N.aTIQUILIA HISPIDISSIMA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCERough Tiquilia Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@iYD. DIAMOND, MOD. K. SCHULtM   A.1100CWestIV.A.2.N.aHELIOTROPIUM ANOMALUM DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEHinahina Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYWCSmjiiH   A.110CWestI.A.8.N.aSEQUOIA SEMPERVIRENS FOREST ALLIANCERedwood Forest AllianceF@hYM. SCHINDELk`_S<   jA.11CLatin AmericaI.A.1.N.bTHESPESIA GRANDIFLORA FOREST ALLIANCEMaga Forest Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYrfeYE    A.1099CWestIV.A.2.N.aCHENOPODIUM OAHUENSE DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE'Aweoweo Dwarf-Shrubland AllianceYWCSlihhG   A.1098CWestIII.A.5.N.aARTEMISIA ROTHROCKII SHRUBLAND ALLIANCERothrock's Sagebrush Shrubland Alliance@gYM. SCHINDELvuiB   A.1097CWestIV.A.2.N.aARGYROXIPHIUM SANDWICENSE DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEAhinahina Dwarf-Shrubland AllianceYWCSronnL   A.1096CWestIV.A.1.N.gKALMIA MICROPHYLLA SATURATED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEAlpine Laurel Saturated Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@fYD. SARRO   A.1095CEastIV.A.1.N.gEMPETRUM NIGRUM SATURATED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBlack Crowberry Saturated Dwarf-shrubland AllianceYECS~~L  t fE&Xx7$KhWF5$xBm9 r?_A.1385H1998-05-01A.1386O@$$A.1380H19 A.1118CWestIV.B.2.N.bSALIX CASCADENSIS DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCECascade Willow Dwarf-shrubland Alliance\@zYD. CULVERxwkD   A.1117CWestIV.B.2.N.bSALIX ARCTICA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEArctic Willow Dwarf-shrubland Allianceu@yYD. CULVER|srf@   A.1116CEastIV.B.2.N.bVACCINIUM ULIGINOSUM DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBog Blueberry Dwarf-shrubland Alliancef@xYECS}zymG   A.1115CWestIV.B.2.N.aVACCINIUM DELICIOSUM DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCERainier Blueberry Dwarf-shrubland Alliance7@wYK. SCHULZ~}qG   A.1114CWestIV.B.2.N.aVACCINIUM (CAESPITOSUM, SCOPARIUM) DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE(Dwarf Blueberry, Grouseberry) Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@vYM. DAMMU   A.1113CEastIV.B.2.N.aVACCINIUM (ANGUSTIFOLIUM, MYRTILLOIDES, PALLIDUM) DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE(Northern Lowbush Blueberry, Velvetleaf Blueberry, Hillside Blueberry) Dwarf-shrubland Alliancee@uYECSd   A.1111CSoutheastIV.A.2.N.cBATIS MARITIMA TIDAL DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESaltwort Tidal Dwarf-shrubland Alliance; Planta de Sal Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@tYA.S. WEAKLEY/K.D. PATTERSL   A.1110CWestIV.A.2.N.bATRIPLEX GARDNERI DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEGardner's Saltbush Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@tYK. SCHULZ|{oD   A.111CWestI.A.8.N.aTHUJA PLICATA GIANT FOREST ALLIANCEWestern Red-cedar Giant Forest Alliance rYM.S. REID/D. SARRonb;   A.1109CWestIV.A.2.N.bATRIPLEX CORRUGATA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEMat Saltbush Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@qYK. SCHULZwvjE   A.1108CWestIV.A.2.N.bATRIPLEX OBOVATA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCENew Mexico Saltbush Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@pYK.A. SCHULZ|{oC   A.1107CWestIV.A.2.N.aERIOGONUM MICROTHECUM DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCESlender Wild Buckwheat Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@oYK. SCHULZwH  > rM jE#mbCEGL0000 A.1131CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.bANDROPOGON BICORNIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBarbas de Indio Herbaceous AllianceNLACDqmllI"   A.1130CSoutheastV.A.1.N.aPENNISETUM PURPUREUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEElephantgrass Herbaceous Alliance'@YA.S. WEAKLEYtsgF   A.113CWestI.A.8.N.aTSUGA MERTENSIANA - ABIES AMABILIS GIANT FOREST ALLIANCEMountain Hemlock - Pacific Silver Fir Giant Forest AllianceYD. SARR/K. SCHULZP   A.1129CWestIV.B.3.N.aSALVIA DORRII DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEGray Ball Sage Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@YM.S. REID}tsg@   A.1128CWestIII.B.3.N.aPICROTHAMNUS DESERTORUM SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBud Sagebrush Shrubland Alliance@YM.S. REID, MOD. J. KAGAN,rqeE   A.1127CWestIII.B.3.N.aARTEMISIA PEDATIFIDA SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBirdfoot Sagebrush Shrubland AllianceYK. SCHULZ}tsgB   A.1126CWestIV.B.3.N.aERIOGONUM CORYMBOSUM DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCECrispleaf Wild Buckwheat Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@YK. SCHULZxG   A.1125CWestIV.B.2.N.dSALIX RETICULATA SATURATED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCENet-vein Willow Saturated Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@~YD. CULVERM   A.1124CWestIV.B.2.N.dSALIX ARCTICA SATURATED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEArctic Willow Saturated Dwarf-shrubland Alliance5@}YD. CULVERzJ   A.1123CWestIV.B.2.N.dVACCINIUM ULIGINOSUM SATURATED DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCEBog Blueberry Saturated Dwarf-shrubland Alliance|YK. SCHULZQ   A.1120CEastIV.B.2.N.cDIAPENSIA LAPPONICA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCENorthern Diapensia Dwarf-shrubland AllianceY@YL. SNEDDON~}qF   A.112CWestI.A.8.N.aTSUGA HETEROPHYLLA GIANT FOREST ALLIANCEWestern Hemlock Giant Forest Alliance{YM.S. REID/D. SARRrqe@   A.1119CWestIV.B.2.N.bSALIX RETICULATA DWARF-SHRUBLAND ALLIANCENet-vein Willow Dwarf-shrubland Alliance@zYD. CULVERxwkC  GEIH<Qsm A.1145CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.cLEPTOCHLOOPSIS VIRGATA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELimestone Grass Herbaceous Alliance<@YA.S. WEAKLEY|{oL"   A.1144CWestV.A.1.N.cHETEROPOGON CONTORTUS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETanglehead Herbaceous AllianceYWCSda``B   A.1143CWestV.A.1.N.cFIMBRISTYLIS SPP. HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEFimbry species Herbaceous AllianceYWCSda``>   A.1142CWestV.A.1.N.cERAGROSTIS VARIABILIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEKawelu Herbaceous AllianceYWCS`]\\B   A.1141CWestV.A.1.N.cERAGROSTIS ATROPIOIDES HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMountain Pili Herbaceous AllianceYWCSheddC   A.1140CWestV.A.1.N.cDESCHAMPSIA NUBIGENA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAlpine Hairgrass Herbaceous AllianceYWCSifeeA   A.114CWestI.A.8.N.aABIES GRANDIS GIANT FOREST ALLIANCEGrand Fir Giant Forest AllianceYK. SCHULZ/J. KAGANygfZ;   A.1139CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.bSTENOTAPHRUM SECUNDATUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESt. Augustine Grass Herbaceous AllianceNLACDyuttM"   A.1137CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.bSPARTINA PATENS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESaltmeadow Cordgrass Herbaceous Alliance; Yerba-de-Sal Herbaceous AllianceNLACDE"   A.1136CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.bDICHANTHIUM ANNULATUM TROPICAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEKleberg's Bluestem Tropical Herbaceous Alliance; Pajon Herbaceous AllianceNLACDT"   A.1135CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.bCENCHRUS MYOSUROIDES HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESpike Burgrass Herbaceous Alliance; Abrojo de Espiga Herbaceous Alliance_@YLACDJ"   A.1134CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.bBOUTELOUA REPENS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESlender Grama Herbaceous AllianceNLACDlhggF"   A.1133CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.bAXONOPUS COMPRESSUS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESouthern Carpetgrass Herbaceous AllianceNLACDvrqqI"   A.1132CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.bARUNDINELLA CONFINIS - SCHIZACHYRIUM SANGUINEUM VAR. SANGUINEUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCERabo-de-Gato - Tropical Bluestem Herbaceous AllianceNLACDu"   [ zm!= A.1156CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.fCYPERUS HETEROPHYLLUS TEMPORARILY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE@ YLACDplk__"   dA.1155CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.jKYLLINGA SQUAMULATA - ISACHNE RIGIDIFOLIA - ELEOCHARIS SPP. SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAsian Spikerush - Isachne - Spikerush species Saturated Herbaceous Alliance"@ YLACD{"   A.1154CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.dISACHNE ANGUSTIFOLIA - SCLERIA SCINDENS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEYerba-de-Alambre - Hairy Nutrush Herbaceous Alliance @YLACD]"   A.1153CSoutheastV.A.1.N.cUNIOLA PANICULATA SUBTROPICAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESea-oats Subtropical Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYwO   A.1152CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.cSPOROBOLUS INDICUS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESmut Grass Herbaceous AllianceYLACDkgffH"   A.1151CSoutheastV.A.1.N.cSCHIZACHYRIUM SANGUINEUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETropical Bluestem Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEY|{oJ   A.1150CSoutheastV.A.1.N.cSCHIZACHYRIUM RHIZOMATUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCERockland Bluestem Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEY|{oJ   A.115CWestI.A.8.N.bCUPRESSUS MACNABIANA FOREST ALLIANCEMcNab Cypress Forest Alliance@YM. SCHINDELqfeY<   A.1149CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.cANDROPOGON GRACILIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWire Bluestem Herbaceous AllianceNLACDokjjI"   A.1148CSoutheastV.A.1.N.cMELINIS REPENS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCENatal Grass Herbaceous Alliance; Arrocillo Colorado Herbaceous Alliance4@YA.S. WEAKLEY@   A.1147CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.cUROCHLOA MAXIMA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGuinea Grass Herbaceous Alliance; Yerba Guinea Herbaceous Alliance@YLACDE"   A.1146CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.cLEPTOCORYPHIUM LANATUM - ARISTIDA PORTORICENSIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELanilla - Pelos del Diablo Herbaceous AllianceNLACDe"  N 5@Z@vl A.1165CSoutheastV.A.1.N.gSCHOENUS NIGRICANS SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBlacksedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliancev@YA.S. WEAKLEYW   A.1164CSoutheastV.A.1.N.gRHYNCHOSPORA MICROCARPA SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESouthern Beaksedge Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEY\   A.1163CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.gPHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS SEASONALLY FLOODED TROPICAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECommon Reed Seasonally Flooded Tropical Herbaceous Alliance; Cana de Indio Herbaceous Alliance5@YLACDf"   A.1162CSoutheastV.A.1.N.gPANICUM HEMITOMON SEASONALLY FLOODED TROPICAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMaidencane Seasonally Flooded Tropical Herbaceous Alliancev@YA.S. WEAKLEY_   A.1161CSoutheastV.A.1.N.gMUHLENBERGIA FILIPES SEASONALLY FLOODED TROPICAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESouthern Hairgrass Seasonally Flooded Tropical Herbaceous AllianceZ@YA.S. WEAKLEYb   A.1160CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.gGYNERIUM SAGITTATUM SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCERivercane Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous AllianceF@ YLACD\"   A.116CMidwestI.A.8.N.bPINUS BANKSIANA FOREST ALLIANCEJack Pine Forest AllianceYMCSc`_S:   A.1159CSoutheastV.A.1.N.gELEOCHARIS INTERSTINCTA - SAGITTARIA LANCIFOLIA SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGiant Spikerush - Lanceleaf Arrowhead Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance,@YA.S. WEAKLEYt   A.1158CSoutheastV.A.1.N.gELEOCHARIS CELLULOSA - (RHYNCHOSPORA TRACYI) SEASONALLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGulf Coast Spikerush - (Tracy's Beaksedge) Seasonally Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEY/K.D. PATTERSq   A.1157CSoutheastV.A.1.N.gCLADIUM MARISCUS SSP. JAMAICENSE SEASONALLY FLOODED TROPICAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESawgrass Seasonally Flooded Tropical Herbaceous Alliance@YD.J. ALLARDn  Q ,>o CEGL000507CWCSA.207I.A A.1175CSoutheastV.A.1.N.hTYPHA DOMINGENSIS SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED TROPICAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESouthern Cattail Semipermanently Flooded Tropical Herbaceous Alliance`@YA.S. WEAKLEY¶d   A.1173CSoutheastV.A.1.N.hSCHOENOPLECTUS TABERNAEMONTANI SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED TROPICAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESoftstem Bulrush Semipermanently Flooded Tropical Herbaceous Alliancer@YA.S. WEAKLEY¶q   A.1172CWestV.A.1.N.hSCHOENOPLECTUS SPP. - CYPERUS LAEVIGATUS SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEClubrush species - Smooth Flatsedge Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous AllianceYWCSm   A.1171CSoutheastV.A.1.N.hSCHOENOPLECTUS CALIFORNICUS SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGiant Bulrush Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEY, MOD. J. TEAīe   A.1170CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.hPASPALIDIUM GEMINATUM VAR. PALUDIVAGUM SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAlligator Grass Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous Alliance@YLACDt"   A.117CSoutheastI.A.8.N.bPINUS CLAUSA FOREST ALLIANCESand Pine Forest Alliance@YD.J. ALLARDj_^R9   A.1169CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.hHYMENACHNE AMPLEXICAULIS - SACCIOLEPIS STRIATA SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETrompetilla - American Cupscale Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous AllianceYLACD|"   A.1168CWestV.A.1.N.hCAREX ECHINATA - DESCHAMPSIA NUBIGENA SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEStar Sedge - Alpine Hairgrass Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous AllianceYWCSj   A.1167CWestV.A.1.N.hCAREX ALLIGATA SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEUki Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous AllianceYWCSS   A.1166CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.hUROCHLOA MUTICA - ERIOCHLOA POLYSTACHYA SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPara Liverseed Grass - Caribgrass Semipermanently Flooded Herbaceous AllianceNLACDu"  * &VA L A.1192CMidwestV.A.5.N.aANDROPOGON GERARDII - (SORGHASTRUM NUTANS) HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBig Bluestem - (Yellow Indiangrass) Herbaceous Alliance YMCS, MOD. K. SCHULZZ   A.1191CMidwestV.A.5.N.aANDROPOGON GERARDII - (CALAMAGROSTIS CANADENSIS, PANICUM VIRGATUM) HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBig Bluestem - (Bluejoint, Switchgrass) Herbaceous Alliance@YMCS, MOD. M.S. REIDͺr   gA.1190CEastV.A.5.N.cDACTYLIS GLOMERATA - RUMEX ACETOSELLA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEOrchard Grass - Sheep-sorrel Herbaceous Alliance@YECSR   A.119CSoutheastI.A.8.N.bPINUS ECHINATA FOREST ALLIANCEShortleaf Pine Forest AllianceYD.J. ALLARDqfeY;   A.1185CWestV.A.3.N.fSPOROBOLUS VIRGINICUS SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESaltmarsh Dropseed Shrub Herbaceous AllianceYWCSxuttH   A.1184CSoutheastV.A.3.N.cSPOROBOLUS SPP. - PANICUM SPP. SHRUB HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEDropseed species - Panicgrass species Shrub Herbaceous Alliance$@YA.S. WEAKLEYV   A.1182CSoutheastV.A.1.N.iSPOROBOLUS VIRGINICUS TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESaltmarsh Dropseed Tidal Herbaceous Alliancen@YSCSyM   A.118CWestI.A.8.N.bPINUS CONTORTA FOREST ALLIANCELodgepole Pine Forest AllianceYM.S. REID/D. SARRra`T6   A.1179CSoutheastV.A.1.N.iMONANTHOCHLOE LITTORALIS TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEShoregrass Tidal Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEY/K.D. PATTERStP   A.1178CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.iFIMBRISTYLIS THERMALIS TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEHot Springs Fimbry Tidal Herbaceous AllianceNLACD~~R"   A.1177CLatin AmericaV.A.1.N.iBOTHRIOCHLOA PERTUSA TIDAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPitted Beardgrass Tidal Herbaceous Alliance@NLACD{P"   A.1176CSoutheastV.A.1.N.hZIZANIOPSIS MILIACEA SEMIPERMANENTLY FLOODED SUBTROPICAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESouthern Wild Rice Semipermanently Flooded Subtropical Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYj  LVAL3q lCEGL000176CWCSA.133I.A.8.N.bPinus monticola / Clintonia uniflora ForestWestern White Pine / Bride's-bonnet Forest1997-11-This dwarf-shrub alliance is reported from the Pryor Mountains in the northern portion of the Bighorn Basin of south-central Montana and dissected uplands of the Cheyenne River Basin in northeastern Wyoming. Stands typically occur in slight depressions on alluvial fans and terraces, dissected outwash or rolling plains, lower foothills, and badlands. Sites are flat to moderately steep often highly eroded slopes with southern or western aspects. Soils are deep, poorly drained, and typically alkaline and saline with silt-loam to clay texture. The soil surface is mostly bare ground. Substrate is derived from shale or sandstone interbedded with shale, claystone or clay. The vegetation is characterized by a moderately dense dwarf-shrub layer that is dominated by ~Artemisia pedatifida$. ~Atriplex gardneri$ may codominate in some stands. Other woody species may include scattered ~Artemisia tridentata, Atriplex confertifolia, Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus), Eriogonum pauciflorum, Krascheninnikovia lanata, Gutierrezia sarothrae$, or ~Suaeda moquinii (= Suaeda nigra)$. The moderately sparse herbaceous layer is often dominated by cool-season graminoids such as ~Pascopyrum smithii$ or ~Elymus elymoides$ with lesser amounts of ~Bouteloua gracilis, Carex filifolia, Elymus lanceolatus ssp. lanceolatus, Poa secunda (= Poa juncifolia)$, or ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$. Forbs are generally sparse and may include scattered ~Allium textile, Astragalus$ spp., ~Comandra umbellata, Machaeranthera tanacetifolia, Musineon divaricatum, Phlox hoodii, Platyschkuhria integrifolia, Vicia americana, Xylorhiza glabriuscula$, or the cactus ~Opuntia polyacantha$. Annual grasses and forbs are seasonally present. Diagnostic of this alliance is the dwarf-shrub layer dominated by ~Artemisia pedatifida$.yLVAL4Q#CEGL000212CWCSA.533II.A.4.N.aPinus ponderosa - PIn Oregon, this is a somewhat common scabland alliance found from roughly 300-1670 m in elevation. It occurs on barren, fairly young basalts or shallow loams over basalt. Sites include ridgetops and steeper sites with rock outcrops. Extreme topo-edaphic drought is the major process influencing these communities. The alliance is often in a mosaic with ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$ canyon grassland or shrub steppe communities, but occasionally is found in ~Juniperus$ woodlands or ~Pinus ponderosa$ forests. ~Salvia dorrii$ is the dominant shrub, but cover or abundance information is not available. ~Poa secunda$ and ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$ are the dominant grasses, making up most of the herbaceous cover. ~Danthonia unispicata$ and ~Achnatherum hendersonii (= Stipa hendersonii)$ are occasionally important. Forb species can include ~Physaria oregona, Lewisia rediviva, Trifolium macrocephalum, Viola trinervata$, and species of ~Lomatium, Collomia, Erigeron$, and ~Arenaria$, all early blooming species. Many forb species are largely restricted to these environments. Information from California must be reviewed for inclusion in this description.Little information is available for the ~~Picrothamnus desertorum$ Shrubland Alliance (A.1128)$$. It is one of the least common salt desert shrub communities. It occurs on alkaline, lacustrine ash deposits of the Owyhee Uplands, along the margins of the large playas, and on alluvial gravel deposits of Pleistocene lake basins. These latter habitats are the most prevalent in Nevada, and thus the alliance may prove to be more common than presently documented. ~Picrothamnus desertorum (= Artemisia spinescens)$ is the indicator woody species, with ~Elymus elymoides$ the dominant graminoid species. Some valley margins sites with deep ash or alkaline sands support only open understories of ~Elymus elymoides, Achnatherum hymenoides$, and ~Hesperostipa comata$.ZLVALf/OtThis giant forest alliance occurs in cold, snowy subalpine environments of high coastal mountains from Washington and British Columbia, but probably also occurs northward. Stands occur from 1000-1500 m in elevation, primarily west of the Cascade crest where maritime climate influence is strong and deep winter snowpacks are typical. Precipitation ranges from 150-400 cm annually, falling largely as snow, and snowpacks usually linger into June or later. These forests typically occur in protected habitats in upper montane or subalpine areas and have attained great age due to low fire and windthrow frequency. Sites are cold and moist, and found on mid to lower slopes, benches and bottoms with typically western and northern aspects. Substrates are moderately deep soils derived from colluvium, glacial outwash and volcanic ash, which overlie gneiss or schist. Soils are acidic, coarse-textured and often subirrigated, with a substantial organic component. These forests have a closed tree canopy over 50 m tall that is dominated by ~Tsuga mertensiana$ and ~Abies amabilis$. Stands are typically old-growth with multi-layered canopies and copious woody debris. Other common trees include ~Tsuga heterophylla, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis$ and ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$. The undergrowth is often somewhat depauperate because of poor light penetration at the forest floor, but may include a moderately sparse shrub layer composed of ~Rubus$ spp., ~Menziesia ferruginea, Vaccinium membranaceum$, and ~Vaccinium ovalifolium$. Shade-tolerant forbs and ferns, including ~Tiarella trifoliata var. unifoliata, Clintonia uniflora, Streptopus lanceolatus var. curvipes (= Streptopus roseus), Valeriana sitchensis, Gymnocarpium dryopteris$, and ~Athyrium filix-femina$, dominate the moderately sparse herbaceous layer. Diagnostic of this forest alliance is an upper tree canopy over 50 m tall that is dominated by~Tsuga mertensiana$ and ~Abies amabilis$.LVAL$zQ50 m tall), old-growth ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$ trees, which dominate the closed canopy overstory. ~Abies grandis, Tsuga heterophylla$, and ~Thuja plicata$ are the dominant understory trees, usually with a few individuals in the upper canopy. The small trees ~Corylus cornuta, Oemleria cerasiformis, Taxus brevifolia$, and ~Acer macrophyllum$ may form a subcanopy in moist alluvial soils or rocky areas. The moderately dense undergrowth is dominated by the fern ~Polystichum munitum$ and grows up to 2 m tall. ~Vaccinium parvifolium, Mahonia nervosa (= Berberis nervosa)$, and ~Gaultheria shallon$ are occasional low shrubs, while the forbs ~Oxalis oregana, Trillium ovatum, Maianthemum dilatatum, Rubus ursinus$, and ~Prosartes smithii (= Disporum smithii)$ can be locally important. In seeps and wet areas along streams, ~Adiantum pedatum$ is found.LVALHh+CEGL000134CWCSA.118I.A.8.N.bPinus contorta / Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ForestLodgepole Pine / Kinikinnick Forest1997-11-26GCUSG596-02-01G5~ttQ"CEGL000133CWCSA.118I.A.8.N.bPinus contorta / Arctostaphylos nevadensis ForestLodgepole Pine / Pinemat Manzanita Forest1997-11-26GCUSG396-02-01G3||S"CEGL000132CWCSA.159I.A.8.N.cArbutus menziesii - Pinus contorta / Gaultheria shallon ForestPacific Madrone - Lodgepole Pine / Salal Forest1997-11-26GCUSG?Q96-02-01G?`"Stands of the ~~Cupressus macnabiana$ Forest Alliance (A.115)$$ occur from 300-800 m elevation in the northern Sierra Nevada and southern Cascade Mountains, and in the eastern portion of the Siskiyous. The climate of this region is Mediterranean, with a distinct summer dry season and with most precipitation falling as rain in the fall and winter. The yearly precipitation varies widely from 30-80 cm. Sites supporting this alliance are usually on upper slopes and are underlain by a variety of substrates, including basalt, conglomerates, gabbro, greenstone, and ultramafic serpentine. The soils are rocky, and range from deep, clay loams to shallow, silty loams only a few cm deep. All these soils are infertile. This alliance is characterized by ~Cupressus macnabiana$ as the sole or dominant shrub or tree in the canopy. Several other conifers may occur including ~Pinus attenuata, Pinus sabiniana$, and ~Cupressus sargentii$. Broad-leaved trees, such as ~Quercus douglasii$ or ~Quercus wislizeni$, may also be present. Shrubs may be present and could include ~Ceanothus cuneatus, Arctostaphylos viscida, Eriodictyon californicum$, and, on serpentine outcrops, ~Quercus durata, Ceanothus jepsonii$, and ~Garrya congdonii (= Garrya flavescens ssp. congdonii)$. The herbaceous layer is sparse.LVALt .r6bCEGL000232CWCSA.102I.A.8.N.aAbies amabilis / Vaccinium ovalifolium / Mahonia nervosa ForestPacific SilvThis alliance consists of coastal grasslands dominated and characterized by ~Schizachyrium sanguineum var. sanguineum$, and often with ~Muhlenbergia filipes$ as a codominant. Other characteristic species of the recognized association include ~Randia aculeata, Agave decipiens, Bidens pilosa, Cirsium horridulum, Trichostema [sp. nov. ined.], Dalbergia ecastaphyllum, Alternanthera flavescens (= Alternanthera ramosissima), Croton glandulosus var. floridanus, Flaveria floridana, Flaveria linearis, Euphorbia heterophylla (= Poinsettia heterophylla), Pentalinon luteum (= Urechites lutea), Baccharis halimifolia, Andropogon glomeratus var. pumilus$, and ~Fimbristylis castanea$.This alliance consists of marl prairies of the southern Florida Everglades region, dominated and characterized by ~Schizachyrium rhizomatum$. Stands occur on elevated surfaces of oolite with very shallow (less than 5 cm) or no soil present. The only association recognized in this alliance occurs in small areas in a matrix dominated by wet prairie ~~Muhlenbergia filipes - Rhynchospora microcarpa - Centella erecta$ Herbaceous Vegetation (CEGL003978)$$. ~Schizachyrium rhizomatum, Aristida purpurascens var. tenuispica, Eragrostis spectabilis, Andropogon gyrans, Andropogon glomeratus var. pumilus, Panicum tenerum$, and ~Paspalum setaceum$ are the principal graminoids present, and are indicative of this community in combination. Woody species present include ~Baccharis halimifolia, Chamaecrista deeringiana, Chiococca parvifolia, Funastrum clausum (= Sarcostemma clausum), Senna ligustrina$, and ~Vitis rotundifolia var. munsoniana$. Other herbaceous species present include ~Anemia wrightii, Buchnera longifolia, Eupatorium leptophyllum, Hyptis alata, Linum carteri, Polygala grandiflora, Solidago stricta$, and ~Odontosoria clavata (= Sphenomeris clavata)$.LVAL]i)CEGL000253CWCSA.152I.A.8.N.cAbies concolor / OThis alliance consists of freshwater pond vegetation in southern Florida and the West Indies, dominated and characterized by ~Eleocharis interstincta$. Other species present in the southeastern United States include ~Pontederia cordata (= Pontederia cordata var. lancifolia)$ and ~Crinum americanum$.Montane meadows and landslide scars at upper elevations of the Luquillo Mountains of eastern Puerto Rico. Dominant graminoids are ~Isachne angustifolia$ and ~Scleria scindens (= Scleria canescens)$. Other species include ~Clibadium erosum$ and ~Phytolacca rivinoides$.This alliance consists of tropical and subtropical coastal grasslands (sometimes with scattered shrubs) dominated or codominated by ~Uniola paniculata$. This alliance is separated from the temperate alliance (V.A.5.N.a) by the presence of a substantial tropical floristic component. Vegetation described in this alliance is dominated by ~Uniola paniculata$, with other herbs including ~Hymenocallis latifolia, Sesuvium portulacastrum, Panicum$ spp., ~Sporobolus virginicus, Sporobolus$ spp., ~Chamaesyce mesembrianthemifolia, Suaeda linearis, Flaveria linearis, Melanthera$ sp., ~Alternanthera maritima, Chamaesyce bombensis, Croton punctatus, Helianthus debilis ssp. debilis, Heliotropium polyphyllum, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Oenothera humifusa, Sesuvium portulacastrum$, and ~Spartina patens$. Woody plants can have slight to (often substantial) cover, of species such as ~Argusia gnaphalodes, Coccoloba uvifera, Ernodea littoralis, Iva imbricata, Opuntia stricta, Phyllanthus abnormis, Sabal palmetto, Suriana maritima, Pithecellobium keyense, Lantana involucrata, Cynanchum northropiae$, and ~Caesalpinia bonduc$. In the southeastern United States, this alliance is represented in only a limited number of sites in southern Florida. Many examples have substantial cover of woody vines and shrubs.`LVAL?n Hg%d5CEGL000285CWCSA.153I.A.8.N.cAbies grandis / TrautveThis alliance consists of vegetation of freshwater lakes dominated and characterized by ~Eleocharis cellulosa$. Overall cover of vascular plants is sometimes sparse. ~Eleocharis cellulosa$ may be nearly monospecific, or may be codominated by ~Rhynchospora tracyi$ or ~Eleocharis elongata$, and intermixed with other species, including ~Rhynchospora inundata, Hymenocallis latifolia, Crinum americanum, Bacopa caroliniana$, and ~Utricularia gibba (= Utricularia biflora)$. Algal periphyton consisting of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and green algae is often dense and well-developed, especially in sparser associations in the alliance. The algal periphyton breaks down the oolitic substrate and deposits biogenic marl.This alliance consists of marshes dominated by ~Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense (= Cladium jamaicense)$. Occurrences of this alliance are sometimes very extensive, such as the Everglades of southern Florida and areas in the Bahamian Archipelago, though they can also occur in smaller patches. ~Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense$ is usually strongly dominant. Other species may include ~Pontederia cordata (= Pontederia cordata var. lancifolia), Sagittaria lancifolia, Eleocharis cellulosa, Proserpinaca palustris, Bacopa caroliniana, Bacopa monnieri, Ludwigia repens, Leptochloa fusca ssp. fascicularis (= Leptochloa fascicularis var. fascicularis)$, and ~Utricularia gibba (= Utricularia biflora)$. Algal periphyton consisting of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and green algae is often dense and well-developed, especially in sparser associations in the alliance. The algal periphyton breaks down the oolitic substrate and deposits biogenic marl. This alliance occurs in areas where the alkaline chemistry necessary for sawgrass is provided by underlying calcareous rock (oolite) rather than by brackish tidal influence [contrast ~~Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense$ Tidal Temperate Herbaceous Alliance (A.1473)$$].LVAL This alliance, found from lower Michigan and northwestern Indiana northwest to southern Manitoba, with occasional outliers eastward, is a dry forest. It is characterized by moderately dense to dense stands of trees. The morphology and density of the dominant trees often allows enough light through the canopy to support abundant shrubs. The vegetation is dominated by coniferous trees, often almost entirely ~Pinus banksiana$. Other conifers that may be present include ~Abies balsamea, Pinus resinosa, Picea glauca$, and ~Picea mariana$. Deciduous trees, such as ~Acer rubrum, Betula papyrifera, Populus balsamifera, Populus grandidentata, Populus tremuloides, Quercus ellipsoidalis$, and ~Quercus rubra$, may be scattered throughout stands of this alliance. All of these associated trees, except ~Betula papyrifera, Pinus resinosa$, and ~Populus tremuloides$, are minor canopy components. The latter three species may be codominant in some stands. The associated trees often make up the bulk of the saplings and seedlings. Shrubs may be absent to abundant. Both tall and short shrubs occur in stands of this alliance. These include ~Alnus viridis$ (especially in northwest Ontario), ~Amelanchier$ spp., ~Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Corylus cornuta, Diervilla lonicera, Gaultheria procumbens, Linnaea borealis$, and ~Viburnum rafinesquianum$. ~Vaccinium$ spp. are very common throughout this alliance. The herbaceous layer is often not well represented. It may include ~Aralia nudicaulis, Eurybia macrophylla (= Aster macrophyllus), Maianthemum canadense$, and ~Melampyrum lineare$. Mosses and lichens, especially ~Pleurozium schreberi$ and ~Cladonia$ spp., are abundant in some communities of this alliance. ^Stands may be found on rocky ridgetops and slopes, outwash plains, and lake dunes. These sites are most often dry to dry-mesic with sand, sandy loam, and less commonly, clay soils. The soils are of lacustrine, glaciofluvial, or eolian origin. They may be shallow to deep and are typically somewhat infertile. Bedrock is expLVALo"RCEGL000427CWCSA.157I.A.8.N.cPseudotsuga menziesii / Arnica cordifolia ForestDouglas-fir / Heartleaf Leopardbane ForestDouglas-fir / Heartleaf Arnica Forest1997-11-26GCUSG496-02-01G4|R"CEGL000426CWCSA.157I.A.8.N.cPseudotsuga menziesii / Arctostaphylos uva-ursi - Purshia tridentata ForestDouglas-fir / Kinikinnick - Bitterbrush Forest1997-11-26GCUSG3?96-02-01G3m"CEGL000425CWCSA.157I.A.8.N.cPseudotsuga menziesii / Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Cascadian ForestDouglas-fir / Kinikinnick Cascadian Forest1997-11-26GCUSG3G496-02-01G3b"CEGL000424CWCSA.157I.A.8.N.cPseudotsuga menziesii / Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ForestDouglas-fir / Kinikinnick ForestDouglas-fir / Bearberry Forest1997-11-26GCUSG496-02-01G4xX"CEGL000423CWCSA.157I.A.8.N.cPseudotsuga menziesii / Arctostaphylos patula ForestDouglas-fir / Greenleaf Manzanita Forest1997-11-26GCUSG494-02-23G4~~V"CEGL000422CWCSA.159I.A.8.N.cPseudotsuga menziesii - Arbutus menziesii / Vicia americana ForestDouglas-fir - Pacific Madrone / American Purple Vetch Forest1997-11-26GCUSC.B. ChappellG1G2Q97-11-14G1d"CEGL000421CWCSA.157I.A.8.N.cPseudotsuga menziesii - Arbutus menziesii / Gaultheria shallon ForestDouglas-fir - Pacific Madrone / Salal Forest1997-11-26GCUSC.B. ChappellG300-12-06G3g"CEGL000420CWCSA.157I.A.8.N.cPseudotsuga menziesii / Amelanchier alnifolia ForestDouglas-fir / Saskatoon Serviceberry ForestDouglas-fir / Serviceberry Forest1997-11-26GCUSP. Lesica and S.V. CooperG297-11-14G2ɰV"CEGL000419CWCSA.157I.A.8.N.cPseudotsuga menziesii / Acer grandidentatum Foresosed in some stands. Stands in this alliance require fire or other disturbance to regenerate because ~Pinus banksiana$ does not reproduce well in established forests. In the absence of disturbance these stands will succeed to other forest types.LVAL)`ICEGL000447CWCSA.157I.A.8.N.cPseudotsuga menziesii / Physocarpus malvaceus ForestDouglas-fir / Mallow-leaf Ninebark Forest1997-11-26GCUSG596-02-01G5V"CEGL00044This alliance consists of tropical wet prairies of southern Florida, dominated and characterized by ~Muhlenbergia filipes$. Other characteristic graminoids are local codominants, including ~Rhynchospora microcarpa, Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense, Schoenus nigricans, Schizachyrium rhizomatum, Panicum tenerum$, and ~Andropogon gyrans$. Other species present include ~Agalinis filifolia, Symphyotrichum adnatum (= Aster adnatus), Cassytha filiformis, Chamaesyce porteriana, Crinum americanum, Dyschoriste angusta, Elytraria caroliniensis var. angustifolia, Eupatorium mikanioides, Euphorbia polyphylla, Flaveria linearis, Hedyotis nigricans var. floridana, Helenium vernale, Hymenocallis palmeri, Justicia angusta, Liatris garberi, Linum carteri, Lobelia glandulosa, Melanthera angustifolia, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Panicum virgatum var. virgatum (= Panicum virgatum var. cubense), Pluchea rosea, Rhynchospora colorata, Rhynchospora divergens, Rhynchospora inundata, Ruellia caroliniensis, Stenandrium dulce (var. floridanum), Vernonia blodgettii$. Communities of this alliance are predominant on seasonally flooded Perrine marl soils. The hydroperiod is from 3-7 months, and the marl soil is generally deeper than 5 cm. Following drainage and reduction of hydroperiod to 1-4 months, this community experiences succession, with the addition or increase of weedy species such as ~Andropogon glomeratus var. pumilus, Saccharum giganteum, Morella cerifera, Metopium toxiferum, Ilex cassine, Persea palustris, Baccharis halimifolia, Melaleuca quinquenervia, Schinus terebinthifolius$, and ~Casuarina equisetifolia$.lLVALzCEGL000486CWCSA.166I.A.8.N.cThuja plicata - Tsuga heterophylla / Whipplea modesta ForestWestern Red-cedar - Western Hemlock / Modesty Forest1997-11-26GCUSJ. TitusG2G398-11-30G2^" CEGL000485CWCSA.111I.A.8.N.aThuja plicata - Tsuga heterophylla / Rhododendron macrophyllum / Linnaea borealis ForestWestern Red-cedar - Western Hemlock / California Rhododendron / American Twinflower Forest1997-11-26GCUSG396-02-01G3z"CEGL000484CWCSA.2586IV.B.2.N.dVaccinium caespitosum - (Salix farriae) / Danthonia intermedia Dwarf-shrublandDwarf Blueberry - (Farr's Willow) / Timber Oatgrass Dwarf-shrubland2002-10-17GCUSRCC 10-02R.C. CrawfordG1G202-10-17G1r$ CEGL000483CWCSA.111I.A.8.N.aThuja plicata - Tsuga heterophylla / Oxalis oregana ForestWestern Red-cedar - Western Hemlock / Redwood Sorrel ForestWestern Red-cedar - Western Hemlock / Oregon Oxalis1997-11-26GCUSM.S. ReidG297This alliance consists of tropical wet prairies dominated by ~Rhynchospora microcarpa$. It has been reported from the Big Cypress area. This alliance is poorly defined and needs additional assessment and comparison to other vegetation types to confirm its distinctiveness.This alliance consists of tropical wet prairies (marshes) dominated by ~Panicum hemitomon$. Other species present in small amounts are ~Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense, Sagittaria lancifolia, Salix caroliniana, Nuphar lutea ssp. advena, Nymphaea odorata, Paspalidium geminatum var. paludivagum$, and ~Typha domingensis$. This tropical wet prairie community of southern Florida occurs on peat and marl-peat soils, with 6- to 11-month hydroperiod (generally greater than that of associated ~Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense$ and ~Eleocharis cellulosa - Rhynchospora tracyi$ communities). The alliance occurs as well in the Bahamas.?LVALK>>dE*CEGL000527CWCSA.422I.C.3.N.aPopulus tremuloides - Abies lasiocarpa / Juniperus communis ForestQuaking Aspen - Subalpine Fir / Common Juniper Forest1997-11-26GCUSG3G494-02-23G3d"*CEGL000526CWCSA.422I.C.3.N.aPopulus tremuloides - Abies lasiocarpa / Carex rossii ForestQuaking Aspen - Subalpine Fir / Ross' Sedge Forest1997-11-26GCUSG594-02-23G5^"*CEGL000525CWCSA.422I.C.3.N.aPopulus tremuloides - Abies lasiocarpa / Carex geyeri ForestQuaking Aspen - Subalpine Fir / Geyer's Sedge Forest1997-11-26GCUSG3?96-02-01G3^"*CEGL000524CWCSA.422I.C.3.N.aPopulus tremuloides - Abies lasiocarpa / Amelanchier alnifolia ForestQuaking Aspen - Subalpine Fir / Saskatoon Serviceberry Forest1997-11-26GCUSG3?96-02-Forests, usually monospecific, dominated by ~Pinus clausa$. This alliance occurs on mainland areas near the coast in the Florida Panhandle. The closed canopy (10-20 m high) is composed of ~Pinus clausa$. The subcanopy includes ~Quercus geminata, Quercus laevis, Quercus virginiana, Quercus hemisphaerica$, and ~Magnolia grandiflora$. The open shrub layer includes ~Chrysoma pauciflosculosa, Clinopodium coccineum (= Calamintha coccinea), Licania michauxii, Quercus arkansana, Quercus margarettiae, Quercus myrtifolia, Osmanthus americanus var. americanus, Castanea pumila, Vaccinium arboreum, Vaccinium stamineum, Yucca filamentosa (= Yucca flaccida), Serenoa repens, Ilex opaca var. opaca$, and ~Ilex vomitoria$. Woody vines are also frequent, and include ~Smilax auriculata, Vitis rotundifolia$, and ~Bignonia capreolata$. The sparse herb layer includes ~Rhynchospora megalocarpa, Rhynchosia cytisoides, Croton argyranthemus, Silphium compositum, Euphorbia floridana, Eriogonum tomentosum, Smilax pumila, Dichanthelium commutatum, Pityopsis graminifolia$, and ~Polygonella macrophylla$. Ground lichens are abundant, primarily ~Cladina evansii$. More research is needed on the dynamics of this community.ULVALeM.CEGL000545CWCSA.426I.C.3.N.aPopulus tremuloides - Pseudotsuga menziesii / Juniperus communis ForestQuaking Aspen - Douglas-fir / Common Juniper Forest1997-11-26GCUSG3G494-02-23G3i".CEGL000544CWCSA.426I.C.3.N.aPopulus tremuloides - Pseudotsuga menziesii / Calamagrostis rubescens ForestQuaking Aspen - Douglas-fir / Pinegrass Forest1997-11-26GCUSG3?96-02-01G3n".CEGL000543CWCSA.426I.C.3.N.aPopulus tremuloides - Pseudotsuga menziesiThis alliance consists of sparse shrublands of the Florida Keys with the shrub layer codominated by ~Croton linearis, Morinda umbellata (= Morinda royoc), Senna mexicana var. chapmanii, Ximenia americana$, and other shrubs, over various grasses, including ~Sporobolus$ spp. and ~Panicum$ spp.This alliance includes upper tidal areas strongly dominated by ~Monanthochloe littoralis$, a slightly woody short grass. Scattered patches of other halophytic species are present, including ~Sarcocornia perennis, Sporobolus virginicus, Batis maritima$, and ~Lycium carolinianum$.This alliance consists of tropical, non-tidal marshes dominated by ~Typha domingensis$. In the southeastern United States, other characteristic species of associations in this alliance include ~Annona glabra, Bacopa caroliniana, Blechnum serrulatum, Boehmeria cylindrica, Cladium mariscus ssp. jamaicense, Eupatorium leptophyllum, Ficus aurea, Fuirena squarrosa, Juncus polycephalus, Justicia ovata, Ludwigia repens, Mikania scandens, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera), Panicum hemitomon, Panicum rigidulum, Panicum virgatum, Pluchea rosea, Polygonum punctatum, Pontederia cordata (= Pontederia cordata var. lancifolia), Rhynchospora inundata, Rhynchospora microcarpa, Rhynchospora tracyi, Saccharum giganteum, Sagittaria graminea, Thelypteris kunthii, Utricularia foliosa$, and ~Xyris elliottii$. Associations in the West Indies will have different associates.LVAL This alliance is found in the upper montane and subalpine zone of most major mountain ranges of the western U.S., as well as forested dunes of the Oregon and northern California coast. ~Pinus contorta$ occupies the broadest array of habitats of any coniferous species in the western United States. Forests included in this alliance are characterized by a closed to moderately open tree canopy that is dominated by the conifer ~Pinus contorta$. Stands may be even-aged or multi-aged depending on geographic location, edaphic characteristics, and how the stands were established following wildfire. Shrub and herbaceous layers may be present or absent depending on tree canopy. Other tree species, such as ~Abies grandis, Abies lasiocarpa, Picea engelmannii, Tsuga heterophylla, Tsuga mertensiana$, or ~Pseudotsuga menziesii$, may be present to abundant as seedlings and saplings. Associated shrub and herbaceous species vary across the range of this alliance. In the coastal dunes stands important species include ~Gaultheria shallon, Vaccinium ovatum, Rhododendron macrophyllum$, and ~Morella californica (= Myrica californica)$. Herbaceous cover is very sparse. Common subalpine and montane shrub species include ~Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Arctostaphylos patula, Arctostaphylos nevadensis, Ceanothus velutinus, Linnaea borealis, Mahonia repens, Purshia tridentata, Spiraea betulifolia, Spiraea douglasii, Shepherdia canadensis, Vaccinium caespitosum, Vaccinium scoparium, Vaccinium membranaceum, Symphoricarpos albus$, and ~Ribes$ spp. The cover of the herbaceous stratum can be dominated by either graminoids or perennial forbs and tends to vary inversely with shrub cover. Important graminoids include ~Carex pensylvanica, Carex geyeri, Carex rossii, Calamagrostis rubescens, Danthonia californica, Elymus glaucus$, or ~Achnatherum occidentale (= Stipa occidentalis)$. Important forbs are ~Arnica cordifolia, Chimaphila umbellata, Orthilia secunda, Osmorhiza berteroi (= Osmorhiza chilensis), Pedicularis racemosa, Xerophyllum tenLVAL&YHJ CEGL000605CWCSA.274I.B.2.N.bPopulus tremuloides / Sambucus racemosa ForestQuaking Aspen / European Red Elder Forest1997-11-26GCUSG2G394-02-23G2yyP" CEGL000604CWCSA.274I.B.2.N.bPopulus tremuloides / Salix scouleriana ForestQuaking Aspen / Scouler's Willow Forest1997-11-26GCUSG496-02-01G4wwP" CEGL000603CWCSA.274I.B.2.N.bPopulus tremuloides / Rudbeckia occidentalis ForestQuaking Aspen / Western Coneflower Forest1997-11-26GCUSG?Q96-02-01G?~~U" CEGL000602CWCSA.274I.B.2.N.bPopulus tremuloides / Rubus parviflorus ForestQuaking Aspen / Thimbleberry ForestAspen / Thimbleberry Forest1997-11-26GCUSG.P. JonesG298-11-30G2sP"CEGL000600CWCSA.300I.B.2.N.dPopulus tremuloides / Ribes montigenum ForestQuaking Aspen / Western Prickly Gooseberry ForestQuaking Aspen / Gooseberry Currant1997-11-26GCUSM.S. ReidG297-11-07G2ûO"CEGL000599CWCSA.340I.B.2.N.ePopulus tremuloides / Ranunculus alismifolius ForestQuaking Aspen / Water-plantain Buttercup Forest1997-11-26GCUSG.P. JonesG2?98-11-30G2V"CEGL000598CWCSA.300I.B.2.N.dPopulus tremuloides / Quercus gambelii / Symphoricarpos oreophilus ForestQuaking Aspen / Gambel Oak / Mountain Snowberry Forest1997-11-26GCUSK.A. SchulzG?96-02-01G?ļk" CEGL000597CWCSA.274I.B.2.N.bPopulus tremuloides / Pteridium aquilinum ForestQuaking Aspen / Northern Bracken ForestAspen / Bracken Fern Forest1997-11-26GCUSD. Faber-LangendoenG494-02-23G4yR" CEGL000596CMCSA.274I.B.2.N.bPopulus tremuloides / Prunus virginiana ForestQuaking Aspen / Choke Cherry ForestAspen / Choke Cherry Forest1997-11-26GCUSDFLJ. DrakeG3G402-10-24G3sP" ax$, and ~Thalictrum$ spp. Diagnostic of this upland forest alliance is the dominance of ~Pinus contorta$ in the tree canopy without significant regeneration of ~Abies lasiocarpa$ or similar shade-tolerant species.LVAL This alliance includes forests dominated by ~Pinus echinata$, which on very dry sites may be virtually the only tree species present. This is a wide-ranging alliance; it is currently known from wide areas of the eastern United States from the central Appalachians south, through the Southern Blue Ridge and Cumberland Plateau and Mountains, possibly extending into the Piedmont, and in the central United States in the Ouachita Mountains and Ozarks, extending south into the Gulf Coastal Plain. Other pine species may be present in small amounts; these vary with geography and include ~Pinus taeda, Pinus virginiana, Pinus pungens$, and ~Pinus rigida$. Typical hardwood associates include ~Quercus alba, Quercus falcata, Quercus velutina, Quercus coccinea, Quercus marilandica, Nyssa sylvatica, Liquidambar styraciflua, Carya alba$, and ~Carya glabra$. Understory species vary across the range of the alliance, but some common components are ~Vaccinium arboreum, Vaccinium pallidum, Vaccinium stamineum, Symplocos tinctoria, Ulmus alata, Diospyros virginiana, Acer rubrum, Cornus florida$, and ~Oxydendrum arboreum$. One association in the West Gulf Coastal Plain of Arkansas has ~Vaccinium elliottii, Aesculus pavia var. pavia$, and ~Chasmanthium laxum$. Common herbaceous species in this Coastal Plain association include ~Smilax glauca, Silphium compositum, Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum, Scleria oligantha, Piptochaetium avenaceum$, and ~Tephrosia virginiana$. Some associations can result from natural or anthropogenic disturbances such as fire or windstorms, while others occur naturally on the landscape, are maintained by edaphic situations, and may even be 'climax' on these sites. Soils of these forests are acidic and are derived from sandstone, chert or granitic rock situated on ravines, ridges, and steep, often south-facing, slopes; the surface is often rocky. In the Coastal Plain, this alliance is particularly typical of clay soils, on hillsides, ridges, flats, and low hills. In the Ouachita Mountains and LVAL*MF-CEGL000687CWCSA.483II.A.2.N.aQuercus emoryi / Schizachyrium cirratum WoodlandEmory Oak / Texas Bluestem Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG?94-02-23G?vvS#CEGL000686CWCSA.483II.A.2.N.aQuercus emoryi / Piptochaetium fimbriatum WoodlandEmory Oak / Pinyon Speargrass Woodland1997-11-26GCUSK.A. SchulzG297-10-21G2{{U#CEGL000685CWCSA.483II.A.2.N.aQuercus emoryi / Muhlenbergia emersleyi WoodlandEmory Oak / Bull Muhly Woodland1997-11-26GCUSWCSWestern Ecology GroupG496-02-01G4~|rrS#CEGL000684CWCSA.483II.A.2.N.aQuercus emoryi / Dasylirion wheeleri WoodlandEmory Oak / Common Sotol Woodland1997-11-26GCUSE. MuldavinG300-12-01G3}{qqP#CEGL000683CWCSA.483II.A.2.N.aQuercus emoryi / Bouteloua curtipendula WoodlandEmory Oak / Sideoats Grama Woodland1997-11-26GCUSWCSE. MuldavinG300-12-01G3vvS#CEGL000682CWCSA.483II.A.2.N.aQuercus emoryi / Arctostaphylos pungens WoodlandEmory Oak / Mexican Manzanita Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG?94-02-23G?yyS#CEGL000681CWCSA.482II.A.2.N.aQuercus arizonica / Muhlenbergia emersleyi WoodlandArizona White Oak / Bull Muhly Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG496-02-01G4}}V#CEGL000680CWCSA.482II.A.2.N.aQuercus arizonica / Bouteloua curtipendula WoodlandArizona White Oak / Sideoats Grama Woodland1997-11-26GCUSE. MuldavinG300-12-01G3V#'CEGL000679CWCSA.314I.B.2.N.dSalix bonplandiana ForestRed Willow Forest1997-11-26GCUSG?94-02-23G?fd\ZZZXVLL;"%CEGL000678CWCSA.312I.B.2.N.dPopulus deltoides / Muhlenbergia asperifolia ForestEastern Cottonwood / Alkali Muhly Forest1997-11-26GCUSE. MuldavinG300-12-01G3Ozarks, forests of this alliance typically occur on south-facing slopes and saddles, and rocky outcrops and bluffs, but may also occur on lower, north-facing slopes and flat uplands, especially in the Piedmont.FLVALRI L$CEGL000697CWCSA.534II.A.4.N.aJuniperus deppeana / Muhlenbergia emersleyi WoodlandAlligator Juniper / Bull Muhly Woodland1997-11-26GCUSWCSWestern Ecology GroupG494-02-23G4~~W#$CEGL000696CWCSA.534II.A.4.N.aJuniperus deppeana - Juniperus monosperma - Quercus grisea / Rhus trilobata WoodlandAlligator Juniper - One-seed Juniper - Gray Oak / Squawbush Woodland1997-11-26GCUSWCSWestern Ecology GroupG594-02-23G5Żw#$CEGL000695CWCSA.534II.A.4.N.aJuniperus deppeana - JunipeThis broadly defined alliance includes pasture and post-agricultural fields, and is largely composed of non-native grasses and herbs (generally of European origin). Physiognomically, these grasslands are generally comprised of mid-height (1-3 feet tall) grasses and forbs, with occasional scattered shrubs. Species composition varies from site to site, depending on land-use history, and perhaps soil type, but in general, this vegetation is quite wide-ranging in northeastern and midwestern states, and possibly at higher elevations in the southeastern states. In addition to ~Dactylis glomerata$ and ~Rumex acetosella$ these grassy fields are characterized by ~Symphyotrichum$ spp. (including ~Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (= Aster lateriflorus)$ and ~Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (= Aster novae-angliae)), Rudbeckia hirta, Pteridium aquilinum, Chenopodium album, Asclepias syriaca, Andropogon virginicus, Schizachyrium scoparium, Phytolacca americana, Phleum pratense, Poa pratensis, Poa compressa, Elymus repens (= Agropyron repens), Bromus inermis, Solidago$ spp. (including ~Solidago rugosa, Solidago nemoralis, Solidago juncea, Solidago canadensis, Solidago altissima), Euthamia graminifolia, Oenothera biennis, Potentilla simplex, Daucus carota, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Hieracium$ spp., ~Taraxacum officinale, Vicia cracca, Trifolium$ spp., and many others. Communities of this alliance occur throughout the northeastern United States and beyond.LVAL+;n 0{CEGL000707CWCSA.504II.A.4.N.aJuniperus monosperma / Atriplex confertifolia / Achnatherum hymenoides WoodlandOne-seed Juniper / ShadscThis alliance, found in central North America, is made up of mesic to wet-mesic tall grasslands. The dominant lifeforms in stands of this alliance are tall grasses, although forbs can be abundant as well. Trees and shrubs can occur as scattered individuals or clumps. Vegetation tends to be dense and between 1.5 and 2 m tall. The dominant species across the range of this alliance is ~Andropogon gerardii$. Other species that are common to abundant throughout the alliance's range are ~Calamagrostis canadensis, Carex$ spp., ~Panicum virgatum, Sorghastrum nutans$, and ~Spartina pectinata$. ~Muhlenbergia richardsonis$ may be diagnostic of this alliance in the northeastern Great Plains, and ~Pascopyrum smithii$ is common in the western portion of this alliance's range. ~Elymus canadensis$ is abundant in Wisconsin. ~Schizachyrium scoparium$ can be found on sites subject to seasonal drought. Forbs are abundant, especially farther east in this alliance's range. Among these forbs are Asteraceae spp., ~Helianthus grosseserratus, Lysimachia quadrifolia, Pycnanthemum virginianum, Ratibida columnifera, Ratibida pinnata, Thalictrum dasycarpum$, and ~Zizia aurea$. ^Stands of this widespread alliance occur most frequently on sand to silt loam soils. Some are found on clay loams or silty clays. The sites are typically level to gently sloping, and those with heavier soils often have standing water present in the spring or after heavy rains. Most stands are in the glaciated Midwest and occur on glacial till, outwash, or drift, or on glacial lakeplains. Fires were a common occurrence in stands of this alliance before effective fire suppression activities. In the prolonged absence of fire, woody species usually invade and can become abundant.LVAL This alliance is a very widespread mesic tallgrass prairie, which occurs in central North America. Most communities have moderately dense to dense vegetation dominated by graminoids 1-2 m tall. ~Andropogon gerardii$ is dominant across this alliance's range. Other abundant species include ~Bouteloua curtipendula, Pascopyrum smithii$ (in the western portions of this alliance's range), ~Schizachyrium scoparium, Sorghastrum nutans$ (in the center and east), ~Sporobolus heterolepis$ (in the Great Plains), and ~Hesperostipa spartea (= Stipa spartea)$ (in the northern Great Plains). In Montana, ~Festuca idahoensis$ (at its eastern range limits) is codominant in an association in this alliance. Forbs are abundant in stands of this alliance, especially in the more humid East. Among these are ~Aletris farinosa$ (in the East), Asteraceae spp., ~Echinacea pallida, Helianthus grosseserratus, Liatris pycnostachya, Phlox pilosa, Ratibida pinnata, Silphium laciniatum$ (in the center), and ~Solidago$ spp. ~Galium boreale$ and ~Oxalis$ sp. are more common in northern tallgrass prairies than in southern. Trees and tall shrubs are infrequent in high-quality stands, especially in the Great Plains. Among those that may be found are scattered ~Symphoricarpos occidentalis$ (in the northern Great Plains), ~Rhus$ spp., and ~Quercus macrocarpa$ (in the central and eastern portions of this alliance's range). ^Stands of this alliance occur on flat to rolling topography. In the West and South, stands are found on lower slopes and valleys that receive extra moisture. On the western plains, the alliance can be found in areas with gravelly soil where water infiltrates below the surface but is held by an impermeable subsurface layer. Floodplain and toe-slope soils are deep and fine-textured, whereas the foothills soils are coarse-textured, often with cobble-sized rocks. In the northwestern plains, this alliance in found on lower slopes of hills, creeks and creek terraces. Soils are generally finer-textured (clay loams). In other pQLVAL]{Cn~hCEGL000724CWCSA.1500V.A.6.N.fJuniperus occidentalis / Cercocarpus ledifolius / Carex geyeri Wooded Herbaceous VegetationWestern Juniper / Curl-leaf Mountain-mahogany / Geyer's Sedge Wooded Herbaceous VegetationWestern Juniper / Mountain-mahogany / Elk Sedge1997-11-26GCUSM.S. Reid, mod. J. TitusG298-11-30G297/-~#%CEGL000723CWCSA.535II.A.4.N.aJuniperus occidentalis / Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana WoodlandWestern Juniper / Mountain Big Sagebrush Woodland1997-11-26GCUSarts of this alliance's range, stands can be found on many topographic positions. Soils are generally fertile, deep, slightly acidic, and moderately to well-drained. In glacial lakeplains near the Great Lakes, soils tend to be more poorly drained. Soils moisture is generally mesic, although it can vary from dry-mesic to wet-mesic. Soil texture can range from clay loams to sands. ^In the far western extent, vegetation in this alliance is a relict true prairie found along the eastern foothills and floodplains of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. ~Andropogon gerardii$ is the major diagnostic species, as well as ~Sorghastrum nutans, Panicum virgatum, Schizachyrium scoparium, Sporobolus heterolepis$, the other common tallgrass prairie species. ~Bouteloua curtipendula$ and ~Pascopyrum smithii$ are also common grasses. The alliance is found in mesic areas along the Colorado Front Range. Landform position and soil texture dictate potential sites, as precipitation is generally not adequate to support stands of this alliance. In localized areas, hydrological processes of the site enhance the soil moisture. Along the Front Range, 'relict' true prairie is found along the foothills in parks and on slopes below ~Pinus ponderosa$ woodlands. Soils are coarse-textured, and runoff and seeps enhance soil moisture. The alliance is also found in floodplains adjacent to streams where the water table is within reach for plant roots.LVAL This alliance includes herbaceous vegetation with ~Andropogon hallii$, occurring in the Great Plains from the United States-Canada border south to Texas. It is dominated by tall and midgrass species, with shortgrass species becoming important in the western portion of its range. ~Andropogon hallii$ is usually dominant or codominant. ~Calamovilfa longifolia$ is present to codominant in most stands south of the South Dakota-Nebraska border. ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata), Koeleria macrantha, Schizachyrium scoparium, Bouteloua gracilis, Bouteloua hirsuta, Eragrostis trichodes, Pascopyrum smithii$, and ~Sporobolus cryptandrus$ are typical grasses in stands of this alliance. Upland sedges are also very common, especially ~Carex filifolia, Carex inops ssp. heliophila$, and ~Carex duriuscula (= Carex eleocharis)$. Although graminoids are overwhelmingly dominant, several species of forbs can be found in many stands of this alliance. Some of the more common forbs are ~Ambrosia psilostachya, Psoralidium$ spp., ~Ipomoea leptophylla, Liatris punctata$, and ~Tradescantia occidentalis$. There may be widely scattered low shrubs, including ~Rosa woodsii, Prunus pumila var. besseyi$, and ~Yucca glauca$. In west Texas common associates on deep sands include ~Panicum havardii, Sporobolus giganteus$, and ~Calamovilfa gigantea$. Stands of this alliance occur on sand deposits, usually on gentle to steep slopes but sometimes on flat ground. The soils are sand, loamy sand, or sandy loam. They can be poorly to moderately well-developed. There is little runoff or evaporation because moisture quickly sinks into the coarse soil. Soil near the surface is consequently dry throughout much of the year, but moisture is present further down, favoring deep-rooting species such as ~Andropogon hallii$ and ~Calamovilfa longifolia$. Wind sometimes scours sand and vegetation from small areas, creating blowouts. These bare spots are initially colonized by species that are uncommon in this alliance, such as ~Muhlenbergia pungens$ aLVALCR!CEGL000753CWCSA.531II.A.4.N.aPinus albicaulis / Calamagrostis rubescens WoodlandWhitebark Pine / Pinegrass Woodland1997-11-26GCUSR.C. CrawfordG298-11-30G2yyV#CEGL000752CWCSA.560II.A.4.N.cAbies lasiocarpa - Pinus albicaulis / Vaccinium scoparium WoodlandSubalpine Fir - Whitebark Pine / Grouseberry WoodlandSubalpine Fir - Whitebark Pine Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG5?96-02-01G5e#CEGL000751CWCSA.560II.A.4.N.cAbies lasiocarpa - Pinus albicaulis / Arctostaphylos uva-ursi WoodlandSubalpine Fir - Whitebark Pine / Kinikinnick Woodland1997-11-26GCUSR.C. CrawfordG2Q00-12-11G2ļi#CEGL000750CWCSA.506II.A.4.N.aJuniperus scopulorum / Schizachyrium scoparium WoodlandRocky Mountain Juniper / Little Bluestem WoodlandRocky Mountain Juniper / Little Bluestem Woodland1997-11-26GCUSR.J. RondeauG200-12-29G2ƼZ#CEGL000749CWCSA.506II.A.4.N.aJuniperus scopulorum / Purshia tridentata WoodlandRocky Mountain Juniper / Bitterbrush Woodland1997-11-26GCUSL. TaskerG298-11-30G2U#CEGL000748CWCSA.506II.A.4.N.aJuniperus scopulorum / Pseudoroegneria spicata WoodlandRocky Mountain Juniper / Bluebunch Wheatgrass WoodlandRocky Mountain Juniper / Bluebunch Wheatgrass Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG496-02-01G4nd ~Redfieldia flexuosa$. Eventually, these blowouts succeed to one of the communities in the V.A.5.N.a ~~Andropogon hallii$ Herbaceous Alliance (A.1193)$$. These grasslands occur on semi-stabilized quartz sand dunes in eastern Trans-Pecos Texas, where they form landscape mosaics with ~Quercus havardii$ shrublands, wetland dune swales, and sparsely vegetated dunes. The rare plant, ~Penstemon haydenii$, an endemic to dune blowouts in the sandhills of Nebraska, may be endangered by the decline in habitat because of fire suppression and low to moderate stocking rates (Harrison 1980).LVAL+bj.mCEGL000774CWCSA.516II.A.4.N.aPinus edulis / Andropogon hallii WoodlandTwo-needle Pinyon / Sand Bluestem WoodlandPinyon Pine / Sand Bluestem Woodland1997-11-26GCUSY. ChauvinG298-12-15G2vL#(CEGL000773CWCSA.538II.A.4.N.aPinus discolor / Quercus toumeyi WoodlandBorder Pinyon / Toumey Oak WoodlandMadrean Conifer Woodland1997-11-26GCUSK.A. SchulzG297-10-20G2oL#(CEGL000772CWCSA.538II.A.4.N.aPinus discolor / Quercus rugosa WoodlandBorder Pinyon / Netleaf Oak Woodland1997-11-26GCUSE. Milford, E. MuldavinG197-10-21G1}}{yooK#(CEGL000771CWCSA.538II.A.4.N.aPinus discolor / Quercus hypoleucoides WoodlandBorder Pinyon / Silverleaf Oak Woodland1997-11-26GCUSK.A. SchulzG297-10-21G2yyR#This alliance includes wet-mesic grasslands of the southeastern United States that are dominated by ~Panicum virgatum$ and/or ~Tripsacum dactyloides$. The nominal species may occur with ~Andropogon gerardii, Carex microdonta, Fimbristylis puberula, Paspalum floridanum, Sorghastrum nutans$, and ~Sporobolus compositus var. compositus$. Important forbs may include ~Acacia angustissima var. hirta, Symphyotrichum ericoides (= Aster ericoides), Bifora americana, Hedyotis nigricans, Helianthus maximiliani, Ratibida columnifera (= Ratibida columnaris), Rudbeckia hirta$, and ~Ruellia humilis$. There are wetter and drier variants; the former occurs on poorly drained or subirrigated soils (Vertisols) and flat topography on the northeastern Blackland, Fayette, and Upper Coastal Prairies of eastern Texas, and may manifest as patches of sparse vegetation interspersed with dense stands. Similar communities may exist as small patches in Oklahoma and Kansas. Remnants of this vegetation in Kentucky are on poorly drained flats in the Big Barrens. There is a reported ~Panicum virgatum$-dominated type in the Grand Prairie of Arkansas.LVALZ!OCEGL000783CWCSA.516II.A.4.N.aPinus edulis / Festuca arizonica WoodlandTwo-needle Pinyon / Arizona Fescue Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG300-09-19G3wwL#CEGL000782CWCSA.516II.A.4.N.aPinus edulis - Juniperus osteosperma / Purshia stansburiana WoodlandTwo-needle Pinyon - Utah Juniper / Stansbury Cliff-rose Woodland1997-11-26GCUSK.A. SchulzG4?96-02-01G4g#CEGL000781CWCSA.516II.A.4.N.aPinus edulis - Juniperus osteosperma / Coleogyne ramosissima WoodlandTwo-needle Pinyon - Utah Juniper / Blackbrush Woodland1997-11-26GCUSK.A. SchulzG300-09-19G3h#CEGL000780CWCSA.516II.A.4.N.aPinus edulis - Juniperus spp. / Cercocarpus montanus WoodlandTwo-needle Pinyon These communities occur in disturbed upland situations, most notably on dredge spoil such as occurs along the Intracoastal Waterway, and cover many thousands of hectares. Essentially monospecific stands of ~Phragmites australis$, which is rapidly spreading in disturbed coastal areas, excluding native vegetation.This alliance includes grasslands primarily dominated by alien species not native to North America, presumably originally planted or introduced by grazing animals. Vegetation of this alliance is widely distributed in the northeastern United States, as well as in montane and higher-elevation areas of the southeastern United States. ~Phleum pratense$, a native of Europe, is characteristic. Occurrences are variable and patchy, often with local dominance of tall forbs. Other characteristic species include ~Hieracium caespitosum (= Hieracium pratense)$ (alien), ~Potentilla canadensis$, and ~Ranunculus acris$ (alien). These grasslands are maintained by periodic mowing or, in some instances, prescribed burning. This alliance is currently known throughout the northeastern United States and from high elevation pastures or grass balds in the southern Appalachians. It is possible throughout the United States and in southern Canada.\LVALh<PyCEGL000793CWCSA.516II.A.4.N.aPinus edulis / Quercus X pauciloba WoodlandTwo-needle Pinyon / Wavyleaf Oak WoodlandPinyon Pine / Wavyleaf Oak Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG594-02-23G5wN# CEGL000792CWCSA.632II.B.2.N.aCeltis laevigata var. reticulata / Philadelphus lewisii WoodlandNetleaf Hackberry / Lewis' Mock-orange Woodland2002-10-17GCUSRCC 10-02R.C. CrawfordG102-10-17G1c#CEGL000791CWCSA.516II.A.4.N.aPinus edulis - Juniperus spp. / Quercus gambelii WoodlandTwo-needle Pinyon - Juniper species / Gambel Oak Woodland1997-11-26GCUSK.A. SchulzG594-02-23G5\#CEGL000790CWCSA.516II.A.4.N.aPinus edulis - Quercus arizonica / RhuThis alliance includes tallgrass grasslands known from the Coastal Prairie and the northern Fayette Prairie in southern and southeastern Texas dominated by ~Schizachyrium scoparium var. scoparium$ and ~Paspalum plicatulum$, occurring with ~Sorghastrum nutans, Sporobolus compositus, Setaria$ spp., ~Andropogon gerardii$, and ~Muhlenbergia capillaris$. On wetter sites, ~Fimbristylis puberula, Carex$ spp., and ~Rhynchospora$ spp. become important. Typical forbs include ~Symphyotrichum ericoides (= Aster ericoides), Mimosa microphylla (= Mimosa quadrivalvis var. angustata), Neptunia lutea$, and ~Liatris$ spp. Overgrazing and fire supression of this grassland have led to the invasion of a wide variety of woody species such as ~Rosa bracteata, Acacia farnesiana, Morella cerifera (= Myrica cerifera)$, and ~Triadica sebifera (= Sapium sebiferum)$. Some of these grasslands occur on upland acidic Vertisols and Alfisols of the Coastal Prairie and on acidic Alfisols of the more inland portion of the Fayette Prairie. These areas are characterized by the occurrence of low, circular mounds called mima or pimple mounds, which add local relief to an otherwise flat topography.LVAL This alliance, comprising dry-mesic tallgrass vegetation and blackland prairies, is found in the central United States and southern Canada. The vegetation of stands of this alliance is characterized by moderate to dense cover of medium and tall grasses and a diverse mixture of forbs. Woody species are absent to rare but can be uncommon in some communities. The most abundant species across the range of this alliance are ~Bouteloua curtipendula, Schizachyrium scoparium$, and ~Sorghastrum nutans$. Other graminoids species common in parts of this alliance are ~Andropogon gerardii, Bouteloua hirsuta, Carex$ spp., ~Danthonia spicata, Hesperostipa spartea (= Stipa spartea)$, and ~Sporobolus heterolepis$. In the far southern part of the alliance's range, associations can contain ~Andropogon glomeratus, Panicum virgatum$, and ~Sporobolus clandestinus$. Some of the many forbs which can be found in this alliance include ~Symphyotrichum ericoides (= Aster ericoides), Echinacea pallida, Helianthus$ spp., ~Hedyotis nigricans var. nigricans$ (in Illinois and Missouri), ~Lespedeza capitata$ (especially on sand), ~Lithospermum canescens, Clinopodium arkansanum (= Calamintha arkansana)$ (in Illinois), and ~Solidago nemoralis$. In the Southeast, ~Ratibida pinnata$ or ~Baptisia australis var. minor$ may be found, as well as a variety of forbs with Coastal Plain affinities. Woody species that are found in stands of this alliance are those that can adapt to the dry to dry-mesic conditions, such as ~Acer rubrum$ and ~Juniperus virginiana$. In the Southeast, this alliance includes a variety of relatively restricted communities which are rare and/or have been greatly reduced through land-use change. Many of these occur on distinctive soils or geologic formations, such as calcareous clays. This includes the Jackson Formation of Mississippi and Louisiana; the Cook Mountain Formation, Fleming Formation, and Morse Clays of Louisiana; the Demopolis and related formations of the Alabama Black Belt; as well as blackland prairies:LVALF>NCEGL000884CWCSA.689II.C.3.N.aPinus ponderosa - Quercus garryana / Symphoricarpos albus WoodlandPonderosa Pine - Oregon White Oak / Common Snowberry Woodland1997-11-26GCUSM.P. Murray and R.C. CrawfordG2G300-01-27G2Ͱe#CEGL000883CWCSA.689II.C.3.N.aPinus ponderosa - Quercus garryana / Purshia tridentata WoodlandPonderosa Pine - Oregon White Oak / Bitterbrush Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG396-02-01G3c#CEGL000882CWCSA.689II.C.3.N.aPinus ponderosa - Quercus garryana / Carex geyeri WoodlandPonderosa Pine - Oregon White Oak / Geyer's Sedge Woodland1997-11-26GCUSR.C. CrawfordG2G398-11-30G2]#CEGL000881CWCSA.689II.C.3.N.aPinus ponderosa - Quercus garryana / Balsamorhiza sagittata WoodlandPo on Alfisols, Mollisols, and Vertisols in Texas, and isolated occurrences on the Catahoula Formation in eastern Texas. This alliance also occurs in the Arbuckle Mountains of Oklahoma. This alliance includes remnant prairie-like vegetation occupying small areas (<1 acre) of mafic substrates in the Southern Blue Ridge plateau underlain by magnesium-rich bedrock; this vegetation is disjunct from the principal distribution of this alliance. Fire presumably played an important ecological role in maintaining natural stands of this vegetation in the presettlement landscape. Threats to these communities include fire suppression, livestock grazing, and damage by feral hogs and by vehicles. ^Most stands of this alliance are found on gentle to moderately steep slopes, although stands on flat plains can occur (Curtis 1959, Nelson 1985). The most prevalent slope aspects are south or west. Soils range from shallow to deep and are well-drained to excessively well-drained (White and Madany 1978, Chapman 1984). Most are loams or sands, but some can be gravel or clay. These soils are formed from eolian or alluvial sand, limestone, dolomite, sandstone, glacial till, glacial outwash, chert, loess, or shale.TLVAL`IIu ! CEGL000896CWCSA.552II.A.4.N.bPseudotsuga menziesii / AspiThis alliance includes dune grasslands, typically with scattered shrubs and forbs, of the southeastern Coastal Plain, with ~Uniola$ dominant or codominant. The cover varies from sparse on foredunes and on actively moving sand areas to fairly dense on more stable dunes. In the northern portion of the distribution of this alliance (northern North Carolina and Virginia), ~Ammophila breviligulata$ may be present, indicating a transition towards the V.A.5.N.c ~~Ammophila breviligulata$ Herbaceous Alliance (A.1207)$$. On the Chandeleurs and related islands of coastal Louisiana, ~Spartina patens$ replaces ~Uniola paniculata$ (which is present in small amounts) as the dominant grass. Other typical species of this alliance include ~Andropogon$ spp., ~Cakile$ spp., ~Cenchrus$ spp., ~Chamaesyce$ spp., ~Croton punctatus, Hydrocotyle bonariensis, Iva imbricata, Physalis walteri, Spartina patens$, and ~Strophostyles helvula$. In the southern part of the range, additional forbs and vines include ~Helianthus debilis, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Ipomoea imperati (= Ipomoea stolonifera)$, and ~Sesuvium$ spp. Oceanwards are the annual-dominated, unstable, upper beach communities, often with trailing vines. Landwards are shrub-dominated communities or grasslands dominated by species other than ~Uniola$, such as ~Spartina patens$ or ~Muhlenbergia filipes (= Muhlenbergia capillaris var. filipes)$. This dune grassland community occurs almost exclusively on sandy, unstable, droughty substrates (Typic Quartzipsamments) with no soil profile development. Eolian processes cause active sand deposition and erosion. The sand substrate is usually visible, and litter accumulation from plant debris is nearly absent. This community generally occurs on foredunes that receive the force of wind and salt spray but is beyond the influence of most storm tides. The effects of nearly continuous salt spray exclude most other species and maintain the vegetation type.eLVALq[,aCEGL000915CWCSA.558II.A.4.N.bAbies grandis / Arctostaphylos nevadensis WoodlandGrand Fir / Pinemat Manzanita WoodlandGrand Fir / Pinemat Manzanita1997-11-26GCUSM.S. Reid, mod. R.C. CrawfThis alliance includes the predominant grasslands of the South Texas Sand Sheet, the Ingleside barrier-strandplain in the Coastal Bend of Texas, as well as barrier islands and coastal situations of Texas and adjacent western Louisiana. These grasslands also occur on stabilized secondary dunes on barrier islands (Texas) or on beach dunes and relatively elevated backshore ridges above intertidal beaches on barrier islands and mainland areas (Louisiana). Common salt-spray-tolerant components may include ~Panicum amarum, Paspalum monostachyum, Schizachyrium littorale (= Schizachyrium scoparium ssp. littorale), Heteropogon contortus, Paspalum plicatulum, Paspalum vaginatum, Spartina patens$, and ~Dichanthelium$ spp. Louisiana examples contain ~Oenothera drummondii, Strophostyles helvula, Solidago sempervirens, Croton punctatus, Hydrocotyle bonariensis, Sabatia arenicola, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Ipomoea imperati (= Ipomoea stolonifera), Gaillardia pulchella, Phyla nodiflora, Eleocharis albida, Juncus bufonius, Sisyrinchium biforme, Heterotheca subaxillaris, Astragalus nuttallianus, Pediomelum rhombifolium, Dalea emarginata$, and others. ~Trichoneura elegans$ and ~Elionurus tripsacoides$ are present within their ranges in Texas. Minor changes in drainage can cause differences in species composition. Poorly drained areas may support inclusions of ~Spartina spartinae$. On Texas barrier islands, these wetter inclusional grasslands contain ~Sporobolus$ spp., ~Eragrostis$ spp., ~Carex$ spp., ~Scirpus$ spp., ~Fuirena$ spp., and ~Fimbristylis$ spp. as important components and grade into grasslands of ~Uniola paniculata$ and ~Panicum amarum$ on drier, less stable dunes.YLVALe0}O? CEGL000926CWCSA.552II.A.4.N.bPseThis alliance, found in the northwestern Great Plains, occurs on sandy dry-mesic sites. There are two prominent vegetation layers in stands of this alliance and a moderate amount of bare ground (Looman 1980). The tallest layer, about 0.6-1.5 m, is dominated by mid grasses, particularly ~Calamovilfa longifolia$. Other species present include ~Andropogon hallii, Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata), Schizachyrium scoparium, Koeleria macrantha$, and ~Sporobolus cryptandrus$. The shorter layer includes several short graminoid species, forbs, and some small shrubs. Graminoids make up the majority of this layer, especially upland Carices. Among the most frequent are ~Carex duriuscula (= Carex eleocharis), Carex inops ssp. heliophila, Carex filifolia$, and ~Carex duriuscula$. ~Bouteloua gracilis$ is prominent in some stands, especially in the western portion of this alliance's range. Forbs and shrubs do not usually contribute greatly to the vegetation cover, although forb species diversity can be moderately high. The forbs that are present typically include ~Lathyrus$ spp., ~Lygodesmia juncea, Phlox hoodii, Chenopodium leptophyllum$, and ~Liatris punctata$. ~Psoralidium lanceolatum$ and ~Rumex venosus$ are most common on the least stabilized locations. Shrubs are uncommon, but when they are present, short shrubs such as ~Yucca glauca, Rosa$ spp., and ~Artemisia frigida$ are the most likely to be found. ^Stands of this alliance are almost exclusively found on sand deposits (Looman 1980, Johnston 1987). A few are on coarse loams (USFS 1992). Stands are usually on gentle slopes but can be on flat ground or steep slopes. The soil is sand, loamy sand, or sandy loam, and there is little horizon development (USFS 1992). Water penetrates the coarse soil quickly. This results in the upper soil having little available moisture for most of the growing season. Water and wind erosion can be frequent disturbances in this alliance. njCEGL000764CWCSA.512II.A.4.N.aPinus contorta / Juniperus communis WoodlandLodgepole Pine / Common Juniper WoodlandLodgepole Pine / Common Juniper Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG596-02- A.1202CWestV.A.5.N.aCALAMAGROSTIS NUTKAENSIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPacific Reedgrass Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZwvjE   A.1201CWestV.A.5.N.aCALAMOVILFA LONGIFOLIA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPrairie Sandreed Herbaceous AllianceYK. SCHULZ}tsgC   A.1200CSoutheastV.A.5.N.aPASPALUM MONOSTACHYUM - (PANICUM AMARUM, SCHIZACHYRIUM LITTORALE) HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGulfdune Crowngrass - (Bitter Panicgrass, Seaside Bluestem) Herbaceous Alliance@YD. DIAMOND 1-95, MOD. M. s   A.12CWestI.A.1.N.bACACIA KOA / METROSIDEROS POLYMORPHA - DICRANOPTERIS LINEARIS FOREST ALLIANCEKoa / 'Ohi'a - Uluhe Forest AllianceYWCSd   A.1199CSoutheastV.A.5.N.aUNIOLA PANICULATA TEMPERATE HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESea-oats Temperate Herbaceous AllianceYA.S. WEAKLEYsM   A.1198CMidwestV.A.5.N.aSCHIZACHYRIUM SCOPARIUM - SORGHASTRUM NUTANS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELittle Bluestem - Yellow Indiangrass Herbaceous Alliance YMCS\   A.1197CSoutheastV.A.5.N.aSCHIZACHYRIUM SCOPARIUM - PASPALUM PLICATULUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELittle Bluestem - Brownseed Crowngrass Herbaceous Alliance@YGREAT PLAINS PROGRAM_   A.1196CSoutheastV.A.5.N.aPHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECommon Reed Herbaceous Alliance9@YA.S. WEAKLEY~rqeF   hA.1195CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cPHLEUM PRATENSE HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETimothy Herbaceous Alliance@YK.D. PATTERSON/A.S. WEAKLih\A   A.1194CSoutheastV.A.5.N.aPANICUM VIRGATUM - TRIPSACUM DACTYLOIDES HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESwitchgrass - Eastern Gammagrass Herbaceous Alliancek@YD.J. ALLARD 94, MOD. K.D.Z   A.1193CWestV.A.5.N.aANDROPOGON HALLII HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESand Bluestem Herbaceous Alliance; YGREAT PLAINS PROGRAM 1-95lk_>   @.sa9= A.1215CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cIMPERATA CYLINDRICA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECogongrass Herbaceous Allianceg@YA.S. WEAKLEY|pocE   A.1214CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cHILARIA BELANGERI - BOUTELOUA CURTIPENDULA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECurly-mesquite - Sideoats Grama Herbaceous Alliance@YB. HOAGLAND/D. DIAMOND\   A.1213CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cLOLIUM (ARUNDINACEUM, PRATENSE) HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Tall Fescue, Meadow Fescue) Herbaceous AllianceU@YA.S. WEAKLEY 95-05, MOD. Q   A.1211CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cPENNISETUM CILIARE HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBuffelgrass Herbaceous Alliance@YJ. POOLE/A.S. WEAKLEYpocD   A.1210CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cBOTHRIOCHLOA ISCHAEMUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEKing Ranch Beardgrass Herbaceous Alliance@YB. HOAGLAND~}qH   A.121CWestI.A.8.N.bPINUS MURICATA FOREST ALLIANCEBishop Pine Forest Alliance@YM. SCHINDELi^]Q6   A.1209CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cBOTHRIOCHLOA BARBINODIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECane Beardgrass Herbaceous Alliances@YB. HOAGLAND/D. DIAMONDyxlI   A.1208CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cANDROPOGON VIRGINICUS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECommon Broomsedge Herbaceous AllianceA@YA.S. WEAKLEYyxlG   A.1207CEastV.A.5.N.cAMMOPHILA BREVILIGULATA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAmerican Beachgrass Herbaceous Allianceu@YECS{xwkD   A.1206CWestV.A.5.N.cAMMOPHILA ARENARIA SEMI-NATURAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEEuropean Beachgrass Semi-natural Herbaceous Alliance@YD. SARRL   A.1205CWestV.A.5.N.bSPOROBOLUS WRIGHTII HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBig Alkali Sacaton Herbaceous Alliance: YK. SCHULZ|srf@   A.1204CWestV.A.5.N.bLEYMUS CINEREUS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGreat Basin Lyme Grass Herbaceous Alliance @YK. SCHULZ|srf<   A.1203CWestV.A.5.N.bCORTADERIA (SELLOANA, JUBATA) SEMI-NATURAL HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Selloa Pampas Grass, Pampas Grass) Semi-natural Herbaceous Alliance@YM. SCHINDELW  7 oGP GYCEGL001132CWCSA.962III.B.2.N.dRhamnus alni A.1231CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cSPOROBOLUS SILVEANUS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESilveus Dropseed Herbaceous Alliance@YK.D. PATTERSONwvjF   fA.1230CSoutheastV.A.5.N.mSPARTINA SPARTINAE SATURATED HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGulf Cordgrass Saturated Herbaceous AllianceK@YA.S. WEAKLEY, MOD. A.S. WzN   A.123CSoutheastI.A.8.N.bPINUS PALUSTRIS - (PINUS ELLIOTTII) FOREST ALLIANCELongleaf Pine - (Slash Pine) Forest AlliancelYM.P. SCHAFALE/A.S. WEAKLE|P   A.1225CMidwestV.A.5.N.cSCHIZACHYRIUM SCOPARIUM - BOUTELOUA CURTIPENDULA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELittle Bluestem - Sideoats Grama Herbaceous Alliance YMCS/SCS, MOD. M.S. REID`   A.1224CMidwestV.A.5.N.cSCHIZACHYRIUM SCOPARIUM - (SPOROBOLUS CRYPTANDRUS) HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELittle Bluestem - (Sand Dropseed) Herbaceous Alliancel@YMCSb   A.1222CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cSCHIZACHYRIUM MARITIMUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGulf Bluestem Herbaceous AllianceA@YA.S. WEAKLEYwvjI   A.1221CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cSCHIZACHYRIUM CIRRATUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETexas Bluestem Herbaceous Alliance~@YB. HOAGLAND/D. DIAMONDwvjH   A.1220CMidwestV.A.5.N.cPOA (FENDLERIANA, NEMORALIS SSP. INTERIOR) - SPOROBOLUS HETEROLEPIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE(Muttongrass, Inland Bluegrass) - Prairie Dropseed Herbaceous Alliance @YMCSŹs   A.1219CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cPASPALUM NOTATUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBahia Grass Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYznmaB   A.1218CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cMUHLENBERGIA REVERCHONII HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESeep Muhly Herbaceous Allianceh@YB. CARR/A.S. WEAKLEYuthJ   A.1217CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cMUHLENBERGIA FILIPES HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESouthern Hairgrass Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYyxlF   A.1216CSoutheastV.A.5.N.cMUHLENBERGIA CAPILLARIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEHair-awn Muhly Herbaceous Alliancek@YA.S. WEAKLEYxwkI  e3n\D?: A.1246CWestV.A.5.N.dPLEURAPHIS RIGIDA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBig Galleta Herbaceous Alliance@YM. SCHINDELuji]>   A.1245CWestV.A.5.N.dFESTUCA ARIZONICA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEArizona Fescue Herbaceous Alliance(@YK. SCHULZvml`>   A.1244CWestV.A.5.N.dBOUTELOUA CURTIPENDULA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESideoats Grama Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZ{rqeC   &A.1243CWestV.A.5.N.cLEYMUS MOLLIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESea Lyme Grass Herbaceous Alliance]@YD. SARRpih\:   %A.1242CWestV.A.5.N.cELYMUS LANCEOLATUS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEStreamside Wild Rye Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZ|srf?   $A.1241CWestV.A.5.N.cSPOROBOLUS AIROIDES SOD HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAlkali Sacaton Sod Herbaceous Alliancej@YK.A. SCHULZwvjD   #A.1240CWestV.A.5.N.cSCHIZACHYRIUM SCOPARIUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELittle Bluestem Herbaceous Alliance~@YK. SCHULZ}tsgD   A.124CWestI.A.8.N.bPINUS PONDEROSA FOREST ALLIANCEPonderosa Pine Forest Alliance3YD.J. ALLARD, MOD. M.S. RE{baU7   "A.1239CWestV.A.5.N.cPSEUDOROEGNERIA SPICATA - BOUTELOUA GRACILIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBluebunch Wheatgrass - Blue Grama Herbaceous AllianceC@YK. SCHULZY   !A.1238CWestV.A.5.N.cPANICUM OBTUSUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEVine-mesquite Herbaceous Alliance@YGREAT PLAINS PROGRAM 1-95ji]<   A.1237CWestV.A.5.N.cLEYMUS FLAVESCENS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESand Lyme Grass Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZwnma>   A.1236CWestV.A.5.N.cFESTUCA RUBRA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCERed Fescue Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZnedX:   A.1234CMidwestV.A.5.N.cHESPEROSTIPA COMATA - BOUTELOUA GRACILIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCENeedle-and-Thread - Blue Grama Herbaceous AlliancezYMCS, MOD. M.S. REIDX   A.1232CMidwestV.A.5.N.cPASCOPYRUM SMITHII HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEWestern Wheatgrass Herbaceous AllianceYMCS, MOD. M.S. REID, MOD.uthB  x^kb\T/ CEGL001564CWCSA.1202V.A.5.N.aCalamagrostis nutk A.1259CWestV.A.5.N.dMUHLENBERGIA EMERSLEYI HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBull Muhly Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZwnmaC   A.1258CWestVII.C.3.N.bLEYMUS SALINUS SSP. SALMONIS SPARSELY VEGETATED ALLIANCESalmon Lyme Grass Sparsely Vegetated Alliance@YM.S. REIDS   A.1257CWestV.A.5.N.dFESTUCA VIRIDULA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGreenleaf Fescue Herbaceous Alliancet@YD. SARRunma=   A.1256CWestV.A.5.N.dFESTUCA THURBERI HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEThurber's Fescue Herbaceous Alliancej@YK. SCHULZwnma=   A.1255CWestV.A.5.N.dFESTUCA CAMPESTRIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPrairie Fescue Herbaceous AllianceYK. SCHULZwnma?   A.1254CWestV.A.5.N.dDANTHONIA CALIFORNICA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECalifornia Oatgrass Herbaceous Alliance@YD. SARR}vuiB   A.1253CWestV.A.5.N.dCAREX HOODII HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEHood's Sedge Herbaceous Allianceh@YD. CULVERofeY9   A.1252CWestV.A.5.N.dSPOROBOLUS CRYPTANDRUS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESand Dropseed Herbaceous Alliancex@YK. SCHULZzqpdC   A.1251CWestV.A.5.N.dFESTUCA IDAHOENSIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEIdaho Fescue Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZulk_?   A.1250CMidwestV.A.5.N.dFESTUCA ALTAICA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCERough Fescue Herbaceous Alliance@@YMCSolk_?   A.125CWestI.A.8.N.bPINUS RADIATA FOREST ALLIANCEMonterey Pine Forest Alliance0@YM. SCHINDELj_^R5   A.1249CWestV.A.5.N.dPLEURAPHIS MUTICA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCETobosa Grass Herbaceous Alliance@YB. HOAGLAND/D. DIAMOND 11kj^>   A.1248CWestV.A.5.N.dNASSELLA LEPIDA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEFoothill Needlegrass Herbaceous Alliance@YM. SCHINDEL|qpd<   A.1247CWestV.A.5.N.dNASSELLA CERNUA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCENodding Needlegrass Herbaceous Alliancef@YM. SCHINDEL{poc<  >|phX;3dCEGL001936CWCSA.1638V.B.2.N.bTrifolium parryi Her A.1271CWestV.A.5.N.dACHNATHERUM NELSONII HERBACEOUS ALLIANCENelson's Needlegrass Herbaceous Alliance*@YK. SCHULZvuiA   A.1270CWestV.A.5.N.dHESPEROSTIPA COMATA BUNCH HERBACEOUS ALLIANCENeedle-and-Thread Bunch Herbaceous AllianceYK. SCHULZ~}qF   A.127CEastI.A.8.N.bPINUS STROBUS - TSUGA CANADENSIS FOREST ALLIANCEEastern White Pine - Eastern Hemlock Forest Alliance$YM.P. SCHAFALE/A.S. WEAKLE|H   A.1269CWestV.A.5.N.dSPOROBOLUS NEALLEYI HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGyp Dropseed Herbaceous Alliance$@YK. SCHULZvml`@   A.1268CWestV.A.5.N.dSPOROBOLUS FLEXUOSUS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMesa Dropseed Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZxonbA   A.1267CWestV.A.5.N.dSPOROBOLUS AIROIDES HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEAlkali Sacaton Herbaceous Alliance YK.A. SCHULZzonb@   A.1266CWestV.A.5.N.dSCHIZACHYRIUM SCOPARIUM BUNCH HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELittle Bluestem Bunch Herbaceous Alliance|@YK. SCHULZsJ   A.1265CWestV.A.5.N.dPSEUDOROEGNERIA SPICATA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBluebunch Wheatgrass Herbaceous AllianceYK. SCHULZyxlD   A.1264CWestV.A.5.N.dPOA NERVOSA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEHooker's Bluegrass Herbaceous Alliance|@YK. SCHULZtkj^8   A.1263CWestV.A.5.N.dPOA FENDLERIANA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMuttongrass Herbaceous Alliance7@YK. SCHULZqhg[<   A.1262CWestV.A.5.N.dACHNATHERUM HYMENOIDES HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEIndian Ricegrass Herbaceous Alliance[@YK. SCHULZ}tsgC   A.1261CWestV.A.5.N.dNASSELLA VIRIDULA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEGreen Needlegrass Herbaceous AllianceF@YK. SCHULZypoc>   A.1260CWestV.A.5.N.dMUHLENBERGIA MONTANA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMountain Muhly Herbaceous AllianceuYK. SCHULZypocA   A.126CMidwestI.A.8.N.bPINUS RESINOSA FOREST ALLIANCERed Pine Forest Alliance YR. BARTGIS/A.S. WEAKLEY/Kw^]Q9  n;% fRA A.1285CWestV.A.5.N.eBOUTELOUA HIRSUTA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEHairy Grama Herbaceous Alliance@YGREAT PLAINS PROGRAM 1-95ji]>   A.1284CWestV.A.5.N.eBOUTELOUA ERIOPODA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBlack Grama Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZtkj^?   A.1283CWestV.A.5.N.eCAREX DURIUSCULA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCENeedleleaf Sedge Herbaceous Alliancek@YD. CULVERwnma=   A.1282CWestV.A.5.N.eBOUTELOUA GRACILIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBlue Grama Herbaceous AllianceH YB. HOAGLAND/D. DIAMOND 11ji]?   A.1281CEastV.A.5.N.eDANTHONIA SPICATA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPoverty Oatgrass Herbaceous Alliance@YG.P. FLEMING/A.S. WEAKLEYonb>   A.1280CSoutheastV.A.5.N.eDANTHONIA COMPRESSA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEMountain Oatgrass Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYwvjE   A.128CMidwestI.A.8.N.bPINUS STROBUS FOREST ALLIANCEEastern White Pine Forest AllianceYD.J. ALLARDrgfZ8   A.1279CSoutheastV.A.5.N.eCYNODON DACTYLON HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBermuda Grass Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEY|pocB   A.1278CSoutheastV.A.5.N.eCAREX PENSYLVANICA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPennsylvania Sedge Herbaceous Alliance@YK.D. PATTERSONwvjD   A.1277CSoutheastV.A.5.N.eCAREX BILTMOREANA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBiltmore Sedge Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEY~rqeC   A.1276CSoutheastV.A.5.N.eBUCHLOE DACTYLOIDES HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBuffalo Grass Herbaceous Alliance @YB. HOAGLAND~srfE   A.1275CSoutheastV.A.5.N.eBOUTELOUA RAMOSA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEChino Grama Herbaceous Alliance@YA.S. WEAKLEYznmaB   A.1274CEastV.A.5.N.eSPARTINA PATENS - (SCHOENOPLECTUS PUNGENS) HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESaltmeadow Cordgrass - (Threesquare) Herbaceous AllianceYECSW   A.1272CWestV.A.5.N.dHESPEROSTIPA NEOMEXICANA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCENew Mexico Needlegrass Herbaceous Alliance2YK. SCHULZ|{oE  YqB7}CEGL002434CMCSA.949III.B.2.N.dSalix petiolaris - (Betula pumila) / Spartina A.1298CWestV.A.5.N.gCAREX SICCATA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEDry-spike Sedge Herbaceous Alliance;@YD. CULVERsji]:   A.1297CWestV.A.5.N.gCAREX CAPITATA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECapitate Sedge Herbaceous AllianceR@YD. SARRqji];   A.1296CWestV.A.5.N.gCAREX BREWERI HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBrewer's Sedge Herbaceous Alliance}@YD. SARRpih\:   A.1295CEastV.A.5.N.gCAREX BIGELOWII - JUNCUS TRIFIDUS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEBigelow's Sedge - Highland Rush Herbaceous Alliance1@YECSN   A.1294CWestV.A.5.N.gCAREX FILIFOLIA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEThreadleaf Sedge Herbaceous Alliance@YM. SCHINDELxml`<   A.1293CWestV.A.5.N.gCALAMAGROSTIS BREWERI HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEShorthair Reedgrass Herbaceous Alliance @YM. SCHINDELvuiB   A.1292CWestV.A.5.N.fACHNATHERUM LEMMONII HERBACEOUS ALLIANCELemmon's Needlegrass Herbaceous Alliance@YM.S. REIDvuiA   A.1291CWestV.A.5.N.fPOA SECUNDA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCECurly Bluegrass Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZqhg[8   A.1290CWestV.A.5.N.fACHNATHERUM SPECIOSUM HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEDesert Needlegrass Herbaceous AllianceG@YM. SCHINDELuthB   A.129CSoutheastI.A.8.N.bPINUS TAEDA - PINUS ECHINATA FOREST ALLIANCELoblolly Pine - Shortleaf Pine Forest AllianceZ@YD.J. ALLARD/S. LANDAALwI   A.1289CWestV.A.5.N.fNASSELLA PULCHRA HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEPurple Needlegrass Herbaceous Alliance`@YM. SCHINDEL{poc=   A.1288CWestV.A.5.N.eMUHLENBERGIA FILICULMIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCESlim-stem Muhly Herbaceous AllianceYK. SCHULZ}tsgD   A.1287CWestV.A.5.N.ePLEURAPHIS JAMESII HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEJames' Galleta Herbaceous Alliance@YK. SCHULZwnma?   A.1286CWestV.A.5.N.eCAREX DOUGLASII HERBACEOUS ALLIANCEDouglas' Sedge Herbaceous Alliance@YD. CULVERtkj^<   LVAL=,A`we CEGL000934CWCSA.641II.B.2.N.bPopulus angustifolia - Picea pungens / Alnus incana WoodlandNarrowleaf Cottonwood - Blue Spruce / Speckled Alder WoodlandNarrowleaf Cottonwood These grasslands occur on valley bottoms, lower alluvial slopes, coastal bluffs and terraces along the central coast of California north to Washington. Elevations range from 0-300 m. Climate is maritime with most of the annual precipitation occurring as rain during the winter. Stands require seasonally or permanently saturated soils with a shallow water table within the cool, moist band within 10 km of the coast. Soils are moderately deep (120 cm), with a high organic component (23%) and a thick litter layer (8 cm). Soil texture is loam with a pH of 6. Stands form a mosaic with forest and scrub in the coastal prairies and generally occur on moderate slopes (24% slope) with southern aspects. Stands on open bluffs tolerate the high winds and salt spray well. This vegetation has a moderately dense (50-60% cover) herbaceous layer (<1.5 m tall) that is dominated by the cool-season sod-grass ~Calamagrostis nutkaensis$. ~Elymus glaucus$ and ~Festuca rubra$ are common graminoid associates. Perennial forbs may be diverse, but rarely contribute much cover. Associates may include ~Symphyotrichum chilense (= Aster chilensis), Carex obnupta, Lolium arundinaceum (= Festuca arundinacea), Pteridium aquilinum, Iris tenax, Maianthemum dilatatum, Marah oreganus, Achillea millefolium, Rubus ursinus, Artemisia suksdorfii, Heracleum maximum (= Heracleum lanatum), Holcus lanatus$, or ~Anthoxanthum odoratum$. Occasional emergent shrubs, such as ~Vaccinium ovatum$, and trees, such as ~Picea sitchensis$, may be present. Exotic species, such as ~Poa pratensis$ and ~Dactylis glomerata$, may be abundant. Adjacent vegetation may include ~Holcus lanatus / Anthoxanthum odoratum$ and ~Fragaria chiloensis / Armeria maritima$ communities, and various scrub and forest types.LVAL5,|3zCEGL000954CWCSA.1102IV.A.2.N.aAmbrosia dumosa - Ephedra nevadensis Dwarf-shrublandWhite Burrobush - Nevada Joint-fir Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG?94-02-23G?X$CEGL000953CWCSA.852III.A.5.N.aAmbrosia deltoidea / Simmondsia chinensis ShrublandTriangle Bursage / Jojoba Shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG494-02-23G4zzW$CEGL000952CWCSA.631II.B.2.N.aLarix lyallii / Vaccinium deliciosum WoodlandSubalpine Larch / Rainier Blueberry Woodland1997-11-26GCUSR.C. CrawfordG300-12-11G3||P#CEGL000951CWCSA.631II.B.2.N.aLarix lyallii / Vaccinium scoparium / Luzula glabrata var. hitchcockii WoodlandSubalpine Larch / Grouseberry / Smooth Woodrush Woodland1997-11-26GCUSR.C. CrawfordG2G398-11-30G2Ÿr#CEGL000950CWCSA.646II.B.2.N.bSalix laevigata - Fraxinus velutina WoodlandPolished Willow - Velvet Ash Woodland1997-11-26GCUSK.A. SchulzG1G297-10-28G1~ttO#CEGL000949CWCSA.647II.B.2.N.bSalix lucida ssp. lasiandra / Salix fluviatilis WoodlandPacific Willow / River Willow Woodland1997-11-26GCUSG3Q96-02-01G3[# CEGL000948CWCSA.645II.B.2.N.bSalix aThis grassland alliance occurs in temperate regions of California and invades several shrubland and disturbed forest vegetation types. Stands are found on all topographic positions; from sea level to 800 m. Areas where this alliance thrives receive between 100 and 200 cm per year of rain. The vegetation is characterized by the dominance of the perennial grasses ~Cortaderia jubata$ or ~Cortaderia selloana$. Shrub species present may include ~Artemisia californica, Eriogonum fasciculatum$, and ~Baccharis pilularis$. In disturbed forest areas, emergent trees may be present including ~Pseudotsuga menziesii, Sequoia sempervirens$, and ~Picea sitchensis$. Diagnostic of this grassland alliance is the dominance of ~Cortaderia jubata$ or ~Cortaderia selloana$.LVAL)h/`CEGL000971CWCSA.1078IV.A.1.N.bEmpetrum nigrum - Gaultheria shallon Dwarf-shrublandBlack Crowberry - Salal Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSJ.S. KaganG299-11-17G2X$CEGL000970CWCSA.586II.A.5.N.aCercocarpus ledifolius / Symphoricarpos oreophilus WoodlandCurl-leaf Mountain-mahogany / Mountain Snowberry WoodlandThis grassland alliance occurs in the Intermountain West of the U.S. Sites are often gentle to moderate slopes on any aspect. Stands are found on relatively mesic, non-flooded sites such as terraces above the seasonal floodplain, uplands from toeslopes to the shoulder of the slope, broad valleys, mesic patches in semi-arid shrublands and seepage sites. Sites are relatively mesic; some have soils saturated with snowmelt, while others are subirrigated. Soils are typically deep, fine-textured, alkaline, and sometimes saline, derived from alluvium and colluvium. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by a sparse to dense herbaceous layer that is dominated by the tall bunchgrass ~Leymus cinereus$. Other plants are found mainly between the clumps of ~Leymus cinereus$ or on the edges of the stand. Characteristic graminoids include ~Festuca idahoensis, Pascopyrum smithii, Carex praegracilis, Poa secunda (= Poa juncifolia)$, and ~Puccinellia distans$. The forb layer is sparse to moderately dense with perennial species such as ~Achillea millefolium, Antennaria microphylla, Aquilegia$ spp., ~Astragalus$ spp., ~Cirsium$ spp., ~Frasera speciosa, Pyrrocoma uniflora (= Haplopappus uniflorus)$, or ~Castilleja$ spp. Scattered shrubs may also be present. Sparse annual forbs and grasses are seasonally present. ~Leymus cinereus$ is salt-tolerant, and saline sites include the more salt-tolerant species like ~Pascopyrum smithii$ or ~Puccinellia distans$. Diagnostic of this alliance is the ~Leymus cinereus$-dominated grassland.LVAL Vegetation in this alliance has a moderately dense tall-graminoid layer dominated by tall bunch grasses. A sparse layer of medium-tall grasses may be also be present. Stands of this grassland alliance occur in swales and various lowland sites. Elevation ranges from 1220-1600 m. Slopes are typically flat to gentle with any aspect. Climate is semi-arid with most of the 25-43 cm of annual precipitation falling during the late summer and early fall monsoon period. Precipitation may concentrate in these lowland sites from upland runoff during the typically high-intensity convection storms common during the monsoon season. In four stands of this alliance ground cover ranged from 20-80% bare soil, 20-80% litter, and 3-35% basal vegetation. These soils were derived from clay alluvium and ranged in texture from silty clay loams to clays. This grassland occurs in a variety of sites, from riverbanks, sandy washes and floodplains to upland areas where microtopography or edaphic conditions allowed for accumulation of water. It may also be found in lower salinity sites within depressional wetlands such as bolsons and playas. Typically soils are derived from alluvium and are fine-textured, non-alkaline, and deep with high moisture-holding capacity. The sandy wash sites presumably have coarser substrates. These grasslands often occur on sites that have a high water table or are subject to periodic flooding. Stands of this semi-desert grassland alliance occur in swales and lowlands including riparian zones. These grasslands have a moderate to dense tall-graminoid layer typically dominated by the tall bunchgrass ~Sporobolus wrightii$, with small amounts of mid grasses. The other characteristic grasses may include ~Panicum obtusum, Panicum hallii, Digitaria californica (= Trichachne californica), Pleuraphis mutica (= Hilaria mutica), Sporobolus airoides$, and ~Bouteloua gracilis$. While some stands have moderately high cover of ~Ambrosia psilostachya$, forb cover is generally sparse, but it may be diverse. ScatteredLVAL-nJ<5 CEGL001083CWCSA.996III.B.2.N.eBetula occidentalis - Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda ShrublandWater Birch - Shrubby-cinquefoil ShrublandWater Birch - Shrubby-cinquefoil Shrubland1997-11-26GCUSM.S. Reid, mod. S.V. CooperG2Q97-11-14G2Żg$CEGL001082CWCSA.300I.B.2.N.dPopulus tremuloides / Alnus incana - Salix spp. ForestQuaking Aspen / Speckled Alder - Willow species Forest1997-11-26GCUSG400-09-20G4X"CEGL001081CWCSA.936III.B.2.N.cBetula occidentalis / Crataegus douglasii ShrublandWater Birch / Black Hawthorn Shrubland1997-11-26GCUSJ.S. KaganG100-04-26G1}}W$ CEGL001080CWCSA.996III.B.2.N.eBetula occidentalis ShrublandWater Birch ShrublandWater Birch Shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG3Q96-02-01G3|yyywukVA$ CEGL001079CWCSA.995III.B.2.N.eBetula nana / Carex utriculata ShrublandSwamp Birch / Beaked Sedge S shrubs such as ~Prosopis$ spp. are not uncommon. Near riparian woodlands, occasionally trees such as ~Populus fremontii, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Celtis laevigata var. reticulata (= Celtis reticulata)$, and ~Juglans$ spp. may be present. In several stands of this alliance, the canopy cover of graminoids ranged from 30-70%. ~Sporobolus wrightii$ canopy cover ranged from 30-65%. Other common grasses include ~Panicum obtusum, Muhlenbergia richardsonis$, and ~Eragrostis$ spp. Common forbs may include ~Portulaca pilosa, Datura quercifolia (= Datura ferox), Mentzelia pumila, Solanum elaeagnifolium, Amaranthus palmeri, Sphaeralcea hastulata$. Occasionally, scattered shrubs, such as ~Artemisia dracunculus, Chilopsis linearis$, or ~Mimosa aculeaticarpa var. biuncifera$, were present. Enhanced soil moisture from the slope position and the high water-holding capacity of the fine-textured soil promotes abundant grass growth. The high grass cover further enhances soil moisture by reducing evaporation from the soil and increasing water infiltration. These conditions promote well-developed soils.eLVALqQlpQUpt$zQ\lpQueee%eee`g$zQlpQee%ueeee`f$zQlpQuu%%uuue`o$zQXlpQe%uee%eu` $zQlpQ%eeeeeee` $zQlpQeEeuueEuph$zQTlpQ%The dominant species in the ~~Ammophila arenaria$ Semi-natural Herbaceous Alliance (A.1206)$$ is native to Europe and has been widely planted on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of North America. It has become naturalized and forms a dominant vegetation type along the Pacific Coast from San Francisco Bay to southwestern Washington. This alliance occurs on shifting sands of outer coastal dunes at sea level. Soils are entirely aeolian sands without horizon development or accumulated organic material. Colonization by ~Ammophila arenaria$, a rhizomatous grass, enhances capture and stabilization of sand, leading to the development of steep dune faces perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction. This alliance is dominated by medium-tall graminoids, which range in cover from dense to very open (down to 10% cover). The sand substrate is usually visible, and litter accumulation from plant debris is insignificant. ~Ammophila arenaria$ usually dominates the stands. Associated herbaceous species (all of them native) characteristic of this alliance include ~Leymus mollis (= Elymus mollis), Poa macrantha, Abronia latifolia, Lathyrus littoralis$, and ~Cakile$ spp. Sparsely scattered shrubs and trees may also occur, particularly near the landward edge, including ~Gaultheria shallon, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Arctostaphylos columbiana, Salix hookeriana, Ledum glandulosum, Lonicera involucrata$, and ~Pinus contorta$.<LVALJUU@.$zQ CEGL001398CWCSA.1081IV.A.1.N.bCassiope mertensiana - Phyllodoce empetriformis Dwarf-shrublandWestern Moss Heather - Pink Mountain-heath Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG596-02-01G5c$ CEGL001397CWCSA.1081IV.A.1.N.bCassiope mertensiana / Luetkea pectinata Dwarf-shrublandWestern Moss Heather / Partridgefoot Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG3G496-02-01G3\$CEGL001396CWCSA.1089IV.A.1.N.eCassiope mertensiana / Carex paysonis Dwarf-shrublandWestern Moss Heather / Payson's Sedge Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSS.V. CooperG3?00-01-03G3Y$ CEGL001395CWCSA.1081IV.A.1.This alliance occurs in near-coastal areas along the Gulf Coast of Texas and possibly Louisiana and the Mexican state of Tamaulipas. These saline coastal prairies are dominated by ~Spartina spartinae$ and occur in poorly drained areas in the vicinity of the coast, but they are isolated from tidal influence, except during extreme storm events. This alliance occurs on "upland" flats often forming a band, a mile or more in width, between tidal marshes and the more upland nonsaline coastal prairie. It also occurs in microtopographic depressions within the nonsaline coastal prairie matrix. ~Spartina spartinae$ may be the sole dominant, or it may share dominance with other grasses, such as ~Schizachyrium littorale (= Schizachyrium scoparium ssp. littorale), Schizachyrium scoparium var. scoparium$. ~Schizachyrium scoparium$ may be locally abundant. Other species include ~Andropogon glomeratus var. pumilus, Paspalum vaginatum, Spartina patens, Cyperus$ spp., ~Palafoxia texana var. ambigua$, and ~Eupatorium serotinum$. This alliance has been previously placed in upland, but predominant soils are Natraqualfs, and these soils are saturated to the surface for periods of the growing season. ~Spartina patens$ is sometimes locally codominant. The hydrology of this alliance is ambiguous, exhibiting qualities of both seasonally flooded and saturated.LVALJ9q CEGL001408CWCSA.1084IV.A.1.N.bPhyllodoce glanduliflora / Oreostemma alpigenum Dwarf-shrublandYellow Mountain-heath / Tundra Aster Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG3G496-02-01G3c$ CEGL001407CWCSA.1083IV.A.1.N.bPhyllodoce empetriformis / Vaccinium deliciosum Dwarf-shrublandPink Mountain-heath / Rainier Blueberry Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG496-02-01G4c$ CEGL001406CWCSA.1083IV.A.1.N.bPhyllodoce empetriformis / Lupinus latifolius Dwarf-shrublandPink Mountain-heath / Broadleaf Lupine Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG4?96-02-01G4a$ CEGL001405CWCSA.1083IV.A.1.N.bPhyllodoce empetriformis / Antennaria lThis tallgrass alliance is known from Alfisols in the northeastern portion of the Blackland Prairie of Texas. The dominant species include ~Sporobolus silveanus, Tridens strictus, Paspalum floridanum, Carex meadii$, and ~Fimbristylis puberula$; other typical species (some in a lower stratum) include ~Dichanthelium oligosanthes, Dichanthelium linearifolium, Dichanthelium aciculare, Panicum virgatum, Paspalum floridanum, Coelorachis cylindrica, Aira elegans, Eragrostis hirsuta, Eragrostis capillaris, Neptunia lutea, Linum medium, Symphyotrichum ericoides (= Aster ericoides)$, and ~Symphyotrichum pratense (= Aster sericeus var. microphyllus)$. Areas which have been mowed or overgrazed may have ~Andropogon ternarius, Rudbeckia maxima, Marshallia caespitosa$, or scattered woody species such as ~Maclura pomifera$ or ~Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana$. One association occurs on loamy, low pH upland soils classified as Alfisols. This alliance is rare and has a very limited distribution. Remaining examples have been impacted by overgrazing and lack of prescribed burning. Much of the original acreage has been converted to row crops or tame pasture, or has succeeded to woodland. The exact species composition varies with changes in microtopography.LVAL This alliance is common and widespread in the Great Plains, especially the northern portions, and parts of the intermountain western U.S. and possibly Canada. The communities in it range from dry or dry-mesic to wet-mesic. Mid grasses are the dominant vegetation in most communities, although short grasses and sedges can be codominant. The vegetation tends to be denser where the mid grasses are predominant and more open where shorter graminoids are abundant. The mid grasses grow to 0.5-1.0 m on favorable sites, while the short grasses and sedges are less than 0.5 m tall. The most abundant midgrass is ~Pascopyrum smithii$. Common associates include ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata), Nassella viridula, Koeleria macrantha, Schizachyrium scoparium, Hesperostipa spartea (= Stipa spartea)$, and ~Poa$ spp. In the drier communities of this alliance ~Bouteloua gracilis$ is the most common shortgrass. Other short graminoids typically found in the drier communities include ~Carex inops ssp. heliophila, Carex duriuscula (= Carex eleocharis), Carex filifolia$, and ~Bouteloua curtipendula$ (in the northern portion of this alliance's range), ~Aristida purpurea$, and ~Buchloe dactyloides$ (in the southern half of this alliance's range). In the wetter communities within this alliance, ~Distichlis spicata, Hordeum jubatum, Elymus trachycaulus$, and ~Iva annua$ are common. Forbs and shrubs are generally minor components of communities within this alliance. If shrubs are present they are rarely taller than 1 m. Some forbs that are usually scattered about are ~Gaura coccinea, Sphaeralcea coccinea, Amorpha canescens, Astragalus$ spp., and ~Tragopogon dubius$. Shrubs include ~Symphoricarpos occidentalis, Artemisia cana, Artemisia frigida$, and ~Opuntia$ spp. ^Communities within this alliance occur on several different soil types. The soil is most often clay or clay loam, however. it can be loam or sandy loam. In the east and central part of this alliance's range, these communities can be found on flat or rolling uplaLVAL%^=tCEGL001436CWCSA.1106III.A.5.N.aArtemisia pygmaea / Elymus elymoides - Achnatherum hymenoides ShrublandPygmy Sagebrush / Bottlebrush - Indian Ricegrass Shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG3G494-02-23G3l%CEGL001435CWCSA.1125IV.B.2.N.dSalix reticulata / Caltha leptosepala Dwarf-shrublandNet-vein Willow / White Marsh-marigold Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSS.V. CooperG397-11-14G3Y$CEGL001434CWCSA.1119IV.B.2.N.bSalix nivalis / Festuca brachyphylla Dwarf-shrublandSnow Willow / Shortleaf Fescue Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG3G496-02-01G3X$CEGL001433CWCSA.1118IV.B.2.N.bSalix cascadensis / Festuca brachyphylla Dwarf-shrublandCascade Willow / Shortleaf Fescue Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG3G496-02-01G3\$CEGL001432CWCSA.1117IV.B.2.N.bSalix arctica - Salix nivalis Dwarf-shrublandArctic Willow - Snow Willow Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG2Q94-02-23G2||Q$CEGL001431CWCSA.1117IV.B.2.N.bSalix arctica / Polygonum bistortoides Dwarf-shrublandArctic Willow / American Bistort Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSS.V. CooperG2G3Q00-01-04G2Z$CEGL001430CWCSA.1117IV.B.2.N.bSalix arctica / Geum rossii Dwarf-shrublandArctic Willow / Ross' Avens Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG494-02-23G4zzO$CEGL001429CWCSA.1124IV.B.2.N.dSalix arctica / Caltha leptosepala Dwarf-shrublandArctic Willow / White Marsh-marigold Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG2G394-02-23G2V$CEGL001428CWCSA.1115IV.B.2.N.aVaccinium membranaceum - Vaccinium deliciosum Dwarf-shrublandSquare-twig Blueberry - Rands, hillslopes, or along streams or depressions. In the western part of this alliance's range, its communities are found where local conditions are wetter than the average. This includes such areas as the base of slopes or along rivers or streams.vLVALMkCEGL001474CWCSA.1This alliance is widespread across upland sites in the northern Great Plains. Its communities tend to be the climax communities on fertile dry-mesic sites across much of its range. It is dominated by mid and short grass species; woody species do not regularly achieve prominence. Few of the species exceed 1 m while many, including ~Bouteloua gracilis$, do not exceed 50 cm. The most abundant species are ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$ and ~Bouteloua gracilis$. On more mesic sites ~Hesperostipa comata$ is predominant, while on areas that are drier or subject to light grazing ~Bouteloua gracilis$ takes precedence. Other graminoid species that are commonly found in communities of this alliance are ~Aristida purpurea var. longiseta (= Aristida longiseta), Carex duriuscula (= Carex eleocharis), Carex filifolia, Koeleria macrantha, Nassella viridula$, and ~Pascopyrum smithii$. Sites in the southern half of the range of this alliance may have significant amounts of ~Bouteloua curtipendula$. Forbs are common but not usually abundant. Forb species that are regularly found are ~Artemisia frigida, Gaura coccinea, Gutierrezia sarothrae (= Gutierrezia diversifolia), Liatris punctata, Sphaeralcea coccinea (= Malvastrum coccineum), Phlox hoodii$, and ~Sphaeralcea coccinea$. The clubmoss ~Selaginella densa$ is present in many stands in this alliance. Scattered shrubs are sometimes present. These include ~Prunus virginiana, Rhus aromatica$, and ~Symphoricarpos occidentalis$. In the western and southwestern portions of its range, ~Cercocarpus montanus$ may be found where this alliance occurs on slopes. ^Communities in this alliance are found on flat to moderately steep topography. The soils are sandy loam, loam, or sometimes clay loam. They are often well-developed and derived from either glacial deposits or sometimes limestone or sandstone (Hanson and Whitman 1938, Coupland 1950, Hanson 1955).\LVALh#,LfCEGL001483CWCSA.1204V.A.5.N.bLeymus cinereus - Pascopyrum smithii Herbaceous VegetationGreat Basin Lyme Grass - Western Wheatgrass Herbaceous VegetationBasin Wild Rye / Western Wheatgrass Tallgrass Prairie1997The ~Festuca rubra$ grassland alliance is found along the Pacific Northwest coast, from central northern California to the Puget Sound region. The climate is strongly marine, with persistent onshore (westerly) winds, high annual precipitation, and moderate temperatures. Summer months typically are relatively dry. This vegetation occupies coastal headlands on extreme sites, usually with moderate to steep slopes of southerly aspects. These headlands are composed of bedrock of conglomerates (Washington) and basalts (Oregon). The soils are derived from colluvium or sand, and are usually shallow, well-drained, and have a significant component of gravels. Persistent strong winds, salt-spray, and the shallow soils are important factors in the maintenance of these grasslands. This vegetation often occurs as small patches in a mosaic of grassland, shrubland and forest communities. Stands have a sparse to dense herbaceous layer dominated by the perennial grass ~Festuca rubra$, and with a rich forb component. ~Festuca rubra$ forms large, loose clumps from long, slender rhizomes, and has cover ranging from as low as 10% to over 70%. Associated perennial grasses may include ~Elymus glaucus, Festuca idahoensis, Danthonia californica, Calamagrostis nutkaensis$, and ~Koeleria macrantha$. Important forbs include ~Artemisia suksdorfii, Camassia leichtlinii, Viola adunca, Erigeron glaucus, Achillea millefolium, Eriophyllum lanatum$, and ~Solidago canadensis$. Trees from nearby forested areas may invade in the absence of fire; these include the conifers ~Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus contorta$, and ~Picea sitchensis$, and the broad-leaved ~Quercus garryana$ or ~Arbutus menziesii$.3LVALHA&CEGL001490CWCSA.1859VII.C.1.N.bPinus ponderosa / Achnatherum hymenoides Sparse VegetationPonderosa Pine / Indian Ricegrass Sparse VegetationPonderosa Pine / Indian Ricegrass1997-11-26GCUSM.S. ReidG197-11-07G1_%CEGL001489CWCSA.1502V.A.6.N.fJuniperus osteosperma / Hesperostipa comata Wooded Herbaceous VegetationUtah Juniper / Needle-and-Thread Wooded Herbaceous VegetationUtah Juniper / Needle-and-Thread1997-11-26GCUSM.S. Reid, mod. S.K. RustG1Q97-11-14G1Ȩk#CEGL001488CWCSA.1502V.A.6.N.fJunipThis alliance includes vegetation dominated by ~Panicum obtusum$, occurring in the Chihuahuan Desert and the Southern Shortgrass Prairie. Components of this grassland type include ~Buchloe dactyloides, Panicum hallii, Panicum hirsutum$, and ~Helianthus ciliaris$.This alliance is described from partially stabilized dunes and sandhills in southeastern Idaho. Stands occur in areas of actively moving dune deposits, from a few to more than 100 m to windward from the rear of active dunes. Elevations range from 1525-1800 m. Soils are sand, from a few centimeters to over 4 m deep, left behind as the dunes advance. Despite very low moisture levels during the dry season, some moisture is always available to plants. Generally these deposits are less than 40 years old. Stands have a sparse herbaceous layer (17-25% cover) dominated by the strongly rhizomatous perennial grass ~Leymus flavescens (= Elymus flavescens)$ and the perennial forb ~Psoralidium lanceolatum (= Psoralea lanceolata)$. Diversity and cover are low. Other species may include ~Machaeranthera canescens (= Aster canescens), Oxytheca dendroidea (= Eriogonum dendroideum), Eriogonum deflexum$, and ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$.LVAL:CEGL001500CWCSA.1538V.A.7.N.gCercocarpus montanus / Muhlenbergia emersleyi Shrub Herbaceous VegetationMountain-mahogany / Bull Muhly Shrub Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG494-02-23G4l#CEGL001499CWCSA.1540V.A.7.N.hYucca glauca / Pseudoroegneria spicata Shrub Herbaceous VegetationSoapweed Yucca / Bluebunch Wheatgrass Shrub Herbaceous VegetationSoapweed / Bluebunch Wheatgrass Shrub Prairie1997-11-26GCUSG4Q96-02-01G4This grassland alliance has been described from the western Great Plains, on foothill toeslopes on the eastern side of the Continental Divide in Montana, and on high elevation ridges in intermountain basins in north-central Colorado. Sites are relatively dry and occur on moderate to steep slopes with southerly to westerly exposures. Soils are lithic, often calcareous, gravelly loams and clay loams, derived from a variety of parent materials. Surface rock is important in some stands. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by a relatively sparse herbaceous layer that is codominated by the cool-season, medium-tall bunchgrass ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$ and the warm-season, shortgrass ~Bouteloua gracilis$. The dwarf-shrub ~Artemisia frigida$ is often present. Other associated species may include ~Heterotheca villosa, Koeleria macrantha, Opuntia polyacantha, Phlox hoodii, Poa secunda$, and ~Sphaeralcea coccinea$. Northern stands may be codominated by ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$, and southern stands may have high cover of ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$. The shrubs ~Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis$ and ~Ericameria parryi (= Chrysothamnus parryi)$ may be occasionally present. Diagnostic of this grassland alliance is the codominance of ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$ and~Bouteloua gracilis$.LVALCEGL001507CWCSA.1536V.A.7.N.gRhus glabra / Aristida purpForests dominated by ~Pinus ponderosa$ occur in mountainous regions of the western United States, from the Cascades and Black Hills, throughout the Rocky Mountains, southeast to the mountains of Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas. This alliance may range into southern British Columbia, and although ~Pinus ponderosa$ is found in Mexico, it is uncertain whether this alliance ranges into that country. This alliance can be found on slopes of a variety of aspects and pitches, but is most often on gentle to moderate, northeast- to northwest-facing slopes. It can be on slopes of other aspects where the soil is heavier and retains more moisture or if other conditions make the site relatively mesic. Periodic ground fires are important in maintaining ~Pinus ponderosa$ forests. In the prolonged absence of fires, some stands will succeed to other communities. Throughout its range, ~Pinus ponderosa$ is found at elevations from sea level to 3050 m (10,000 feet). Within the central Rocky Mountains, ~Pinus ponderosa$ grows at elevations between 1800-2600 m (6000-8500 feet). In the Black Hills and northeastern Wyoming, it can be found from 1080-2100 m (3600-7000 feet). In the southeastern United States, these forests are restricted to the high elevations (over 1800 m, 6000 feet) of the Guadalupe, Davis, and Chisos mountains in western Texas, where associations are dominated by ~Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum$. Associated species vary with elevation and geography, but consistently include ~Quercus gambelii, Pinus strobiformis, Juniperus deppeana, Quercus grisea, Quercus muehlenbergii, Pinus arizonica var. stormiae, Cupressus arizonica, Juniperus flaccida, Festuca arizonica, Schizachyrium scoparium var. scoparium (= Schizachyrium scoparium ssp. neomexicanum), Panicum bulbosum$, and ~Piptochaetium pringlei (= Stipa pringlei)$. LVAL3` CEGL001515CWCSA.1252V.A.5.N.dAristida purpurea var. longiseta - Sporobolus cryptandrus Herbaceous VegetationRed Three-awn - Sand Dropseed Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSM.P. MurrayG199-10-21G1r#CEGL001514CWCSA.1525V.A.7.N.eSporobolus cryptandrus Shrub Herbaceous VegetationSand Dropseed Shrub Herbaceous VegetationSand Dropseed Shrub Prairie1997-11-26GCUSS.V. CooperG298-1This alliance has been described from the Tularosa Basin in the northern Chihuahuan Desert and the southern Colorado Plateau. Elevation ranges from 1185-2730 m. Stands are reported from playas, sandy floodplains and mesas. The vegetation is characterized by a dense perennial graminoid layer of medium-tall and short grasses that form a sod (>50% cover) that is codominated by ~Sporobolus airoides$ and ~Bouteloua gracilis$. Occasional shrubs may be present including ~Atriplex$ spp., ~Ephedra$ spp., ~Ericameria nauseosa$, or ~Gutierrezia sarothrae$. Little information is available about vegetation in this alliance.This grassland alliance is known only from stands in the rolling plains of southeastern Montana. Stands from Colorado in the ~Schizachyrium scoparium$ Herbaceous Vegetation association (former CEGL001680) were recently merged with an association, ~~Schizachyrium scoparium - Bouteloua curtipendula$ Loess Mixedgrass Herbaceous Vegetation (CEGL002036)$$, in the ~~Schizachyrium scoparium - Bouteloua curtipendula$ Herbaceous Alliance (A.1225)$$ leaving a single association, ~~Schizachyrium scoparium - Carex inops ssp. heliophila$ Herbaceous Vegetation (CEGL001682)$$. The moderate to dense herbaceous layer is dominated by the medium-tall, warm-season bunchgrass ~Schizachyrium scoparium$. The shorter graminoid, ~Carex inops ssp. heliophila$, typically codominates. Perennial forbs generally have sparse cover but may be relatively diverse. Annual forbs and grasses may be seasonally present.lLVALxj, .WCEGL001524CWCSA.1567V.A.7.N.eArtemisia nova / Festuca idahoensis Shrub Herbaceous VegetationBlack Sagebrush / Idaho Fescue Shrub Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSS.V. CooperG2?98-11-30G2b#CEGL001523CWCSA.2552V.A.7.N.eArtemisia arbuscula ssp. longiloba / PoThis grassland alliance occurs on the Columbia River plains and in the Centennial Valley Sandhills in southwestern Montana. Elevations range 300-765 m along the Columbia River. Sites are level to moderately sloping sandy plains and dunes. Soils are deep loess or sandy soils in Washington and sand in Montana, where stands are found in a patchwork with sand dunes and dune shrublands with occurrences less than one acre in size. Disturbance is important to the maintenance of these seral communities, and it is associated with recent blowouts. These sparse grasslands are usually dominated by ~Elymus lanceolatus$, which is a cool-season, rhizomatous perennial grass that binds the loose sand providing 1-20% cover. The bunchgrass ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$ and the perennial forb ~Phacelia hastata$ are codominant in some stands. Other species that may be present include grasses, such as ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Poa secunda$, and forbs like ~Astragalus sclerocarpus, Eriogonum ovalifolium, Linum perenne, Psoralidium tenuiflorum (= Psoralea tenuiflora), Oenothera pallida, Achillea millefolium$, and ~Phlox longifolia$. Very scattered patches of 1- to 2-m tall shrubs occasionally occur, including evergreen and deciduous species such as ~Artemisia tridentata, Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus), Tetradymia canescens$, and ~Purshia tridentata$. Non-native species include ~Bromus tectorum, Centaurea diffusa, Sisymbrium altissimum$, and ~Salsola kali$, and are common on the Columbia Basin stands. Diagnostic of this alliance is an open grassland dominated by ~Elymus lanceolatus$ that occurs in disturbed sandy areas.LVAL:{CEGL001532CWCSA.1526V.A.7.N.eArtemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana / Carex geyeri Shrub Herbaceous VegetationMountain Big Sagebrush / Geyer's Sedge Shrub Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG396-02-01G3p#CEGL001531CWCSA.1526V.A.7.N.eArtemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana / Festuca campestris Shrub Herbaceous VegetationMountain Big Sagebrush / Prairie Fescue Shrub Herbaceous VegetationBig Sagebrush / Rough Fescue Shrub Prairie1997-11-26GCUThis vegetation occurs on shifting sands of outer coastal dunes at sea level. The climate is strongly maritime with many cloudy or foggy days and mild temperatures. Onshore winds typically transport abundant salt spray and sand. Soils are entirely aeolian sands without horizon development or accumulated organic material. In the Pacific Northwest, this alliance is dominated by medium-tall graminoids, which range in cover from dense to very open (down to 10% cover). The sand substrate is usually visible, and litter accumulation from plant debris is insignificant. ~Leymus mollis ssp. mollis$ usually dominates the stands, but associated species may be abundant or even codominant; ~Abronia latifolia, Calystegia soldanella, Ambrosia chamissonis$, and ~Cakile$ spp. are the most common. Sparsely scattered shrubs and trees may also occur, particularly near the landward edge, including ~Gaultheria shallon, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Arctostaphylos columbiana, Salix hookeriana, Ledum glandulosum, Lonicera involucrata$, and ~Pinus contorta$. Contiguous vegetation types are usually sparse ~Abronia - Cakile$ strand communities or bare sand at the seaward margin and ~Gaultheria - Salix - Arctostaphylos$ inner dune shrub communities at the landward edge. This vegetation may alternate with non-native ~Ammophila arenaria$ dunegrass communities along the outer dune front.`LVALl  CEGL001539CWCSA.1528V.A.7.N.eArtemisia tripartita ssp. tripartita / Hesperostipa comata Shrub Herbaceous VegetatioThis alliance includes grasslands dominated by ~Bouteloua curtipendula$, without significant ~Schizachyrium scoparium$, occurring in the Chihuahuan Desert region of western Texas, across southern New Mexico and southeastern Arizona. Stands of this alliance typically have moderately dense graminoid cover dominated by the medium-tall perennial bunchgrass ~Bouteloua curtipendula$, without significant ~Schizachyrium scoparium$. Composition varies with abiotic factors and grazing history. ~Bouteloua eriopoda$ is a characteristic associate on rocky slopes, and ~Bouteloua gracilis$ is an associate on deeper soils. Other associates can include ~Bothriochloa barbinodis, Hilaria belangeri$, and ~Schizachyrium cirratum$. Scattered individuals of ~Pinus edulis, Quercus$ sp. and ~Juniperus$ sp. may occur in higher elevation stands. At lower elevations and on dry slopes, sparse Chihuahuan desertscrub species may intermix. If shrub or trees are present, the density is always very low. Vegetation in this Chihuahuan Desert alliance generally occurs on rocky slopes on mountains and mesas. Elevations for these semi-desert grasslands are moderate ranging from 1050-1600 m. Mean annual precipitation is approximately 30 cm but is highly variable with drought years not uncommon. These grasslands grade into ~Pinus edulis - Quercus - Juniperus$ woodlands at higher elevations and Chihuahuan Desert shrublands such as ~Prosopis glandulosa / Bouteloua eriopoda$ stands on dry slopes and lower elevations. Stands may be found on all aspects, but in the drier parts of its range, they are restricted to cooler north slopes. Soils are generally rocky and range from shallow to moderately deep.6LVALD"CEGL001547CWCSA.816III.A.4.N.aArtemisia filifolia / Sporobolus flexuosus ShrublandSand Sagebrush / Mesa Dropseed Shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG500-07-17G5X$CEGL001546CWCSA.1101IV.A.2.N.aTiquilia hispidissima / Sporobolus nealleyi Dwarf-shrublandRough Tiquilia / GypThis herbaceous alliance of the Mojave and Colorado deserts occurs on flat ridges, lower slopes, and stabilized sand dunes. It intergrades with stands of ~Larrea tridentata$ and/or ~Yucca brevifolia$, and occurs at elevations ranging from 75-1400 m. Yearly precipitation totals are between 0 and 25 cm. There is much year-to-year variation in precipitation. The summers are extremely hot. Winter temperatures, particularly at higher elevations, can get quite cold. ~Pleuraphis rigida (= Hilaria rigida)$ is the sole or dominant graminoid in the herbaceous layer. Other grasses may include ~Bouteloua eriopoda, Dasyochloa pulchella (= Erioneuron pulchellum), Bromus madritensis, Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii), Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$, and others. Emergent shrubs may be present at a low percentage of cover, and scattered ~Larrea tridentata$ and/or ~Yucca brevifolia$ may be present.This alliance includes grasslands dominated by ~Festuca arizonica$. In western Texas, these grasslands occur at high elevations (4700-8200 feet) in the Davis Mountains, Guadalupe Mountains, and Chisos Mountains in protected areas and on open slopes. Associated species include ~Blepharoneuron tricholepis, Allium cernuum, Salvia arizonica, Achillea millefolium, Muhlenbergia minutissima, Muhlenbergia filiculmis, Muhlenbergia montana, Commelina dianthifolia, Bouteloua gracilis, Artemisia carruthii, Elymus elymoides, Castilleja$ spp., and ~Silene$ sp.LVAL%E$z6`Q`QhnpQue%eeUue` $z7`Q8inpQeeueu5%50G$zx>`QinpQE5U%5%%`o$z8`QinpQuue%ee55p|$z8`Q4jnpQ5E5U5eeu V$z89`QjnpQeUueeeue@.$z9`QjnpQ55EE03$z9`Q0knpQue%ee%%u`e$z4:`QknpThis once-extensive bunchgrass alliance of California's valleys and foothills occurs on deep soils with a high clay content. Stands can occur on all topographic positions, but due to climatic factors, they do not occur over 1400 m of elevation. The native California bunch grasses are adapted to a Mediterranean climate with moist, cool winters and long, dry summers. Precipitation varies from 25-70 cm per year, and falls mostly between November and April. Stands typically include many exotic annual grasses. This native California bunchgrass alliance is dominated by ~Nassella cernua$. Other graminoids present may include ~Elymus glaucus, Festuca californica, Melica californica, Leymus triticoides, Nassella lepida, Nassella pulchra, Aristida ternipes, Koeleria macrantha$, and ~Poa secunda$. Many exotic annuals, such as ~Bromus diandrus, Bromus madritensis, Bromus hordeaceus, Avena barbata, Avena fatua$, and ~Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum (= Lolium multiflorum)$, have invaded stands of this alliance. Emergent trees and shrubs may be present, particularly the oak ~Quercus douglasii$. Plant cover tends to be open.gLVAL3uz CEGL001581CWCSA.1354V.A.5.N.jPascopyrum smithii - Eleocharis spp. Herbaceous VegetationWestern WheatgraThis alliance includes grasslands occurring over heavy soils on flats within the Trans-Pecos, southwestern Rolling Plains, and northwestern Edwards Plateau of Texas. These grasslands sometimes occupy sites that receive excess run-off from the surrounding landscape and hence represent small, internally drained basin bottoms. ~Prosopis glandulosa$ may be scattered throughout. Other species include ~Buchloe dactyloides, Panicum obtusum, Digitaria californica, Bouteloua$ spp., ~Tridens$ spp., ~Scleropogon brevifolius$, and ~Sporobolus$ spp. These grasslands occur within a matrix of desert shrublands and mixed grasslands. Saline-influenced areas grade into ~Sporobolus airoides$-dominated grassland.This bunchgrass alliance of California's valleys and foothills grows on deep soils with a high clay content, often derived from sandstone or ultramafics. Stands can occur on all topographic positions, but due to climatic factors, they do not occur over 1700 m of elevation. The native California bunch grasses are adapted to a Mediterranean climate with moist, cool winters and long, dry summers. Precipitation varies from 25 and 70 cm per year, and falls mostly between November and April. This California native bunchgrass alliance is dominated by ~Nassella lepida$. Other graminoids present may include ~Festuca californica, Melica californica, Nassella pulchra, Nassella cernua, Calamagrostis koelerioides$, and ~Poa secunda$. Many exotic annuals, such as ~Bromus hordeaceus$, have invaded stands of this alliance. Emergent trees and shrubs may be present. Plant cover tends to be open. On sites with ultramafic-derived soils, serpentine-adapted species may be present.LVAL/cO CEGL001597CWCSA.1254V.A.5.N.dDanthonia californica - Festuca rubra Herbaceous VegetationCalifornia Oatgrass - Red Fescue Herbaceous VegetationCalifornia Oatgrass - Red Fescue Grassland1997-11-26GCUSM.S. Reid, mod. M. SchindelG297-11-05G2Ⱦ^#CEGL001596CWCSA.1257V.A.5.N.dFestuca viridula - Carex hoodii Herbaceous VegetationGreenleaf Fescue - Hood's Sedge Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSJ.S. KaganG300-10-27G3X# CEGL001595CWCSA.1253V.A.5.N.dCarex hoodii - Festuca idahoensis Herbaceous VegetationHood's Sedge - Idaho Fescue Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSS.K. RustG201-01-17G2Z#CEGL001594CWCSA.1225V.A.5.N.cSchizachyrium scoparium - Bouteloua curtipendula Western Great Plains Herbaceous VegetationLittle Bluestem - Sideoats Grama Western Great Plains Herbaceous VegetationWestern Great Plains Little Bluestem Mixedgrass Prairie1997-11-26GCUSGrPl 1-95J. DrakeG394-02-23G3+)! ~#CEGL001593CWCSA.1552V.A.7.N.mDasylirion wheeleri / BouteloNative occurrences of this alliance seem to be restricted to marine terraces and headlands. Eight vegetation combinations closely linked to substrate have been described. ~Pinus radiata$ is the dominant in all of these types, and a secondary species in several other types. Stands of this alliance are dominated by ~Pinus radiata$. ~Quercus agrifolia$ may be important, and other tree species which may be present include ~Pinus muricata, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus ponderosa$, and ~Sequoia sempervirens$. Variations within the shrub and herbaceous layers seem to be linked to substrate, and at least 8 distinct vegetation types have been identified. Common shrubs include ~Arctostaphylos tomentosa, Vaccinium ovatum, Toxicodendron diversilobum, Diplacus aurantiacus ssp. aurantiacus$, and ~Symphoricarpos mollis$.LVALKCJsCEGL001615CWCSA.1251V.A.5.N.dFestuca idahoensis - Eriogonum caespitosum Herbaceous VegetationIdaho Fescue - Matted Wild Buckwheat Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSS.K. RustG2?Q99-04-10G2c#CEGL001614CWCSA.1251V.A.5.N.dFestuca idahoensis - Elymus trachycaulus Herbaceous VegetationIdaho Fescue - Slender Wild Rye Herbaceous VegetationIdaho Fescue - Slender Wheatgrass Mixedgrass Prairie1997-11-26GCUSG496-02-01G4ʖa#CEGL001613CWCSA.1313V.A.5.N.hFestuca idahoensis - Delphinium glareosum Herbaceous VegetationIdaho Fescue - Olympic LarkThis alliance is found from the northwestern Great Plains and west to eastern Washington and Oregon. Two communities are found in the Midwest, and this description is based largely on them. This alliance is typically moderately arid and dominated by mid and short graminoids. ~Festuca altaica (= Festuca scabrella)$ is abundant in almost every stand. Other species that are commonly found in stands of this alliance are ~Danthonia intermedia$ (in the western part of this alliance's range), upland ~Carex$ spp., ~Elymus lanceolatus$ (in the north and east), ~Festuca idahoensis$ (in the center and west), ~Koeleria macrantha$ (in the east), ~Pascopyrum smithii$ (in the east), ~Pseudoroegneria spicata, Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$, and ~Hesperostipa curtiseta (= Stipa curtiseta)$ (in the east). Forb diversity may be low to moderately high in stands of this alliance. Common forbs include ~Achillea millefolium, Antennaria rosea$, Asteraceae spp., ~Geum triflorum, Lupinus sericeus$, and ~Solidago missouriensis$. Low and medium-tall shrubs may be found in some stands. These include ~Amelanchier alnifolia, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Artemisia frigida, Gutierrezia sarothrae$, and ~Rosa acicularis$. ^Stands of this alliance are found on level to steeply sloping topography of all aspects. Soils are usually loamy and moderately deep.nLVALz(c/CEGL001632CWCSA.1257V.A.5.N.dFestuca viridula - Eucephalus ledophyllus Herbaceous VegetationGreenleaf Fescue - Cascade Aster Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG496-02-01G4b# CEGL001631CWCSA.1256V.A.5.N.dFestuca thurberi Subalpine Grassland Herbaceous VegetationThurber's Fescue Subalpine Grassland Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSR.J. RondeauG399-12-10G3]# CEGL001630CWCSA.1256V.A.5.N.dFestuca thurberi - Lathyrus lanszwertii var. leucanthus Herbaceous VegetationThurber's Fescue - Nevada Peavine Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GThese grasslands are characteristic of the Palouse Prairie on the Columbia Plateau, but extend east into the Rocky Mountains and south into the Great Basin. Stands are found on undulating prairie, valley bottoms, canyon benches, and expansive park meadow openings in montane and subalpine forests, on ridges above subalpine forests in the Rocky Mountains, on coastal terraces and inland bald hills, and glacial outwash plains. Stands also occur in coastal and inland prairies on the western side of the Cascades Mountains. Soils are moderately to well-drained, loams or silt loams or silty clays, that are generally deep, and derived from alluvium, colluvium, or loess. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by the dominance or codominance of ~Festuca idahoensis$. Other important species may include ~Sericocarpus rigidus (= Aster curtus), Carex filifolia, Carex inops ssp. heliophila, Carex obtusata, Danthonia intermedia, Elymus caninus, Elymus trachycaulus, Eriogonum caespitosum, Eriogonum heracleoides, Festuca thurberi, Geranium caespitosum, Koeleria macrantha, Pascopyrum smithii, Poa secunda, Pseudoroegneria spicata$, or ~Achnatherum richardsonii (= Stipa richardsonii)$. Scattered shrubs and dwarf-shrubs, such as species of ~Symphoricarpos$ and ~Rosa$, are present in some stands. Diagnostic of this widespread grassland alliance is the dominance or codominance of ~Festuca idahoensis$.|LVALLl CEGL001649CWCSA.1543V.A.7.N.hEphedra viridis / Achnatherum hymenoides - Sporobolus cryptandrus Shrub Herbaceous VegetationMormon-tea / Indian Ricegrass - Sand Dropseed Shrub Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG2G494-02-23G3ɀ#CEGL001648CWCSA.1543V.A.7.N.hEphedra viridis / Achnatherum hymenoides - Bouteloua gracilis Shrub Herbaceous VegetationMoThis grassland alliance is found in the lower Salmon and Snake river canyons of Idaho, Oregon and Washington, the Columbia River in central Washington, and the Green and Virgin rivers in Utah. Stands occur on river terraces, footslopes of benches and alluvial fans. The elevation ranges from 240-1460 m. Sites are flat to gently sloping (to 30%) and occur on all aspects. Climate in the canyon bottoms is relatively hot and dry. Soils are moderately deep and derived from loess and alluvium-colluvium. Surface soil texture varies from sandy loam to silt loam. These grasslands are characterized by the dominance or codominance of ~Sporobolus cryptandrus$ and ~Aristida purpurea var. longiseta$. Associated species, such as ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$ and ~Poa secunda$, may be present in lesser amounts on the more upland sites. Associated perennial forbs include ~Achillea millefolium, Astragalus inflexus, Erigeron pumilus$, and ~Opuntia polyacantha$. Common annuals are the forbs ~Epilobium brachycarpum (= Epilobium paniculatum)$ and ~Plantago patagonica$, and the grasses ~Vulpia octoflora (= Festuca octoflora)$ and ~Vulpia microstachys var. pauciflora (= Festuca pacifica)$. The shrub ~Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus)$ is present in some stands and will increase with overgrazing. Diagnostic of this grassland alliance is the dominance or codominance of ~Sporobolus cryptandrus$.LVALPunCEGL001665CWCSA.1265V.A.5.N.dPseudoroegneria spicata - Carex filifolia Herbaceous VegetationBluebunch Wheatgrass - Threadleaf Sedge Herbaceous VegetationBluebunch Wheatgrass - Thread-Leaved Sedge Mixed Prairie1997-11-26GCUSG496-02-01G4ןb#"CEGL001664CWCSA.1239V.A.5.N.cPseudoroegneria spicata - Bouteloua gracilis Herbaceous VegetationBluebunch Wheatgrass - Blue Grama Herbaceous VegetationBluebunch Wheatgrass - Blue Grama Mixedgrass Prairie1997-11-26GCUSS.V. CooperG496-02-01G4Мe#CEGL001663CWCSA.1265V.A.5.N.dPseudoroegneria spicata - Bouteloua curtipendula Herbaceous VegetationBluebunch Wheatgrass - Sideoats Grama Herbaceous VegetationBluebunch Wheatgrass - Sideoats Grama Mixedgrass Prairie1997-11-26GCUSS.V. CooperG399-12-01G3ܤi#This medium-tall, bunch, temperate or subpolar grassland alliance is confined to the highest elevations occupied by canyon grasslands, between 1950 and 2400 m. It occurs commonly in the openings wholly or partially surrounded by forests. It occurs with gentle topography; slope between 4-6%. The soils are shallow and stony and have high organic matter content. Soil texture varies from loam to sandy loam with a soil pH average of 5.0 in the A horizon. Only one plant association, ~~Carex hoodii - Festuca idahoensis$ Herbaceous Vegetation (CEGL001595)$$, is described for this alliance. ~Carex hoodii$ dominates the sedges, but typically ~Carex geyeri, Carex multicostata$, and ~Carex rossii$ can occur in the graminoid layer. The other dominant, ~Festuca idahoensis$, always occurs with ~Carex hoodii$. Perennial forbs are also abundant (25-60% cover). They include ~Antennaria anaphaloides, Antennaria microphylla, Arenaria congesta, Symphyotrichum foliaceum (= Aster foliaceus), Eriogonum flavum$, and ~Potentilla glandulosa$. Deciduous forests, dominated by ~Populus tremuloides$, frequently occur in the adjacent uplands.ELVALQ*B;CEGL001683CWCSA.1266V.A.5.N.dSchizachyrium scoparium - Muhlenbergia cuspidata Herbaceous VegetationLittle Bluestem - Stony-hills Muhly Herbaceous VegetationLittle Bluestem - Plains MuhlyThis grassland alliance occurs on coastal terraces, hilltop 'balds,' and valley bottom habitats of the central and northern Pacific Coast below 1200 m elevation. The climate is Mediterranean, with abundant winter rains and dry summers. In the south, these stands are largely coastal, where fogs and cool temperatures lower drought stress in summer. In the north, these grasslands are widespread throughout the low-elevation valleys west of the Cascade Range where most stands occur as islands in an otherwise forested landscape. Environmental conditions that preclude forest development are the unifying factors for these communities, including sustained salt-laden winds of coastal terraces and headlands, excessively drained and windy ridgetops, hot interior valleys with high fire frequencies, and sites with heavy or infertile soils. These grasslands are characterized by a dense cover of ~Danthonia californica$, usually in association with other perennial bunch grasses, including ~Deschampsia caespitosa, Calamagrostis nutkaensis, Poa secunda, Festuca idahoensis, Festuca rubra, Festuca californica, Stipa$ spp., and ~Agrostis$ spp. Associated forbs and ferns are diverse. Common species include ~Achillea millefolium, Fragaria virginiana, Pteridium aquilinum, Sidalcea malviflora ssp. virgata (= Sidalcea virgata), Eriophyllum lanatum$, and ~Zigadenus venenosus$. A sparse layer of invading trees and shrubs may be present in these stands, especially near forest or woodland margins. ~Pseudotsuga menziesii, Quercus garryana, Fraxinus latifolia, Pinus ponderosa$, and ~Rosa eglanteria$ are the most common woody species. Diagnostic of this grassland alliance is the dominance of ~Danthonia californica$.LVAL This grassland alliance is found in the northwestern Great Plains, in the Northern Rockies on both sides of the Continental Divide, and west into eastern Washington and Oregon. Elevations range from 500-2100 m, but are found only below 1500 m in Canada. Stands occur in glaciated landscapes, on prairies, foothills and mountain slopes. Sites are nearly level to steep slopes on all aspects. Sites range from mesic to relatively xeric. In the northern extent it is restricted to warmer west- and southwest-facing slopes. Soils are derived from a variety of parent materials and are loamy and moderately deep, with neutral pH. These grasslands typically occur in a mosaic with montane forests dominated by ~Pinus contorta$. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by the dominance of ~Festuca campestris$. Codominants may include ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$ or ~Festuca idahoensis$. The forb layer is sparse to moderately dense, often with relatively high species diversity. Scattered woody species may also be present. Annuals are typically sparse. Overall species composition varies geographically with stands east of the Continental Divide resembling Northern Mixed Prairie and stands west of the Divide floristically related to the Intermountain Basin. The east side stands may lack ~Festuca idahoensis$, but often include ~Bouteloua gracilis, Muhlenbergia cuspidata, Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata), Artemisia ludoviciana, Heterotheca villosa, Liatris punctata, Lupinus sericeus$, and the dwarf-shrubs ~Artemisia frigida$ and ~Gutierrezia sarothrae$. West of the Divide ~Balsamorhiza sagittata, Besseya wyomingensis, Castilleja lutescens$, and ~Lomatium triternatum$ are more common. Other common species include ~Antennaria rosea, Carex filifolia, Carex obtusata, Geranium viscosissimum, Koeleria macrantha, Poa secunda, Potentilla gracilis, Achnatherum occidentale (= Stipa occidentalis), Achnatherum richardsonii (= Stipa richardsonii)$, and the shrub ~Rosa arkansana$. Diagnostic of this grassland alliance iLVAL xbrCEGL001795CWCSA.1316V.A.5.N.hDanthonia parryi Herbaceous VegetationParry's Oatgrass Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSS. KettlerG399-12-15G3}}{yooI#CEGL001794CWCSA.1315V.A.5.N.hDanthonia intermedia Herbaceous VegetationTimber Oatgrass Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG2G394-02-23G2~|rrM#CEGL001793CWCSA.1314V.A.5.N.hCarex straminiformis Herbaceous VegetationMount Shasta Sedge Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG3?94-02-23G3uuM#2CEGL001792CWCSA.1411V.A.5.N.kCarex microptera Herbaceous VegetationSmall-wing Sedge Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG496-02-01G4}}}{yooI#$CEGL001791CWCSA.1241V.A.5.N.cSporobolus airoides Sod Herbaceous Vegetation [Placeholder]Alkali Sacaton Sod Herbaceous Vegetation2003-01-07OCUSG?03-01-07G?^#CEGL001790CWCSA.1291V.A.5.N.fLomatium cous - Poa secunda Herbaceous VegetationCous-root Desert-parsley - Curly Bluegrass Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG400-02-17G4T#CEGL001789CWCSA.1108IV.A.2.N.bAtriplex obovata Dwarf-shrubland [Placeholder]New Mexico Saltbush Dwarf-shrubland2003-01-07OCUSG?03-01-07G?uuR$CEGL001788CWCSA.1568V.A.8.N.aEriogonum strictum / Poa secunda Dwarf-shrub Herbaceous VegetationBlue Mountain Wild Buckwheat / Curly Bluegrass Dwarf-shrub Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSM.P. MurrayG399-11-19G3e# CEGL001787CWCSA.203I.A.8.N.gThuja plicata - Tsuga heterophylla / Lysichiton americanus / Sphagnum spp. ForestWestern Red-cedar - Western Hemlock / Yellow Skunk-cabbage / Peatmoss species Forest2002-10-17GCUSCBC 10-02C.B. ChappellG3G402-10-17G3s"CEGL001786CWCSA.1568V.A.8.N.aEriogonum niveum / Poa secunda Dwarf-shrub Herbaceous VegetationSnow Wild Buckwheat / Curly Bluegrass Dwarf-shrub Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSR.s the dominance of ~Festuca campestris$.LVALEav29CEGL001816CWCSA.1418V.A.5.N.kCarex nigricans Herbaceous VegetationBlack Alpine Sedge Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG496-02-01G4~~~|zppH#8CEGL001815CWCSA.1417V.A.5.N.kCarex nebrascensis - Carex microptera Herbaceous VegetationNebraska Sedge - Small-wing Sedge Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG3G496-02-01G3^#These grasslands occur on subalpine and lower alpine slopes in dry meadows and on ridges above subalpine forests in the southern Rocky Mountains. Elevations range from 2500-3500 m. Climate is temperate with short growing seasons and heavy snowfall in winter. Stands are found on level valley bottoms, expansive park meadow openings in the subalpine forest, and on ridges above subalpine forests. Sites are nearly level to steeply sloping, typically on southern or western exposures. Soils are generally deep, well-drained loams or silt loams with pH of 5.8-7.0, and derived from alluvium and colluvium. Stands have a dense to moderately dense cover of graminoids dominated by the cool-season, perennial bunchgrass ~Festuca thurberi$. ~Muhlenbergia montana$ and ~Festuca arizonica$ may be present to codominant (on warmer/drier sites). These grasslands have high diversity of species. Other characteristic graminoids may include ~Bromus$ spp., ~Carex siccata (= Carex foenea), Carex geyeri, Carex haydeniana, Danthonia parryi, Elymus trachycaulus$, and ~Stipa$ spp. Common forbs include ~Lathyrus lanszwertii var. leucanthus, Vicia americana, Achillea millefolium, Artemisia$ spp., ~Erigeron speciosus, Eriogonum umbellatum var. majus (= Eriogonum subalpinum), Hymenoxys hoopesii (= Helenium hoopesii), Iris missouriensis$, and ~Solidago multiradiata$. On moist sites ~Veratrum californicum$ may be codominant. Grazed stands often have moderate cover of exotic species such as ~Poa pratensis$ and ~Taraxacum officinale$. Adjacent vegetation is subalpine forests dominated by ~Picea engelmannii$ and ~Abies lasiocarpa$ or ~Populus tremuloides$.LVAL=L=CEGL001835CWCSA.1422V.A.5.N.kEleocharis palustris - Juncus balticus Herbaceous VegetationMarsh Spikerush - Baltic Rush Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG2G494-02-23G3_#=These are high-altitude grasslands that occur in cold, dry sites throughout the Pacific Northwest. Elevations range from 1400 m in the Olympic Mountains to over 2400 m in the mountains of northeastern Oregon. They are typically associated with south-facing or exposed slopes where snow cover is blown or melted off relatively early. West of the Cascades they are typically associated with rainshadow areas of the higher mountains. Summer lightning is common, and lightning fires may also serve to prevent tree or shrub encroachment. Soils are usually well-drained and vary in texture from coarse colluvium on steep slopes to fine-textured loams in low-gradient subalpine meadows. Parent materials are usually weathered volcanic extrusives or loess deposits. These communities are dominated by ~Festuca viridula$, which may form dense, continuous stands in pristine situations. Most stands, however, are mixed with several other graminoid or forb species. Typical grasses and grass-like species include ~Carex hoodii, Carex geyeri, Carex spectabilis, Festuca idahoensis, Achnatherum occidentale (= Stipa occidentalis), Achnatherum lettermanii (= Stipa lettermanii), Elymus elymoides (= Sitanion hystrix)$, and ~Phleum alpinum$. Common forb associates include ~Lupinus argenteus ssp. argenteus, Polygonum bistortoides, Polygonum phytolaccifolium, Eucephalus ledophyllus (= Aster ledophyllus), Lupinus arcticus, Potentilla flabellifolia$, and ~Polemonium pulcherrimum$. Adjacent vegetation is often subalpine forests of ~Tsuga mertensiana$ or ~Abies lasiocarpa$, and at wetter sites, ~Carex$ spp. meadows or ~Phyllodoce - Cassiope$ shrublands are typical.lLVAL{z+] CEGL001856CWCSA.1303V.A.5.N.gCarex elynoides - Oxytropis sericea Herbaceous VegetationBlackroot Sedge - Rocky Mountain Locoweed Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSS.K. RustG3This alliance contains montane grasslands occurring in mountain ranges of Trans-Pecos Texas and adjacent New Mexico. Characteristic species include ~Bouteloua curtipendula, Schizachyrium cirratum, Lycurus setosus, Eragrostis erosa, Bothriochloa barbinodis (= var. barbinodis), Muhlenbergia rigida, Bouteloua eriopoda, Bouteloua hirsuta$, and ~Bouteloua gracilis$. In western Texas, examples of these grasslands occur in flat areas at high elevations in Chisos Mountains, and on open slopes in the Davis Mountains.This alliance is found in the semi-arid rainshadow-affected areas of central and southern Idaho. Stands occur on steep, south-facing canyon slopes composed of volcanic tuffs at low elevations, from roughly 1580-1890 m. This substrate is typically unstable, with constant downslope movement of soil surface layers, and a high shrink-swell ratio. Chronic soil disturbance is therefore a major factor in the species composition of the alliance, which includes several endemics of the Challis Volcanics substrate. These grasslands are characterized by a sparse herbaceous species layer that is dominated by ~Leymus salinus ssp. salmonis$, a perennial grass species commonly considered a bunchgrass due to its cespitose form (but which typically has rhizomes), and the perennial forbs ~Enceliopsis nudicaulis$ or ~Lupinus argenteus$. The grass variety is one of the Challis endemics, while ~Enceliopsis nudicaulis$ is disjunct from its principle range in the Great Basin. Several other species of the Challis endemic flora apparently occur in this alliance, but a more specific list is not available, and no other information is available on species composition.LVAL This alliance is composed of dry-mesic pine forests found near the western Great Lakes, west to north-central Minnesota and adjacent Ontario, and in the Mid-Atlantic states. Stands of this alliance are characterized by a pine overstory and a poorly developed understory. ~Pinus resinosa$ is the dominant overstory species, although ~Pinus strobus$ can be a codominant in the canopy and is often more numerous in the sapling and seedling classes (Ohmann and Ream 1971). Mesic sites tend to include not only ~Pinus resinosa$, but ~Picea mariana, Picea glauca$, and ~Abies balsamea$ in the canopy, while on dry sites, ~Pinus banksiana$ is found (MNNHP 1993). Northern hardwoods such as ~Acer rubrum, Betula papyrifera, Populus grandidentata, Populus tremuloides$, and ~Quercus rubra$ sometimes form a subcanopy. The understory ranges from moderately herb- and shrub-rich to extremely poor. In the tall-shrub class, the important species are ~Amelanchier$ spp. and ~Corylus cornuta$. In the low-shrub class ~Vaccinium$ spp., mainly ~Vaccinium myrtilloides$ and ~Vaccinium angustifolium, Gaultheria procumbens$, and ~Linnaea borealis$ are important, particularly where gaps in the canopy occur. The herbaceous layer is very poorly represented in most parts of this community's range, contributing only 11% (Ohmann and Ream 1971) of the ground cover in northeastern Minnesota, in contrast with more prominent cover of feathermosses and lichens (35% ground cover) (Grigal and Ohmann 1975). Common herbaceous species include ~Aralia nudicaulis$, Asteraceae spp., ~Maianthemum stellatum$, and ~Pteridium aquilinum$. The predominant moss species are ~Dicranum$ spp. and ~Pleurozium schreberi$. Sims et al. (1989) found that the average coverage of feathermoss was greater in the northwest region of Ontario than in the north-central region. ^This alliance occurs on Precambrian Shield bedrock, mainly on dry to fresh, deep mineral soil. The soil deposition history is both glaciofluvial and morainal. Soil depth ranges from 61-100 cm (Ohmann LVALUr/f#CEGL001924CWCSA.1311V.A.5.N.gPoa arctica ssp. grayana Herbaceous VegetationArctic Bluegrass Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSGU94-02-23GUwwQ#CEGL001923CWCSA.1310V.A.5.N.gPhleum alpinum - Elymus trachycaulus Herbaceous VegetationMountain Timothy - Slender Wild Rye Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG.P. JonesG2Q00-12-11G2]#CEGL001922CWCSA.1360V.A.5.N.jPhleum alpinum - Carex microptera Herbaceous VegetationMountain Timothy - Small-wing Sedge Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG.P. JonesG2Q00-12-11G2Z#CEGL001921CWCSA.1360V.A.5.N.jPhleum alpinum - Carex aquatilis Herbaceous VegetationMountain Timothy - Aquatic Sedge Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG.P. JonesG2Q00-12-11G2Y#CEGL001920CWCSA.1310V.A.5.N.gPhleum alpinum - Achillea millefolium Herbaceous VegetationMountain Timothy - Common Yarrow Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG594-02-23G5^#CEGL001919CWCSA.1630V.B.2.N.bMinuartia obtusiloba Herbaceous VegetationAlpine Stitchwort Herbaceous VegetationAlpine Fell-field1997-11-26GCUSG494-02-23G4tM#CEGL001918CWCSA.1629V.B.2.N.bLuetkea pectinata - Saxifraga tolmiei Herbaceous VegetationPartridgefoot - Tolmie's Alpine Saxifrage Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG596-02-01G5^#CEGL001917CWCSA.1628V.B.2.N.bLigusticum tenuifolium - Trollius laxus ssp. albiflorus Herbaceous Vegeand Ream 1971). The soils textures are coarse sand or coarse loam soils, as well as some fine sands and silts. Fire is an important natural disturbance in this alliance. ~Pinus resinosa$ has extensive adaptations that make it well suited to frequent ground fires and occasional crown fires. Reconstructions of the fire regime (Heinselman 1973, Frelich 1992) in ~Pinus resinosa$ stands indicate that a combination of ground fires every 20-30 years and severe crown fires every 100-150 years maintained presettlement ~Pinus resinosa$ communities.{LVALuhCiCEGL001956CWCSA.1698V.B.This grassland alliance has been described from montane meadows in the mountains and foothills of Colorado and Utah. Sites where found are typically xeric forest openings or parks in the Ponderosa Pine zone with southern aspects on moderately steep slopes and ridgetops. Occasionally the stands occupy rolling parklands. The xeric nature of sites appears to be an important environmental factor. Soils are moderately deep Mollisols, with high coarse-fragment content, sandy loam textures, and a distinct clay horizon. Parent materials are primarily colluvium derived from granite and gneiss. Bare soil, exposed gravels, and small rocks account for as much as 50% of the ground surface area. Vegetation included in this alliance is characterized by a moderately dense herbaceous layer that is typically dominated by ~Muhlenbergia montana$, but may be codominated by ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$ or by ~Trisetum spicatum (= Trisetum montanum)$ (in New Mexico). Other associated graminoids include ~Blepharoneuron tricholepis, Bouteloua curtipendula, Bouteloua gracilis, Carex duriuscula (= Carex eleocharis), Danthonia parryi, Elymus albicans (= Elymus lanceolatus ssp. albicans), Festuca brachyphylla, Koeleria macrantha, Muhlenbergia filiculmis, Pascopyrum smithii, Poa secunda$, and ~Schizachyrium scoparium$. The typically sparse forb layer often consists of ~Allium geyeri, Antennaria rosea, Arenaria fendleri, Eriogonum umbellatum, Harbouria trachypleura, Heterotheca villosa, Mertensia lanceolata, Opuntia polyacantha$, and ~Penstemon secundiflorus$. Except for the abundant dwarf-shrub ~Artemisia frigida$, woody species are very sparse or absent. The exotic perennial grass ~Poa pratensis$ is common in some of these stands. Diagnostic of this grassland alliance is the dominance of ~Muhlenbergia montana$ in the herbaceous layer and that cover of ~Festuca arizonica$ will not be significant.LVAL^I~"CEGL001966CWCSA.1645V.B.2.N.bGeum rossii - Carex albonigra Herbaceous VegetationRoss' Avens - Black-and-white Scale Sedge Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG.P. JonesG1G2Q00-12-14G1V#"CEGL001965CWCSA.1645V.B.2.N.bGeum rossii - Minuartia obtusiloba Herbaceous VegetationRoss' Avens - Alpine Stitchwort Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSS.V. CooperG3?00-01-04G3[#"CEGL001964CWCSA.1645V.B.2.N.bGeum rossii Herbaceous VegetationRoss' Avens Herbaceous VegetationRoss' Avens Dry Alpine Meadow1997-11-26GCUSG4G5Q96-02-01G4eD#!CEGL001963CWCSA.1644V.B.2.N.bEriogonum pyrolifolium - Luzula piperi Herbaceous VegetationShasta Wild Buckwheat - Piper's Woodrush Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG496-02-01G4_#CEGL001962CWCSA.1856VII.C.1.N.aEriogonum deserticola Sand Dune Sparse VegetationColorado Desert Wild Buckwheat Sand Dune Sparse VegetationColorado Desert Wild Buckwheat Sand Dune1997-11-26GCUSM.S. ReidG198-12-28G1¸V%This grassland is found on mesic, meadow-like lower slopes and swales in the foothills of the Colorado Front Range. Stands often grow in narrow zones bordered by communities dominated by shrubs such as ~Symphoricarpos$ and ~Prunus$ in the north, and ~Quercus gambelii$ south of the Palmer Divide. It is dominated by ~Nassella viridula$, often growing in nearly pure stands, with other mid grasses such as ~Koeleria macrantha (= Koeleria cristata), Pascopyrum smithii$, and ~Poa$ spp. Common forbs are ~Frasera speciosa, Thermopsis divaricarpa (= Thermopsis rhombifolia var. divaricarpa), Achillea millefolium$, and ~Symphyotrichum laeve var. geyeri (= Aster laevis var. geyeri)$. It is often bordered by shrub communities. The soils are coarser textured and deep, and stay moist until late summer (Vestal 1914, Weaver and Albertson 1956).LVALvTp CEGL001976CWCSA.1085IV.A.1.N.cParonychia pulvinata - Silene acaulis Dwarf-shrublandRocky Mountain Nailwort - Cushion Pink Dwarf-shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG596-02-01G5Y$ CEGL001975CWCSA.1664V.B.2.N.dMimulus primuloides - Carex scopulorum Herbaceous VegetationYellow Creeping Monkeyflower - Holm's Rocky Mountain Sedge Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSG494-02-23Stands of this alliance occur in two distinctively different habitats (sandy areas and shale barrens) in different geographic areas. Sandy areas include 'blowouts' in the Great Plains, and in arid and semi-arid dune systems in the Chihuahuan Desert, San Luis Valley, Colorado Plateau and Great Basin. The shale barrens sites have been described from a high-elevation mountain in north-central Colorado and a lower elevation site (1415 m) ridgetop in western Colorado. Substrates are sand or shale. This alliance is characterized by a sparse to moderately dense herbaceous layer that is dominated by ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$. Many species are associated with this grassland depending on habitat and geography. Sandy habitats may include the graminoids ~Redfieldia flexuosa, Muhlenbergia pungens, Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata), Schizachyrium scoparium, Calamovilfa gigantea$, and forbs ~Heliotropium convolvulaceum, Polanisia dodecandra ssp. trachysperma, Polanisia jamesii, Psoralidium lanceolatum, Reverchonia arenaria, Sophora stenophylla, Wyethia scabra, Abronia angustifolia, Senecio flaccidus var. flaccidus$. In shaley sites~Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii), Hesperostipa comata, Pascopyrum smithii$, and~Eriogonum brevicaule$ are common. Scattered shrubs or dwarf-shrubs, such as ~Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus), Sarcobatus vermiculatus$ or~Krascheninnikovia lanata$, may be present on some stands. Diagnostic of this grassland alliance is the dominance of ~Achnatherum hymenoides$ in the herbaceous layer and that cover of ~Ephedra viridis$ will not be significant.LVALGmS~ CEGL001985CWCSA.1666V.B.2.N.dSaxifraga odontoloma Herbaceous VegetationStreambank Saxifrage Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSGU94-02-23GUwwM# CEGL001984CWCSA.1679V.B.2.N.eRanunculus aquatilis - Callitriche palustris Herbaceous VegetationWhitewater Crowfoot - Vernal Water Starwort Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSGU94-02-23GUe# CEGL001983CWCSA.1665V.B.2.N.dPrimula parryi Herbaceous VegetationParry Primrose Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GThese grasslands have been described from basins and drainages east of the Cascades in central Oregon. Elevations range from 1280-1830 m. Stands occur in floodplains and terraces along low-gradient streams. Sites are flat to gently sloping. Stands in the bottomlands may be seasonally flooded during the winter. Upland stands in pumice-mantled basin meadows are not flooded except during abnormally wet years. Water tables are a meter below ground by midsummer and are very deep by late summer. Soils are moderately deep alluviums. Soil textures range from sandy loam to silty loam. Soil parent material is pumice. Vegetation included in this grassland alliance has a moderately dense to dense (60 to more than 80% cover) herbaceous layer about 0.5 m tall. Stands are dominated by the midgrass ~Poa fendleriana ssp. fendleriana$ with several other graminoids, including ~Carex athrostachya, Carex filifolia, Carex praegracilis, Elymus caninus, Koeleria macrantha$, and ~Muhlenbergia richardsonis$. Forb cover is relatively sparse (usually less 25%) and consists of ~Achillea millefolium$ and ~Symphyotrichum campestre var. bloomeri (= Aster campestris var. bloomeri)$. Adjacent stands include upland coniferous forests dominated by ~Pinus contorta$ and various wetlands dominated by herbaceous and shrub species of ~Carex$ and ~Salix$.xLVALEK CEGL001995CWCSA.1681V.B.2.N.eTriglochin maritima Herbaceous VegetationSeaside Arrow-grass Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSGU94-02-23GUuuL#,CEGL001994CWCSA.1655V.B.2.N.bTauschia stricklandii - Vaccinium deliciosum Herbaceous VegetationStrickland's Umbrella-wort - Rainier Blueberry Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSC.B. ChappellG298-11-30G2ķe#+CEGL001993CWCSA.1654V.B.2.N.bSphaeromeria argentea - Achnatherum swallenii Herbaceous VegetationNuttall's False Sagebrush - Swallen's Mountain Ricegrass Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSM.S. ReidG2Q96-02-01G2f#+CEGL001992CWCSA.1654V.B.2.N.bSphaeromeria argentea - Artemisia frigida - Poa secunda Herbaceous VegetationNuttall's False Sagebrush - Fringed Sagebrush - Curly Bluegrass Herbaceous Vegetation1997-11-26GCUSM.S. ReidG2Q96-02-01G2p# CEGL001991CWCSA.941III.B.2.N.cSuaeda moquinii ShrublandShrubby Seepweed Shrubland1997-11-26GCUSG594-02-23G5qogeeecaWW=$CEGL001990CWCSA.1760V.C.2.N.aSparganium angustifolium HerThese mesic subalpine grasslands occur on a narrow elevational band (3250-3450 m) on the White River Plateau. Sites are gentle toeslopes and on slopes bordering upland benches. The landscape relief is most often concave which lends itself to favorable soil moisture conditions despite the southerly aspects preferred by this community. Stands have a moderately dense herbaceous layer dominated by ~Poa nervosa$ and ~Achnatherum lettermanii (= Stipa lettermanii)$. Associated graminoid species include ~Festuca brachyphylla, Phleum alpinum, Poa fendleriana$, and ~Trisetum spicatum$. There may be sparse to moderately dense cover of forbs such as ~Achillea millefolium var. occidentalis (= Achillea lanulosa), Agoseris glauca, Erigeron peregrinus, Erigeron simplex, Hymenoxys hoopesii (= Helenium hoopesii), Polygonum bistortoides, Packera crocata (= Senecio crocatus)$, and ~Viola nuttallii$.LVALg-zpiCEGL002004CWCSA.1764V.C.2.N.aStuckenia pectinata - Ruppia maritima Herbaceous VegetationSago Pondweed - Beaked Ditch-grass HerThis widespread grassland alliance occurs across the western U.S. from the slopes of the Cascades, extending east to the Rocky Mountains and the northwestern Great Plains, and south to the Great Basin, Uinta Basin and the Colorado Rocky Mountains. Stands are found on valley bottoms, stream terraces, rolling uplands, canyons, hills, plateaus and badlands, expansive park meadow openings in montane forests, and glacial outwash plains. Sites may be xeric or mesic, on nearly level to steep slopes. Stands occur on all aspects, but often on the drier southern and western slopes. Substrates are also variable and range from shallow, lithic soils with a rocky surface to moderately deep soils with little rock. Grasslands included in this alliance are dominated or codominated by ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$. There is typically sparse to moderate cover of perennial forbs and widely scattered shrubs and dwarf-shrubs. Annual grasses and forbs are seasonally present. Litter, moss and lichen are important ground cover in some stands. Species composition is variable over the range of this alliance and may include many other important species such as~Bouteloua curtipendula, Bouteloua gracilis, Carex$ spp., ~Danthonia intermedia, Eriogonum heracleoides, Festuca idahoensis, Festuca thurberi, Koeleria macrantha, Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Pascopyrum smithii, Poa fendleriana, Poa secunda$, and ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$. Scattered shrubs and dwarf-shrubs, including ~Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus), Symphoricarpos albus, Rosa$ spp. ~Artemisia frigida$, may be present in some stands. Disturbed stands may be codominated by the exotics ~Poa pratensis$ and ~Bromus tectorum$. Diagnostic of this grassland alliance is the dominance of ~Pseudoroegneria spicata$.\LVALjQ,opQE5U%E% Q$zaQ-This alliance contains grasslands dominated by ~Sporobolus flexuosus$ found in sandy basins and piedmonts in southern New Mexico. Associated species can include ~Dasyochloa pulchella (= Erioneuron pulchellum), Paspalum setaceum, Psorothamnus scoparius$, and ~Sporobolus contractus$.Vegetation in this alliance is found in the northwestern Great Plains and gypsum dunes in the northern Chihuahuan Desert. Stands have a sparse to moderate graminoid layer that is dominated by ~Schizachyrium scoparium$. Perennial forb richness is high, but canopy cover is low. Shrubs and dwarf-shrubs are rare. Annual forbs and grasses are present seasonally. In Montana, other common species include grasses such as ~Pascopyrum smithii, Koeleria macrantha, Elymus lanceolatus, Poa secunda, Aristida purpurea, Nassella viridula (= Stipa viridula)$, and ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$. Forb species include ~Phlox hoodii, Linum perenne, Tetraneuris acaulis (= Hymenoxys acaulis), Thelesperma subnudum, Dalea candida, Cerastium beeringianum$, and ~Solidago missouriensis$. ^In New Mexico, ~Muhlenbergia pungens$ often codominates these sparse interdune grasslands. Other species information is not available for the dune stands. ^Grasslands included in this alliance are known only from the northwestern Great Plains in east-central Montana and the White Sands Missile Range in south-central New Mexico. Elevations range from 900-1250 m in Montana and 1200-1500 m in New Mexico. Climate is semi-arid to arid. In Montana stands occur on moderately steep slopes in the uplands. Soils are easily eroded, poorly developed, well-drained loams and stony loams that are non-saline and non-alkaline. Parent material is red shale from the Kootenai Formation. Ground cover average 15% bare ground and 50% litter. The New Mexican stands are restricted to swales within wind-deposited gypsum sand dunes at White Sands National Monument and While Sands Missile Range.LVAL This grassland alliance occurs in the western and southern Great Plains, Great Basin, and across the southwestern United States from Texas to California. It is reported from saline habitats in the Central Valley and in valleys and lower slopes of transmontane California from the Modoc Plateau to the Owens Valley. Elevations range from near sea level to 2100 m, but typically from 1000-1700 m. Climate is arid to semi-arid. Stands occur in a wide variety of lowland sites, such as stream terraces, swales, interdune basins, and alluvial flats. This alliance in not defined by a flood regime, but the soil often has a high water table because of land position and impermeable subsurface horizons. Soils are non-saline to moderately saline and usually alkaline. Soil surface textures are sandy to clayey. The soils morphology often includes a claypan, caliche layer or other subsurface horizon that impedes water movement. Parent material is typically alluvium derived from limestone, shale, or sandstone. ^The vegetation is characterized by a sparse to moderately dense graminoid layer of medium-tall bunch grasses with smaller densities of short grasses and forbs. Widely scattered (<10% cover) xeromorphic or halophytic shrubs and dwarf-shrubs may also be present. ~Sporobolus airoides$ is the dominant or codominant grass. Typical codominant grasses include ~Muhlenbergia porteri, Panicum obtusum$, or ~Scleropogon brevifolius$. Not included in this alliance are stands codominated by ~Achnatherum hymenoides, Bouteloua gracilis, Distichlis spicata, Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii)$, or ~Hordeum jubatum$, although they may be present in small amounts. Other common grasses are ~Buchloe dactyloides, Pascopyrum smithii, Hordeum pusillum$, and ~Sporobolus cryptandrus$. Forbs and shrubs are typically sparse. Common forb associates are ~Chaetopappa ericoides$ and species of ~Sphaeralcea, Machaeranthera, Ratibida, Helianthus$, and other Asteraceae spp. Scattered shrubs may include ~Allenrolfea occidentalis, Atriplex caneLVAL-T!CEGL002072CMCSA.245I.B.2.N.aQuercus macrocarpa / (Amelanchier alnifolia, Cornus drummondii) / Aralia nudicaulis ForestBur Oak / (Saskatoon Serviceberry, Roughleaf Dogwood) / Wild Sarsaparilla ForestNorthern Bur Oak Mesic Forest1997-11-26GCUSDFLD. Faber-LangendoenG496-10-03G4 |" CEGL002071CMCSA.347I.B.2.N.gAcer rubrum - Fraxinus spp. - Betula papyrifera / Cornus canadensis ForestRed Maple - Ash species - Paper Birch / Canadian Bunchberry ForestRed Maple - Ash - Birch Swamp Forest1997-11-26GCUSDFLD. Faber-LangendoenG496-10-03G4Үl"CEGL002070CMCSA.239I.B.2.N.aQuercus alba - Quercus rubra - Quercus muehlenbergii / Cercis canadensis ForestWhite Oak - Northern Red Oak - Chinquapin Oak / Redbud ForestWhite Oak - Mixed Oak Dry-Mesic Alkaline Forest1997-11-26GCUSDFLM. Guetersloh, mod. M. Pyne and D. Faber-LangendoenG4G598-06-22G4/-%!ݮq" CEGL002068CMCSA.239I.B.2.N.aQuercus alba - Quercus rubra - Carya ovata Glaciated ForestWhite Oak - Northern Red Oak - Shagbark Hickory Glaciated ForestMidwestern White Oak - Red Oak Forest1997-11-26GCUSDFLD. Faber-LangendoenG4?96-10-03G4]"CEGL002067CMCSA.239I.B.2.N.aQuercus alba - Quercus rubra - Carya (alba, ovata) / Cornus florida Acid ForestWhite Oak - Northern Red Oak - (Mockernut Hickory, Shagbark Hickory) / Flowering Dogwood Acid ForestWhite Oak - Red Oak Dry-Mesic Acid Forest1997-11-26GCUSDFLD. Faber-LangendoenG398-11-16G3.,$" q" CEGL002066CMCSA.239I.B.2.N.aQuercus alba / Cornus florida Unglaciated ForestWhite Oak / Flowering Dogwood Unglaciated ForestWhite Oak / Dogwood Dry-Mesic Forest1997-11-26GCUSDFLscens, Chrysothamnus$ spp., and ~Sarcobatus vermiculatus$. Species of ~Salicornia$ and ~Suaeda$ occur in more saline habitats. The dwarf-shrub ~Gutierrezia sarothrae$ is common in many stands. Some stands have significant amounts of prickly pear and cholla cacti (~Opuntia$ spp.).LVAL. CEGL002081CMCSA.286I.B.2.N.dFraxinus pennsylvanica - Celtis occidentalis - Tilia americana - (Quercus macrocarpa) ForestGreen Ash - Northern Hackberry - American Basswood - (Bur Oak) ForestAsh - Elm - Mixed Lowland Hardwood Forest1997-11-26GCUSDFLJ. DrakeG4?96-10-03G4~" CEGL002079CMCSA.267I.B.2.N.bBetula papyrifera / Corylus cornuta ForestPaper Birch / Beaked Hazelnut ForestPaper Birch / Hazel Forest1997-11-26GCUSDFLJ. DrakeG2G399-09-0Vegetation included in this minor alliance occurs on mesas, plains and dunes with gypsiferous soil in New Mexico. Elevations range from 1150-1740 m. Climate is semi-arid to arid with most of the highly variable precipitation falling in late summer and early fall. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 20-32 cm. Soils are shallow, poorly developed, saline, alkaline and gypsiferous. Soil textures range from fine sandy loams to silty clay loams. Plant and litter cover are low, and bare ground is high (90%). Shale and sandstone rock outcrops may also be present. Stands in this alliance are poorly known and have only been described from mesas in the Rio Puerco watershed and gypsum flats and dunes in the White Sands Missile Range. The diagnostic species is the perennial grass ~Sporobolus nealleyi$, which dominates or codominates the sparse herbaceous layer, with ~Bouteloua eriopoda, Calylophus hartwegii$ and/or ~Leptodactylon$ spp. Associated grasses may include ~Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii)$ and ~Bouteloua gracilis$. Frequent forbs include ~Psilostrophe tagetina$ and ~Sphaeralcea coccinea$. In addition, scattered shrubs and dwarf-shrubs may be present, including ~Atriplex canescens, Ephedra torreyana, Flourensia cernua, Krascheninnikovia lanata, Gutierrezia sarothrae$, and ~Lycium pallidum$.LVAL Forests codominated by ~Pinus strobus$ and ~Tsuga canadensis$ occurring from eastern Wisconsin and the upper peninsula of Michigan to eastern Pennsylvania and Maine, south through the Appalachians to northern Georgia and South Carolina. Isolated occurrences could potentially occur in the Cumberland Plateau of Kentucky and Tennessee. Generally, ~Tsuga canadensis$ and ~Pinus strobus$ are codominant, but other common associates can include ~Fagus grandifolia, Acer rubrum, Betula lenta, Betula alleghaniensis, Quercus rubra$. ~Picea rubens$ is often a component in the northeastern part of range, while ~Liriodendron tulipifera$ and ~Betula lenta$ are the common associates in the southern Appalachians. Typical shrubs/saplings include ~Acer spicatum, Hamamelis virginiana$, and ~Acer pensylvanicum$ (in the north), and ~Ilex opaca, Leucothoe fontanesiana, Rhododendron maximum$ (in the south). The herbaceous stratum may be sparse and generally depauperate, including ~Clintonia borealis, Cypripedium acaule, Gaultheria procumbens, Lycopodium$ spp., ~Maianthemum canadense$, and ~Trientalis borealis$ (in the north), and ~Chimaphila maculata, Mitchella repens, Galax urceolata, Viola blanda$, and ~Polystichum acrostichoides$ (in the south). Stands of this alliance are found on acidic, nutrient-poor, usually moderately well-drained soils such as sandy loams. Communities of the eastern portion of the range (New England) generally occur on well-drained midslopes, and apparently are not significantly affected by aspect. In the southern Appalachian Mountains and Cumberland Plateau, these forests occur on alluvial terraces and steep, protected gorge slopes. Communities of this alliance are commonly established following disturbance, either natural (fire, windthrow, catastrophic flood events) or anthropogenic (logging). Old-growth examples of the alliance are known, and these forests were likely to have been widespread prior to European settlement. However, without periodic disturbance, communities of this alliance will LVAL CEGL002163CMCSA.1505V.A.6.N.gQuercus macrocarpa / Mixedgrass Loam Wooded Herbaceous VegetationBur Oak / Mixedgrass Loam Wooded Herbaceous VegetationBur Oak Mixedgrass Loam Savanna1997-11-26GCUSDFLD. LenzG1Q98-06-22G1ùd#CEGL002162CMCSA.1505V.A.6.N.gQuercus macrocarpa / Mixedgrass Sand Wooded Herbaceous VegetationBur Oak / Mixedgrass Sand Wooded Herbaceous VegetationBur Oak Mixedgrass Sand Savanna1997-11-26GCUSDFLJ. Drake, D. Faber-Langendoen, and D. M.G100-03-17G1ùd#CEGL002160CMCSA.1492V.A.6.N.cQuercus macrocarpa - (Quercus ellipsoidalis) / Schizachyrium scoparium - Koeleria macrantha Wooded Herbaceous VegetationBur Oak - (Northern Pin Oak) / Little Bluestem - Prairie Junegrass Wooded Herbaceous VegetationNorthern Oak Barrens1997-11-26GCUSDFLJ. Drake, D. Faber-Langendoen, and D. M. AmbroseG298-06-22G2[YQO#CEGL002159CMCSA.1491V.A.6.N.cQuercus macrocarpa - (Quercus alba, Quercus stellata) / Andropogon gerardii Wooded Herbaceous VegetationBur Oak - (White Oak, Post Oak) / Big Bluestem Wooded Herbaceous VegetationCentral Bur Oak Openings1997-11-26GCUSDFLJ. Drake, D. Faber-Langendoen, and D. M. AmbroseG100-03-16G1;91/֋# CEGL002158CMCSA.1491V.A.6.N.cQuercus macrocarpa Northern Tallgrass Wooded Herbaceous VegetationBur Oak Northern Tallgrass Wooded Herbaceous VegetationNorthern Bur Oak Openings1997-11-26GCUSDFLJ. DrakeG1G200-03-17G1e#CEGL002156CSCSA.666II.C.2.N.aQuercus virginiana - (Celtis laevigata) / Prunus caroliniana WoodlandLive Oak - (Sugarberry) / Carolina Laurel Cherry WoodlandTexas Gulf Coast Live Oak - Sugarberry Woodland1995-01-01GCUSGrPl 1-95, mod. JT 4-01Great Plains Proeventually succeed to other alliances (Barnes 1991).LVAL ckeCEGL002171CSCSA.780III.B.2.N.aQuercus This grassland alliance is found on sandy soils in the intermountain steppe, Wyoming Basin, Colorado Plateau, Great Basin and Columbia Plateau. Stands typically occur on upland sites with coarse-textured soils such as sandstone outcrop ridges in the plains, dry-sandy sites in the Columbia Basin, and parks on dissected alluvial fans below sandstone plateaus, but not dunes. Sites are on flat to moderately steep, often south-facing slopes, but can occur on any aspect. Soils are shallow to moderately deep, well-drained, coarse-textured, and non-saline. Grasslands included in this alliance are characterized by a moderately dense herbaceous layer dominated by ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$, but cover ranges from sparse to dense. ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$ or ~Poa secunda$ codominate some stands. Other graminoids may include ~Aristida purpurea, Bouteloua gracilis, Carex filifolia, Koeleria macrantha, Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii)$, or ~Sporobolus cryptandrus$. Shrubs and dwarf-shrubs are sparse (<10%) and may include scattered ~Artemisia cana, Artemisia frigida, Artemisia tridentata$, or ~Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus)$. Forb cover is also sparse, but can be relatively diverse. Common forbs are ~Gaura coccinea, Lappula occidentalis (= Lappula redowskii), Lithophragma glabrum, Lupinus pusillus, Opuntia aurea (= Opuntia basilaris var. aurea), Opuntia polyacantha, Plantago patagonica$, or ~Pediomelum argophyllum (= Psoralea argophylla)$. Cryptogams are important in some stands with up to 40% ground cover on sites in the Colorado Plateau. Diagnostic of this grassland alliance is the dominance of ~Hesperostipa comata$ in the herbaceous layer and the lack of significant cover of ~Bouteloua gracilis$ or ~Nassella viridula$.LVALXbpdCEGL002180CSCSA.1884III.B.2.N.aPrunus angustifolia / Schizachyrium scoparium ShrublandThis alliance includes modified vegetation dominated by ~Buchloe dactyloides$, in pastured and other disturbed areas, especially over clay or compacted soils. Other characteristic species include ~Aristida oligantha, Bouteloua gracilis$, and ~Sporobolus compositus$.Grasslands included in this alliance have been described only in the Uinta Basin of Utah. Stands occur above the Pinyon-Juniper Community in the Mid-Altitude ~Artemisia$ and in the Upper Altitude Communities. Elevations range from approximately 1800-2600 m. These grasslands form in openings on the slopes and benches in the shrublands and lower elevation forests. Climate is semi-arid with mean annual precipitation ranging from 22-35 cm. Summers are hot and winter are cold with below freezing temperature common. These grasslands are in a matrix of ~Artemisia tridentata$-dominated shrublands, ~Pinus edulis$ and ~Juniperus osteosperma$ woodland at lower elevations, and ~Populus tremuloides$ forests at higher elevations. Grasslands in this alliance occur in a mosaic with shrublands on submontane slopes and benches in the Uinta Basin of Utah. Stands have a moderately dense cover of graminoids codominated by the cool-season, perennial bunch grasses ~Achnatherum nelsonii (= Stipa nelsonii)$ and ~Koeleria macrantha$. Other graminoids may include ~Aristida purpurea, Juncus$ spp., ~Poa$ spp., ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides), Pascopyrum smithii$, and ~Hesperostipa comata (= Stipa comata)$. Scattered shrubs and dwarf-shrubs are typically present, such as ~Artemisia tridentata, Ericameria nauseosa (= Chrysothamnus nauseosus), Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda (= Pentaphylloides floribunda)$, and ~Purshia tridentata$. The sparse forb layer may include species of Asteraceae, ~Astragalus, Delphinium, Polygonum$, and the exotic ~Taraxacum officinale$.LVAL Stands of this alliance occur on ridges and upper slopes in the foothills of the Colorado Front Range, on slopes, ridges, and mesa tops on the dissected plains in southeastern Colorado and adjacent New Mexico, the steppes of the southern Great Plains, the Trans-Pecos region of Texas, and into south-central New Mexico. Climate is semi-arid with most of the precipitation falling during the growing season. Elevation ranges from 1350-1800 m. Soils are usually derived from shales and are generally alkaline, coarse-textured, shallow and rocky often with limestone fragments. This grassland is often found on the cooler northern aspects, but can occur on all aspects on sites with gentle slopes. Shortgrass communities dominated by ~Bouteloua gracilis$ often occur on adjacent lower slopes and plains where soils are generally finer-textured. Woodland communities dominated by ~Pinus ponderosa$ or ~Juniperus monosperma$ may occur above these grasslands on the larger ridges and in the foothills. Vegetation included in this alliance occurs on rocky ridges and shaley slopes from the Colorado Front Range foothills to southern New Mexico and western Texas. Stands are dominated by a sparse to dense layer of the cool-season, medium-tall bunchgrass ~Hesperostipa neomexicana (= Stipa neomexicana)$. Stands may be nearly pure ~Hesperostipa$ or mixed with other mid grasses such as ~Bouteloua curtipendula$ and ~Achnatherum hymenoides (= Oryzopsis hymenoides)$. Often a sparse to moderately dense shortgrass layer is present that may be dominated by ~Bouteloua gracilis, Bouteloua eriopoda, Bouteloua hirsuta$, or ~Aristida$ spp. Density of the grass cover may be limited by the size and amount of surface rock at some of the rock outcrop sites where it occurs. Scattered shrubs, such as ~Rhus trilobata$ and ~Yucca glauca$, or in the Trans-Pecos region, ~Dasylirion wheeleri$ and ~Nolina$ spp., are common. In some stands, the dwarf-shrub ~Gutierrezia sarothrae$ is abundant. Forb cover is generally sparse, but common forbs may includLVALi!qSCEGL002204CMCSA.1192V.A.5.N.aAndropogon gerardii - Sorghastrum nutans Unglaciated Herbaceous VegetationBig Bluestem - Yellow Indiangrass Unglaciated Herbaceous VegetationUnglaciated Mesic Tallgrass Prairie1997-11-26GCUSGrPl 1-95, mod. DFLJ. DrakeG398-06-22G3Ӱm#CEGL002203CMCSA.1192V.A.5.N.aAndropogon gerardii - Sorghastrum nutans - (Sporobolus heterolepis) - Liatris spp. - Ratibida pinnata Herbaceous VegetationBig Bluestem - Yellow Indiangrass - (Prairie Dropseed) - Blazingstar species - Gray-head Prairie Coneflower Herbaceous VegetationCentral Mesic Tallgrass Prairie1997-11-26GCUSDJA 94, mod. DFLJ. Drake, D. Faber-Langendoen, and D. M. AmbroseG1G200-03-23G1\LJH>#CEGL002202CMCSA.1192V.A.5.N.aAndropogon gerardii - Hesperostipa spartea - Sporobolus heterolepis Herbaceous VegetationBig Bluestem - Porcupine Grass - Prairie Dropseed Herbaceous VegetationNorthern Mesic Tallgrass Prairie1997-11-26GCUSDFLJ. Drake, D. Faber-Langendoen, and D. M. AmbroseG2G398-06-22G220($|# CEGL002201CMCSA.1192V.A.5.N.aAndropogon gerardii - Sorghastrum nutans - Schizachyrium scoparium Flint Hills Herbaceous VegetationBig Bluestem - Yellow Indiangrass - Little Bluestem Flint Hills Herbaceous VegetationFlint Hills Tallgrass Prairie1997-11-26GCUSGrPl 1-95, mod. DFLJ. DrakeG4?96-10-03G4/-%"܇# CEGL002199CMCSA.1191V.A.5.N.aAndropogon gerardii - (Panicum virgatum) - Muhlenbergia richardsonis Herbaceous VegetationBig Bluestem - (Switchgrass) - Mat Muhly Herbaceous VegetationNorthern Wet-Mesic Tallgrass Prairie1997-11-26GCUSDFLD. Faber-LangendoenG3G498-06-22G3߻}# CEGL002198CMCSA.1534V.A.7.N.gDasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda / Schizachyrium scoparium Shrub Herbaceous VegetationShrubby-cinquefoil / Little Bluestem Shrub Herbaceous VegetationShrubby-cinquefoil / Little Bluestem Shrue ~Evolvulus nuttallianus, Musineon divaricatum$, and ~Dalea$ spp.LVAL This alliance includes upland dune grassland of barrier islands of the Mid-Atlantic and Gulf coasts. ~Spartina patens$ and ~Schoenoplectus pungens (= Scirpus pungens)$ are characteristically dominant, though other graminoids such as ~Schoenoplectus pungens, Sporobolus virginicus, Cenchrus spinifex (= Cenchrus incertus), Cenchrus tribuloides$, and ~Paspalum distichum$ may be codominant or prominent within their respective ranges. In parts of the range of this alliance, ~Spartina patens$ is dominant and ~Schoenoplectus pungens$ may be absent. This community characteristically occupies overwash terraces or low dunes, less well-developed than those dominated by ~Uniola paniculata$ (from North Carolina south and west to Texas and Tamaulipas, Mexico) or by ~Ammophila breviligulata$ (from North Carolina northwards). Total vegetation cover is variable, ranging from quite sparse (25% cover) to dense. Bare sand is often visible through the vegetation, and there is no soil profile development. Species diversity is variable; although it may be quite low and confined to the nominal species in the northern part of the range, it may be of greater diversity. Other components of this vegetation include ~Strophostyles helvula, Solidago sempervirens, Cenchrus tribuloides, Setaria parviflora, Distichlis spicata, Sabatia stellaris, Ammophila breviligulata, Suaeda linearis, Bassia hirsuta$ (an exotic), ~Atriplex patula, Polygonum glaucum, Spergularia salina (= Spergularia marina), Salicornia bigelovii, Salicornia virginica, Fimbristylis castanea$, and ~Cakile edentula ssp. edentula$. Woody species may include scattered individuals of ~Toxicodendron radicans, Solidago sempervirens, Lythrum lineare, Kosteletzkya virginica$, and seedlings of ~Baccharis halimifolia$. The plants of this community are influenced by sand deposited by storm surges. Storm overwash is a prevalent natural disturbance to this community. This community appears to be successional between interdunal herbaceous wetlands and interdunal herbaceous/shrubLVAL_ CEGL002279CSCSA.1744V.C.2.N.aHeteranthera limosa - Bacopa rotundifolia - Sagittaria latifolia Herbaceous VegetationBlue Mud-plantain - Midwestern Water-hyssop - Broadleaf Arrowhead Herbaceous VegetationForb Playa Marsh1995-01-01GCUSGrPl 1-95Great Plains Program, mod. B. HoaglandG?96-10-03G?)'y# CEGL002278CSCSA.1705IV.A.2.N.cSarcocornia perennis - Batis maritima - Distichlis spicata Dwarf-shrublandWoody Glasswort - Saltwort - Saltgrass Dwarf-shrublandSalt Flat1997-05-01GCUSSCS 5-97, mod. ASW 7-98Southeastern Ecology Group, mod. A.S. WeakleyG494-12-15G4 һn$dCEGL002277CSCSA.1881V.B.2.N.hPolygonum pensylvanicum - Polygonum lapathifolium Herbaceous VegetationPennsylvania Smartweed - Pale Smartweed Herbaceous VegetationTailwater Playa Lake Vegetation1996-08-01GCUSBH 8-96B. HoaglandG4?01-09-19G4Ƨj#CEGL002276CSCSA.1617V.B.2.N.bBigelowia nuttallii - Krameria lanceolata - Aristida dichotoma - Sporobolus silveanus Herbaceous VegetationNuttall's Rayless-goldenrod - Trailing Ratany - Forktip Three-awn - Silveus Dropseed Herbaceous VegetationEast Texas Catahoula Barren1994-01-01GCUSKP 94, mod. WGCP 2-99K.D. Patterson, mod. R.E. EvansG199-02-04G1a_WU6!#CEGL002275CSCSA.1341V.A.5.N.jDistichlis spicata - Spartina spp. Herbaceous VegetationSaltgrass - Cordgrass species Herbaceous VegetationSaltgrass - Cordgrass Saline Prairie1995-01-01GCUSGrPl 1-95Great Plains ProgramG494-12-15G4[n uplands.LVALaPastures of the southeastern Coastal Plain and other adjacent ecoregions, found in Florida, Georgia, Oklahoma, and other states, dominated by the introduced grass ~Cynodon dactylon$. Although originally planted, ~Cynodon dactylon$ maintains itself spontaneously, though especially with continued grazing or mowing, and this vegetation is considered 'semi-natural.' Various remnant native species occur to varying degrees, and are sometimes codominant.This alliance includes montane grasslands strongly dominated by ~Carex pensylvanica$. In the Southern Blue Ridge these grasslands are ungrazed grass balds with deep soil. Associated species include ~Rumex acetosella$ (exotic), ~Carex debilis, Polytrichum commune, Helenium autumnale, Danthonia compressa, Sibbaldiopsis tridentata, Fragaria virginiana, Ageratina altissima var. roanensis, Angelica triquinata, Oclemena acuminata (= Aster acuminatus), Bromus pubescens$, and ~Dennstaedtia punctilobula$. These grasslands typically occur over 1220 m (4000 feet) elevation in the Southern Blue Ridge. In the Central Appalachians, these communities are found on acid shale.These are graminoid-dominated communities of often steeply sloping outcrops of felsic to mafic rock in the southern Appalachians, primarily south of the Asheville Basin, North Carolina. The substrate is rocks which are typically small exfoliated (spalled) outcrops surrounded by forests or woodlands, and shrubs and trees may be rooted within an occurrence. Stands are typically strongly dominated by ~Carex biltmoreana$. Associated species can include ~Krigia montana, Houstonia longifolia (= Houstonia longifolia var. glabra), Schizachyrium scoparium, Diervilla sessilifolia, Melampyrum lineare, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Coreopsis pubescens, Coreopsis major, Dichanthelium dichotomum var. dichotomum (= var. ramulosum)$, and ~Dichanthelium acuminatum var. lindheimeri$.LVAL This alliance, found near the Great Lakes and in the southern Appalachian Mountains and northeastern United States, is composed of dry-mesic to mesic pine forests. Stands of this alliance are characterized by a moderate to complete tree canopy. The shrub layer is absent to well-developed, while the herbaceous layer is moderately to poorly developed. Understory vegetation is sparse where the canopy is closed, due to the limited amount of light and the duff buildup on the forest floor. The overstory is heavily dominated by coniferous trees, usually ~Pinus strobus$ alone but sometimes with ~Pinus resinosa$. Other canopy and subcanopy trees include ~Abies balsamea$ (in the northern part of this alliance's range), ~Acer rubrum, Betula papyrifera, Populus tremuloides$, and ~Thuja occidentalis$. The shrub layer typically contains species such as ~Acer spicatum, Corylus cornuta, Diervilla lonicera, Linnaea borealis$, and ~Vaccinium$ spp., especially ~Vaccinium myrtilloides$ and ~Vaccinium angustifolium$. The herb layer contains species adapted to the dry-mesic nature of stands of this alliance. These include ~Aralia nudicaulis, Eurybia macrophylla (= Aster macrophyllus), Gaultheria procumbens$, and ~Maianthemum canadense$. ^Stands of this alliance are found on loamy sand, sandy loam, loam, and clay loam soils which are typically moderately deep to deep (60-100 cm) except in the Driftless Area where they may be very shallow. The soils are acidic and rarely contain a significant amount of organic material. Stands of this alliance are often found on glacial till or outwash plains, although in northeastern Minnesota they occur near lakes and on lower slopes. This alliance can be found on a variety of landscapes, varying from nearly level to rolling across much of its range to steep slopes in the Driftless Area. In the southern Appalachians these forests occur below 3000 feet (900 m) elevation on upper slopes and ridgetops protected by higher landforms, or as successional forests on abandoned agricultural landLVALrNCEGL002377CMCSA.1225V.A.5.N.cSchizachyrium scoparium - Bouteloua curtipendula - Hesperostipa spartea - (Pascopyrum smithii) Herbaceous VegetationLittle Bluestem - Sideoats Grama - Porcupine Grass - (Western Wheatgrass) Herbaceous VegetationLittle Bluestem - Porcupine Grass Dry-Mesic Prairie1997-11-26GCUSDFLD. Faber-LangendoenG3?98-06-22G3ZXPM:753)#CEGL002376CMCSA.1192V.A.5.N.aAndropogon gerardii - Sporobolus heterolepis - Schizachyrium scoparium - Pascopyrum smithii Herbaceous VegetationBig Bluestem - Prairie Dropseed - Little Bluestem - Western Wheatgrass Herbaceous VegetationNorthern Plains Transition Bluestem Prairie1997-11-26GCUSDFLD. Faber-LangendoenG200-03-23G2KIA?,)'%#)CEGL002324CSCSA.253I.B.2.N.aQuercus stellata - Quercus marilandica - Carya texana - (Quercus shumardii, Quercus velutina) ForestPost Oak - Blackjack Oak - Black Hickory - (Shumard Oak, Black Oak) ForestEastern Crosstimbers Post Oak - Blackjack Oak Forest1996-04-01GCUSGrPl 4-96Great Plains ProgramG3G597-08-15G4=;3/І"CEGL002319CSCSA.215I.B.2.N.aAcer grandidentatum - Quercus muehlenbergii / Carex edwardsiana Lampasas Cutplain ForestBigtooth Maple - Chinquapin Oak / Edwards Plateau Sedge Lampasas Cutplain ForestLampasas Cutplain Bigtooth Maple Canyon Forest1997-11-26GCUSDD, mod. Bill Carr 12-98D. Diamond, mod. B. CarrG198-12-14G1B@86z" CEGL002318CMCSA.1224V.A.5.N.cSchizachyrium scoparium - Danthonia spicata - Carex pensylvanica - (Viola pedata) Herbaceous VegetationLittle Bluestem - Poverty Oatgrass - Pennsylvania Sedge - (Birdfoot Violet) Herbaceous VegetationMidwest Dry Sand Prairie1997-11-26GCUSDFLD. Faber-LangendoenG2G398-06-22G253+' #CEGL002315CMCSA.1872VII.C.3.N.bSmall Eroding Bluffs Midwestern Sparse VegetationSmall Eroding Bluffs Midwestern Sparse VegetationMidwestern Small Eroding Bluffs1997-11-26GCUSDFLD. Faber-LangendoenG?96-10-03G?ʷV%.0LVAL</31CEGL002387CMCSA.1598V.B.2.N.aImpatiens pallida - Cystopteris bulbifera - Adoxa moschatellina - (Chrysosplenium iowense, Aconitum noveboracense) Herbaceous VegetationYellow Jewelweed - Bulblet Bladderfern - Moschatel - (Iowa Golden-saxifrage, Northern Monkshood) Herbaceous VegetationAlgific Talus Slope1997-11-26GCUSDFLD. Faber-LangendoenG298-06-22G2dbZXEB@>4!#fCEGL002386CMCSA.1984V.C.2.N.aNuphar lutea ssp. advena - Nymphaea odorata Herbaceous VegetationBroadleaf Pond-lily - White Water-lily Herbaceous VegetationWater-lily Aquatic Wetland1997-11-26GCUSDFLD. Faber-LangendoenG4G596-10-03G4ĺd# CEGThis alliance includes montane grasslands dominated by ~Danthonia compressa$ often with significant cover by the dwarf-shrub ~Sibbaldiopsis tridentata$ or by ~Rhododendron calendulaceum$. Species dominance is highly variable from occurrence to occurrence and within occurrences. Associated species can include ~Carex brunnescens, Carex pensylvanica, Carex debilis, Oclemena acuminata (= Aster acuminatus), Deschampsia flexuosa, Stachys clingmanii, Solidago glomerata, Prenanthes roanensis, Smilax herbacea$, and ~Houstonia serpyllifolia$. Typical shrubs are ~Rhododendron calendulaceum, Rhododendron catawbiense, Menziesia pilosa, Pieris floribunda, Vaccinium corymbosum, Vaccinium simulatum$, and ~Rubus canadensis$. These grasslands occur on high-elevation (usually above 1500 m or 5000 feet), often south- to southwest-facing domes, ridgetops and gentle slopes. Strong winds, high rainfall, frequent fog, shallow, rocky soils, and extremes of temperature and moisture are characteristic of these environments. Grasslands in this alliance occur at the highest elevations of the southern Appalachian Mountains, often adjacent to montane shrublands or dwarfed forests dominated by ~Fagus grandifolia$ or ~Quercus rubra$.!LVAL-Z CEGL002393CSCSA.680II.C.3.N.aPinus echinata - Quercus stellata - Quercus marilandica / Schizachyrium scoparium WoodlandShortleaf Pine - Post Oak - Blackjack Oak / Little Bluestem WoodlandOzark/Ouachita Shortleaf Pine - Oak Dry Woodland1997-11-26GCUSDJAD.J. Allard, mod. D. Faber-LangendoenG2G398-12-11G253+'}# CEGL002392CMCSA.1451V.A.5.N.mCarex crinita - Osmunda spp. / Physocarpus opulifolius Seep Herbaceous VegetationFringed Sedge - Royal Fern species / Eastern Ninebark Seep Herbaceous VegetationMidwest Sand Seep1997-11-26GCUSDFLJ. Drake, mod. D. Faber-LangendoenG298-06-22G2 t# fCEGL002391CMCSA.1920V.A.6.N.qQuercus stellata - Quercus marilandica / Schizachyrium scoparium Wooded Herbaceous VegetationPost Oak - Blackjack Oak / Little Bluestem Wooded Herbaceous VegetationPost Oak Central Dry Barrens1997-11-26GCUSDFL 94M. Guetersloh, mod. D. Faber-LThis alliance, currently known from the western Great Lakes region and the Appalachian Mountains, is a dry, open grassland on acidic bedrock. In both areas it may result, in part, from clearing and pasturing of montane or boreal forests. It is dominated by herbaceous species, but shrubs and nonvascular species can be abundant. Short grasses, especially ~Danthonia spicata$ and ~Poa compressa$, are most common. ~Carex pensylvanica$ and ~Hieracium$ spp. are also typical. Nearly all shrubs are less than 2 m tall, most are less than 1 m. Common species include ~Amelanchier$ spp., ~Corylus cornuta, Juniperus communis, Rosa$ spp., ~Rhus typhina$, and ~Vaccinium$ spp. Mosses and lichens occur over much of the bedrock outcrops. Stands are found on gentle to moderate slopes over bedrock with shallow soil. Bedrock outcrops are common, and in the Great Lakes region are granite. The combination of sloping sites and thin soil lead to poor water retention and droughty conditions.LVAL This widespread alliance includes grasslands dominated or codominated by ~Bouteloua gracilis$, and is found across the Great Plains from near the United States-Mexico border to southern Canada. The bulk of this alliance occurs in the western Great Plains and southwestern United States, but one extensive and one restricted community occur in the midwestern United States. Stands are found on flat to rolling uplands such as plains, plateaus, foothills, valley bottoms, and sand sheets and dunes with a variety of soil types. Surface soils can range from sandy loam to loamy clay. Subsoils are often finer than the surface soils and may be somewhat impermeable to water. The upland position and heavy soils often result in much of the precipitation running off, and drought conditions prevail for much of the year. This trend is more pronounced in the northern part of this alliance. In the southern portions of its range, the greater temperatures and lack of precipitation allow this shortgrass alliance to occur on coarser soils. ^Vegetation within this alliance is dominated by short grasses with mid grasses present to codominant. Mid grasses are more abundant in the eastern portions of this alliance. Coverage by short grasses is moderate to almost complete. The foliage is typically 7-19 cm tall with flowering stalks reaching 45 cm. Midgrass species are usually dwarfed because of dry conditions and may not exceed 0.7 m except in especially wet years. Shrubs are very rare except in the southern parts of this alliance's range where scattered desert shrubs may occur (<10% cover). Typical codominant species are ~Buchloe dactyloides$ or ~Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii)$. Other common to codominant graminoids may include ~Aristida purpurea, Bouteloua curtipendula, Bouteloua hirsuta, Carex filifolia, Carex inops ssp. heliophila, Carex duriuscula (= Carex eleocharis), Elymus elymoides, Hesperostipa neomexicana (= Stipa neomexicana), Pascopyrum smithii, Sporobolus cryptandrus$, or ~Sporobolus airoides$. There areLVALa01CEGL002405CMCSA.261I.B.2.N.aQuercus stellata / Cinna arundinacea Flatwoods ForestPost Oak / Stout Woodreed Flatwoods ForestPost Oak Flatwoods1997-11-26GCUSDF-L 2-94, mod. DF-L 6-96J. Drake, D. Faber-Langendoen, and D. Ambrose, mod. M. Pyne and D. Faber-LangendoenG2G398-06-22G2 W" CEGL002404CMCSA.1452V.A.5.N.m(Carex interior, Carex lurida) - Carex leptalea - Parnassia grandifolia - Rhynchospora capillacea Herbaceous Vegetation(Inland Sedge, Sallow Sedge) - Little Bog Sedge - Largeleaf Grass-of-Parnassus - Limestone Beaksedge Herbaceous VegetationOzark Fen1997-11-26GCUSDF-L 94P. Nelson, mod. J. Drake, D. Faber-Langendoen, and D. Ambrose 3-94, mod. D. Faber-LangendoenG2G398-06-22G22+)'#CEGL002403CMCSA.1225V.A.5.N.cSchizachyrium scoparium - Bouteloua curtipendula - Muhlenbergia cuspidata - Symphyotrichum sericeum Alkaline Herbaceous VegetationLittle Bluestem - Sideoats Grama - Stony-hills Muhly - Silky Aster Alkaline Herbaceous VegetationNorth-central Dry Limestone - Dolomite Prairie1997-11-26GCUSDFLJ. Drake, D. Faber-Langendoen, and D. Ambrose, mod. D. Faber-LangendoenG298-06-22G2EB@>4#CEGL002402CMCSA.515II.A.4.N.aPinus echinata / Rock Outcrop Interior Highland WoodlandShortleaf Pine / Rock Outcrop Interior Highland WoodlandShortleaf Pine / Little Bluestem Woodland1997-11-26GCUSDFL/SCSD. Faber-Langendoe a variety of forbs found in stands of this alliance, although they do not contribute greatly to the total vegetation cover. Common forbs include ~Astragalus$ spp., ~Gaura coccinea, Machaeranthera pinnatifida var. pinnatifida, Opuntia polyacantha, Plantago patagonica, Psoralidium tenuiflorum, Ratibida columnifera$, and ~Sphaeralcea coccinea$.LVAL|qDCEGL002411CMCSA.227I.B.2.N.aFagus grandifolia - Acer saccharum - Liriodendron tulipifera Unglaciated ForestAmerican Beech - Sugar Maple - Tuliptree Unglaciated ForestBeech - Maple Unglaciated Forest1997-11-26GCUSDFLM. Guetersloh, mod. D. Faber-Langendoen 04-00G4?96-10-03G4 ̬q"  CEGL002410CMCSA.288I.B.2.N.dFraxinus pennsylvanica - Celtis spp. - Quercus spp. - Platanus occidentalis Bottomland ForestGreen Ash - Hackberry species - Oak species - Sycamore Bottomland ForestAsh - Oak - Sycamore Mesic Bottomland Forest1997-11-26GCUSDFLD. Faber-LangendoenG3G400-03-31GVegetation types within this short sod, temperate or subpolar grassland alliance are common and often locally abundant on the Great Plains and in the foothills of the eastern Rocky Mountains. Elevations range from 1200-2400 m (occasionally up to 3000 m). Types occur in open parks of the foothill and montane zones on flat or gentle slopes. Typically they are one of the early communities to develop on 'rock-wash' fans that exit from canyons. Additionally, types are known from mountain tops and slopes in the alpine zone. All types occur on coarse sandy and gravelly soil lacking in humus. They are dominated by ~Carex duriuscula$. ~Poa secunda$ often is a codominant in the graminoid layer. Other associated graminoids can include ~Koeleria macrantha, Poa palustris$, and ~Festuca saximontana$. Commonly occurring forbs include ~Artemisia frigida, Artemisia campestris, Cryptantha virgata, Achillea millefolium$, and ~Gaillardia aristata$, and the cacti ~Opuntia polyacantha$. ~Selaginella densa$ commonly occurs in the fern stratum, especially in the rock-wash communities. Information on adjacent communities is not available.LVALh-2CEGL002421CSCSA.345I.B.2.N.fTaxodium distichum - (Nyssa aquatica) / Forestiera acuminata - Planera aquatica ForestBald-cypress - (Water Tupelo) / Swamp Privet - Planertree ForestBald Cypress - (Water Tupelo) Swamp1997-11-26GCUSDFL, mod. RE 5-00M. Guetersloh, T. E. Vogt, mod. D. Faber-LangendoenG3G500-04-05G4;91-۸x" CEGL002420CSCSA.346I.B.2.N.fTaxodium distichum / Lemna minor ForestBald-cypress / Lesser Duckweed ForestBald-cypress Swamp1994-01-01GCUSSL, mod. SL/DFL 3-00M. Guetersloh, mod. S. Landaal and D. Faber-LangendoenG4G501-09-19G4آnI"CEGL002419CSCSA.345I.B.2.N.fNyssa aquatica ForestWater Tupelo ForestWater Tupelo Swamp Forest1997-11-26GCUSSL, mod. DFL 3-00S. Landaal, mod. D. Faber-LangendoenG4G501-09-19G4qomcJ7"CEGL002417CMCSA.625Vegetation in this alliance occurs on mesas and plains in southern Great Plains and Chihuahuan Desert and is dominated or codominated by the perennial shortgrass ~Bouteloua eriopoda$ without shrubs or dwarf-shrubs. Nearly pure stands occasionally occur on sandy mesas and may not form a sod. Usually ~Bouteloua eriopoda$ is codominant with another grass such as ~Bouteloua curtipendula, Bouteloua gracilis, Bouteloua hirsuta, Bouteloua trifida, Pleuraphis jamesii (= Hilaria jamesii)$, or ~Hesperostipa neomexicana (= Stipa neomexicana)$. Associations in this alliance occur in a semi-arid climate with highly variable, bimodally distributed precipitation. Approximately two-thirds of the 20-40 cm mean annual precipitation occurs in the late summer and early fall, usually as localized high-intensity thunderstorms. Elevation ranges usually below 1800 m. Soils are generally sandy or stony loams. The abundance of ~Bouteloua eriopoda$-dominated grasslands has declined significantly within the last 50 years.#LVAL/z0$F CEGL002427CSCSA.286I.B.2.N.dFraxinus pennsylvanica - Ulmus americana - Celtis laevigata / Ilex decidua ForestGreen Ash - American Elm - Sugarberry / Possum-haw ForestSouthern Green Ash - Elm - Sugarberry Forest1997-11-26GCUSJEM, mod. SKR/RKP 6-97J.E. Mohan, mod. M. Guetersloh, mod. M. Pyne and D. Faber-LangendoenG4G597-08-15GGrasslands in this alliance are dominated by ~Bouteloua hirsuta$ and occur in the southern Great Plains, on foothills in the southern Rocky Mountains, on mountain slopes and mesa escarpments in the Chihuahuan Desert and on the Colorado Plateau. Sites range from gently sloping plains, valleys and mesa tops to very steep slopes in the mountains. Elevation ranges from 1450-2000 m. Stands grow on relatively cooler sites at low elevations and warmer sites at high elevations. Ground cover is variable. Soils are generally sandy, but include silty loams and are derived from calcareous limestone, siltstone, igneous (rhyolite), and/or plutonic rocks. The vegetation is characterized by a sparse to moderately dense graminoid layer (10-65% cover) dominated by short sod-forming grasses. Mid grasses and sparse scattered shrubs may be also be present. The grass layer is dominated or codominated by the shortgrass ~Bouteloua hirsuta$. Codominant grasses may include ~Bouteloua curtipendula, Bouteloua radicosa, Digitaria californica, Eragrostis intermedia$, and ~Hesperostipa neomexicana (= Stipa neomexicana)$. Forb cover is generally sparse (less than 10%). Scattered shrubs and dwarf-shrubs may be present, but make up less than 10% cover. Common shrubs include ~Prosopis glandulosa, Nolina microcarpa, Agave palmeri, Gutierrezia sarothrae$, and ~Dasylirion wheeleri$. Scattered cacti are also characteristic and often include ~Opuntia imbricata, Opuntia phaeacantha$, and ~Coryphantha$ sp.DLVAL%R$zQu